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#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:5
msgid "Errors and Exceptions"
msgstr "Errores y excepciones"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:7
msgid ""
"Until now error messages haven't been more than mentioned, but if you have "
"tried out the examples you have probably seen some.  There are (at least) "
"two distinguishable kinds of errors: *syntax errors* and *exceptions*."
msgstr ""
"Hasta ahora los mensajes de error apenas habían sido mencionados, pero si "
"has probado los ejemplos anteriores probablemente hayas visto algunos.  Hay "
"(al menos) dos tipos diferentes de errores: *errores de sintaxis* y "
"*excepciones*."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:15
msgid "Syntax Errors"
msgstr "Errores de sintaxis"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:17
msgid ""
"Syntax errors, also known as parsing errors, are perhaps the most common "
"kind of complaint you get while you are still learning Python::"
msgstr ""
"Los errores de sintaxis, también conocidos como errores de interpretación, "
"son quizás el tipo de queja más común que tenés cuando todavía estás "
"aprendiendo Python::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:20
msgid ""
">>> while True print('Hello world')\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"
"    while True print('Hello world')\n"
"               ^^^^^\n"
"SyntaxError: invalid syntax"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:26
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The parser repeats the offending line and displays little 'arrow's pointing "
"at the token in the line where the error was detected.  The error may be "
"caused by the absence of a token *before* the indicated token.  In the "
"example, the error is detected at the function :func:`print`, since a colon "
"(``':'``) is missing before it.  File name and line number are printed so "
"you know where to look in case the input came from a script."
msgstr ""
"El intérprete reproduce la línea responsable del error y muestra una pequeña "
"'flecha' que apunta al primer lugar donde se detectó el error.  El error ha "
"sido provocado (o al menos detectado) en el elemento que *precede* a la "
"flecha: en el ejemplo, el error se detecta en la función :func:`print`, ya "
"que faltan dos puntos (``':'``) antes del mismo.  Se muestran el nombre del "
"archivo y el número de línea para que sepas dónde mirar en caso de que la "
"entrada venga de un programa."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:37
msgid "Exceptions"
msgstr "Excepciones"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:39
msgid ""
"Even if a statement or expression is syntactically correct, it may cause an "
"error when an attempt is made to execute it. Errors detected during "
"execution are called *exceptions* and are not unconditionally fatal: you "
"will soon learn how to handle them in Python programs.  Most exceptions are "
"not handled by programs, however, and result in error messages as shown "
"here::"
msgstr ""
"Incluso si una declaración o expresión es sintácticamente correcta, puede "
"generar un error cuando se intenta ejecutar.  Los errores detectados durante "
"la ejecución se llaman *excepciones*, y no son incondicionalmente fatales: "
"pronto aprenderás a gestionarlos en programas Python.  Sin embargo, la "
"mayoría de las excepciones no son gestionadas por el código, y resultan en "
"mensajes de error como los mostrados aquí::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:45
msgid ""
">>> 10 * (1/0)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"    10 * (1/0)\n"
"          ~^~\n"
"ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n"
">>> 4 + spam*3\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"    4 + spam*3\n"
"        ^^^^\n"
"NameError: name 'spam' is not defined\n"
">>> '2' + 2\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"    '2' + 2\n"
"    ~~~~^~~\n"
"TypeError: can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:64
msgid ""
"The last line of the error message indicates what happened. Exceptions come "
"in different types, and the type is printed as part of the message: the "
"types in the example are :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`, :exc:`NameError` and :exc:"
"`TypeError`. The string printed as the exception type is the name of the "
"built-in exception that occurred.  This is true for all built-in exceptions, "
"but need not be true for user-defined exceptions (although it is a useful "
"convention). Standard exception names are built-in identifiers (not reserved "
"keywords)."
msgstr ""
"La última línea de los mensajes de error indica qué ha sucedido.  Hay "
"excepciones de diferentes tipos, y el tipo se imprime como parte del "
"mensaje: los tipos en el ejemplo son: :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`, :exc:"
"`NameError` y :exc:`TypeError`.  La cadena mostrada como tipo de la "
"excepción es el nombre de la excepción predefinida que ha ocurrido.  Esto es "
"válido para todas las excepciones predefinidas del intérprete, pero no tiene "
"por que ser así para excepciones definidas por el usuario (aunque es una "
"convención útil).  Los nombres de las excepciones estándar son "
"identificadores incorporados al intérprete (no son palabras clave "
"reservadas)."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:72
msgid ""
"The rest of the line provides detail based on the type of exception and what "
"caused it."
msgstr ""
"El resto de la línea provee información basado en el tipo de la excepción y "
"qué la causó."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:75
msgid ""
"The preceding part of the error message shows the context where the "
"exception occurred, in the form of a stack traceback. In general it contains "
"a stack traceback listing source lines; however, it will not display lines "
"read from standard input."
