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<article class='markdown-body'>
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<h1>Express</h1>
<p>http://expressjs.com/</p>
<p>Express是一个简洁、灵活的基于nodejs的web应用开发框架，它是基于<a href="https://github.com/senchalabs/connect">connect</a>中间件的。</p>
<p>它提供一系列强大的特性，勇于创建各种Web和移动设备应用。</p>
<h2>为什么使用Express</h2>
<ul>
<li>基于node的异步，性能比较好</li>
<li>Express本身比较成熟，目前已经是v4了</li>
<li>有很多大规模应用实例，集群等都非常容易</li>
</ul>
<h2>无状态的http协议</h2>
<p>HTTP协议（HyperText Transfer Protocol，超文本传输协议）是用于从WWW服务器传输超文本到本地浏览器的传送协议。它可以使浏览器更加高效，使网络传输减少。它不仅保证计算机正确快速地传输超文本文档，还确定传输文档中的哪一部分，以及哪部分内容首先显示(如文本先于图形)等。
HTTP是一个应用层协议，由请求和响应构成，是一个标准的客户端服务器模型。HTTP是一个无状态的协议。</p>
<p>大家都明白，Web应用抽象起来就是客户端发出请求，请求到达服务器后，服务器经过一番捣鼓，给客户端发回一个应答。“请求”我们一般抽象成 request，“应答”是 response。服务器和客户端（一般也就是浏览器啦，但是绝不局限于浏览器哦。）之间交流的语言就是 HTTP 协议了。至于服务器怎么折腾出一个应答来的，就八仙过海，各显神通了。</p>
<p>总之，Web 应用中两个重量级的东东就是： Request ， Response 。</p>
<p>前面我们说到，每次有访问进来，我们的代码都会跑一遍。现在的问题是，在我们的代码里，怎么抓到客户端发来的 request , 然后，到哪里去找这个 response ，好把我们捣鼓出来的东西放进去，发给客户端呢？答案是，只要我们把他们作为参数交给 tellme 函数(你可以给这个函数取任何名字甚至不给他名字)，然后，当请求到达时，node.js 就会把客户的请求封装成 request ，预备发给客户的应答封装成 response 。我们拿到 request ，看看他请求些什么，再折腾些东西（读出个文件也好，去查数据库也好，随便你了。）丢进 response ，发给客户端。</p>
<p>TODO: 此处该补出一张express在node中得位置图片</p>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg9.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<h2>Node 基础</h2>
<p>see <a href="https://github.com/nodeonly/nodejs-tutorial/blob/master/doc/day3_node.md">node 基础</a></p>
<h2>Write a http server</h2>
<h3>use Nodejs</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">http</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'http');</span>
<span class="vg">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">createServer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">request</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="vg">response</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">request</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">end</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'Hello world!');</span>
<span class="p">})</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">8888</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>这就是最简单的实现</p>
<h3>use Node connect</h3>
<p>Connect is an extensible HTTP server framework for node using "plugins" known as middleware.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">connect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'connect')</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">http</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'http')</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">connect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">gzip</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="vg">deflate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">outgoing</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">responses</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">compression</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'compression')</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">compression</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">store</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">session</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">state</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">browser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">cookie</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">cookieSession</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'cookie-session')</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">cookieSession</span><span class="p">({</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">keys:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="c1">'secret1', 'secret2']</span>
<span class="p">}))</span>
<span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">parse</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">urlencoded</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">request</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">bodies</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">into</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">body</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">bodyParser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'body-parser')</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">bodyParser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">urlencoded</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">respond</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">requests</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">end</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'Hello from Connect!\n');</span>
<span class="p">})</span>
<span class="o">//</span><span class="vg">create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">node</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">js</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">http</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">server</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">listen</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">port</span>
<span class="vg">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">createServer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">3000</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>这是官方给出的例子</p>
<h2>安装Express</h2>
<ul>
<li>如何手动安装</li>
<li>如何使用generator</li>
</ul>
<h3>如何手动安装</h3>
<p>新建文件夹:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>mkdir /getting start/app
<span class="nv">$ </span>npm init
</pre></div>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg7.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>cd到app下,运行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">sudo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="vg">save</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span>
