marshal.c

/* Write Python objects to files and read them back.
   This is primarily intended for writing and reading compiled Python code,
   even though dicts, lists, sets and frozensets, not commonly seen in
   code objects, are supported.
   Version 3 of this protocol properly supports circular links
   and sharing. */

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN

#include "Python.h"
#include "longintrepr.h"
#include "code.h"
#include "marshal.h"

#define ABS(x) ((x) < 0 ? -(x) : (x))

/* High water mark to determine when the marshalled object is dangerously deep
 * and risks coring the interpreter.  When the object stack gets this deep,
 * raise an exception instead of continuing.
 * On Windows debug builds, reduce this value.
 */
#if defined(MS_WINDOWS) && defined(_DEBUG)
#define MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH 1500
#else
#define MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH 2000
#endif

#define TYPE_NULL               '0'
#define TYPE_NONE               'N'
#define TYPE_FALSE              'F'
#define TYPE_TRUE               'T'
#define TYPE_STOPITER           'S'
#define TYPE_ELLIPSIS           '.'
#define TYPE_INT                'i'
#define TYPE_FLOAT              'f'
#define TYPE_BINARY_FLOAT       'g'
#define TYPE_COMPLEX            'x'
#define TYPE_BINARY_COMPLEX     'y'
#define TYPE_LONG               'l'
#define TYPE_STRING             's'
#define TYPE_INTERNED           't'
#define TYPE_REF                'r'
#define TYPE_TUPLE              '('
#define TYPE_LIST               '['
#define TYPE_DICT               '{'
#define TYPE_CODE               'c'
#define TYPE_UNICODE            'u'
#define TYPE_UNKNOWN            '?'
#define TYPE_SET                '<'
#define TYPE_FROZENSET          '>'
#define FLAG_REF                '\x80' /* with a type, add obj to index */

#define TYPE_ASCII              'a'
#define TYPE_ASCII_INTERNED     'A'
#define TYPE_SMALL_TUPLE        ')'
#define TYPE_SHORT_ASCII        'z'
#define TYPE_SHORT_ASCII_INTERNED 'Z'

#define WFERR_OK 0
#define WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE 1
#define WFERR_NESTEDTOODEEP 2
#define WFERR_NOMEMORY 3

typedef struct {
    FILE *fp;
    int error;  /* see WFERR_* values */
    int depth;
    /* If fp == NULL, the following are valid: */
    PyObject *readable;    /* Stream-like object being read from */
    PyObject *str;
    PyObject *current_filename;
    char *ptr;
    char *end;
    char *buf;
    Py_ssize_t buf_size;
    PyObject *refs; /* dict on marshal, list on unmarshal */
    int version;
} WFILE;

#define w_byte(c, p) if (((p)->fp)) putc((c), (p)->fp); \
                      else if ((p)->ptr != (p)->end) *(p)->ptr++ = (c); \
                           else w_more((c), p)

static void
w_more(char c, WFILE *p)
{
    Py_ssize_t size, newsize;
    if (p->str == NULL)
        return; /* An error already occurred */
    size = PyBytes_Size(p->str);
    newsize = size + size + 1024;
    if (newsize > 32*1024*1024) {
        newsize = size + (size >> 3);           /* 12.5% overallocation */
    }
    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&p->str, newsize) != 0) {
        p->ptr = p->end = NULL;
    }
    else {
        p->ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING((PyBytesObject *)p->str) + size;
        p->end =
            PyBytes_AS_STRING((PyBytesObject *)p->str) + newsize;
        *p->ptr++ = c;
    }
}

static void
w_string(const char *s, Py_ssize_t n, WFILE *p)
{
    if (p->fp != NULL) {
        fwrite(s, 1, n, p->fp);
    }
    else {
        while (--n >= 0) {
            w_byte(*s, p);
            s++;
        }
    }
}

static void
w_short(int x, WFILE *p)
{
    w_byte((char)( x      & 0xff), p);
    w_byte((char)((x>> 8) & 0xff), p);
}

static void
w_long(long x, WFILE *p)
{
    w_byte((char)( x      & 0xff), p);
    w_byte((char)((x>> 8) & 0xff), p);
    w_byte((char)((x>>16) & 0xff), p);
    w_byte((char)((x>>24) & 0xff), p);
}