msgstr ""
"La parte anterior del mensaje de error muestra el contexto donde ocurrió la "
"excepción, en forma de seguimiento de pila. En general, contiene un "
"seguimiento de pila que enumera las líneas de origen; sin embargo, no "
"mostrará las líneas leídas desde la entrada estándar."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:80
msgid ""
":ref:`bltin-exceptions` lists the built-in exceptions and their meanings."
msgstr ""
":ref:`bltin-exceptions` lista las excepciones predefinidas y sus "
"significados."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:86
msgid "Handling Exceptions"
msgstr "Gestionando excepciones"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:88
msgid ""
"It is possible to write programs that handle selected exceptions. Look at "
"the following example, which asks the user for input until a valid integer "
"has been entered, but allows the user to interrupt the program (using :kbd:"
"`Control-C` or whatever the operating system supports); note that a user-"
"generated interruption is signalled by raising the :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` "
"exception. ::"
msgstr ""
"Es posible escribir programas que gestionen determinadas excepciones.  Véase "
"el siguiente ejemplo, que le pide al usuario una entrada hasta que ingrese "
"un entero válido, pero permite al usuario interrumpir el programa (usando :"
"kbd:`Control-C` o lo que soporte el sistema operativo); nótese que una "
"interrupción generada por el usuario es señalizada generando la excepción :"
"exc:`KeyboardInterrupt`. ::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:94
msgid ""
">>> while True:\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         x = int(input(\"Please enter a number: \"))\n"
"...         break\n"
"...     except ValueError:\n"
"...         print(\"Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...\")\n"
"..."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:102
msgid "The :keyword:`try` statement works as follows."
msgstr "La sentencia :keyword:`try` funciona de la siguiente manera."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:104
msgid ""
"First, the *try clause* (the statement(s) between the :keyword:`try` and :"
"keyword:`except` keywords) is executed."
msgstr ""
"Primero, se ejecuta la cláusula *try* (la(s) linea(s) entre las palabras "
"reservadas :keyword:`try` y la :keyword:`except`)."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:107
msgid ""
"If no exception occurs, the *except clause* is skipped and execution of the :"
"keyword:`try` statement is finished."
msgstr ""
"Si no ocurre ninguna excepción, la cláusula *except* se omite y la ejecución "
"de la cláusula :keyword:`try` finaliza."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:110
msgid ""
"If an exception occurs during execution of the :keyword:`try` clause, the "
"rest of the clause is skipped.  Then, if its type matches the exception "
"named after the :keyword:`except` keyword, the *except clause* is executed, "
"and then execution continues after the try/except block."
msgstr ""
"Si ocurre una excepción durante la ejecución de la cláusula :keyword:`try`, "
"se omite el resto de la cláusula. Luego, si su tipo coincide con la "
"excepción nombrada después de la palabra clave :keyword:`except`, se ejecuta "
"la *cláusula except*, y luego la ejecución continúa después del bloque try/"
"except."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:115
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If an exception occurs which does not match the exception named in the "
"*except clause*, it is passed on to outer :keyword:`try` statements; if no "
"handler is found, it is an *unhandled exception* and execution stops with an "
"error message."
msgstr ""
"Si ocurre una excepción que no coincide con la indicada en la *cláusula "
"except* se pasa a los :keyword:`try` más externos; si no se encuentra un "
"gestor, se genera una *unhandled exception* (excepción no gestionada) y la "
"ejecución se interrumpe con un mensaje como el que se muestra arriba."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:119
msgid ""
"A :keyword:`try` statement may have more than one *except clause*, to "
"specify handlers for different exceptions.  At most one handler will be "
"executed. Handlers only handle exceptions that occur in the corresponding "
"*try clause*, not in other handlers of the same :keyword:`!try` statement.  "
"An *except clause* may name multiple exceptions as a parenthesized tuple, "
"for example::"
msgstr ""
"Una declaración :keyword:`try` puede tener más de una *cláusula except*, "
"para especificar gestores para diferentes excepciones. Como máximo, se "
"ejecutará un gestor. Los gestores solo manejan las excepciones que ocurren "
"en la *cláusula try* correspondiente, no en otros gestores de la misma "
"declaración :keyword:`!try`. Una *cláusula except* puede nombrar múltiples "
"excepciones como una tupla entre paréntesis, por ejemplo:"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:125
msgid ""
"... except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):\n"
"...     pass"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:128
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A class in an :keyword:`except` clause matches exceptions which are "
"instances of the class itself or one of its derived classes (but not the "
"other way around --- an *except clause* listing a derived class does not "
"match instances of its base classes). For example, the following code will "
"print B, C, D in that order::"
msgstr ""
"Una clase en una cláusula :keyword:`except` es compatible con una excepción "
"si es de la misma clase o de una clase derivada de la misma (pero no de la "
"otra manera --- una *cláusula except* listando una clase derivada no es "
"compatible con una clase base). Por ejemplo, el siguiente código imprimirá "
"B, C y D, en ese orden::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:133
msgid ""
"class B(Exception):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"class C(B):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"class D(C):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"for cls in [B, C, D]:\n"
"    try:\n"
"        raise cls()\n"
"    except D:\n"
"        print(\"D\")\n"
"    except C:\n"
"        print(\"C\")\n"
"    except B:\n"
"        print(\"B\")"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:152
msgid ""
"Note that if the *except clauses* were reversed (with ``except B`` first), "
"it would have printed B, B, B --- the first matching *except clause* is "
"triggered."