</pre></div>
<p>将express安装在此目录下,新建app.js文件:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'express');</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">5000</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>终端运行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">js</span>
</pre></div>
<p>开启端口，浏览器访问localhost:5000，输出:</p>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg8.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<h3>如何使用generator</h3>
<h4>安装</h4>
<p>generator是express命令工具集，首先确保已经安装node和npm,先在全局安装这个工具集:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">generator</span>
</pre></div>
<p>如果安装失败，尝试加sudo权限:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">sudo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">generator</span>
</pre></div>
<p>现在新建一个我们的express应用,执行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">expressApp</span>
</pre></div>
<p>项目创建完毕，文件结构如下:</p>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg1.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<h4>express命令以及参数说明</h4>
<p>TODO:by kezhi</p>
<h4>安装依赖</h4>
<p>打开package.json，可以看到依赖的模块，执行命令来下载依赖的模块:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span>
</pre></div>
<p>如果下载依赖失败，尝试加sudo权限:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">sudo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span>
</pre></div>
<p>下载依赖模块成功后，可以看到在node_modules文件夹下多出了这些模块:</p>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg2.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<h4>启动服务器</h4>
<p>回到app.js层级，执行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">start</span>
</pre></div>
<p>开始运行express打开端口，用浏览器打开http://localhost:3000/，在此估计会出现缺少模块的情况，如果有模块缺少，cd到node_modules文件夹下去安装缺失的模块:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">sudo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">xxx</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">模块名称</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>大概会缺失5个模块左右，模块全部安装完成，浏览器则会输出:</p>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg3.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>完毕,说明express安装成功.</p>
<h2>核心概念</h2>
<h3>请求request</h3>
<p>Request对象是有关于客户端所发出的请求的对象，只要是有关于客户端请求的信息，都可以藉由它来取得，例如请求标头、请求方法、请求参数、客户端IP，客户端浏览器等等信息。</p>
<p>客户端发来的请求，node.js 帮我们封装成 request 对象</p>
<p>在request里面我们可以获得</p>
<ul>
<li>body</li>
<li>header</li>
<li>params</li>
<li>query</li>
<li>....</li>
</ul>
<h3>响应response</h3>
<p>Response对象是有关于对客户端请求之响应，可以利用它来设定一些要响应的讯息，例如标题信息、响应状态码等.</p>
<p>我们利用response,向客户端发送回答，说白了是向浏览器写内容。</p>
<h3>理解路由</h3>
<p>所谓路由就是定义</p>
<ul>
<li>地址1：谁来处理,以什么方式处理</li>
<li>地址2：谁来处理,以什么方式处理</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'express');</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/someur',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">5000</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>说明一下
例如定义两个路由，一个对应get请求，一个对应post请求；当客户端向http://localhost:5000/发送get请求的时候，则会触发:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<p>当客户端向http://localhost:5000/someur发送post请求的时候，则会触发:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/someur',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<h3>session</h3>
<p>一个session就是一系列某用户和服务器间的通讯。服务器有能力分辨出不同的用户。</p>
<p>一个session的建立是从一个用户向服务器发第一个请求开始，而以用户显式结束或session超时为结束。
其工作原理是这样的：</p>
<ol>
<li>当一个用户向服务器发送第一个请求时，服务器为其建立一个session，并为此session创建一个标识号</li>
<li>这个用户随后的所有请求都应包括这个标识号。服务器会校对这个标识号以判断请求属于哪个session</li>
<li>当用户在一段时间没有任何操作，session就会自动超时</li>
</ol>
<p>这种机制不使用IP作为标识，是因为很多机器是通过代理服务器方式上网，没法区分每一台机器。</p>
<p>对于session标识号（sessionID），有两种方式实现：cookies和URL重写，此处不详细讲解。</p>
<h4>express的session</h4>
<p>nodejs本身不管session，因为用了express框架，express基于connect，connect中有session管理的能力。connect是插件式架构，它的插件称之为“中间件”，其中有个中间件就是叫作session。</p>
<p>到了4.xx版本之后，session管理和cookies等许多模块都不再直接包含在express中，而是需要单独下载添加。</p>
<p>https://github.com/expressjs/session</p>
<h4>应用场景: 登陆</h4>
<ul>
<li>在登陆页面完成用户鉴权，鉴权成功后，在session里存储用户信息</li>
<li>一段时间没有任何操作，session就会自动超时，此时用户点击页面的时候，后台会判断是否存在当前用户的session</li>
<li>一半超时会重定向到登陆界面，提示此操作需要用户登陆</li>
</ul>
<h4>应用场景: 购物车</h4>
<ul>
<li>保证当前session里有用户信息，用户是登陆状态的</li>
<li>用户在购物页面操作，点击加入购物车，此时在session里增加一条信息，存储当前物品信息</li>
<li>用户结算的时候，从session获取物品价格和数量，计算出总价，订单完成后，清理session</li>
</ul>
<h3>理解模板</h3>
<ul>
<li>常用模板有jade，ejs，handlebars以及artTemplate等</li>
<li>在express里如何用生成器指定模板</li>
<li>morgan说明</li>
</ul>
<h4>jade node模板引擎</h4>
<ul>
<li>http://jade-lang.com/</li>
</ul>
<p>此引擎构建在node之上，需要经过node编译成html代码，例如:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'view engine', 'jade');</span>
</pre></div>
<p>开启express服务，指定模板路径为views，模板引擎为jade，当客户端访问指定路由时，express便会去给对应的jade文件配置参数，并编译此jade模板:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">router</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'index', { title: 'Express' });</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<p>index jade模板:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">layout</span>
<span class="vg">block</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">content</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">h1</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">title</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Welcome</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">#</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="vg">title</span><span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>最终在客户端输出:</p>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg3.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<h3>理解public目录</h3>
<ul>
<li>常规做法</li>
</ul>
<p>app.js里</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">static</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">__dirname</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'public')));</span>
</pre></div>
<p>它就是用来托管public中得所有文件。可以以http方式访问</p>
<h4>如果public/index.html不存在</h4>
