diff --git a/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/index.html b/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/index.html
index d8b122f6..1cfe6821 100644
--- a/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/index.html	
+++ b/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/index.html	
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,46 +46,68 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="Welcome to Hexo! This is your very first post. Check documentation for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in troublesho">
+  <meta name="description" content="Welcome to Hexo! This is your very first post. Check documentation for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in troubleshooting or you can ask me on GitHub. Quick">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Hello World">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="Welcome to Hexo! This is your very first post. Check documentation for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in troubleshooting or you can ask me on GitHub. Quick">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2018-06-13T07:51:44.357Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Hello World">
@@ -95,51 +115,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>Hello World | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Hello World | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +292,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -297,70 +363,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Hello World</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Hello World
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00">
-                2015-03-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-03-01 16:26:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00">2015-03-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2018-06-13 15:51:44" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2018-06-13T15:51:44+08:00">2018-06-13</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  78
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -390,6 +461,9 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -397,30 +471,37 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
-  <button id="rewardButton" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('QR'); if (qr.style.display === 'none') {qr.style.display='block';} else {qr.style.display='none'}">
-    <span>打赏</span>
+  <button id="reward-button" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(&quot;qr&quot;); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';">
+    打赏
   </button>
-  <div id="QR" style="display: none;">
+  <div id="qr" style="display: none;">
 
     
-      <div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="wechat_qr" src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
         <p>微信支付</p>
       </div>
     
-
-    
-      <div id="alipay" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="alipay_qr" src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝">
         <p>支付宝</p>
       </div>
     
 
-    
-
   </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -428,24 +509,6 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
     
 
     
-      <div>
-        <ul class="post-copyright">
-  <li class="post-copyright-author">
-    <strong>本文作者：</strong>
-    Silence
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
-    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/" title="Hello World">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/</a>
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-license">
-    <strong>版权声明： </strong>
-    本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！
-  </li>
-</ul>
-
-      </div>
-    
 
     <footer class="post-footer">
       
@@ -482,59 +545,16 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
   </article>
 
 
-
-    <div class="post-spread">
-      
-        
-  <div class="bdsharebuttonbox">
-    <a href="#" class="bds_tsina" data-cmd="tsina" title="分享到新浪微博"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_douban" data-cmd="douban" title="分享到豆瓣网"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_sqq" data-cmd="sqq" title="分享到QQ好友"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_qzone" data-cmd="qzone" title="分享到QQ空间"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_weixin" data-cmd="weixin" title="分享到微信"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_tieba" data-cmd="tieba" title="分享到百度贴吧"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_twi" data-cmd="twi" title="分享到Twitter"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_fbook" data-cmd="fbook" title="分享到Facebook"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_more" data-cmd="more"></a>
-    <a class="bds_count" data-cmd="count"></a>
-  </div>
-  <script>
-    window._bd_share_config = {
-      "common": {
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-        "bdMini": "2",
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-      "share": {
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-      },
-      "image": {
-        "viewList": ["tsina", "douban", "sqq", "qzone", "weixin", "twi", "fbook"],
-        "viewText": "分享到：",
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-
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-
-      
-    </div>
   </div>
 
 
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
   
 
 
+
         </div>
         
           
@@ -548,9 +568,6 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
@@ -566,54 +583,119 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
         </ul>
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -624,122 +706,133 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -747,17 +840,21 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -765,7 +862,7 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -773,6 +870,7 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -781,24 +879,59 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -814,14 +947,21 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
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+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -835,10 +975,8 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -850,85 +988,63 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -977,6 +1093,8 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1010,8 +1128,9 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
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@@ -1180,9 +1299,9 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1252,25 +1371,67 @@ <h3 id="Deploy-to-remote-sites"><a href="#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class="headerl
   
 
   
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/05/04/192107-Linux\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\233\256\345\275\225\347\273\223\346\236\204/index.html" "b/2015/05/04/192107-Linux\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\233\256\345\275\225\347\273\223\346\236\204/index.html"
index c072ae96..7120214b 100644
--- "a/2015/05/04/192107-Linux\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\233\256\345\275\225\347\273\223\346\236\204/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/05/04/192107-Linux\347\263\273\347\273\237\347\233\256\345\275\225\347\273\223\346\236\204/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<head>
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux系统目录结构</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux系统目录结构
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-05-04 19:21:07" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00">2015-05-04</time>
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@@ -556,27 +637,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux系统目录结构</h1>
     
 
     
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-
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@@ -686,63 +709,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux系统目录结构</h1>
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
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     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+                  
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+                    
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+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -876,9 +972,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux系统目录结构</h1>
           
 
           
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-<meta name="description" content="whereis 可以查找指定命令的二进制文件、源文件和帮助文件。 被找到的文件在显示时，会去掉主路径名，然后再去掉文件的（单个）尾部扩展名 (如: .cc)，来源于源代码控制的 s. 前缀也会被去掉。接下来，whereis 会尝试在标准的 Linux 位置里寻找具体程序，也会在由 $PATH 和 $MANPATH 指定">
+  <meta name="description" content="whereis 可以查找指定命令的二进制文件、源文件和帮助文件。 被找到的文件在显示时，会去掉主路径名，然后再去掉文件的（单个）尾部扩展名 (如: .cc)，来源于源代码控制的 s. 前缀也会被去掉。接下来，whereis 会尝试在标准的 Linux 位置里寻找具体程序，也会在由 $PATH 和 $MANPATH 指定的路径中寻找。 1whereis [options] [-BMS directo">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux的whereis命令</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux的whereis命令
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+              
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-05-05 15:01:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00">2015-05-05</time>
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+              </span>
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+          
 
           
 
           
             