msgstr ""
"Nótese que si las *cláusulas except* estuvieran invertidas (con ``except B`` "
"primero), habría impreso B, B, B --- se usa la primera *cláusula except* "
"coincidente."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:155
msgid ""
"When an exception occurs, it may have associated values, also known as the "
"exception's *arguments*. The presence and types of the arguments depend on "
"the exception type."
msgstr ""
"Cuando ocurre una excepción, puede tener un valor asociado, también conocido "
"como el *argumento* de la excepción.  La presencia y el tipo de argumento "
"depende del tipo de excepción."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:159
msgid ""
"The *except clause* may specify a variable after the exception name.  The "
"variable is bound to the exception instance which typically has an ``args`` "
"attribute that stores the arguments. For convenience, builtin exception "
"types define :meth:`~object.__str__` to print all the arguments without "
"explicitly accessing ``.args``.  ::"
msgstr ""
"La *cláusula except* puede especificar una variable después del nombre de la "
"excepción. La variable está ligada a la instancia de la excepción, que "
"normalmente tiene un atributo ``args`` que almacena los argumentos. Por "
"conveniencia, los tipos de excepción incorporados definen :meth:`~object."
"__str__` para imprimir todos los argumentos sin acceder explícitamente a ``."
"args``. ::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:165
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise Exception('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"... except Exception as inst:\n"
"...     print(type(inst))    # the exception type\n"
"...     print(inst.args)     # arguments stored in .args\n"
"...     print(inst)          # __str__ allows args to be printed directly,\n"
"...                          # but may be overridden in exception "
"subclasses\n"
"...     x, y = inst.args     # unpack args\n"
"...     print('x =', x)\n"
"...     print('y =', y)\n"
"...\n"
"<class 'Exception'>\n"
"('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"('spam', 'eggs')\n"
"x = spam\n"
"y = eggs"
msgstr ""

# No estoy seguro si es la mejor traducción.
#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:182
msgid ""
"The exception's :meth:`~object.__str__` output is printed as the last part "
"('detail') of the message for unhandled exceptions."
msgstr ""
"La salida :meth:`~object.__str__` de la excepción se imprime como la última "
"parte ('detalle') del mensaje para las excepciones no gestionadas."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:185
msgid ""
":exc:`BaseException` is the common base class of all exceptions. One of its "
"subclasses, :exc:`Exception`, is the base class of all the non-fatal "
"exceptions. Exceptions which are not subclasses of :exc:`Exception` are not "
"typically handled, because they are used to indicate that the program should "
"terminate. They include :exc:`SystemExit` which is raised by :meth:`sys."
"exit` and :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` which is raised when a user wishes to "
"interrupt the program."
msgstr ""
":exc:`BaseException` es la clase base común de todas las excepciones. Una de "
"sus subclases, :exc:`Exception`, es la clase base de todas las excepciones "
"no fatales. Las excepciones que no son subclases de :exc:`Exception` no se "
"suelen manejar, porque se utilizan para indicar que el programa debe "
"terminar. Entre ellas se incluyen :exc:`SystemExit`, que es lanzada por :"
"meth:`sys.exit` y :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt`, que se lanza cuando un usuario "
"desea interrumpir el programa."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:193
msgid ""
":exc:`Exception` can be used as a wildcard that catches (almost) everything. "
"However, it is good practice to be as specific as possible with the types of "
"exceptions that we intend to handle, and to allow any unexpected exceptions "
"to propagate on."