<p>此时如何使用其他页面做为入口，需要再<code>/</code>路由定义处，redirect到对应页面(by kezhi)。</p>
<h4>如何在静态页面处理请求参数</h4>
<p>在静态页面处理请求参数，是通过连接地址把参数传递过去，通过前端jacascript取出做处理(by kezhi)。</p>
<h4>理解express.static</h4>
<p>说明http-server用法</p>
<p>区分express.static和http-server的差别：功能一样，用法上有差异</p>
<h4>路由冲突</h4>
<p>当<code>public/index.html</code>和路由的<code>/</code>冲突</p>
<p>此时按照<code>public/index.html</code>走</p>
<h3>HTTP</h3>
<p>请查看<a href="https://github.com/nodeonly/nodejs-tutorial/blob/master/doc/demo/day1/http/readme.md">HTTP</a></p>
<h2>任务</h2>
<p>此处开始是大家每个人都必须亲手做的练习</p>
<ol>
<li>准备工作</li>
<li>路由定制方式</li>
<li>如何处理get请求</li>
<li>如何处理post请求</li>
<li>如何实现文件上传</li>
<li>request里如何取值</li>
<li>response返回</li>
<li>完成api返回</li>
<li>完成登陆</li>
<li>完成购物车</li>
</ol>
<h3>准备工作</h3>
<p>安装supervisor(by kezhi)</p>
<h3>路由定制方式</h3>
<p>路由定制方式有2种</p>
<ul>
<li>常规做法</li>
<li>使用路由重定向</li>
</ul>
<h4>常规定义路由</h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'express');</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/someur',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">5000</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>定义了2个请求</p>
<ul>
<li>/</li>
<li>/someurl</li>
</ul>
<h4>使用路由重定向</h4>
<p>in app.js</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">routes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'./routes/index');</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'./routes/users');</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/', routes);</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/users', users);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>然后in <code>/routes/index.js</code>里</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">express</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'express');</span>
<span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">router</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">express</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Router</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'/get', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'index', { title: 'Express' });</span>
<span class="p">})</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'/posttapi', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'index', { title: 'Express' });</span>
<span class="p">})</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">module</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exports</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">router</span><span class="err">;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>此时的router里可以增加各种请求的方法。</p>
<p>这种写法是模块化写法，可以按照业务或者其他分类组织代码，使代码具有更高的可读性。</p>
<h3>如何处理get请求</h3>
<p>我们可以在一个html文件里向端口发送get请求，首先要在访问http://localhost:3000下，端口能向浏览器输出此html，默认情况下，express是会输出pubblic文件夹下的index.html文件，在没有特别指明的情况下，所以注释掉:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/', routes);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>这样在get请求的url为'/'时，express会找到pubblic文件夹;我们可以自定义路由:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">//自定义路由</span>
<span class="k">var</span> <span class="n">myHttpGet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">require</span><span class="p">('.</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">routes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">getserver</span><span class="p">');</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">use</span><span class="p">('</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">getserver</span><span class="p">',</span> <span class="n">myHttpGet</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>当get请求的url为/getserver时，express会执行myHttpGet模块，在routes文件夹下实现myHttpGet模块:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">express</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'express');</span>
<span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">router</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">express</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Router</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="o">/*</span> <span class="k">GET</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">*/</span>
<span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'/', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="p">})</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">module</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exports</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">router</span><span class="err">;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>当我们在html里用ajax向此路由发送get请求时，我们可以取到参数，做一些处理后，用:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">resJson</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>返回给ajax对象:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">oGetBtn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">onclick</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">function</span><span class="p">(){</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">$</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">ajax</span><span class="p">({</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"GET"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">url:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"http://localhost:3000/getserver"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">data:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'method':'GET',</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'name':'rainBow',</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'sex':'man'</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">dataType:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"json"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">success:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">data</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">str</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">JSON</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">stringify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">oResBox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">innerHTML</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">str</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