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-
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@@ -396,6 +467,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux的whereis命令</h1>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# whereis -l</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/bin</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/sbin</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/lib</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/lib64</span><br><span class="line">bin: /etc</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/etc</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/games</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/local/bin</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/local/sbin</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/local/etc</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/local/lib</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/local/games</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/include</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/local</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/libexec</span><br><span class="line">bin: /usr/share</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man1</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man5</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man7</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man8</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man0p</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man1p</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man1x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man2</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man2x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man3</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man3p</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man3x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man4</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man4x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man5x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man6</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man6x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man7x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man8x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man9</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/man9x</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/mann</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/fr</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/ja</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/ko</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/pl</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/ru</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/sk</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/cs</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/da</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/de</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/hu</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/id</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/it</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/pt_BR</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/sv</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/tr</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/zh_CN</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/zh_TW</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/pt</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/es</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/hr</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/pt_PT</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/ro</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/zh</span><br><span class="line">man: /usr/share/man/nl</span><br><span class="line">src: /usr/src/debug</span><br><span class="line">src: /usr/src/kernels</span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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diff --git "a/2015/05/13/210127-Linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\350\216\267\345\217\226\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\345\270\256\345\212\251/index.html" "b/2015/05/13/210127-Linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\350\216\267\345\217\226\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\345\270\256\345\212\251/index.html"
index aceb7d1b..a54b9999 100644
--- "a/2015/05/13/210127-Linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\350\216\267\345\217\226\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\345\270\256\345\212\251/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/05/13/210127-Linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\350\216\267\345\217\226\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\345\270\256\345\212\251/index.html"
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    tabs: true,
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="获得命令的帮助 内建命令  12help  command command -h  外部命令  123command --helpman commandinfo command 命令手册 manual whatis 查看命令的章节  1whatis command  章节分类  Standard commands 标准">
+  <meta name="description" content="获得命令的帮助 内建命令  12help  command command -h  外部命令  123command --helpman commandinfo command 命令手册 manual whatis 查看命令的章节  1whatis command  章节分类  Standard commands 标准命令（/bin，/usr/bin，/usr/local/bin） System">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-26T13:29:24.683Z">
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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+
+    
+
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+
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+  
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+
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+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -923,14 +1059,21 @@ <h1 id="使用man中文手册"><a href="#使用man中文手册" class="headerlin
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -944,10 +1087,8 @@ <h1 id="使用man中文手册"><a href="#使用man中文手册" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -959,85 +1100,63 @@ <h1 id="使用man中文手册"><a href="#使用man中文手册" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1086,6 +1205,8 @@ <h1 id="使用man中文手册"><a href="#使用man中文手册" class="headerlin
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1119,8 +1240,9 @@ <h1 id="使用man中文手册"><a href="#使用man中文手册" class="headerlin
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1289,9 +1411,9 @@ <h1 id="使用man中文手册"><a href="#使用man中文手册" class="headerlin
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1361,25 +1483,67 @@ <h1 id="使用man中文手册"><a href="#使用man中文手册" class="headerlin
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/05/14/150123-Linux\344\270\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\267\257\345\276\204\346\220\234\347\264\242/index.html" "b/2015/05/14/150123-Linux\344\270\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\267\257\345\276\204\346\220\234\347\264\242/index.html"
index 479a7743..dd5e6d79 100644
--- "a/2015/05/14/150123-Linux\344\270\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\267\257\345\276\204\346\220\234\347\264\242/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/05/14/150123-Linux\344\270\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\267\257\345\276\204\346\220\234\347\264\242/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Linux," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="which概述用于查找并显示给定命令的绝对路径，环境变量PATH中保存了查找命令时需要遍历的目录。which指令会在环境变量$PATH设置的目录里查找符合条件的文件。也就是说，使用which命令，就可以看到某个系统命令是否存在，以及执行的到底是哪一个位置的命令。 语法1Usage: which [options] [-">
+  <meta name="description" content="which概述用于查找并显示给定命令的绝对路径，环境变量PATH中保存了查找命令时需要遍历的目录。which指令会在环境变量$PATH设置的目录里查找符合条件的文件。也就是说，使用which命令，就可以看到某个系统命令是否存在，以及执行的到底是哪一个位置的命令。 语法1Usage: which [options] [--] programname [...] 选项1234-n &amp;lt;文件名长度&amp;">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Linux">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Linux下命令路径搜索">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="which概述用于查找并显示给定命令的绝对路径，环境变量PATH中保存了查找命令时需要遍历的目录。which指令会在环境变量$PATH设置的目录里查找符合条件的文件。也就是说，使用which命令，就可以看到某个系统命令是否存在，以及执行的到底是哪一个位置的命令。 语法1Usage: which [options] [--] programname [...] 选项1234-n &amp;lt;文件名长度&amp;">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-26T13:33:56.845Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Linux下命令路径搜索">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>Linux下命令路径搜索 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Linux下命令路径搜索 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
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+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -790,17 +886,21 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -808,7 +908,7 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -816,6 +916,7 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -824,24 +925,59 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -857,14 +993,21 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -878,10 +1021,8 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -893,85 +1034,63 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1020,6 +1139,8 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1053,8 +1174,9 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1223,9 +1345,9 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1295,25 +1417,67 @@ <h2 id="示例-4"><a href="#示例-4" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/05/26/150103-Linux\344\270\255date\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html" "b/2015/05/26/150103-Linux\344\270\255date\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html"
index ce4d45a3..6fb8b703 100644
--- "a/2015/05/26/150103-Linux\344\270\255date\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/05/26/150103-Linux\344\270\255date\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Linux," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="date print or set the system date and time，打印或设置系统日期和时间 Rtc：real time clock，硬件时间 Ntp：Network time Protocol，网络时间协议  常用选项12345678910111213141516-d, --date=STRING ">
+  <meta name="description" content="date print or set the system date and time，打印或设置系统日期和时间 Rtc：real time clock，硬件时间 Ntp：Network time Protocol，网络时间协议  常用选项12345678910111213141516-d, --date=STRING    显示由 STRING 指定的时间, 而不是当前时间 -f, --file=">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Linux">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Linux中date命令的使用">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="date print or set the system date and time，打印或设置系统日期和时间 Rtc：real time clock，硬件时间 Ntp：Network time Protocol，网络时间协议  常用选项12345678910111213141516-d, --date=STRING    显示由 STRING 指定的时间, 而不是当前时间 -f, --file=">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-26T12:34:28.666Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Linux中date命令的使用">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>Linux中date命令的使用 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Linux中date命令的使用 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -761,17 +857,21 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
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-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -779,7 +879,7 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
             