msgstr ""
":exc:`Exception` se puede utilizar como un comodín que atrapa (casi) todo. "
"Sin embargo, es una buena práctica ser lo más específico posible con los "
"tipos de excepciones que pretendemos manejar, y permitir que cualquier "
"excepción inesperada se propague."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:198
msgid ""
"The most common pattern for handling :exc:`Exception` is to print or log the "
"exception and then re-raise it (allowing a caller to handle the exception as "
"well)::"
msgstr ""
"El patrón más común para gestionar :exc:`Exception` es imprimir o registrar "
"la excepción y luego volver a re-lanzarla (permitiendo a un llamador manejar "
"la excepción también)::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:202
msgid ""
"import sys\n"
"\n"
"try:\n"
"    f = open('myfile.txt')\n"
"    s = f.readline()\n"
"    i = int(s.strip())\n"
"except OSError as err:\n"
"    print(\"OS error:\", err)\n"
"except ValueError:\n"
"    print(\"Could not convert data to an integer.\")\n"
"except Exception as err:\n"
"    print(f\"Unexpected {err=}, {type(err)=}\")\n"
"    raise"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:216
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`except` statement has an optional *else "
"clause*, which, when present, must follow all *except clauses*.  It is "
"useful for code that must be executed if the *try clause* does not raise an "
"exception. For example::"
msgstr ""
"La declaración :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`except` tiene una *cláusula "
"else* opcional, que, cuando está presente, debe seguir todas las *cláusulas "
"except*. Es útil para el código que debe ejecutarse si la *cláusula try* no "
"lanza una excepción. Por ejemplo::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:221
msgid ""
"for arg in sys.argv[1:]:\n"
"    try:\n"
"        f = open(arg, 'r')\n"
"    except OSError:\n"
"        print('cannot open', arg)\n"
"    else:\n"
"        print(arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines')\n"
"        f.close()"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:230
msgid ""
"The use of the :keyword:`!else` clause is better than adding additional code "
"to the :keyword:`try` clause because it avoids accidentally catching an "
"exception that wasn't raised by the code being protected by the :keyword:`!"
"try` ... :keyword:`!except` statement."
msgstr ""
"El uso de la cláusula :keyword:`!else` es mejor que agregar código adicional "
"en la cláusula :keyword:`try` porque evita capturar accidentalmente una "
"excepción que no fue generada por el código que está protegido por la "
"declaración :keyword:`!try` ... :keyword:`!except`."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:235
msgid ""
"Exception handlers do not handle only exceptions that occur immediately in "
"the *try clause*, but also those that occur inside functions that are called "
"(even indirectly) in the *try clause*. For example::"
msgstr ""
"Los gestores de excepciones no sólo gestionan excepciones que ocurren "
"inmediatamente en la *cláusula try*, sino también aquellas que ocurren "
"dentro de funciones que son llamadas (incluso indirectamente) en la "
"*cláusula try*. Por ejemplo::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:239
msgid ""
">>> def this_fails():\n"
"...     x = 1/0\n"
"...\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     this_fails()\n"
"... except ZeroDivisionError as err:\n"
"...     print('Handling run-time error:', err)\n"
"...\n"
"Handling run-time error: division by zero"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:253
msgid "Raising Exceptions"
msgstr "Lanzando excepciones"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:255
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`raise` statement allows the programmer to force a specified "
"exception to occur. For example::"
msgstr ""
"La declaración :keyword:`raise` permite al programador forzar a que ocurra "
"una excepción específica.  Por ejemplo::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:258
msgid ""
">>> raise NameError('HiThere')\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"    raise NameError('HiThere')\n"
"NameError: HiThere"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:264
msgid ""
"The sole argument to :keyword:`raise` indicates the exception to be raised. "
"This must be either an exception instance or an exception class (a class "
"that derives from :class:`BaseException`, such as :exc:`Exception` or one of "
"its subclasses).  If an exception class is passed, it will be implicitly "
"instantiated by calling its constructor with no arguments::"
msgstr ""
"El único argumento de :keyword:`raise` indica la excepción a lanzar. Debe "
"ser una instancia de excepción o una clase de excepción (una clase que "
"derive de :class:`BaseException`, como :exc:`Exception` o una de sus "
"subclases). Si se pasa una clase de excepción, se instanciará implícitamente "
"llamando a su constructor sin argumentos::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:270
msgid "raise ValueError  # shorthand for 'raise ValueError()'"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:272
msgid ""
"If you need to determine whether an exception was raised but don't intend to "
"handle it, a simpler form of the :keyword:`raise` statement allows you to re-"
"raise the exception::"
msgstr ""
"Si es necesario determinar si una excepción fue lanzada pero sin intención "
"de gestionarla, una versión simplificada de la instrucción :keyword:`raise` "
"te permite relanzarla::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:276
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise NameError('HiThere')\n"
"... except NameError:\n"
"...     print('An exception flew by!')\n"
"...     raise\n"
"...\n"
"An exception flew by!\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"    raise NameError('HiThere')\n"
"NameError: HiThere"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:292
msgid "Exception Chaining"
msgstr "Encadenamiento de excepciones"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:294
msgid ""
"If an unhandled exception occurs inside an :keyword:`except` section, it "
"will have the exception being handled attached to it and included in the "
"error message::"
msgstr ""
"Si se produce una excepción no gestionada dentro de una sección :keyword:"
"`except`, se le adjuntará la excepción que se está gestionando y se incluirá "
"en el mensaje de error::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:298
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     open(\"database.sqlite\")\n"
"... except OSError:\n"
"...     raise RuntimeError(\"unable to handle error\")\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"    open(\"database.sqlite\")\n"
"    ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n"
"FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'database.sqlite'\n"
