connect.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
"""

import binascii
import calendar
import email.utils
import inspect
import io
import logging
import os
import random
import re
import socket
import string
import struct
import sys
import time
import traceback

from lib.request import websocket
from lib.request.websocket import WebSocketException

from lib.core.agent import agent
from lib.core.common import asciifyUrl
from lib.core.common import calculateDeltaSeconds
from lib.core.common import checkFile
from lib.core.common import checkSameHost
from lib.core.common import chunkSplitPostData
from lib.core.common import clearConsoleLine
from lib.core.common import dataToStdout
from lib.core.common import escapeJsonValue
from lib.core.common import evaluateCode
from lib.core.common import extractRegexResult
from lib.core.common import filterNone
from lib.core.common import findMultipartPostBoundary
from lib.core.common import getCurrentThreadData
from lib.core.common import getHeader
from lib.core.common import getHostHeader
from lib.core.common import getRequestHeader
from lib.core.common import getSafeExString
from lib.core.common import logHTTPTraffic
from lib.core.common import openFile
from lib.core.common import popValue
from lib.core.common import parseJson
from lib.core.common import pushValue
from lib.core.common import randomizeParameterValue
from lib.core.common import randomInt
from lib.core.common import randomStr
from lib.core.common import readInput
from lib.core.common import removeReflectiveValues
from lib.core.common import safeVariableNaming
from lib.core.common import singleTimeLogMessage
from lib.core.common import singleTimeWarnMessage
from lib.core.common import stdev
from lib.core.common import unArrayizeValue
from lib.core.common import unsafeVariableNaming
from lib.core.common import urldecode
from lib.core.common import urlencode
from lib.core.common import wasLastResponseDelayed
from lib.core.compat import patchHeaders
from lib.core.compat import xrange
from lib.core.convert import encodeBase64
from lib.core.convert import getBytes
from lib.core.convert import getText
from lib.core.convert import getUnicode
from lib.core.data import cmdLineOptions
from lib.core.data import conf
from lib.core.data import kb
from lib.core.data import logger
from lib.core.datatype import AttribDict
from lib.core.decorators import stackedmethod
from lib.core.dicts import POST_HINT_CONTENT_TYPES
from lib.core.enums import ADJUST_TIME_DELAY
from lib.core.enums import AUTH_TYPE
from lib.core.enums import CUSTOM_LOGGING
from lib.core.enums import HINT
from lib.core.enums import HTTP_HEADER
from lib.core.enums import HTTPMETHOD
from lib.core.enums import NULLCONNECTION
from lib.core.enums import PAYLOAD
from lib.core.enums import PLACE
from lib.core.enums import POST_HINT
from lib.core.enums import REDIRECTION
from lib.core.enums import WEB_PLATFORM
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapCompressionException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapConnectionException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapGenericException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapMissingDependence
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapSkipTargetException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapSyntaxException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapTokenException
from lib.core.exception import SqlmapValueException
from lib.core.settings import ASTERISK_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import BOUNDARY_BACKSLASH_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE
from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_COOKIE_DELIMITER
from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER
from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_USER_AGENT
from lib.core.settings import EVALCODE_ENCODED_PREFIX
from lib.core.settings import HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING_HEADER_VALUE
from lib.core.settings import HTTP_ZSTD_AVAILABLE
from lib.core.settings import HTTP_ACCEPT_HEADER_VALUE
from lib.core.settings import IPS_WAF_CHECK_PAYLOAD
from lib.core.settings import IS_WIN
from lib.core.settings import JAVASCRIPT_HREF_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import LARGE_READ_TRIM_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import LIVE_COOKIES_TIMEOUT
from lib.core.settings import MAX_CONNECTION_READ_SIZE
from lib.core.settings import MAX_CONNECTIONS_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE
from lib.core.settings import MAX_CONSECUTIVE_CONNECTION_ERRORS
from lib.core.settings import MAX_JITTER_SPIKE_TIME
from lib.core.settings import JITTER_SIGMAS
from lib.core.settings import JITTER_SPIKE_CHANCE
from lib.core.settings import JITTER_JUNK_RESPONSES
from lib.core.settings import META_REFRESH_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import MAX_TIME_RESPONSES
from lib.core.settings import MIN_TIME_RESPONSES
from lib.core.settings import PAYLOAD_DELIMITER
from lib.core.settings import PERMISSION_DENIED_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import PLAIN_TEXT_CONTENT_TYPE
from lib.core.settings import RANDOM_INTEGER_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import RANDOM_STRING_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT_DELAY
from lib.core.settings import RATE_LIMIT_DELAY_STEP
from lib.core.settings import RATE_LIMIT_MAX_DELAY
from lib.core.settings import REPLACEMENT_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import SAFE_HEX_MARKER
from lib.core.settings import TEXT_CONTENT_TYPE_REGEX
from lib.core.settings import TOO_MANY_REQUESTS_HTTP_CODE
from lib.core.settings import UNENCODED_ORIGINAL_VALUE
from lib.core.settings import UNICODE_ENCODING
from lib.core.settings import URI_HTTP_HEADER
from lib.core.settings import WARN_TIME_STDEV
from lib.core.settings import WEBSOCKET_INITIAL_TIMEOUT
from lib.core.settings import YUGE_FACTOR
from lib.request.basic import decodePage
from lib.request.basic import forgeHeaders
from lib.request.basic import processResponse
from lib.request.comparison import comparison
from lib.request.direct import direct
from lib.request.methodrequest import MethodRequest
from lib.utils.grpcweb import decodeResponse as grpcDecodeResponse
from lib.utils.grpcweb import encodeBody as grpcEncodeBody
from lib.utils.safe2bin import safecharencode
from lib.utils.sqllint import checkSanity
from thirdparty import six
from collections import OrderedDict
from thirdparty.six import unichr as _unichr
from thirdparty.six.moves import http_client as _http_client
from thirdparty.six.moves import urllib as _urllib
from thirdparty.socks.socks import ProxyError