<p>点击GET按钮发送GET请求，并把发出去的参数整理成json格式并返回:</p>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg4.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<h3>如何处理post请求</h3>
<p>在myHttpGet模块里添加接收此路由下得post请求代码,对于post请求，用req.body接收post参数:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cm">/* POST http.*/</span>
<span class="n">router</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sc">'/'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">req</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<p>点击按钮post发送post请求:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">ajax</span><span class="p">({</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">type:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"POST"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">url:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"http://localhost:3000/getserver"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">data:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'method':'POST',</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'name':'rainBow',</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'sex':'man'</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">dataType:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"json"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">success:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">data</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">str</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">JSON</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">stringify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">oResBox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">innerHTML</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">str</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<p><img src="./images/expressimg5.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>更多，带有参数的post请求</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">router</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/post/:id', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">status</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">200</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">json</span><span class="p">({</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">data:</span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">id:</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'id'),</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">name:</span><span class="c1">'sss',</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">kkk:</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">kkk</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<h3>如何实现文件上传</h3>
<p>什么是多部请求？</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">express</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="vg">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">multer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'multer')</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">multer</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">dest:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'./uploads/',</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">rename:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">fieldname</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">filename</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">filename</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">/\</span><span class="vg">W</span><span class="o">+/</span><span class="vg">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'-').toLowerCase() + Date.now()</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}))</span>
</pre></div>
<p>在路由里</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">router</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/post/formdata', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'respond with a resource');</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">body</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">files</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">files</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">pic</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">path</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">json</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">body</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<p>这里的req.files就可以渠道对应的files的详情，该放到db或者云存储就大胆的存储</p>
<h3>request里如何取值</h3>
<ul>
<li>body</li>
<li>params</li>
<li>query</li>
</ul>
<p>各自举例</p>
<p>body处理post请求参数，把参数整理成json各式:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">router</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">body</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<p>query处理get请求参数，整理成json各式:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">router</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/www:soso', function(req, res) {</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">query</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<h3>response返回</h3>
<ul>
<li>text</li>
<li>xml</li>
<li>json</li>
</ul>
<h3>完成api返回</h3>
<h3>完成登陆</h3>
<h3>完成购物车</h3>
<h2>实践积累</h2>
<p>试着说明package.json的众多方面</p>
<h4>package.json</h4>
<p>package.json是描述项目文件，描述项目所依赖的模块，当我们把一个项目发布到npm时，其实不用把我们所依赖的模块一起发不上去，只需要把依赖的模块名称填写到package.json里面，当别人npm install的时候，npm会去识别package.json中所依赖的模块名称，然后下载下来:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>npm install --save</code> vs <code>npm install --save-dev</code></li>