#define SIZE32_MAX  0x7FFFFFFF

#if SIZEOF_SIZE_T > 4
# define W_SIZE(n, p)  do {                     \
        if ((n) > SIZE32_MAX) {                 \
            (p)->depth--;                       \
            (p)->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;  \
            return;                             \
        }                                       \
        w_long((long)(n), p);                   \
    } while(0)
#else
# define W_SIZE  w_long
#endif

static void
w_pstring(const char *s, Py_ssize_t n, WFILE *p)
{
        W_SIZE(n, p);
        w_string(s, n, p);
}

static void
w_short_pstring(const char *s, Py_ssize_t n, WFILE *p)
{
    w_byte(Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(n, Py_ssize_t, unsigned char), p);
    w_string(s, n, p);
}

/* We assume that Python ints are stored internally in base some power of
   2**15; for the sake of portability we'll always read and write them in base
   exactly 2**15. */

#define PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT 15
#define PyLong_MARSHAL_BASE ((short)1 << PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT)
#define PyLong_MARSHAL_MASK (PyLong_MARSHAL_BASE - 1)
#if PyLong_SHIFT % PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT != 0
#error "PyLong_SHIFT must be a multiple of PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT"
#endif
#define PyLong_MARSHAL_RATIO (PyLong_SHIFT / PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT)

#define W_TYPE(t, p) do { \
    w_byte((t) | flag, (p)); \
} while(0)

static void
w_PyLong(const PyLongObject *ob, char flag, WFILE *p)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, j, n, l;
    digit d;

    W_TYPE(TYPE_LONG, p);
    if (Py_SIZE(ob) == 0) {
        w_long((long)0, p);
        return;
    }

    /* set l to number of base PyLong_MARSHAL_BASE digits */
    n = ABS(Py_SIZE(ob));
    l = (n-1) * PyLong_MARSHAL_RATIO;
    d = ob->ob_digit[n-1];
    assert(d != 0); /* a PyLong is always normalized */
    do {
        d >>= PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT;
        l++;
    } while (d != 0);
    if (l > SIZE32_MAX) {
        p->depth--;
        p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
        return;
    }
    w_long((long)(Py_SIZE(ob) > 0 ? l : -l), p);

    for (i=0; i < n-1; i++) {
        d = ob->ob_digit[i];
        for (j=0; j < PyLong_MARSHAL_RATIO; j++) {
            w_short(d & PyLong_MARSHAL_MASK, p);
            d >>= PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT;
        }
        assert (d == 0);
    }
    d = ob->ob_digit[n-1];
    do {
        w_short(d & PyLong_MARSHAL_MASK, p);
        d >>= PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT;
    } while (d != 0);
}

static int
w_ref(PyObject *v, char *flag, WFILE *p)
{
    PyObject *id;
    PyObject *idx;

    if (p->version < 3 || p->refs == NULL)
        return 0; /* not writing object references */

    /* if it has only one reference, it definitely isn't shared */
    if (Py_REFCNT(v) == 1)
        return 0;

    id = PyLong_FromVoidPtr((void*)v);
    if (id == NULL)
        goto err;
    idx = PyDict_GetItem(p->refs, id);
    if (idx != NULL) {
        /* write the reference index to the stream */
        long w = PyLong_AsLong(idx);
        Py_DECREF(id);
        if (w == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
            goto err;
        }
        /* we don't store "long" indices in the dict */
        assert(0 <= w && w <= 0x7fffffff);
        w_byte(TYPE_REF, p);
        w_long(w, p);
        return 1;
    } else {
        int ok;
        Py_ssize_t s = PyDict_Size(p->refs);
        /* we don't support long indices */
        if (s >= 0x7fffffff) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "too many objects");
            goto err;
        }
        idx = PyLong_FromSsize_t(s);
        ok = idx && PyDict_SetItem(p->refs, id, idx) == 0;
        Py_DECREF(id);
        Py_XDECREF(idx);
        if (!ok)
            goto err;
        *flag |= FLAG_REF;
        return 0;
    }
err:
    p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
    return 1;
}