class Connect(object):
    """
    This class defines methods used to perform HTTP requests
    """

    @staticmethod
    def _getPageProxy(**kwargs):
        try:
            if (len(inspect.stack()) > sys.getrecursionlimit() // 2):   # Note: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/issues/4525
                warnMsg = "unable to connect to the target URL"
                raise SqlmapConnectionException(warnMsg)
        except (TypeError, UnicodeError):
            pass

        try:
            return Connect.getPage(**kwargs)
        except RuntimeError:
            return None, None, None

    @staticmethod
    def _retryProxy(**kwargs):
        threadData = getCurrentThreadData()
        threadData.retriesCount += 1

        if conf.proxyList and threadData.retriesCount >= conf.retries and not kb.locks.handlers.locked():
            warnMsg = "changing proxy"
            logger.warning(warnMsg)

            conf.proxy = None
            threadData.retriesCount = 0

            setHTTPHandlers()

        if kb.testMode and kb.previousMethod == PAYLOAD.METHOD.TIME:
            # timed based payloads can cause web server unresponsiveness
            # if the injectable piece of code is some kind of JOIN-like query
            warnMsg = "most likely web server instance hasn't recovered yet "
            warnMsg += "from previous timed based payload. If the problem "
            warnMsg += "persists please wait for a few minutes and rerun "
            warnMsg += "without flag 'T' in option '--technique' "
            warnMsg += "(e.g. '--flush-session --technique=BEUS') or try to "
            warnMsg += "lower the value of option '--time-sec' (e.g. '--time-sec=2')"
            singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)

        elif kb.originalPage is None:
            if conf.tor:
                warnMsg = "please make sure that you have "
                warnMsg += "Tor installed and running so "
                warnMsg += "you could successfully use "
                warnMsg += "switch '--tor' "
                if IS_WIN:
                    warnMsg += "(e.g. 'https://www.torproject.org/download/')"
                else:
                    warnMsg += "(e.g. 'https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Tor')"
            else:
                warnMsg = "if the problem persists please check that the provided "
                warnMsg += "target URL is reachable"

                items = []
                if not conf.randomAgent:
                    items.append("switch '--random-agent'")
                if not any((conf.proxy, conf.proxyFile, conf.tor)):
                    items.append("proxy switches ('--proxy', '--proxy-file'...)")
                if items:
                    warnMsg += ". In case that it is, "
                    warnMsg += "you can try to rerun with "
                    warnMsg += " and/or ".join(items)

            singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)

        elif conf.threads > 1:
            warnMsg = "if the problem persists please try to lower "
            warnMsg += "the number of used threads (option '--threads')"
            singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)

        kwargs['retrying'] = True
        return Connect._getPageProxy(**kwargs)

    @staticmethod
    def _parseRetryAfter(responseHeaders):
        """
        Parses a 'Retry-After' response header (RFC 7231 delta-seconds or an HTTP-date) into a number
        of seconds to wait, or None when it is absent or unparseable.
        """

        value = (responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.RETRY_AFTER) if responseHeaders else None) or ""
        value = value.strip()

        if value.isdigit():
            return float(value)

        parsed = email.utils.parsedate(value)
        return max(0.0, calendar.timegm(parsed) - time.time()) if parsed else None

    @staticmethod
    def _rateLimitRetry(responseHeaders, code, **kwargs):
        """
        Handles a rate-limited response by honoring its 'Retry-After' (capped), adaptively raising the
        inter-request delay so subsequent requests self-throttle under the limit, then re-issuing the
        request. Returns the retried (page, headers, code) or None when the retry budget is exhausted,
        so the caller can surface the rate-limited response as-is.
        """

        threadData = getCurrentThreadData()
        if threadData.retriesCount >= conf.retries or kb.threadException:
            return None

        retryAfter = Connect._parseRetryAfter(responseHeaders)
        backoff = min(retryAfter if retryAfter is not None else RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT_DELAY, RATE_LIMIT_MAX_DELAY)