 
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-        </section>
+        </div>
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@@ -787,6 +887,7 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -795,24 +896,59 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -828,14 +964,21 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+
+    
+
+    
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-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
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@@ -849,10 +992,8 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
-
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-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
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+  
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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@@ -991,6 +1110,8 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1024,8 +1145,9 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1194,9 +1316,9 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1266,25 +1388,67 @@ <h2 id="常见用法"><a href="#常见用法" class="headerlink" title="常见
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+      
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/05/27/134115-Linux\344\270\255netstat\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html" "b/2015/05/27/134115-Linux\344\270\255netstat\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html"
index 50a48471..0e9e4ba9 100644
--- "a/2015/05/27/134115-Linux\344\270\255netstat\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/05/27/134115-Linux\344\270\255netstat\345\221\275\344\273\244\347\232\204\344\275\277\347\224\250/index.html"
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+    back2top: true,
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+    lazyload: false,
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+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="Netstat 是一款命令行工具，可用于列出系统上所有的网络套接字连接情况，包括 tcp, udp 以及 unix 套接字，另外它还能列出处于监听状态（即等待接入请求）的套接字 常见参数 -a, --all 列出所有连接，netstat 默认不显示 LISTEN 相关 -t, --tcp 只列出 TCP 的连接 -u,">
+  <meta name="description" content="Netstat 是一款命令行工具，可用于列出系统上所有的网络套接字连接情况，包括 tcp, udp 以及 unix 套接字，另外它还能列出处于监听状态（即等待接入请求）的套接字 常见参数 -a, --all 列出所有连接，netstat 默认不显示 LISTEN 相关 -t, --tcp 只列出 TCP 的连接 -u, --udp 只列出 UDP 的连接 -n, --numeric 禁用对域名、主">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-26T13:23:59.423Z">
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@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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+  <title>Linux中netstat命令的使用 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
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-  <title>Linux中netstat命令的使用 | Just Do It</title>
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
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+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-26 21:23:59" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-26T21:23:59+08:00">2019-04-26</time>
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-
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@@ -410,6 +481,9 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ netstat -i</span><br><span class="line">Kernel Interface table</span><br><span class="line">Iface      MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg</span><br><span class="line">eth0      1500    21443      0      0 0         11674      0      0      0 BMRU</span><br><span class="line">eth1      1500       69      0      0 0             0      0      0      0 BMRU</span><br><span class="line">eth2      1500       69      0      0 0             0      0      0      0 BMRU</span><br><span class="line">eth3      1500       69      0      0 0             0      0      0      0 BMRU</span><br><span class="line">lo       65536        0      0      0 0             0      0      0      0 LRU</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
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@@ -578,9 +601,6 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
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+                  
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+                  
                     