static void
w_complex_object(PyObject *v, char flag, WFILE *p);

static void
w_object(PyObject *v, WFILE *p)
{
    char flag = '\0';

    p->depth++;

    if (p->depth > MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH) {
        p->error = WFERR_NESTEDTOODEEP;
    }
    else if (v == NULL) {
        w_byte(TYPE_NULL, p);
    }
    else if (v == Py_None) {
        w_byte(TYPE_NONE, p);
    }
    else if (v == PyExc_StopIteration) {
        w_byte(TYPE_STOPITER, p);
    }
    else if (v == Py_Ellipsis) {
        w_byte(TYPE_ELLIPSIS, p);
    }
    else if (v == Py_False) {
        w_byte(TYPE_FALSE, p);
    }
    else if (v == Py_True) {
        w_byte(TYPE_TRUE, p);
    }
    else if (!w_ref(v, &flag, p))
        w_complex_object(v, flag, p);

    p->depth--;
}

static void
w_complex_object(PyObject *v, char flag, WFILE *p)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, n;

    if (PyLong_CheckExact(v)) {
        long x = PyLong_AsLong(v);
        if ((x == -1)  && PyErr_Occurred()) {
            PyLongObject *ob = (PyLongObject *)v;
            PyErr_Clear();
            w_PyLong(ob, flag, p);
        }
        else {
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
            long y = Py_ARITHMETIC_RIGHT_SHIFT(long, x, 31);
            if (y && y != -1) {
                /* Too large for TYPE_INT */
                w_PyLong((PyLongObject*)v, flag, p);
            }
            else
#endif
            {
                W_TYPE(TYPE_INT, p);
                w_long(x, p);
            }
        }
    }
    else if (PyFloat_CheckExact(v)) {
        if (p->version > 1) {
            unsigned char buf[8];
            if (_PyFloat_Pack8(PyFloat_AsDouble(v),
                               buf, 1) < 0) {
                p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
                return;
            }
            W_TYPE(TYPE_BINARY_FLOAT, p);
            w_string((char*)buf, 8, p);
        }
        else {
            char *buf = PyOS_double_to_string(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(v),
                                              'g', 17, 0, NULL);
            if (!buf) {
                p->error = WFERR_NOMEMORY;
                return;
            }
            n = strlen(buf);
            W_TYPE(TYPE_FLOAT, p);
            w_byte((int)n, p);
            w_string(buf, n, p);
            PyMem_Free(buf);
        }
    }
    else if (PyComplex_CheckExact(v)) {
        if (p->version > 1) {
            unsigned char buf[8];
            if (_PyFloat_Pack8(PyComplex_RealAsDouble(v),
                               buf, 1) < 0) {
                p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
                return;
            }
            W_TYPE(TYPE_BINARY_COMPLEX, p);
            w_string((char*)buf, 8, p);
            if (_PyFloat_Pack8(PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(v),
                               buf, 1) < 0) {
                p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
                return;
            }
            w_string((char*)buf, 8, p);
        }
        else {
            char *buf;
            W_TYPE(TYPE_COMPLEX, p);
            buf = PyOS_double_to_string(PyComplex_RealAsDouble(v),
                                        'g', 17, 0, NULL);
            if (!buf) {
                p->error = WFERR_NOMEMORY;
                return;
            }
            n = strlen(buf);
            w_byte((int)n, p);
            w_string(buf, n, p);
            PyMem_Free(buf);
            buf = PyOS_double_to_string(PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(v),
                                        'g', 17, 0, NULL);
            if (!buf) {
                p->error = WFERR_NOMEMORY;
                return;
            }
            n = strlen(buf);
            w_byte((int)n, p);
            w_string(buf, n, p);
            PyMem_Free(buf);
        }
    }
    else if (PyBytes_CheckExact(v)) {
        W_TYPE(TYPE_STRING, p);
        w_pstring(PyBytes_AS_STRING(v), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(v), p);
    }
    else if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(v)) {
        if (p->version >= 4 && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(v)) {
            int is_short = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) < 256;
            if (is_short) {
                if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(v))
                    W_TYPE(TYPE_SHORT_ASCII_INTERNED, p);
                else
                    W_TYPE(TYPE_SHORT_ASCII, p);