        # additive-increase throttle: nudge the inter-request delay up toward a sustainable pace. The
        # auto-throttle is capped, but a larger user-set '--delay' is never lowered. It is monotonic,
        # so a lost concurrent update across threads self-heals on the next hit.
        conf.delay = max(conf.delay or 0, min(RATE_LIMIT_MAX_DELAY, (conf.delay or 0) + RATE_LIMIT_DELAY_STEP))

        singleTimeWarnMessage("target appears to be rate-limiting requests; sqlmap is backing off and throttling accordingly (consider raising '--delay' or lowering '--threads')")
        logger.debug("rate-limited (HTTP %d)%s; sleeping %.1f second(s), inter-request delay now %.1f second(s)" % (code, " honoring 'Retry-After'" if retryAfter is not None else "", backoff, conf.delay))

        time.sleep(backoff)
        return Connect._retryProxy(**kwargs)

    @staticmethod
    def _connReadProxy(conn):
        parts = []
        kb.respTruncated = False

        if not kb.dnsMode and conn:
            headers = conn.info()
            if kb.pageCompress and headers and hasattr(headers, "getheader") and (headers.getheader(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_ENCODING, "").lower() in ("gzip", "deflate") or "text" not in headers.getheader(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE, "").lower()):
                part = conn.read(MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE)
                if len(part) == MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE:
                    warnMsg = "large compressed response detected. Disabling compression"
                    singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
                    kb.pageCompress = False
                    raise SqlmapCompressionException
                parts.append(part)
            else:
                while True:
                    if not conn:
                        break
                    else:
                        try:
                            part = conn.read(MAX_CONNECTION_READ_SIZE)
                        except AssertionError:
                            part = b""

                    if len(part) == MAX_CONNECTION_READ_SIZE:
                        warnMsg = "large response detected. This could take a while"
                        singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
                        part = re.sub(getBytes(r"(?si)%s.+?%s" % (kb.chars.stop, kb.chars.start)), getBytes("%s%s%s" % (kb.chars.stop, LARGE_READ_TRIM_MARKER, kb.chars.start)), part)
                        parts.append(part)
                        kb.respTruncated = True  # response exceeded the read cap and was trimmed (signal for chunked UNION dumping)
                    else:
                        parts.append(part)
                        break

                    if sum(len(_) for _ in parts) > MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE:
                        warnMsg = "too large response detected. Automatically trimming it"
                        singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
                        kb.respTruncated = True
                        break

        if conf.yuge:
            parts = YUGE_FACTOR * parts

        retVal = b"".join(parts)

        return retVal

    @staticmethod
    def getPage(**kwargs):
        """
        This method connects to the target URL or proxy and returns
        the target URL page content
        """

        if conf.offline:
            return None, None, None

        url = kwargs.get("url", None) or conf.url
        get = kwargs.get("get", None)
        post = kwargs.get("post", None)
        method = kwargs.get("method", None)
        cookie = kwargs.get("cookie", None)
        ua = kwargs.get("ua", None) or conf.agent
        referer = kwargs.get("referer", None) or conf.referer
        host = kwargs.get("host", None)
        direct_ = kwargs.get("direct", False)
        multipart = kwargs.get("multipart", None)
        silent = kwargs.get("silent", False)
        raise404 = kwargs.get("raise404", True)
        timeout = kwargs.get("timeout", None) or conf.timeout
        auxHeaders = kwargs.get("auxHeaders", None)
        response = kwargs.get("response", False)
        ignoreTimeout = kwargs.get("ignoreTimeout", False) or kb.ignoreTimeout or conf.ignoreTimeouts
        refreshing = kwargs.get("refreshing", False)
        retrying = kwargs.get("retrying", False)
        crawling = kwargs.get("crawling", False)
        checking = kwargs.get("checking", False)
        skipRead = kwargs.get("skipRead", False)
        finalCode = kwargs.get("finalCode", False)
        chunked = kwargs.get("chunked", False) or conf.chunked

        if isinstance(conf.delay, (int, float)) and conf.delay > 0:
            time.sleep(conf.delay)

        start = time.time()

        threadData = getCurrentThreadData()
        with kb.locks.request:
            kb.requestCounter += 1
            threadData.lastRequestUID = kb.requestCounter

            if conf.proxyFreq:
                if kb.requestCounter % conf.proxyFreq == 0:
                    conf.proxy = None

                    warnMsg = "changing proxy"
                    logger.warning(warnMsg)

                    setHTTPHandlers()

        if conf.dummy:
            page, headers, code = randomStr(int(randomInt()), alphabet=[_unichr(_) for _ in xrange(256)]), None, None
            threadData.lastPage = page
            threadData.lastCode = code
            return page, headers, code