"\n"
"During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n"
"\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 4, in <module>\n"
"    raise RuntimeError(\"unable to handle error\")\n"
"RuntimeError: unable to handle error"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:316
msgid ""
"To indicate that an exception is a direct consequence of another, the :"
"keyword:`raise` statement allows an optional :keyword:`from<raise>` clause::"
msgstr ""
"Para indicar que una excepción es consecuencia directa de otra, la "
"sentencia :keyword:`raise` permite una cláusula opcional :keyword:"
"`from<raise>`::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:319
msgid ""
"# exc must be exception instance or None.\n"
"raise RuntimeError from exc"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:322
msgid "This can be useful when you are transforming exceptions. For example::"
msgstr ""
"Esto puede resultar útil cuando está transformando excepciones. Por ejemplo::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:324
msgid ""
">>> def func():\n"
"...     raise ConnectionError\n"
"...\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     func()\n"
"... except ConnectionError as exc:\n"
"...     raise RuntimeError('Failed to open database') from exc\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"    func()\n"
"    ~~~~^^\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in func\n"
"ConnectionError\n"
"\n"
"The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n"
"\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 4, in <module>\n"
"    raise RuntimeError('Failed to open database') from exc\n"
"RuntimeError: Failed to open database"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:346
msgid ""
"It also allows disabling automatic exception chaining using the ``from "
"None`` idiom::"
msgstr ""
"También permite deshabilitar el encadenamiento automático de excepciones "
"utilizando el modismo ``from None``::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:349
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     open('database.sqlite')\n"
"... except OSError:\n"
"...     raise RuntimeError from None\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 4, in <module>\n"
"    raise RuntimeError from None\n"
"RuntimeError"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:359
msgid ""
"For more information about chaining mechanics, see :ref:`bltin-exceptions`."
msgstr ""
"Para obtener más información sobre la mecánica del encadenamiento, consulte :"
"ref:`bltin-exceptions`."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:365
msgid "User-defined Exceptions"
msgstr "Excepciones definidas por el usuario"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:367
msgid ""
"Programs may name their own exceptions by creating a new exception class "
"(see :ref:`tut-classes` for more about Python classes).  Exceptions should "
"typically be derived from the :exc:`Exception` class, either directly or "
"indirectly."
msgstr ""
"Los programas pueden nombrar sus propias excepciones creando una nueva clase "
"excepción (mirá :ref:`tut-classes` para más información sobre las clases de "
"Python).  Las excepciones, típicamente, deberán derivar de la clase :exc:"
"`Exception`, directa o indirectamente."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:371
msgid ""
"Exception classes can be defined which do anything any other class can do, "
"but are usually kept simple, often only offering a number of attributes that "
"allow information about the error to be extracted by handlers for the "
"exception."
msgstr ""
"Las clases de Excepción pueden ser definidas de la misma forma que cualquier "
"otra clase, pero es habitual mantenerlas lo más simples posible, a menudo "
"ofreciendo solo un número de atributos con información sobre el error que "
"leerán los gestores de la excepción."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:375
msgid ""
"Most exceptions are defined with names that end in \"Error\", similar to the "
"naming of the standard exceptions."
msgstr ""
"La mayoría de las excepciones se definen con nombres acabados en \"Error\", "
"de manera similar a la nomenclatura de las excepciones estándar."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:378
msgid ""
"Many standard modules define their own exceptions to report errors that may "
"occur in functions they define."
msgstr ""
"Muchos módulos estándar definen sus propias excepciones para reportar "
"errores que pueden ocurrir en funciones propias."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:385
msgid "Defining Clean-up Actions"
msgstr "Definiendo acciones de limpieza"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:387
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`try` statement has another optional clause which is intended "
"to define clean-up actions that must be executed under all circumstances.  "
"For example::"
msgstr ""
"La declaración :keyword:`try` tiene otra cláusula opcional cuyo propósito es "
"definir acciones de limpieza que serán ejecutadas bajo ciertas "
"circunstancias. Por ejemplo::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:391
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise KeyboardInterrupt\n"
"... finally:\n"
"...     print('Goodbye, world!')\n"
"...\n"
"Goodbye, world!\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"    raise KeyboardInterrupt\n"
"KeyboardInterrupt"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:402
msgid ""
"If a :keyword:`finally` clause is present, the :keyword:`!finally` clause "
"will execute as the last task before the :keyword:`try` statement completes. "
"The :keyword:`!finally` clause runs whether or not the :keyword:`!try` "
"statement produces an exception. The following points discuss more complex "
"cases when an exception occurs:"
msgstr ""
"Si una cláusula :keyword:`finally` está presente, el bloque :keyword:`!"
"finally` se ejecutará al final antes de que todo el bloque :keyword:`try` se "
"complete. La cláusula :keyword:`!finally` se ejecuta independientemente de "
"que la cláusula :keyword:`!try` produzca o no una excepción. Los siguientes "
"puntos explican casos más complejos en los que se produce una excepción:"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:408
msgid ""
"If an exception occurs during execution of the :keyword:`!try` clause, the "
"exception may be handled by an :keyword:`except` clause. If the exception is "
"not handled by an :keyword:`!except` clause, the exception is re-raised "
"after the :keyword:`!finally` clause has been executed."
msgstr ""
"Si ocurre una excepción durante la ejecución de la cláusula :keyword:`!try`, "
"la excepción podría ser gestionada por una cláusula :keyword:`except`. Si la "
"excepción no es gestionada por una cláusula :keyword:`!except`, la excepción "
"es relanzada después de que se ejecute el bloque de la cláusula :keyword:`!"