<li><code>npm start</code> vs <code>npm test</code> (scripts自定义)</li>
<li>如何写一个npm，以及发布</li>
</ul>
<p>当我们通过npm安装某一模块时，运用<code>npm install --save</code>或者<code>npm install --save-dev</code>，npm则会把我们的项目依赖信息写入package.json中。</p>
<p><code>npm install --save</code> 和 <code>npm install --save-dev</code>的区别:</p>
<p>devDependencies下列出的模块，是我们开发时用的，比如grunt-contrib-uglify，我们用它混淆js文件，它们不会被部署到生产环境。dependencies下的模块，则是我们生产环境中需要的依赖。</p>
<h4>npm参数说明</h4>
<p>npm install --save 和 npm install --save-dev的区别:</p>
<p>说明</p>
<ul>
<li>save会自动保存到package.json里</li>
<li>save-dev会保存到devDependencies模块下，save会保存到dependencies</li>
</ul>
<p>devDependencies下列出的模块，是我们开发时用的，比如grunt-contrib-uglify，我们用它混淆js文件，它们不会被部署到生产环境。dependencies下的模块，则是我们生产环境中需要的依赖。</p>
<h4>npm start</h4>
<p>新建项目npmStart:</p>
<p><img src="./images/npmstart.png" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>配置package.json中得script参数:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"example1"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"version"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"0.0.0"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"private"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"scripts"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"start"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"node http.js"</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>cd到此目录，运行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">start</span>
</pre></div>
<p>即可运行http.js文件，这就相当于是node http.js的快捷运行方式。</p>
<h4>npm发布模块</h4>
<p>如果需要向npm发布自己的模块，那么需要注册账号密码，终端运行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">adduser</span>
</pre></div>
<p>按照提示填写账号密码邮箱，新建项目，配置package.json文件:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"hellonpm"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"description"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"hello world test app"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"version"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"0.0.1"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"private"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">false</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"dependencies"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"express"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"2.5.9"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"ejs"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="s2">"0.4.2"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"superagent"</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="s2">"0.3.0"</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>name即为我们的模块名称，要注意的是private必须设置为false，模块才能被发布，dependencies是指我们的模块需要依赖哪些其他的模块,cd到express文件夹下:</p>
<p><img src="./images/npm.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>终端运行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">publish</span>
</pre></div>
<p><img src="./images/npm2.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>模块发布成功！</p>
<p>cd到任意文件夹运行:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">hellonpm</span>
</pre></div>
<p>即可安装我们上传的hellonpm模块！</p>
<h2>测试</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="vg">save</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">dev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">mocha</span>
<span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="vg">save</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">dev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">chai</span>
<span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="vg">save</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">dev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">sinon</span>
<span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="vg">save</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">dev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">supertest</span>
<span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="vg">save</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">dev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">zombie</span>
</pre></div>
<p>see <a href="https://github.com/nodeonly/nodejs-tutorial/blob/master/doc/day5_test.md">node 测试</a></p>
<h2>调试</h2>
<h3>node debug</h3>
<p>V8 提供了一个强大的调试器，可以通过 TCP 协议从外部访问。Nodejs提供了一个内建调试器来帮助开发者调试应用程序。想要开启调试器我们需要在代码中加入debugger标签，当Nodejs执行到debugger标签时会自动暂停（debugger标签相当于在代码中开启一个断点）。代码如下：</p>
<p>see <code>demo/day1/debug/app_debug1.js</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">express</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">require</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'express');</span>
<span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">express</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'/',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="n">debugger</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c">'hello,world');</span>
<span class="p">})</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5005</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span>
<span class="n">module</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exports</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="err">;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>执行命令：<code>node debug app_debug1.js</code> 就可以进入调试模式。</p>
<p>当然，首先需要在程序代码中手动添加中断debugger; ， 这样当以调试模式运行时，程序会自动中断，然后等候你调试，就像GDB一样，可以用help命令查看自己都可以使用哪些调试命令。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">debug</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">help</span>