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+                  
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
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+                    
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                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -777,17 +873,21 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -795,7 +895,7 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -803,6 +903,7 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -811,24 +912,59 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -844,14 +980,21 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -865,10 +1008,8 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -880,85 +1021,63 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -1007,6 +1126,8 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1040,8 +1161,9 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1210,9 +1332,9 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1282,25 +1404,67 @@ <h1 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      ta.readOnly = true;
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+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
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+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
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+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/05/28/112123-Linux\344\270\213\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\214\205\347\232\204\347\256\241\347\220\206/index.html" "b/2015/05/28/112123-Linux\344\270\213\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\214\205\347\232\204\347\256\241\347\220\206/index.html"
index 9b82b00a..aceaac62 100644
--- "a/2015/05/28/112123-Linux\344\270\213\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\214\205\347\232\204\347\256\241\347\220\206/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/05/28/112123-Linux\344\270\213\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\214\205\347\232\204\347\256\241\347\220\206/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Linux," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="RPM什么是rpmRPM是RedHat Package Manager（RedHat软件包管理工具）。它工作于R e d Hat Linux以及其它Linux系统，成为了Linux中公认的软件包管理标准。红帽子软件公司鼓励其他厂商来了解R PM并在自己的产品中使用它。R PM的发布基于GPL协议。随着R PM在各种发行">
+  <meta name="description" content="RPM什么是rpmRPM是RedHat Package Manager（RedHat软件包管理工具）。它工作于R e d Hat Linux以及其它Linux系统，成为了Linux中公认的软件包管理标准。红帽子软件公司鼓励其他厂商来了解R PM并在自己的产品中使用它。R PM的发布基于GPL协议。随着R PM在各种发行版本的广泛使用，如今R PM的全称是R PM Pack ageManage r。">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-26T12:37:42.118Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Linux下软件包的管理">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
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+  <title>Linux下软件包的管理 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Linux下软件包的管理 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
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+    
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+    
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+    
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
+
+
+
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+    
+  
+  
+
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux下软件包的管理</h1>
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+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-26 20:37:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-26T20:37:42+08:00">2019-04-26</time>
+              </span>
+            
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+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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@@ -479,7 +550,7 @@ <h2 id="yum客户端"><a href="#yum客户端" class="headerlink" title="yum客
 <li>分析元数据：根据具体的操作请求完成元数据分析，可能包括依赖关系、文件列表等信息</li>
 <li>执行具体操作</li>
 <li>客户端配置文件指定对服务器配置文件<ul>
-<li>ftp ftp://server/path/to/repo</li>
+<li>ftp <a href="ftp://server/path/to/repo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ftp://server/path/to/repo</a></li>
 <li>http <a href="http://server/path/to/repo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://server/path/to/repo</a></li>
 <li>nfs  nfs://servr/nfs_path</li>
 <li>file file:///path/to/path</li>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -971,25 +1067,29 @@ <h4 id="configure脚本的通用功能-需要定义的配置"><a href="#configur
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是rpm"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是rpm</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#rpm包管理的用途"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">rpm包管理的用途</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM-包的命名方式"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM 包的命名方式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM包管理命令的使用"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM包管理命令的使用</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#升级或安装"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">升级或安装</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#卸载"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">卸载</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#查询"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">查询</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#检验"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">检验</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#程序包的合法性验证"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">程序包的合法性验证</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM-管理器的数据库"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM 管理器的数据库</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#重建数据库"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">重建数据库</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#yum"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">yum</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#为什么使用yum"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">为什么使用yum</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是yum"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是yum</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#yum客户端"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">yum客户端</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#仓库配置"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">仓库配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#常用命令"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">常用命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#yum配置文件中可用的宏"><span class="nav-number">2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">yum配置文件中可用的宏</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#CentOS的镜像站点"><span class="nav-number">2.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">CentOS的镜像站点</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#源码包"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">源码包</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#linux源码包与RPM包的区别"><span class="nav-number">3.0.0.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">linux源码包与RPM包的区别</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#源码包编译安装基本步骤"><span class="nav-number">3.0.0.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">源码包编译安装基本步骤</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#configure脚本的通用功能-需要定义的配置"><span class="nav-number">3.0.0.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">configure脚本的通用功能(需要定义的配置)</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是rpm"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是rpm</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#rpm包管理的用途"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">rpm包管理的用途</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM-包的命名方式"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM 包的命名方式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM包管理命令的使用"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM包管理命令的使用</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#升级或安装"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">升级或安装</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#卸载"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">卸载</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#查询"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">查询</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#检验"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">检验</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#程序包的合法性验证"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">程序包的合法性验证</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#RPM-管理器的数据库"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">RPM 管理器的数据库</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#重建数据库"><span class="nav-number">1.4.0.