"finally`."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:414
msgid ""
"An exception could occur during execution of an :keyword:`!except` or :"
"keyword:`!else` clause. Again, the exception is re-raised after the :keyword:"
"`!finally` clause has been executed."
msgstr ""
"Podría aparecer una excepción durante la ejecución de una cláusula :keyword:"
"`!except` o :keyword:`!else`. De nuevo, la excepción será relanzada después "
"de que el bloque de la cláusula :keyword:`!finally` se ejecute."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:418
msgid ""
"If the :keyword:`!finally` clause executes a :keyword:`break`, :keyword:"
"`continue` or :keyword:`return` statement, exceptions are not re-raised."
msgstr ""
"Si la cláusula :keyword:`!finally` ejecuta una declaración :keyword:"
"`break`, :keyword:`continue` o :keyword:`return`, las excepciones no se "
"vuelven a lanzar."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:422
msgid ""
"If the :keyword:`!try` statement reaches a :keyword:`break`, :keyword:"
"`continue` or :keyword:`return` statement, the :keyword:`!finally` clause "
"will execute just prior to the :keyword:`!break`, :keyword:`!continue` or :"
"keyword:`!return` statement's execution."
msgstr ""
"Si el bloque :keyword:`!try` llega a una sentencia :keyword:`break`, :"
"keyword:`continue` o :keyword:`return`, la cláusula :keyword:`!finally` se "
"ejecutará justo antes de la ejecución de dicha sentencia."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:428
msgid ""
"If a :keyword:`!finally` clause includes a :keyword:`!return` statement, the "
"returned value will be the one from the :keyword:`!finally` clause's :"
"keyword:`!return` statement, not the value from the :keyword:`!try` "
"clause's :keyword:`!return` statement."
msgstr ""
"Si una cláusula :keyword:`!finally` incluye una sentencia :keyword:`!"
"return`, el valor retornado será el de la cláusula :keyword:`!finally`, no "
"la del de la sentencia :keyword:`!return` de la cláusula :keyword:`!try`."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:434
msgid "For example::"
msgstr "Por ejemplo::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:436
msgid ""
">>> def bool_return():\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         return True\n"
"...     finally:\n"
"...         return False\n"
"...\n"
">>> bool_return()\n"
"False"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:445
msgid "A more complicated example::"
msgstr "Un ejemplo más complicado::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:447
msgid ""
">>> def divide(x, y):\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         result = x / y\n"
"...     except ZeroDivisionError:\n"
"...         print(\"division by zero!\")\n"
"...     else:\n"
"...         print(\"result is\", result)\n"
"...     finally:\n"
"...         print(\"executing finally clause\")\n"
"...\n"
">>> divide(2, 1)\n"
"result is 2.0\n"
"executing finally clause\n"
">>> divide(2, 0)\n"
"division by zero!\n"
"executing finally clause\n"
">>> divide(\"2\", \"1\")\n"
"executing finally clause\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"    divide(\"2\", \"0\")\n"
"    ~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in divide\n"
"    result = x / y\n"
"             ~~^~~\n"
"TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'str'"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:474
msgid ""
"As you can see, the :keyword:`finally` clause is executed in any event.  "
"The :exc:`TypeError` raised by dividing two strings is not handled by the :"
"keyword:`except` clause and therefore re-raised after the :keyword:`!"
"finally` clause has been executed."
msgstr ""
"Como se puede ver, la cláusula :keyword:`finally` siempre se ejecuta.  La "
"excepción :exc:`TypeError` lanzada al dividir dos cadenas de texto no es "
"gestionado por la cláusula :keyword:`except` y por lo tanto es relanzada "
"luego de que se ejecuta la cláusula :keyword:`!finally`."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:479
msgid ""
"In real world applications, the :keyword:`finally` clause is useful for "
"releasing external resources (such as files or network connections), "
"regardless of whether the use of the resource was successful."