                w_short_pstring((char *) PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(v),
                                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v), p);
            }
            else {
                if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(v))
                    W_TYPE(TYPE_ASCII_INTERNED, p);
                else
                    W_TYPE(TYPE_ASCII, p);
                w_pstring((char *) PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(v),
                          PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v), p);
            }
        }
        else {
            PyObject *utf8;
            utf8 = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(v, "utf8", "surrogatepass");
            if (utf8 == NULL) {
                p->depth--;
                p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
                return;
            }
            if (p->version >= 3 &&  PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(v))
                W_TYPE(TYPE_INTERNED, p);
            else
                W_TYPE(TYPE_UNICODE, p);
            w_pstring(PyBytes_AS_STRING(utf8), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(utf8), p);
            Py_DECREF(utf8);
        }
    }
    else if (PyTuple_CheckExact(v)) {
        n = PyTuple_Size(v);
        if (p->version >= 4 && n < 256) {
            W_TYPE(TYPE_SMALL_TUPLE, p);
            w_byte((unsigned char)n, p);
        }
        else {
            W_TYPE(TYPE_TUPLE, p);
            W_SIZE(n, p);
        }
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            w_object(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
        }
    }
    else if (PyList_CheckExact(v)) {
        W_TYPE(TYPE_LIST, p);
        n = PyList_GET_SIZE(v);
        W_SIZE(n, p);
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            w_object(PyList_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
        }
    }
    else if (PyDict_CheckExact(v)) {
        Py_ssize_t pos;
        PyObject *key, *value;
        W_TYPE(TYPE_DICT, p);
        /* This one is NULL object terminated! */
        pos = 0;
        while (PyDict_Next(v, &pos, &key, &value)) {
            w_object(key, p);
            w_object(value, p);
        }
        w_object((PyObject *)NULL, p);
    }
    else if (PyAnySet_CheckExact(v)) {
        PyObject *value, *it;

        if (PyObject_TypeCheck(v, &PySet_Type))
            W_TYPE(TYPE_SET, p);
        else
            W_TYPE(TYPE_FROZENSET, p);
        n = PyObject_Size(v);
        if (n == -1) {
            p->depth--;
            p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
            return;
        }
        W_SIZE(n, p);
        it = PyObject_GetIter(v);
        if (it == NULL) {
            p->depth--;
            p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
            return;
        }
        while ((value = PyIter_Next(it)) != NULL) {
            w_object(value, p);
            Py_DECREF(value);
        }
        Py_DECREF(it);
        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            p->depth--;
            p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
            return;
        }
    }
    else if (PyCode_Check(v)) {
        PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)v;
        W_TYPE(TYPE_CODE, p);
        w_long(co->co_argcount, p);
        w_long(co->co_kwonlyargcount, p);
        w_long(co->co_nlocals, p);
        w_long(co->co_stacksize, p);
        w_long(co->co_flags, p);
        w_object(co->co_code, p);
        w_object(co->co_consts, p);
        w_object(co->co_names, p);
        w_object(co->co_varnames, p);
        w_object(co->co_freevars, p);
        w_object(co->co_cellvars, p);
        w_object(co->co_filename, p);
        w_object(co->co_name, p);
        w_long(co->co_firstlineno, p);
        w_object(co->co_lnotab, p);
    }
    else if (PyObject_CheckBuffer(v)) {
        /* Write unknown bytes-like objects as a byte string */
        Py_buffer view;
        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(v, &view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
            w_byte(TYPE_UNKNOWN, p);
            p->depth--;
            p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
            return;
        }
        W_TYPE(TYPE_STRING, p);
        w_pstring(view.buf, view.len, p);
        PyBuffer_Release(&view);
    }
    else {
        W_TYPE(TYPE_UNKNOWN, p);
        p->error = WFERR_UNMARSHALLABLE;
    }
}