        # Simulated jitter (--jitter=N, testing): ~1 in N requests is perturbed to stress the time-/
        # boolean-based blind jitter defenses. Half the fired events add realistic response LATENCY
        # (Gaussian jitter across low->high noise, or an occasional heavy-tailed spike) and let the
        # genuine request proceed; the other half short-circuit with a transient "junk" response
        # (gateway 5xx, rate-limit, a same-HTTP-code interstitial/maintenance page, or an empty body).
        if conf.jitter and randomInt() % conf.jitter == 0:
            if randomInt() % 2 == 0:
                if random.random() < JITTER_SPIKE_CHANCE:
                    time.sleep(random.uniform(MAX_JITTER_SPIKE_TIME / 2.0, MAX_JITTER_SPIKE_TIME))  # heavy-tailed spike
                else:
                    time.sleep(abs(random.gauss(0, random.choice(JITTER_SIGMAS))))  # continuous jitter
                # NOTE: falls through to the genuine request, which now carries the injected latency
            else:
                page, code = random.choice(JITTER_JUNK_RESPONSES)
                headers = None
                threadData.lastPage = page
                threadData.lastCode = code
                return page, headers, code

        if conf.liveCookies:
            with kb.locks.liveCookies:
                if not checkFile(conf.liveCookies, raiseOnError=False) or os.path.getsize(conf.liveCookies) == 0:
                    warnMsg = "[%s] [WARNING] live cookies file '%s' is empty or non-existent. Waiting for timeout (%d seconds)" % (time.strftime("%X"), conf.liveCookies, LIVE_COOKIES_TIMEOUT)
                    dataToStdout(warnMsg)

                    valid = False
                    for _ in xrange(LIVE_COOKIES_TIMEOUT):
                        if checkFile(conf.liveCookies, raiseOnError=False) and os.path.getsize(conf.liveCookies) > 0:
                            valid = True
                            break
                        else:
                            dataToStdout('.')
                            time.sleep(1)

                    dataToStdout("\n")

                    if not valid:
                        errMsg = "problem occurred while loading cookies from file '%s'" % conf.liveCookies
                        raise SqlmapValueException(errMsg)

                with openFile(conf.liveCookies) as f:
                    cookie = f.read().strip()
                cookie = re.sub(r"(?i)\ACookie:\s*", "", cookie)

        if multipart:
            post = multipart
        else:
            if not post:
                chunked = False

            elif chunked:
                post = _urllib.parse.unquote(post)
                post = chunkSplitPostData(post)

        webSocket = url.lower().startswith("ws")

        if not _urllib.parse.urlsplit(url).netloc:
            url = _urllib.parse.urljoin(conf.url, url)

        # flag to know if we are dealing with the same target host
        target = checkSameHost(url, conf.url)

        if not retrying:
            # Reset the number of connection retries
            threadData.retriesCount = 0

        # fix for known issue when urllib2 just skips the other part of provided
        # url splitted with space char while urlencoding it in the later phase
        url = url.replace(" ", "%20")

        if "://" not in url:
            url = "http://%s" % url

        conn = None
        page = None
        code = None
        status = None

        _ = _urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
        requestMsg = u"HTTP request [#%d]:\r\n%s " % (threadData.lastRequestUID, method or (HTTPMETHOD.POST if post is not None else HTTPMETHOD.GET))
        requestMsg += getUnicode(("%s%s" % (_.path or "/", ("?%s" % _.query) if _.query else "")) if not any((refreshing, crawling, checking)) else url)
        responseMsg = u"HTTP response "
        requestHeaders = u""
        responseHeaders = None
        logHeaders = u""
        skipLogTraffic = False

        raise404 = raise404 and not kb.ignoreNotFound

        # support for non-latin (e.g. cyrillic) URLs as urllib/urllib2 doesn't
        # support those by default
        url = asciifyUrl(url)

        try:
            socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

            if direct_:
                if '?' in url:
                    url, params = url.split('?', 1)
                    params = urlencode(params)
                    url = "%s?%s" % (url, params)

            elif any((refreshing, crawling, checking)):
                pass

            elif target:
                if conf.forceSSL:
                    url = re.sub(r"(?i)\A(http|ws):", r"\g<1>s:", url)
                    url = re.sub(r"(?i):80(?=[/?#]|\Z)", ":443", url)

                if PLACE.GET in conf.parameters and not get:
                    get = conf.parameters[PLACE.GET]

                    if not conf.skipUrlEncode:
                        get = urlencode(get, limit=True)

                if get:
                    if '?' in url:
                        url = "%s%s%s" % (url, DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, get)
                        requestMsg += "%s%s" % (DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER, get)
                    else:
                        url = "%s?%s" % (url, get)
                        requestMsg += "?%s" % get

                if PLACE.POST in conf.parameters and not post and method != HTTPMETHOD.GET:
                    post = conf.parameters[PLACE.POST]

            elif get:
                url = "%s?%s" % (url, get)
                requestMsg += "?%s" % get

            requestMsg += " %s" % _http_client.HTTPConnection._http_vsn_str

            # Prepare HTTP headers
            headers = forgeHeaders({HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE: cookie, HTTP_HEADER.USER_AGENT: ua, HTTP_HEADER.REFERER: referer, HTTP_HEADER.HOST: host or getHeader(dict(conf.httpHeaders), HTTP_HEADER.HOST) or getHostHeader(url)}, base=None if target else {})

            if HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE in headers:
                cookie = headers[HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE]

            if kb.authHeader:
                headers[HTTP_HEADER.AUTHORIZATION] = kb.authHeader

            if kb.proxyAuthHeader:
                headers[HTTP_HEADER.PROXY_AUTHORIZATION] = kb.proxyAuthHeader

            if not conf.requestFile or not target:
                if not getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT):
                    headers[HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT] = HTTP_ACCEPT_HEADER_VALUE