msgstr ""
"En aplicaciones reales, la cláusula :keyword:`finally` es útil para liberar "
"recursos externos (como archivos o conexiones de red), sin importar si el "
"uso del recurso fue exitoso."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:487
msgid "Predefined Clean-up Actions"
msgstr "Acciones predefinidas de limpieza"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:489
msgid ""
"Some objects define standard clean-up actions to be undertaken when the "
"object is no longer needed, regardless of whether or not the operation using "
"the object succeeded or failed. Look at the following example, which tries "
"to open a file and print its contents to the screen. ::"
msgstr ""
"Algunos objetos definen acciones de limpieza estándar para llevar a cabo "
"cuando el objeto ya no necesario, independientemente de que las operaciones "
"sobre el objeto hayan sido exitosas o no. Véase el siguiente ejemplo, que "
"intenta abrir un archivo e imprimir su contenido en la pantalla. ::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:494
msgid ""
"for line in open(\"myfile.txt\"):\n"
"    print(line, end=\"\")"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:497
msgid ""
"The problem with this code is that it leaves the file open for an "
"indeterminate amount of time after this part of the code has finished "
"executing. This is not an issue in simple scripts, but can be a problem for "
"larger applications. The :keyword:`with` statement allows objects like files "
"to be used in a way that ensures they are always cleaned up promptly and "
"correctly. ::"
msgstr ""
"El problema con este código es que deja el archivo abierto por un periodo de "
"tiempo indeterminado luego de que esta parte termine de ejecutarse.  Esto no "
"es un problema en *scripts* simples, pero puede ser un problema en "
"aplicaciones más grandes.  La declaración :keyword:`with` permite que los "
"objetos como archivos sean usados de una forma que asegure que siempre se "
"los libera rápido y en forma correcta.::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:503
msgid ""
"with open(\"myfile.txt\") as f:\n"
"    for line in f:\n"
"        print(line, end=\"\")"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:507
msgid ""
"After the statement is executed, the file *f* is always closed, even if a "
"problem was encountered while processing the lines. Objects which, like "
"files, provide predefined clean-up actions will indicate this in their "
"documentation."
msgstr ""
"Una vez que la declaración se ejecuta, el fichero *f* siempre se cierra, "
"incluso si aparece algún error durante el procesado de las líneas.  Los "
"objetos que, como los ficheros, posean acciones predefinidas de limpieza lo "
"indicarán en su documentación."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:515
msgid "Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions"
msgstr "Lanzando y gestionando múltiples excepciones no relacionadas"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:517
msgid ""
"There are situations where it is necessary to report several exceptions that "
"have occurred. This is often the case in concurrency frameworks, when "
"several tasks may have failed in parallel, but there are also other use "
"cases where it is desirable to continue execution and collect multiple "
"errors rather than raise the first exception."
msgstr ""
"Hay situaciones en las que es necesario informar de varias excepciones que "
"se han producido. Este es a menudo el caso en los marcos de concurrencia, "
"cuando varias tareas pueden haber fallado en paralelo, pero también hay "
"otros casos de uso en los que es deseable continuar la ejecución y recoger "
"múltiples errores en lugar de lanzar la primera excepción."

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:523
msgid ""
"The builtin :exc:`ExceptionGroup` wraps a list of exception instances so "
"that they can be raised together. It is an exception itself, so it can be "
"caught like any other exception. ::"
msgstr ""
"El incorporado :exc:`ExceptionGroup` envuelve una lista de instancias de "
"excepción para que puedan ser lanzadas juntas. Es una excepción en sí misma, "
"por lo que puede capturarse como cualquier otra excepción. ::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:527
msgid ""
">>> def f():\n"
"...     excs = [OSError('error 1'), SystemError('error 2')]\n"
"...     raise ExceptionGroup('there were problems', excs)\n"
"...\n"
">>> f()\n"
"  + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"  |     f()\n"
"  |     ~^^\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in f\n"
"  |     raise ExceptionGroup('there were problems', excs)\n"
"  | ExceptionGroup: there were problems (2 sub-exceptions)\n"
"  +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"    | OSError: error 1\n"
"    +---------------- 2 ----------------\n"
"    | SystemError: error 2\n"
"    +------------------------------------\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     f()\n"
"... except Exception as e:\n"
"...     print(f'caught {type(e)}: e')\n"
"...\n"
"caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'>: e\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:552
msgid ""
"By using ``except*`` instead of ``except``, we can selectively handle only "
"the exceptions in the group that match a certain type. In the following "
"example, which shows a nested exception group, each ``except*`` clause "
"extracts from the group exceptions of a certain type while letting all other "
"exceptions propagate to other clauses and eventually to be reraised. ::"
msgstr ""
"Utilizando ``except*`` en lugar de ``except``, podemos manejar "
"selectivamente sólo las excepciones del grupo que coincidan con un "
"determinado tipo. En el siguiente ejemplo, que muestra un grupo de "
"excepciones anidado, cada cláusula ``except*`` extrae del grupo las "
"excepciones de un tipo determinado, mientras que deja que el resto de "
"excepciones se propaguen a otras cláusulas y, finalmente, se vuelvan a "
"lanzar. ::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:559