/* version currently has no effect for writing ints. */
void
PyMarshal_WriteLongToFile(long x, FILE *fp, int version)
{
    WFILE wf;
    wf.fp = fp;
    wf.error = WFERR_OK;
    wf.depth = 0;
    wf.refs = NULL;
    wf.version = version;
    w_long(x, &wf);
}

void
PyMarshal_WriteObjectToFile(PyObject *x, FILE *fp, int version)
{
    WFILE wf;
    wf.fp = fp;
    wf.error = WFERR_OK;
    wf.depth = 0;
    if (version >= 3) {
        if ((wf.refs = PyDict_New()) == NULL)
            return; /* caller mush check PyErr_Occurred() */
    } else
        wf.refs = NULL;
    wf.version = version;
    w_object(x, &wf);
    Py_XDECREF(wf.refs);
}

typedef WFILE RFILE; /* Same struct with different invariants */

static char *
r_string(Py_ssize_t n, RFILE *p)
{
    Py_ssize_t read = -1;

    if (p->ptr != NULL) {
        /* Fast path for loads() */
        char *res = p->ptr;
        Py_ssize_t left = p->end - p->ptr;
        if (left < n) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
                            "marshal data too short");
            return NULL;
        }
        p->ptr += n;
        return res;
    }
    if (p->buf == NULL) {
        p->buf = PyMem_MALLOC(n);
        if (p->buf == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
        p->buf_size = n;
    }
    else if (p->buf_size < n) {
        p->buf = PyMem_REALLOC(p->buf, n);
        if (p->buf == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
        p->buf_size = n;
    }

    if (!p->readable) {
        assert(p->fp != NULL);
        read = fread(p->buf, 1, n, p->fp);
    }
    else {
        _Py_IDENTIFIER(readinto);
        PyObject *res, *mview;
        Py_buffer buf;

        if (PyBuffer_FillInfo(&buf, NULL, p->buf, n, 0, PyBUF_CONTIG) == -1)
            return NULL;
        mview = PyMemoryView_FromBuffer(&buf);
        if (mview == NULL)
            return NULL;

        res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(p->readable, &PyId_readinto, "N", mview);
        if (res != NULL) {
            read = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(res, PyExc_ValueError);
            Py_DECREF(res);
        }
    }
    if (read != n) {
        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
            if (read > n)
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                             "read() returned too much data: "
                             "%zd bytes requested, %zd returned",
                             n, read);
            else
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
                                "EOF read where not expected");
        }
        return NULL;
    }
    return p->buf;
}

static int
r_byte(RFILE *p)
{
    int c = EOF;

    if (p->ptr != NULL) {
        if (p->ptr < p->end)
            c = (unsigned char) *p->ptr++;
        return c;
    }
    if (!p->readable) {
        assert(p->fp);
        c = getc(p->fp);
    }
    else {
        char *ptr = r_string(1, p);
        if (ptr != NULL)
            c = *(unsigned char *) ptr;
    }
    return c;
}

static int
r_short(RFILE *p)
{
    short x = -1;
    unsigned char *buffer;

    buffer = (unsigned char *) r_string(2, p);
    if (buffer != NULL) {
        x = buffer[0];
        x |= buffer[1] << 8;
        /* Sign-extension, in case short greater than 16 bits */
        x |= -(x & 0x8000);
    }
    return x;
}