                if not getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT_ENCODING):
                    headers[HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT_ENCODING] = HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING_HEADER_VALUE if kb.pageCompress else "identity"

            elif conf.requestFile and getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.USER_AGENT) == DEFAULT_USER_AGENT:
                for header in headers:
                    if header.upper() == HTTP_HEADER.USER_AGENT.upper():
                        del headers[header]
                        break

            if post is not None and not multipart and not getHeader(headers, HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE):
                headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE] = POST_HINT_CONTENT_TYPES.get(kb.postHint, DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE if unArrayizeValue(conf.base64Parameter) != HTTPMETHOD.POST else PLAIN_TEXT_CONTENT_TYPE)

            if headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE) == POST_HINT_CONTENT_TYPES[POST_HINT.MULTIPART]:
                warnMsg = "missing 'boundary parameter' in '%s' header. " % HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE
                warnMsg += "Will try to reconstruct"
                singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)

                boundary = findMultipartPostBoundary(conf.data)
                if boundary:
                    headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE] = "%s; boundary=%s" % (headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE], boundary)

            if conf.keepAlive:
                headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONNECTION] = "keep-alive"

            if chunked:
                headers[HTTP_HEADER.TRANSFER_ENCODING] = "chunked"

            if auxHeaders:
                headers = forgeHeaders(auxHeaders, headers)

            if kb.headersFile:
                with openFile(kb.headersFile, 'r') as f:
                    content = f.read()
                for line in content.split("\n"):
                    line = getText(line.strip())
                    if ':' in line:
                        header, value = line.split(':', 1)
                        headers[header] = value

            if conf.localhost:
                headers[HTTP_HEADER.HOST] = "localhost"

            for key, value in list(headers.items()):
                if key.upper() == HTTP_HEADER.ACCEPT_ENCODING.upper():
                    # keep only content-codings sqlmap can actually decode (see decodePage): a browser-pasted
                    # 'Accept-Encoding' must not make the server return a body we cannot read. 'br' is always
                    # decodable (in-tree decoder), 'zstd' only on interpreters that ship it; anything else is
                    # dropped, falling back to "identity".
                    decodable = ["gzip", "x-gzip", "deflate", "br", "identity"] + (["zstd"] if HTTP_ZSTD_AVAILABLE else [])
                    value = ','.join(_ for _ in re.split(r"\s*,\s*", value) if _.split(';', 1)[0].strip().lower() in decodable) or "identity"

                del headers[key]
                if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
                    for char in (r"\r", r"\n"):
                        value = re.sub(r"(%s)([^ \t])" % char, r"\g<1>\t\g<2>", value)
                    headers[getBytes(key) if six.PY2 else key] = getBytes(value.strip("\r\n"))  # Note: Python3 has_header() expects non-bytes value

            if six.PY2:
                url = getBytes(url)  # Note: Python3 requires text while Python2 has problems when mixing text with binary POST

            if webSocket:
                ws = websocket.WebSocket()
                try:
                    ws.settimeout(WEBSOCKET_INITIAL_TIMEOUT if kb.webSocketRecvCount is None else timeout)
                    wsHeaders = tuple("%s: %s" % (getUnicode(key), getUnicode(value)) for key, value in headers.items() if getUnicode(key).upper() != HTTP_HEADER.HOST.upper())
                    ws.connect(url, header=wsHeaders, cookie=cookie)  # WebSocket will add Host field of headers automatically
                    ws.send(urldecode(post or ""))

                    _page = []

                    if kb.webSocketRecvCount is None:
                        while True:
                            try:
                                _page.append(ws.recv())
                                if sum(len(_) for _ in _page) > MAX_CONNECTION_TOTAL_SIZE:
                                    warnMsg = "too large websocket response detected. Automatically trimming it"
                                    singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
                                    break
                            except websocket.WebSocketTimeoutException:
                                kb.webSocketRecvCount = len(_page)
                                break
                    else:
                        for i in xrange(max(1, kb.webSocketRecvCount)):
                            # Note: a later response may carry fewer frames than the calibration one
                            # (e.g. a FALSE boolean-blind reply); stop on timeout instead of letting it
                            # bubble up as a failed request, mirroring the initial recv loop above
                            try:
                                _page.append(ws.recv())
                            except websocket.WebSocketTimeoutException:
                                break

                    page = "\n".join(_page)
                finally:
                    ws.close()

                code = ws.status
                status = _http_client.responses.get(code, "")

                class _(dict):
                    pass

                responseHeaders = _(ws.getheaders())
                responseHeaders.headers = ["%s: %s\r\n" % (_[0].capitalize(), _[1]) for _ in responseHeaders.items()]

                requestHeaders += "\r\n".join(wsHeaders)
                requestMsg += "\r\n%s" % requestHeaders

                if post is not None:
                    requestMsg += "\r\n\r\n%s" % getUnicode(post)

                requestMsg += "\r\n"

                threadData.lastRequestMsg = requestMsg

                logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_OUT, requestMsg)
            else:
                # re-encode a gRPC-Web body from its injected JSON view, fixing length prefixes
                if kb.postHint == POST_HINT.GRPC_WEB and post is not None:
                    post = grpcEncodeBody(post)

                post = getBytes(post)