<span class="nl">Commands:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">run</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">r</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">cont</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">c</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">n</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">step</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">s</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">o</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">backtrace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">bt</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">setBreakpoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">sb</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">clearBreakpoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">cb</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="vg">watch</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">unwatch</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">watchers</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">repl</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">restart</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">kill</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">list</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">scripts</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">breakOnException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">breakpoints</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">version</span>
</pre></div>
<p>这里就和gdb等调试器一模一样了</p>
<p>注意,如果出现</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Failed</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">open</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">socket</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">port</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">5858</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">waiting</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">1000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">ms</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">before</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">retrying</span>
</pre></div>
<p>请结束掉所有debug进程</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">ps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">ef</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="vg">grep</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">debug</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">brk</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="vg">awk</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">'{print $2}'|xargs kill -9</span>
</pre></div>
<h3>node-inspector</h3>
<p>上面这种方式稍微有些麻烦，我们写JS代码调试的时候一般都用FireBug或谷歌浏览器内置的调试工具，nodejs程序当然也可以这样子来调试，但是首先需要安装一个node-inspector的东西</p>
<p>node-inspector是通过websocket方式来转向debug输入输出的。因此，我们在调试前要先启动node-inspector来监听Nodejs的debug调试端口。</p>
<p>这个需要用npm来安装，只需要执行下列语句：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">npm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">install</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">node</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">inspector</span>
</pre></div>
<p>安装完成之后，通常可以直接这样启动在后台：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">node</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">inspector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span>
</pre></div>
<p>默认会监听8080端口，当然，也可能通过使用--web-port参数来修改。然后，在执行node程序的时候，多加个参数：--debug-brk, 如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="vg">debug</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">brk</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">js</span>
</pre></div>
<p>或者</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">node</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">debug</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">js</span>
</pre></div>
<p>控制台会返回“debugger listening on port 5858”， 现在打开浏览嚣，访问http://localhost:8080，这时候就会打开一个很像Chrome内置调试工具的界面，并且代码断点在第一行，下面就可以使用这个来调试了。</p>
<p><img src="./images/debug.png" alt=""></p>
<ul>
<li>增加断点，查看调用栈，变量等</li>
<li>使用console打印查看日志</li>
</ul>
<p>使用方法和chrome的inspect element调试web开发是一样的。</p>
<p>调试还是很方便的，而且可以异地调试。</p>
<h2>部署实战</h2>
<h3>开发环境下</h3>
<p>在开发环境使用 nodemon，supervisor </p>
<h3>产品环境下</h3>
<p>在生产环境使用pm2，forever</p>
<h3>集群与负载</h3>
<ul>
<li>nginx</li>
<li>haproxy</li>
</ul>
<h2>压力测试</h2>
<h3>ab</h3>
<p>ab是apache自带的一个很好用的压力测试工具，当安装完apache的时候，就可以在bin下面找到ab</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">ab</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">n1000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">c100</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">http:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="mf">127.0.0.1</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="il">4100</span>
</pre></div>
<h3>wrk</h3>
<p>安装</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">git</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">clone</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">https:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="vg">github</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="vg">wg</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="vg">wrk</span>
<span class="vg">cd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">wrk</span>
<span class="vg">make</span>
<span class="vg">sudo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">cp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">rf</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">wrk</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="vg">bin</span><span class="o">/</span>
</pre></div>
<p>测试</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">wrk</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">t8</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="vg">c400</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">http:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="mf">127.0.0.1</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="il">4100</span>