static long
r_long(RFILE *p)
{
    long x = -1;
    unsigned char *buffer;

    buffer = (unsigned char *) r_string(4, p);
    if (buffer != NULL) {
        x = buffer[0];
        x |= (long)buffer[1] << 8;
        x |= (long)buffer[2] << 16;
        x |= (long)buffer[3] << 24;
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
        /* Sign extension for 64-bit machines */
        x |= -(x & 0x80000000L);
#endif
    }
    return x;
}

static PyObject *
r_PyLong(RFILE *p)
{
    PyLongObject *ob;
    long n, size, i;
    int j, md, shorts_in_top_digit;
    digit d;

    n = r_long(p);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    if (n == 0)
        return (PyObject *)_PyLong_New(0);
    if (n < -SIZE32_MAX || n > SIZE32_MAX) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                       "bad marshal data (long size out of range)");
        return NULL;
    }

    size = 1 + (ABS(n) - 1) / PyLong_MARSHAL_RATIO;
    shorts_in_top_digit = 1 + (ABS(n) - 1) % PyLong_MARSHAL_RATIO;
    ob = _PyLong_New(size);
    if (ob == NULL)
        return NULL;

    Py_SIZE(ob) = n > 0 ? size : -size;

    for (i = 0; i < size-1; i++) {
        d = 0;
        for (j=0; j < PyLong_MARSHAL_RATIO; j++) {
            md = r_short(p);
            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                Py_DECREF(ob);
                return NULL;
            }
            if (md < 0 || md > PyLong_MARSHAL_BASE)
                goto bad_digit;
            d += (digit)md << j*PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT;
        }
        ob->ob_digit[i] = d;
    }

    d = 0;
    for (j=0; j < shorts_in_top_digit; j++) {
        md = r_short(p);
        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            Py_DECREF(ob);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (md < 0 || md > PyLong_MARSHAL_BASE)
            goto bad_digit;
        /* topmost marshal digit should be nonzero */
        if (md == 0 && j == shorts_in_top_digit - 1) {
            Py_DECREF(ob);
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                "bad marshal data (unnormalized long data)");
            return NULL;
        }
        d += (digit)md << j*PyLong_MARSHAL_SHIFT;
    }
    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        Py_DECREF(ob);
        return NULL;
    }
    /* top digit should be nonzero, else the resulting PyLong won't be
       normalized */
    ob->ob_digit[size-1] = d;
    return (PyObject *)ob;
  bad_digit:
    Py_DECREF(ob);
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                    "bad marshal data (digit out of range in long)");
    return NULL;
}

/* allocate the reflist index for a new object. Return -1 on failure */
static Py_ssize_t
r_ref_reserve(int flag, RFILE *p)
{
    if (flag) { /* currently only FLAG_REF is defined */
        Py_ssize_t idx = PyList_GET_SIZE(p->refs);
        if (idx >= 0x7ffffffe) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data (index list too large)");
            return -1;
        }
        if (PyList_Append(p->refs, Py_None) < 0)
            return -1;
        return idx;
    } else
        return 0;
}

/* insert the new object 'o' to the reflist at previously
 * allocated index 'idx'.
 * 'o' can be NULL, in which case nothing is done.
 * if 'o' was non-NULL, and the function succeeds, 'o' is returned.
 * if 'o' was non-NULL, and the function fails, 'o' is released and
 * NULL returned. This simplifies error checking at the call site since
 * a single test for NULL for the function result is enough.
 */
static PyObject *
r_ref_insert(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t idx, int flag, RFILE *p)
{
    if (o != NULL && flag) { /* currently only FLAG_REF is defined */
        PyObject *tmp = PyList_GET_ITEM(p->refs, idx);
        Py_INCREF(o);
        PyList_SET_ITEM(p->refs, idx, o);
        Py_DECREF(tmp);
    }
    return o;
}