                # Reference: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/issues/6049
                if cmdLineOptions.method is None and method == HTTPMETHOD.GET and post == b"":
                    post = None

                if unArrayizeValue(conf.base64Parameter) == HTTPMETHOD.POST:
                    if kb.place != HTTPMETHOD.POST:
                        conf.data = getattr(conf.data, UNENCODED_ORIGINAL_VALUE, conf.data)
                    else:
                        post = urldecode(post, convall=True)
                        post = encodeBase64(post, safe=conf.base64Safe)

                if target and cmdLineOptions.method or method and method not in (HTTPMETHOD.GET, HTTPMETHOD.POST):
                    req = MethodRequest(url, post, headers)
                    req.set_method(cmdLineOptions.method or method)
                elif url is not None:
                    req = _urllib.request.Request(url, post, headers)
                else:
                    return None, None, None

                for function in kb.preprocessFunctions:
                    try:
                        function(req)
                    except Exception as ex:
                        errMsg = "error occurred while running preprocess "
                        errMsg += "function '%s' ('%s')" % (function.__name__, getSafeExString(ex))
                        raise SqlmapGenericException(errMsg)
                    else:
                        post, headers = req.data, req.headers

                requestHeaders += "\r\n".join(["%s: %s" % (u"-".join(_.capitalize() for _ in getUnicode(key).split(u'-')) if hasattr(key, "capitalize") else getUnicode(key), getUnicode(value)) for (key, value) in req.header_items()])

                if not getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.COOKIE) and conf.cj:
                    conf.cj._policy._now = conf.cj._now = int(time.time())
                    with conf.cj._cookies_lock:
                        cookies = conf.cj._cookies_for_request(req)
                    requestHeaders += "\r\n%s" % ("Cookie: %s" % ";".join("%s=%s" % (getUnicode(cookie.name), getUnicode(cookie.value)) for cookie in cookies))

                if post is not None:
                    if not getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH) and not chunked:
                        requestHeaders += "\r\n%s: %d" % (string.capwords(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH), len(post))

                if not getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.CONNECTION):
                    requestHeaders += "\r\n%s: %s" % (HTTP_HEADER.CONNECTION, "close" if not conf.keepAlive else "keep-alive")

                requestMsg += "\r\n%s" % requestHeaders

                if post is not None:
                    requestMsg += "\r\n\r\n%s" % getUnicode(post)

                if not chunked:
                    requestMsg += "\r\n"

                if conf.cj:
                    for cookie in conf.cj:
                        if cookie.value is None:
                            cookie.value = ""
                        else:
                            for char in (r"\r", r"\n"):
                                cookie.value = re.sub(r"(%s)([^ \t])" % char, r"\g<1>\t\g<2>", cookie.value)

                # Build-only capture: return the fully-assembled request instead of sending it, so the
                # HTTP/2 timeless-timing oracle (lib/request/timeless.py) can coalesce two of these into a
                # single multiplexed pair rather than issue them as independent single-stream requests.
                if kwargs.get("buildOnly"):
                    return (url, method or (HTTPMETHOD.POST if post is not None else HTTPMETHOD.GET), headers, post)

                if conf.http2:
                    from lib.request.http2 import open_url as http2OpenUrl
                    from lib.request.http2 import proxy_tuple

                    try:
                        h2proxy = proxy_tuple(conf.proxy, conf.proxyCred)
                    except ValueError:
                        raise SqlmapMissingDependence("native HTTP/2 client does not support SOCKS proxies (omit '--http2' or use an HTTP proxy)")

                    try:
                        conn = http2OpenUrl(url, method or (HTTPMETHOD.POST if post is not None else HTTPMETHOD.GET), headers, post, timeout, follow_redirects=kb.choices.redirect != REDIRECTION.NO, proxy=h2proxy)
                    except IOError as ex:
                        raise _http_client.HTTPException(getSafeExString(ex))
                    else:
                        if conn.code >= 400:
                            raise _urllib.error.HTTPError(url, conn.code, conn.msg, conn.info(), io.BytesIO(conn.read()))

                        requestMsg = re.sub(r" HTTP/[0-9.]+\r\n", " %s\r\n" % conn.http_version, requestMsg, count=1)

                        if not multipart:
                            threadData.lastRequestMsg = requestMsg

                            logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_OUT, requestMsg)
                else:
                    if not multipart:
                        threadData.lastRequestMsg = requestMsg

                        logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_OUT, requestMsg)

                    conn = _urllib.request.urlopen(req)

                if not kb.authHeader and getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.AUTHORIZATION) and (conf.authType or "").lower() == AUTH_TYPE.BASIC.lower():
                    kb.authHeader = getUnicode(getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.AUTHORIZATION))

                if not kb.proxyAuthHeader and getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.PROXY_AUTHORIZATION):
                    kb.proxyAuthHeader = getRequestHeader(req, HTTP_HEADER.PROXY_AUTHORIZATION)