<span class="vg">Running</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">10</span><span class="vg">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">@</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">http:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="mf">127.0.0.1</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="il">4100</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="il">8</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">threads</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">400</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">connections</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Thread</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Stats</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Avg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Stdev</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Max</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+/-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Stdev</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Latency</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">99.83</span><span class="vg">ms</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">16.70</span><span class="vg">ms</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">175.72</span><span class="vg">ms</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">76.86</span><span class="o">%</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Req</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="vg">Sec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">325.50</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">161.75</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">665.00</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">50.27</span><span class="o">%</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="il">22709</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">requests</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10.01</span><span class="vg">s</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">5.65</span><span class="vg">MB</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">read</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">Socket</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">errors:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">connect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">155</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">read</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">3461</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">write</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">timeout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">775</span>
<span class="vg">Requests</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nl">sec:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2267.99</span>
<span class="vg">Transfer</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nl">sec:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">578.07</span><span class="vg">KB</span>
</pre></div>
<h2>阅读文档</h2>
<h3>getting start</h3>
<p>入门文档，如果你看完了上面的内容，就可以不要看了</p>
<h3>guide</h3>
<p>此处是开发指南，建议完全看一遍</p>
<p>Error handling</p>
<p>监听server服务错误，如get请求的时候输出一个没定义的变量a，这时express捕捉到错误，并返回'Something broke!':</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'/',function(req,res){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">a</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
<span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">err</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">req</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">next</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">stack</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">status</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">500</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="c1">'Something broke!');</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
<p>终端输出:</p>
<p><img src="./images/errhadding1.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>浏览器返回:</p>
<p><img src="./images/errhadding2.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<p>Debugging Express</p>
<p>Expressy已经内置了debug模块，如果要用debug运行app.js:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="err">$</span><span class="vg">DEBUG</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nl">express:</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vg">js</span>
</pre></div>
<p><img src="./images/debug1.jpg" alt="Mou icon"></p>
<h3>知道如何查api文档</h3>
<p>中文文档地址 </p>
<p>http://www.expressjs.com.cn</p>
<p>如何在mac下面使用Dash查看离线文档</p>
<h2>更多</h2>
<ul>
<li>connect</li>
<li>express框架源码</li>
<li>反向代理（proxy，比如haproxy，nginx）</li>
<li>集群部署</li>
<li><p>可以把session存储到redis等缓存中</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// 设置 Session</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">({</span>
<span class="nl">store:</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">RedisStore</span><span class="p">({</span>
<span class="nl">host:</span> <span class="s">"127.0.0.1"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nl">port:</span> <span class="mh">6379</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nl">db:</span> <span class="s">"test_session"</span>
<span class="p">}),</span>
<span class="nl">resave:</span><span class="n">false</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nl">saveUninitialized:</span><span class="n">false</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nl">secret:</span> <span class="p">'</span><span class="n">keyboard</span> <span class="n">cat</span><span class="p">'</span>
<span class="p">}))</span>
</pre></div></li>
<li><p>dsdsds</p></li>
</ul>
<h2>总结</h2>
</article>
</div>
</div>
</body>
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