/* combination of both above, used when an object can be
 * created whenever it is seen in the file, as opposed to
 * after having loaded its sub-objects.
 */
static PyObject *
r_ref(PyObject *o, int flag, RFILE *p)
{
    assert(flag & FLAG_REF);
    if (o == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (PyList_Append(p->refs, o) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(o); /* release the new object */
        return NULL;
    }
    return o;
}

static PyObject *
r_object(RFILE *p)
{
    /* NULL is a valid return value, it does not necessarily means that
       an exception is set. */
    PyObject *v, *v2;
    Py_ssize_t idx = 0;
    long i, n;
    int type, code = r_byte(p);
    int flag, is_interned = 0;
    PyObject *retval = NULL;

    if (code == EOF) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
                        "EOF read where object expected");
        return NULL;
    }

    p->depth++;

    if (p->depth > MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH) {
        p->depth--;
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "recursion limit exceeded");
        return NULL;
    }

    flag = code & FLAG_REF;
    type = code & ~FLAG_REF;

#define R_REF(O) do{\
    if (flag) \
        O = r_ref(O, flag, p);\
} while (0)

    switch (type) {

    case TYPE_NULL:
        break;

    case TYPE_NONE:
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        retval = Py_None;
        break;

    case TYPE_STOPITER:
        Py_INCREF(PyExc_StopIteration);
        retval = PyExc_StopIteration;
        break;

    case TYPE_ELLIPSIS:
        Py_INCREF(Py_Ellipsis);
        retval = Py_Ellipsis;
        break;

    case TYPE_FALSE:
        Py_INCREF(Py_False);
        retval = Py_False;
        break;

    case TYPE_TRUE:
        Py_INCREF(Py_True);
        retval = Py_True;
        break;

    case TYPE_INT:
        n = r_long(p);
        retval = PyErr_Occurred() ? NULL : PyLong_FromLong(n);
        R_REF(retval);
        break;

    case TYPE_LONG:
        retval = r_PyLong(p);
        R_REF(retval);
        break;

    case TYPE_FLOAT:
        {
            char buf[256], *ptr;
            double dx;
            n = r_byte(p);
            if (n == EOF) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
                    "EOF read where object expected");
                break;
            }
            ptr = r_string(n, p);
            if (ptr == NULL)
                break;
            memcpy(buf, ptr, n);
            buf[n] = '\0';
            dx = PyOS_string_to_double(buf, NULL, NULL);
            if (dx == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
                break;
            retval = PyFloat_FromDouble(dx);
            R_REF(retval);
            break;
        }

    case TYPE_BINARY_FLOAT:
        {
            unsigned char *buf;
            double x;
            buf = (unsigned char *) r_string(8, p);
            if (buf == NULL)
                break;
            x = _PyFloat_Unpack8(buf, 1);
            if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
                break;
            retval = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
            R_REF(retval);
            break;
        }

    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
        {
            char buf[256], *ptr;
            Py_complex c;
            n = r_byte(p);
            if (n == EOF) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
                    "EOF read where object expected");
                break;
            }
            ptr = r_string(n, p);
            if (ptr == NULL)
                break;
            memcpy(buf, ptr, n);
            buf[n] = '\0';
            c.real = PyOS_string_to_double(buf, NULL, NULL);
            if (c.real == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
                break;
            n = r_byte(p);
            if (n == EOF) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
                    "EOF read where object expected");
                break;
            }
            ptr = r_string(n, p);
            if (ptr == NULL)
                break;
            memcpy(buf, ptr, n);
            buf[n] = '\0';
            c.imag = PyOS_string_to_double(buf, NULL, NULL);
            if (c.imag == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
                break;
            retval = PyComplex_FromCComplex(c);
            R_REF(retval);
            break;
        }

    case TYPE_BINARY_COMPLEX:
        {
            unsigned char *buf;
            Py_complex c;
            buf = (unsigned char *) r_string(8, p);
            if (buf == NULL)
                break;
            c.real = _PyFloat_Unpack8(buf, 1);
            if (c.real == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
                break;
            buf = (unsigned char *) r_string(8, p);