                # Return response object
                if response:
                    return conn, None, None

                # Get HTTP response
                if hasattr(conn, "redurl"):
                    page = (threadData.lastRedirectMsg[1] if kb.choices.redirect == REDIRECTION.NO else Connect._connReadProxy(conn)) if not skipRead else None
                    skipLogTraffic = kb.choices.redirect == REDIRECTION.NO
                    code = conn.redcode if not finalCode else code
                else:
                    page = Connect._connReadProxy(conn) if not skipRead else None

                if conn:
                    code = (code or conn.code) if conn.code == kb.originalCode else conn.code  # do not override redirection code (for comparison purposes)
                    responseHeaders = conn.info()
                    responseHeaders[URI_HTTP_HEADER] = conn.geturl() if hasattr(conn, "geturl") else url

                    if getattr(conn, "redurl", None) is not None:
                        responseHeaders[HTTP_HEADER.LOCATION] = conn.redurl

                    responseHeaders = patchHeaders(responseHeaders)
                    kb.serverHeader = responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.SERVER, kb.serverHeader)
                else:
                    code = None
                    responseHeaders = {}

                page = decodePage(page, responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_ENCODING), responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE), percentDecode=not crawling)
                status = getUnicode(conn.msg) if conn and getattr(conn, "msg", None) else None

            kb.connErrorCounter = 0

            if not refreshing:
                refresh = responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.REFRESH, "").split("url=")[-1].strip()

                if extractRegexResult(META_REFRESH_REGEX, page):
                    refresh = extractRegexResult(META_REFRESH_REGEX, page)

                    debugMsg = "got HTML meta refresh header"
                    logger.debug(debugMsg)

                if not refresh:
                    refresh = extractRegexResult(JAVASCRIPT_HREF_REGEX, page)

                    if refresh:
                        debugMsg = "got Javascript redirect logic"
                        logger.debug(debugMsg)

                if refresh:
                    if kb.alwaysRefresh is None:
                        msg = "got a refresh intent "
                        msg += "(redirect like response common to login pages) to '%s'. " % refresh
                        msg += "Do you want to apply it from now on? [Y/n]"

                        kb.alwaysRefresh = readInput(msg, default='Y', boolean=True)

                    if kb.alwaysRefresh:
                        if re.search(r"\Ahttps?://", refresh, re.I):
                            url = refresh
                        else:
                            url = _urllib.parse.urljoin(url, refresh)

                        threadData.lastRedirectMsg = (threadData.lastRequestUID, page)
                        kwargs["refreshing"] = True
                        kwargs["url"] = url
                        kwargs["get"] = None
                        kwargs["post"] = None

                        try:
                            return Connect._getPageProxy(**kwargs)
                        except SqlmapSyntaxException:
                            pass

            # Explicit closing of connection object
            if conn and not conf.keepAlive:
                try:
                    if hasattr(conn, "fp") and hasattr(conn.fp, '_sock'):
                        conn.fp._sock.close()
                    conn.close()
                except Exception as ex:
                    warnMsg = "problem occurred during connection closing ('%s')" % getSafeExString(ex)
                    logger.warning(warnMsg)

            # Keep-alive: dispose the response explicitly. Its wrapped close() hands the socket
            # back to the pool when the body was fully drained, otherwise drops it (a size-capped
            # partial read must not be reused). This avoids leaning on GC to reclaim it (delayed on
            # non-refcounting runtimes like PyPy). Guarded by the handler's marker so the HTTP/2
            # reuse pool is left untouched.
            elif conn is not None and getattr(conn, "_keepaliveManaged", False):
                try:
                    conn.close()
                except Exception:
                    pass

        except SqlmapConnectionException as ex:
            if conf.proxyList and not kb.threadException:
                warnMsg = "unable to connect to the target URL ('%s')" % getSafeExString(ex)
                logger.critical(warnMsg)
                threadData.retriesCount = conf.retries
                return Connect._retryProxy(**kwargs)
            else:
                raise

        except _urllib.error.HTTPError as ex:
            page = None
            responseHeaders = None

            if checking:
                return None, None, None

            try:
                page = ex.read() if not skipRead else None
                responseHeaders = ex.info()
                responseHeaders[URI_HTTP_HEADER] = ex.geturl()
                responseHeaders = patchHeaders(responseHeaders)
                page = decodePage(page, responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_ENCODING), responseHeaders.get(HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_TYPE), percentDecode=not crawling)
            except socket.timeout:
                warnMsg = "connection timed out while trying "
                warnMsg += "to get error page information (%d)" % ex.code
                logger.warning(warnMsg)
                return None, None, None
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            except:
                pass
            finally:
                page = getUnicode(page)

            code = ex.code
            status = getUnicode(getattr(ex, "reason", None) or getSafeExString(ex).split(": ", 1)[-1])

            kb.originalCode = kb.originalCode or code
            threadData.lastHTTPError = (threadData.lastRequestUID, code, status)
            kb.httpErrorCodes[code] = kb.httpErrorCodes.get(code, 0) + 1

            responseMsg += "[#%d] (%s %s):\r\n" % (threadData.lastRequestUID, code, status)

            if responseHeaders and getattr(responseHeaders, "headers", None):
                logHeaders = "".join(getUnicode(responseHeaders.headers)).strip()