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">重建数据库</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#yum"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">yum</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#为什么使用yum"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">为什么使用yum</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是yum"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是yum</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#yum客户端"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">yum客户端</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#仓库配置"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">仓库配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#常用命令"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">常用命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#yum配置文件中可用的宏"><span class="nav-number">2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">yum配置文件中可用的宏</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#CentOS的镜像站点"><span class="nav-number">2.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">CentOS的镜像站点</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#源码包"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">源码包</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#linux源码包与RPM包的区别"><span class="nav-number">3.0.0.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">linux源码包与RPM包的区别</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#源码包编译安装基本步骤"><span class="nav-number">3.0.0.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">源码包编译安装基本步骤</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#configure脚本的通用功能-需要定义的配置"><span class="nav-number">3.0.0.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">configure脚本的通用功能(需要定义的配置)</span></a></li></ol></li></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
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index e539f011..26ea49c5 100644
--- "a/2015/06/26/111410-\350\256\244\350\257\206Shell/index.html"
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+  
+    
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+  var CONFIG = {
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
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+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="什么是 ShellShell 也可称为“壳”，充当人与内核（硬件）的翻译官，用户将一些命令 “告诉” Shell，它就会调用相应的程序服务执行工作。因此 Shell 的最简单的定义就是—命令解释器(Command Interpreter) Shell 将使用者的命令翻译给核心处理，同时将核心处理结果翻译给使用者。每次完">
+  <meta name="description" content="什么是 ShellShell 也可称为“壳”，充当人与内核（硬件）的翻译官，用户将一些命令 “告诉” Shell，它就会调用相应的程序服务执行工作。因此 Shell 的最简单的定义就是—命令解释器(Command Interpreter) Shell 将使用者的命令翻译给核心处理，同时将核心处理结果翻译给使用者。每次完成系统登入(login)，就会取得一个互动模式的 shell ，也称为 logi">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-05T04:22:51.306Z">
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@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
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+  <title>认识Shell | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
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-  <title>认识Shell | Just Do It</title>
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
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+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
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-<nav class="site-nav">
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
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-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
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       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
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+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">认识Shell</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">认识Shell
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00">
-                2015-06-26
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-06-26 11:14:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00">2015-06-26</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 12:22:51" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T12:22:51+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  787
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
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-              
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@@ -411,6 +482,9 @@ <h1 id="执行-Shell-脚本的方式"><a href="#执行-Shell-脚本的方式" cl
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 直接执行脚本文件或在当前路径下执行，脚本需要有执行权限;</span></span><br><span class="line">$ /etc/rc.d/init.d/network</span><br><span class="line">$ ./firsh.sh</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -418,30 +492,37 @@ <h1 id="执行-Shell-脚本的方式"><a href="#执行-Shell-脚本的方式" cl
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
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diff --git "a/2015/06/27/214131-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250read\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\216\245\346\224\266\351\224\256\347\233\230\350\276\223\345\205\245/index.html" "b/2015/06/27/214131-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250read\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\216\245\346\224\266\351\224\256\347\233\230\350\276\223\345\205\245/index.html"
index baa031dc..04bb92ca 100644
--- "a/2015/06/27/214131-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250read\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\216\245\346\224\266\351\224\256\347\233\230\350\276\223\345\205\245/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/06/27/214131-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250read\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\216\245\346\224\266\351\224\256\347\233\230\350\276\223\345\205\245/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="read 命令从标准输入中读取一行，并把输入行的每个字段的值指定给 shell 变量 用法格式 123read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]# 或read [ -p ][  -r ][ -s ][ -u[ n ] ]">
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+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -961,6 +1079,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中使用read命令接收
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -994,8 +1114,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中使用read命令接收
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1164,9 +1285,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中使用read命令接收
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1236,25 +1357,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中使用read命令接收
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/01_256_colors_fg.png" "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/01_256_colors_fg.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b28cdc68
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/01_256_colors_fg.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/02_256-color_fg_example_01.png" "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/02_256-color_fg_example_01.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffb2a979
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/02_256-color_fg_example_01.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/02_256-color_fg_example_02.png" "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/02_256-color_fg_example_02.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c05a06c
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/02_256-color_fg_example_02.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/03_256_colors_bg.png" "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/03_256_colors_bg.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7af5cda
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/03_256_colors_bg.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/04_256-color_bg_example_01.png" "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/04_256-color_bg_example_01.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c09d96a
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/04_256-color_bg_example_01.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/05_256-color_bg_example_02.png" "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/05_256-color_bg_example_02.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f94dc57b
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/05_256-color_bg_example_02.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/index.html" "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/index.html"
index 47c28b0c..1331d820 100644
--- "a/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/06/28/154139-shell\344\270\255\344\275\277\347\224\250echo\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\276\223\345\207\272\344\277\241\346\201\257\345\217\212\345\270\246\351\242\234\350\211\262\347\232\204\346\226\207\346\234\254/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
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+  
 
