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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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<div class="section" id="the-python-tutorial">
<span id="tutorial-index"></span><h1>Python 教學<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-tutorial" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>
<p>Python 是一種易學、功能強大的程式語言。它有高效能的高階資料結構，也有簡單但有效的方法去實現物件導向程式設計。Python 優雅的語法和動態型別，結合其直譯特性，使它成為眾多領域和大多數平臺上，撰寫腳本和快速開發應用程式的理想語言。</p>
<p>使用者可以自由且免費地從 Python 官網上 (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a>) 取得各大平台上用的 Python 直譯器和標準函式庫，下載其源碼或二進位形式執行檔，同時，也可以將其自由地散佈。另外，Python 官網也提供了許多自由且免費的第三方 Python 模組、程式與工具、以及額外說明文件，有興趣的使用者，可在官網上找到相關的發行版本與連結網址。</p>
<p>使用 C 或 C++（或其他可被 C 呼叫的程式語言），可以很容易在 Python 直譯器內新增功能函式及資料型別。同時，對可讓使用者自製功能的應用程式來說，Python 也適合作為其擴充用界面語言 (extension language)。</p>
<p>這份教學將簡介 Python 語言與系統的基本概念及功能。除了閱讀之外、實際用 Python 直譯器寫程式跑範例，將有助於學習。但如果只用讀的，也是可行的學習方式，因為所有範例的內容皆獨立且完整。</p>
<p>若想了解 Python 標準物件和模組的描述，請參閱 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)</span></a>。在 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> 中，您可以學到 Python 語言更正規的定義。想用 C 或 C++ 寫延伸套件 (extensions) 的讀者，請閱讀 <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</span></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python / C API 參考手冊</span></a> 。此外，市面上也能找到更深入的 Python 學習書。</p>
<p>這份教學中，我們不會介紹每一個功能，甚至，也不打算介紹完每一個常用功能。取而代之，我們的重心將放在介紹 Python 中最值得一提的那些功能，幫助您了解 Python 語言的特色與風格。讀完教學後，您將有能力閱讀和撰寫 Python 模組與程式，也做好進一步學習 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)</span></a> 中各類型的 Python 函式庫模組的準備。</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#glossary"><span class="std std-ref">Glossary</span></a> 頁面也值得細讀。</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appetite.html">1. 淺嘗滋味</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html">2. 使用 Python 直譯器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. 啟動直譯器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. 傳遞引數</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. 互動模式</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. 直譯器與它的環境</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. 原始碼的字元編碼 (encoding)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html">3. 一個非正式的 Python 簡介</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. 把 Python 當作計算機使用</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. 數字 (Number)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#strings">3.1.2. 字串 (String)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#lists">3.1.3. List（串列）</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. 初探程式設計的前幾步</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html">4. 深入了解流程控制</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code> 函式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> 陳述、迴圈內 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> 段落</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.6. 定義函式 (function)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.7. More on Defining Functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.7.1. Default Argument Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.7.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.7.5. Lambda Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.7.6. 說明文件字串</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#function-annotations">4.7.7. Function Annotations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html">5. 資料結構</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. 進一步了解 List（串列）</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. 將 List 作為 Stack（堆疊）使用</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. 將 List 作為 Queue（佇列）使用</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions（串列綜合運算）</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. 巢狀的 List Comprehensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> 陳述式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples 和序列 (Sequences)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#sets">5.4. 集合 (Sets)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. 字典（Dictionary）</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. 迴圈技巧</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. 更多條件式主題</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. 序列和其他資料結構之比較</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">6. 模組</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. 「Compiled」 Python files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html">7. 輸入和輸出</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. Formatted String Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#the-string-format-method">7.1.2. The String format() Method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#manual-string-formatting">7.1.3. Manual String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.4. Old string formatting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">8. 錯誤和例外</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. 語法錯誤</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#exceptions">8.2. 例外</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. 處理例外</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.5. User-defined Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#private-variables">9.6. Private Variables</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html">16. 附錄</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li>
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