msgid ""
">>> def f():\n"
"...     raise ExceptionGroup(\n"
"...         \"group1\",\n"
"...         [\n"
"...             OSError(1),\n"
"...             SystemError(2),\n"
"...             ExceptionGroup(\n"
"...                 \"group2\",\n"
"...                 [\n"
"...                     OSError(3),\n"
"...                     RecursionError(4)\n"
"...                 ]\n"
"...             )\n"
"...         ]\n"
"...     )\n"
"...\n"
">>> try:\n"
"...     f()\n"
"... except* OSError as e:\n"
"...     print(\"There were OSErrors\")\n"
"... except* SystemError as e:\n"
"...     print(\"There were SystemErrors\")\n"
"...\n"
"There were OSErrors\n"
"There were SystemErrors\n"
"  + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"  |     f()\n"
"  |     ~^^\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"  |     raise ExceptionGroup(\n"
"  |     ...<12 lines>...\n"
"  |     )\n"
"  | ExceptionGroup: group1 (1 sub-exception)\n"
"  +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"    | ExceptionGroup: group2 (1 sub-exception)\n"
"    +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"      | RecursionError: 4\n"
"      +------------------------------------\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:600
msgid ""
"Note that the exceptions nested in an exception group must be instances, not "
"types. This is because in practice the exceptions would typically be ones "
"that have already been raised and caught by the program, along the following "
"pattern::"
msgstr ""
"Tenga en cuenta que las excepciones anidadas en un grupo de excepciones "
"deben ser instancias, no tipos. Esto se debe a que en la práctica las "
"excepciones serían típicamente las que ya han sido planteadas y capturadas "
"por el programa, siguiendo el siguiente patrón::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:605
msgid ""
">>> excs = []\n"
"... for test in tests:\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         test.run()\n"
"...     except Exception as e:\n"
"...         excs.append(e)\n"
"...\n"
">>> if excs:\n"
"...    raise ExceptionGroup(\"Test Failures\", excs)\n"
"..."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:620
msgid "Enriching Exceptions with Notes"
msgstr "Enriqueciendo excepciones con notas"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:622
msgid ""
"When an exception is created in order to be raised, it is usually "
"initialized with information that describes the error that has occurred. "
"There are cases where it is useful to add information after the exception "
"was caught. For this purpose, exceptions have a method ``add_note(note)`` "
"that accepts a string and adds it to the exception's notes list. The "
"standard traceback rendering includes all notes, in the order they were "
"added, after the exception. ::"
msgstr ""
"Cuando se crea una excepción para ser lanzada, normalmente se inicializa con "
"información que describe el error que se ha producido. Hay casos en los que "
"es útil añadir información después de que la excepción haya sido capturada. "
"Para este propósito, las excepciones tienen un método ``add_note(note)`` que "
"acepta una cadena y la añade a la lista de notas de la excepción. La "
"representación estándar del rastreo incluye todas las notas, en el orden en "
"que fueron añadidas, después de la excepción. ::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:629
msgid ""
">>> try:\n"
"...     raise TypeError('bad type')\n"
"... except Exception as e:\n"
"...     e.add_note('Add some information')\n"
"...     e.add_note('Add some more information')\n"
"...     raise\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\n"
"    raise TypeError('bad type')\n"
"TypeError: bad type\n"
"Add some information\n"
"Add some more information\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:644
msgid ""
"For example, when collecting exceptions into an exception group, we may want "
"to add context information for the individual errors. In the following each "
"exception in the group has a note indicating when this error has occurred. ::"
msgstr ""
"Por ejemplo, al recopilar excepciones en un grupo de excepciones, es posible "
"que queramos añadir información de contexto para los errores individuales. A "
"continuación, cada excepción del grupo tiene una nota que indica cuándo se "
"ha producido ese error. ::"

#: ../Doc/tutorial/errors.rst:648
msgid ""
">>> def f():\n"
"...     raise OSError('operation failed')\n"
"...\n"
">>> excs = []\n"
">>> for i in range(3):\n"
"...     try:\n"
"...         f()\n"
"...     except Exception as e:\n"
"...         e.add_note(f'Happened in Iteration {i+1}')\n"
"...         excs.append(e)\n"
"...\n"
">>> raise ExceptionGroup('We have some problems', excs)\n"
"  + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  |   File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"  |     raise ExceptionGroup('We have some problems', excs)\n"
"  | ExceptionGroup: We have some problems (3 sub-exceptions)\n"
"  +-+---------------- 1 ----------------\n"
"    | Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in <module>\n"
"    |     f()\n"
"    |     ~^^\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"    |     raise OSError('operation failed')\n"
"    | OSError: operation failed\n"
"    | Happened in Iteration 1\n"
"    +---------------- 2 ----------------\n"
"    | Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in <module>\n"
"    |     f()\n"
"    |     ~^^\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"    |     raise OSError('operation failed')\n"
"    | OSError: operation failed\n"
"    | Happened in Iteration 2\n"
"    +---------------- 3 ----------------\n"
"    | Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in <module>\n"
"    |     f()\n"
"    |     ~^^\n"
"    |   File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in f\n"
"    |     raise OSError('operation failed')\n"
"    | OSError: operation failed\n"
"    | Happened in Iteration 3\n"
"    +------------------------------------\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""