 
 
 
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+  <meta name="description" content="echoshell 中有个内置的命令 echo 用来输出信息，在默认情况下输出位置是屏幕。 123[user1@study ~]$ echo &quot;Hello World&quot;Hello World[user1@study ~]$ 此外 echo 命令还可以改变样式，以输出不同颜色的文本，但是必须有 -e 选项(开启 echo 中的转义)。 格式如下 12echo -e &quot;\033[字背景颜色；文字颜色m">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-05T04:36:58.992Z">
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+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-11-22T11:41:56.651Z">
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+  <title>shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本 | Just Do It</title>
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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@@ -178,59 +215,80 @@
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 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
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+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
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+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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-        </li>
+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+    
       
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
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+  
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+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +300,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +314,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
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     </header>
 
+    
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+
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +347,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/">
 
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+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +371,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-          <span class="post-time">
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-                2015-06-28
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-06-28 15:41:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00">2015-06-28</time>
+            </span>
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+              </span>
+            
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+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
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-                  858
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-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-                
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -385,17 +463,17 @@ <h1 id="echo"><a href="#echo" class="headerlink" title="echo"></a>echo</h1><p>sh
 <p>格式如下</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[字背景颜色；文字颜色m 字符串\033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[1;36;41m Something here \033[0m"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <ul>
-<li>\代表转义</li>
-<li>033 代表键盘的Control键</li>
-<li>1代表字体行为(高亮，闪烁，下划线等)；</li>
-<li>36代表字体的颜色</li>
-<li>41的位置代表背景色</li>
-<li>注：<ul>
-<li>字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号’;’</li>
-<li>文字颜色后面有个m </li>
-<li>字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格 </li>
+<li><code>\033</code> 代表键盘的 <code>Ctl</code> 键或 <code>Esc</code> 键</li>
+<li>1 代表字体行为(高亮，闪烁，下划线等)；</li>
+<li>36 代表字体的颜色</li>
+<li>41 的位置代表背景色</li>
 </ul>
-</li>
+<p>注意：字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号 <code>;</code>，并且文字颜色后面有个 <code>m</code> ，字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格</p>
+<p>在 Bash 中，<code>Esc</code> 字符可以用以下的语法来表示：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>\e</code></li>
+<li><code>\033</code></li>
+<li><code>\x1B</code></li>
 </ul>
 <h1 id="文字和背景颜色搭配"><a href="#文字和背景颜色搭配" class="headerlink" title="文字和背景颜色搭配"></a>文字和背景颜色搭配</h1><p>字体颜色范围是 <code>30~37</code></p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[30m 黑色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[31m 红色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[32m 绿色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[33m 黄色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[34m 蓝色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[35m 紫色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[36m 天蓝字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\033[37m 白色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
@@ -411,11 +489,32 @@ <h1 id="文字和背景颜色搭配"><a href="#文字和背景颜色搭配" clas
 </ul>
 <h1 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h1><p>在 RedHat 系统的 <code>/etc/sysconfig/init</code> 文件中有事先设置好的输出方式</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># color =&gt; new RH6.0 bootup</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># verbose =&gt; old-style bootup</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># anything else =&gt; new style bootup without ANSI colors or positioning</span></span><br><span class="line">BOOTUP=color</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># column to start "[  OK  ]" label in </span></span><br><span class="line">RES_COL=60</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># terminal sequence to move to that column. You could change this</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># to something like "tput hpa $&#123;RES_COL&#125;" if your terminal supports it</span></span><br><span class="line">MOVE_TO_COL=<span class="string">"echo -en \\033[<span class="variable">$&#123;RES_COL&#125;</span>G"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># terminal sequence to set color to a 'success' color (currently: green)</span></span><br><span class="line">SETCOLOR_SUCCESS=<span class="string">"echo -en \\033[0;32m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># terminal sequence to set color to a 'failure' color (currently: red)</span></span><br><span class="line">SETCOLOR_FAILURE=<span class="string">"echo -en \\033[0;31m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># terminal sequence to set color to a 'warning' color (currently: yellow)</span></span><br><span class="line">SETCOLOR_WARNING=<span class="string">"echo -en \\033[0;33m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># terminal sequence to reset to the default color.</span></span><br><span class="line">SETCOLOR_NORMAL=<span class="string">"echo -en \\033[0;39m"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="拓展"><a href="#拓展" class="headerlink" title="拓展"></a>拓展</h1><h2 id="文字颜色"><a href="#文字颜色" class="headerlink" title="文字颜色"></a>文字颜色</h2><p>对于在文本颜色上使用 256 种颜色之一，控制序列是 <code>&lt;Esc&gt;[38;5;ColorNumberm</code>，其中 <code>ColorNumber</code> 是下列颜色值之一：</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/01_256_colors_fg.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>示例：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\e[38;5;82mHello \e[38;5;198mWorld"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><img src="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/02_256-color_fg_example_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> &#123;16..21&#125; &#123;21..16&#125; ; <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">"\e[38;5;<span class="variable">$&#123;i&#125;</span>m#\e[0m"</span> ; <span class="keyword">done</span> ; <span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><img src="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/02_256-color_fg_example_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<h2 id="背景颜色"><a href="#背景颜色" class="headerlink" title="背景颜色"></a>背景颜色</h2><p>对于在背景上使用 256 种颜色之一，控制序列是  <code>&lt;Esc&gt;[48;5;ColorNumberm</code>，其中 <code>ColorNumber</code> 是下列颜色值之一：</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/03_256_colors_bg.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>示例：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -e <span class="string">"\e[40;38;5;82m Hello \e[30;48;5;82m World \e[0m"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><img src="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/04_256-color_bg_example_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> &#123;16..21&#125; &#123;21..16&#125; ; <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">"\e[48;5;<span class="variable">$&#123;i&#125;</span>m \e[0m"</span> ; <span class="keyword">done</span> ; <span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><img src="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/05_256-color_bg_example_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<h2 id="示范"><a href="#示范" class="headerlink" title="示范"></a>示范</h2><h3 id="16中颜色值的颜色与格式"><a href="#16中颜色值的颜色与格式" class="headerlink" title="16中颜色值的颜色与格式"></a>16中颜色值的颜色与格式</h3><p>下面的 <code>colors_and_formatting.sh</code> 脚本显示了许多可能的属性组合（但不是全部，因为它一次只使用一个格式化属性）。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># This program is free software. It comes without any warranty, to</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># the extent permitted by applicable law. You can redistribute it</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># and/or modify it under the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># To Public License, Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># http://sam.zoy.org/wtfpl/COPYING for more details.</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#Background</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> clbg <span class="keyword">in</span> &#123;40..47&#125; &#123;100..107&#125; 49 ; <span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">#Foreground</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">for</span> clfg <span class="keyword">in</span> &#123;30..37&#125; &#123;90..97&#125; 39 ; <span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">		<span class="comment">#Formatting</span></span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">for</span> attr <span class="keyword">in</span> 0 1 2 4 5 7 ; <span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">			<span class="comment">#Print the result</span></span><br><span class="line">			<span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">"\e[<span class="variable">$&#123;attr&#125;</span>;<span class="variable">$&#123;clbg&#125;</span>;<span class="variable">$&#123;clfg&#125;</span>m ^[<span class="variable">$&#123;attr&#125;</span>;<span class="variable">$&#123;clbg&#125;</span>;<span class="variable">$&#123;clfg&#125;</span>m \e[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">		<span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="comment">#Newline</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exit</span> 0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="256-种颜色值"><a href="#256-种颜色值" class="headerlink" title="256 种颜色值"></a>256 种颜色值</h3><p>以下 <code>256-colors.sh</code> 脚本显示某些终端和终端模拟器（如 xterm 和 gnome 终端）上可用的 256 中颜色。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># This program is free software. It comes without any warranty, to</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># the extent permitted by applicable law. You can redistribute it</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># and/or modify it under the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># To Public License, Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># http://sam.zoy.org/wtfpl/COPYING for more details.</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> fgbg <span class="keyword">in</span> 38 48 ; <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="comment"># Foreground / Background</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> color <span class="keyword">in</span> &#123;0..255&#125; ; <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="comment"># Colors</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># Display the color</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">printf</span> <span class="string">"\e[<span class="variable">$&#123;fgbg&#125;</span>;5;%sm  %3s  \e[0m"</span> <span class="variable">$color</span> <span class="variable">$color</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># Display 6 colors per lines</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> [ $(((<span class="variable">$color</span> + 1) % 6)) == 4 ] ; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="comment"># New line</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="comment"># New line</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exit</span> 0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>一个不错的网站</p>
 <p><a href="https://misc.flogisoft.com/bash/tip_colors_and_formatting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Colors and formatting (ANSI/VT100 Control sequences) </a></p>
 