            logHTTPTraffic(requestMsg, "%s%s\r\n\r\n%s" % (responseMsg, logHeaders, (page or "")[:MAX_CONNECTION_READ_SIZE]), start, time.time())

            skipLogTraffic = True

            if conf.verbose <= 5:
                responseMsg += getUnicode(logHeaders)
            elif conf.verbose > 5:
                responseMsg += "%s\r\n\r\n%s" % (logHeaders, (page or "")[:MAX_CONNECTION_READ_SIZE])

            if not multipart:
                logger.log(CUSTOM_LOGGING.TRAFFIC_IN, responseMsg)

            if code in conf.abortCode:
                errMsg = "aborting due to detected HTTP code '%d'" % code
                singleTimeLogMessage(errMsg, logging.CRITICAL)
                raise SystemExit

            if ex.code not in (conf.ignoreCode or []):
                if ex.code == TOO_MANY_REQUESTS_HTTP_CODE or (ex.code == _http_client.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE and Connect._parseRetryAfter(responseHeaders) is not None):
                    retried = Connect._rateLimitRetry(responseHeaders, ex.code, **kwargs)
                    if retried is not None:
                        return retried
                    debugMsg = "target kept rate-limiting after %d retries (%d)" % (conf.retries, code)
                    logger.debug(debugMsg)
                elif ex.code == _http_client.UNAUTHORIZED:
                    errMsg = "not authorized, try to provide right HTTP "
                    errMsg += "authentication type and valid credentials (%d). " % code
                    errMsg += "If this is intended, try to rerun by providing "
                    errMsg += "a valid value for option '--ignore-code'"
                    raise SqlmapConnectionException(errMsg)
                elif chunked and ex.code in (_http_client.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, _http_client.LENGTH_REQUIRED):
                    warnMsg = "turning off HTTP chunked transfer encoding "
                    warnMsg += "as it seems that the target site doesn't support it (%d)" % code
                    singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
                    conf.chunked = kwargs["chunked"] = False
                    return Connect.getPage(**kwargs)
                elif ex.code == _http_client.REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG:
                    warnMsg = "request URI is marked as too long by the target. "
                    warnMsg += "you are advised to try a switch '--no-cast' and/or '--no-escape'"
                    singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
                elif ex.code == _http_client.NOT_FOUND:
                    if raise404:
                        errMsg = "page not found (%d)" % code
                        raise SqlmapConnectionException(errMsg)
                    else:
                        debugMsg = "page not found (%d)" % code
                        singleTimeLogMessage(debugMsg, logging.DEBUG)
                elif ex.code == _http_client.GATEWAY_TIMEOUT:
                    if ignoreTimeout:
                        return None if not conf.ignoreTimeouts else "", None, None
                    else:
                        warnMsg = "unable to connect to the target URL (%d - %s)" % (ex.code, _http_client.responses[ex.code])
                        if threadData.retriesCount < conf.retries and not kb.threadException:
                            warnMsg += ". sqlmap is going to retry the request"
                            logger.critical(warnMsg)
                            return Connect._retryProxy(**kwargs)
                        elif kb.testMode:
                            logger.critical(warnMsg)
                            return None, None, None
                        else:
                            raise SqlmapConnectionException(warnMsg)
                else:
                    debugMsg = "got HTTP error code: %d ('%s')" % (code, status)
                    logger.debug(debugMsg)

        except (_urllib.error.URLError, socket.error, socket.timeout, _http_client.HTTPException, struct.error, binascii.Error, ProxyError, SqlmapCompressionException, WebSocketException, TypeError, ValueError, OverflowError, AttributeError, OSError, AssertionError, KeyError):
            tbMsg = traceback.format_exc()

            if conf.debug:
                dataToStdout(tbMsg)

            if checking:
                return None, None, None
            elif "KeyError:" in tbMsg:
                if "content-length" in tbMsg:
                    return None, None, None
                else:
                    raise
            elif "AttributeError:" in tbMsg:
                if "WSAECONNREFUSED" in tbMsg:
                    return None, None, None
                else:
                    raise
            elif "no host given" in tbMsg:
                warnMsg = "invalid URL address used (%s)" % repr(url)
                raise SqlmapSyntaxException(warnMsg)
            elif any(_ in tbMsg for _ in ("forcibly closed", "Connection is already closed", "ConnectionAbortedError")):
                warnMsg = "connection was forcibly closed by the target URL"
            elif "timed out" in tbMsg:
                if kb.testMode and kb.testType not in (None, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.TIME, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.STACKED):
                    singleTimeWarnMessage("there is a possibility that the target (or WAF/IPS) is dropping 'suspicious' requests")
                    kb.droppingRequests = True
                warnMsg = "connection timed out to the target URL"
            elif "Connection reset" in tbMsg:
                if not conf.disablePrecon:
                    singleTimeWarnMessage("turning off pre-connect mechanism because of connection reset(s)")
                    conf.disablePrecon = True

                if kb.testMode:
                    singleTimeWarnMessage("there is a possibility that the target (or WAF/IPS) is resetting 'suspicious' requests")
                    kb.droppingRequests = True
                warnMsg = "connection reset to the target URL"