       
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#echo"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">echo</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#文字和背景颜色搭配"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">文字和背景颜色搭配</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#参考"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">参考</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#拓展"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">拓展</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#文字颜色"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">文字颜色</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#背景颜色"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">背景颜色</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#示范"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">示范</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#16中颜色值的颜色与格式"><span class="nav-number">4.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">16中颜色值的颜色与格式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#256-种颜色值"><span class="nav-number">4.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">256 种颜色值</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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@@ -1013,6 +1157,8 @@ <h1 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</
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@@ -1046,8 +1192,9 @@ <h1 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/07/01/102110-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\216\206\345\217\262history\344\270\216\347\245\236\345\245\207\347\232\204\345\217\271\345\217\267/index.html" "b/2015/07/01/102110-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\216\206\345\217\262history\344\270\216\347\245\236\345\245\207\347\232\204\345\217\271\345\217\267/index.html"
index 8bcd0c15..77f5aa77 100644
--- "a/2015/07/01/102110-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\216\206\345\217\262history\344\270\216\347\245\236\345\245\207\347\232\204\345\217\271\345\217\267/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/01/102110-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\216\206\345\217\262history\344\270\216\347\245\236\345\245\207\347\232\204\345\217\271\345\217\267/index.html"
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@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
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-<meta name="description" content="history 命令用于显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史被保存在内存中的，当退出 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history ，当登录 shell 时则从中读取以前的命令 常用选项 history n     列出最近执行过的n条命令  history  -c    清除所有历史命令、 ">
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-<meta property="og:description" content="history 命令用于显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史被保存在内存中的，当退出 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history ，当登录 shell 时则从中读取以前的命令 常用选项 history n     列出最近执行过的n条命令  history  -c    清除所有历史命令、 histoty -w    将缓冲区命令写入历史命令文件 ~/.bash_his">
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+  <meta name="description" content="history 命令使用 history 可以显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史是被保存在内存中的，当退出当前的 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history 当中 ，当登录 shell 时则从这个文件中读取以前的命令到命令历史。 常用的选项：  history n     列出最近执行过的n条命令   history  -c    清除所有历史命令  histoty">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号
+
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@@ -379,85 +450,90 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令历
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="history-命令"><a href="#history-命令" class="headerlink" title="history 命令"></a>history 命令</h1><p>用于显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史被保存在内存中的，当退出 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 <code>~/.bash_history</code> ，当登录 shell 时则从中读取以前的命令</p>
-<h2 id="常用选项"><a href="#常用选项" class="headerlink" title="常用选项"></a>常用选项</h2><ul>
-<li><code>history n</code>     列出最近执行过的n条命令 </li>
-<li><code>history  -c</code>    清除所有历史命令、</li>
-<li><code>histoty -w</code>    将缓冲区命令写入历史命令文件 <code>~/.bash_history</code></li>
-<li><code>history -d 5</code>   删除历史记录中序号为 5 的命令</li>
+        <h1 id="history-命令"><a href="#history-命令" class="headerlink" title="history 命令"></a>history 命令</h1><p>使用 <code>history</code> 可以显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史是被保存在内存中的，当退出当前的 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 <code>~/.bash_history</code> 当中 ，当登录 shell 时则从这个文件中读取以前的命令到命令历史。</p>
+<p><strong>常用的选项：</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>history n</code>     列出最近执行过的n条命令 </p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>history  -c</code>    清除所有历史命令</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>histoty -w</code>    将缓冲区命令写入历史命令文件 <code>~/.bash_history</code></p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>history -d 5</code>   删除历史记录中序号为 5 的命令</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<h2 id="配置定义"><a href="#配置定义" class="headerlink" title="配置定义"></a>配置定义</h2><p>在内存中仅能够存储 1000 条历史命令，该数量是由环境变量 <code>HISTSIZE</code> 进行控制。这个值可以在 <code>/etc/profile</code> 进行修改，修改成功后在下次登录时即可生效</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">HISTSIZE=1000</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 注意等号两边不要有空格</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>配置的定义</strong></p>
+<p>在内存中仅能够存储 1000 条历史命令，该数量是由环境变量 <code>HISTSIZE</code> 进行控制的。这个值可以在 <code>/etc/profile</code> 中进行修改，修改成功后在下次登录时即可生效。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># vim +/HISTSIZE /etc/profile </span></span><br><span class="line">HISTSIZE=1000</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 注意等号两边不要有空格</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>默认情况下 <code>history</code> 不显示命令的执行时间，但是系统已经记录。同样，可以在 <code>/etc/profile</code> 进行修改，修改成功后在下次登录时即可生效</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL  <span class="comment"># 在这一行下面添加如下两行</span></span><br><span class="line">HISTTIMEFORMAT=<span class="string">"%F %T | "</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> HISTTIMEFORMAT</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>这里需要说明一下，<code>%F %T</code> 等同于 <code>%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S</code>，和 <code>date</code> 命令的用法一致，表示的是年月日、时分秒，而 <code>|</code> 竖线加个空格没有其他特殊意义，只是为了作为分隔符，能够更清晰地区分不同的多条命令</p>
-<p><strong>注意事项：</strong> 当同一用户同时登录多个 bash 时，只有最后一个退出的会写入 <code>bash_history</code>，其他的会被覆盖</p>
-<h1 id="神奇的叹号-“-”"><a href="#神奇的叹号-“-”" class="headerlink" title="神奇的叹号 “!”"></a>神奇的叹号 “!”</h1><h2 id="执行上一条命令"><a href="#执行上一条命令" class="headerlink" title="执行上一条命令"></a>执行上一条命令</h2><p>使用键盘 <code>↑</code> 可以很快再执行一次上一条命令，与之效果相同的是两个叹号， <code>!!</code> 代表了上一条命令，例如：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">which</span> head</span><br><span class="line">/bin/head</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !! <span class="comment"># 再次执行上一条命令</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">which</span> head</span><br><span class="line">/bin/head</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>再比如，想操作一个文件但是漏掉了操作命令，可以这样来补救：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ /etc/issue</span><br><span class="line">-bash: /etc/issue: Permission denied</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cat !!</span><br><span class="line">cat /etc/issue</span><br><span class="line">\S</span><br><span class="line">Kernel \r on an \m</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>按我们平常的操作习惯还是喜欢再次从头敲一次命令，但是当文件路径比较长的时候用上面的方法会显得更高效</p>
-<h2 id="调用上条命令的参数"><a href="#调用上条命令的参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令的参数"></a>调用上条命令的参数</h2><p>在什么场景下可能会用到这个功能呢？有一条很长很长的命令，包含了很多参数，类似于源码包编译安装的命令，敲错了一个字母或者多了一个选项，使用退格键删除觉得又慢又很麻烦，用下面的方法会显得十分高效</p>
-<h3 id="调用上条命令最后一个参数"><a href="#调用上条命令最后一个参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令最后一个参数"></a>调用上条命令最后一个参数</h3><p>在命令行使用 <code>!$</code> 可以很方便地引用上一条命令的最后一个参数，如下</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Test@CentOS6~]$ sudo ifconfig 192.168.127.127 eth1</span><br><span class="line">eth1: Unknown host</span><br><span class="line">ifconfig: `--<span class="built_in">help</span> gives usage information.</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ sudo ifconfig !$ 192.168.127.127</span><br><span class="line">sudo ifconfig eth1 192.168.127.127</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls /etc/redhat-release</span><br><span class="line">/etc/redhat-release</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls -al !$</span><br><span class="line">ls -al /etc/redhat-release</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Jul 2 2015 /etc/redhat-release -&gt; centos-release</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>另外，和 <code>!$</code> 有着相同功能的还有一个快捷键：<code>Esc</code> + <code>.</code></p>
-<ul>
-<li>执行一次  <code>Esc</code> + <code>.</code>，跟 <code>!$</code> 功能一样</li>
-<li>重复执行 <code>Esc</code> + <code>.</code> 则会倒序切换历史命令的最后一个参数</li>
-</ul>
+<p>这里需要说明一下，<code>%F %T</code> 等同于 <code>%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S</code>，和 <code>date</code> 命令的用法一致，表示的是年月日和时分秒，而 <code>|</code> 竖线加个空格没有其他特殊意义，只是为了作为分隔符，能够更清晰地区分不同的多条命令。</p>
+<p><strong>注意事项</strong> </p>
+<p>当同一用户同时登录多个 bash 时，只有最后一个退出的会写入 <code>bash_history</code>，其他的会被覆盖掉。</p>
+<h1 id="神奇的叹号-“-”"><a href="#神奇的叹号-“-”" class="headerlink" title="神奇的叹号 “!”"></a>神奇的叹号 “!”</h1><h2 id="执行上一条命令"><a href="#执行上一条命令" class="headerlink" title="执行上一条命令"></a>执行上一条命令</h2><p>使用键盘 <code>↑</code> 键可以很快再执行一次上一条命令，与之效果相同的是使用两个叹号， <code>!!</code> 代表了上一条命令，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">which</span> head</span><br><span class="line">/bin/head</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !! <span class="comment"># 再次执行上一条命令</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">which</span> head</span><br><span class="line">/bin/head</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当要想操作一个文件，但是漏掉了操作命令，可以这样来补救：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ /etc/issue</span><br><span class="line">-bash: /etc/issue: Permission denied</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cat !!</span><br><span class="line">cat /etc/issue</span><br><span class="line">\S</span><br><span class="line">Kernel \r on an \m</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>多数情况下，还是习惯再次从头敲一次命令，但是当命令行的参数比较长（例如很长的文件路径）的时候用上面的方法会显得更高效。</p>
+<h2 id="调用上条命令的参数"><a href="#调用上条命令的参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令的参数"></a>调用上条命令的参数</h2><p>如果要执行一条很长很长的命令，包含了很多参数，比如在进行源码包编译安装的命令，敲错了一个字母或者多了一个选项，使用退格键删除觉得又慢又很麻烦，这时候可以试试下面的方法。</p>
+<h3 id="调用上条命令最后一个参数"><a href="#调用上条命令最后一个参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令最后一个参数"></a>调用上条命令最后一个参数</h3><p>在命令行使用 <code>!$</code> 或 <code>!:$</code> 可以很方便地引用上一条命令的最后一个参数：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ sudo ifconfig 192.168.127.127 eth1</span><br><span class="line">eth1: Unknown host</span><br><span class="line">ifconfig: `--<span class="built_in">help</span> gives usage information.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ sudo ifconfig !$ 192.168.127.127</span><br><span class="line">sudo ifconfig eth1 192.168.127.127</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls /etc/redhat-release</span><br><span class="line">/etc/redhat-release</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls -al !$</span><br><span class="line">ls -al /etc/redhat-release</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Jul 2 2015 /etc/redhat-release -&gt; centos-release</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>和 <code>!$</code> 有着相同功能的还有一个快捷键：<code>Esc</code> + <code>.</code>，当执行一次  <code>Esc</code> + <code>.</code> 的时候，跟 <code>!$</code> 功能一样，但是在多次重复执行 <code>Esc</code> + <code>.</code> 的时候，则会倒序切换历史命令的最后一个参数。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> 192.168.1.1</span><br><span class="line">192.168.1.1</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> 192.168.1.2</span><br><span class="line">192.168.1.2</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> 192.168.1.3</span><br><span class="line">192.168.1.3</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="comment"># 在这里重复使用 Esc + . 看看效果吧</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>!$:p</code> 或者 <code>!:$:p</code> 则只会打印输出上一条命令的最后参数，但不执行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !$:p</span><br><span class="line">192.168.1.3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h3 id="调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数"><a href="#调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数"></a>调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数</h3><p>有时候命令行会从别处粘贴一个字符串来操作，但是由于失误多复制了一部分并且执行时出错，此时 <code>!:-</code> 就派上用场了：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.127.127 dev</span><br><span class="line">Command line is not complete. Try option <span class="string">"help"</span></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !:-</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 192.168.127.127</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">192.168.127.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.127.159 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="调用上条命令第一个参数"><a href="#调用上条命令第一个参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令第一个参数"></a>调用上条命令第一个参数</h3><p>如果想引用上一条命令的第一个参数，使用 <code>!^</code> 或 <code>!:1</code> 即可：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /tmp/</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cat !:^</span><br><span class="line">cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Generated by parse-kickstart</span></span><br><span class="line">DEVICE=<span class="string">"eth0"</span></span><br><span class="line">IPV6INIT=<span class="string">"yes"</span></span><br><span class="line">BOOTPROTO=<span class="string">"none"</span></span><br><span class="line">UUID=<span class="string">"fec3a443-a913-4a91-afbe-8c3e8b859230"</span></span><br><span class="line">ONBOOT=<span class="string">"yes"</span></span><br><span class="line">IPADDR=192.168.127.159</span><br><span class="line">NETMASK=255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line">PREFIX=24</span><br><span class="line">BROADCAST=192.168.127.255</span><br><span class="line">NETWORK=192.168.127.0</span><br><span class="line">GATEWAY=192.168.127.2</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ wc -l !:1</span><br><span class="line">wc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line">12 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="调用上条命令所有参数"><a href="#调用上条命令所有参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令所有参数"></a>调用上条命令所有参数</h3><p>如果一条操作命令后面有很多选项和参数，但是我们把命令敲错了，这时候该怎么办呢？此时我们再重新敲对操作命令，将上一条命令的所有参数引用下来即可：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ips route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1        </span><br><span class="line">-bash: ips: <span class="built_in">command</span> not found</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip !*</span><br><span class="line">ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1</span><br><span class="line">RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>第一条命令执行失败是因为命令敲错，第二条命令执行失败是因为当前用户是普通用户，权限不允许</p>
-<h3 id="调用上条命令中指定的参数"><a href="#调用上条命令中指定的参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令中指定的参数"></a>调用上条命令中指定的参数</h3><p>如果只想用上条命令中某个参数呢，则按照 <code>![命令名]:[参数号]</code> 的规则即可，并且命令名可以省略。例如</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ sudo ip route add 114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match !:4</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 114.114.114.114</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>对于 <code>sudo</code> 命令来说 <code>114.114.114.114</code> 是他是它的第4个参数</p>
-<h2 id="调用上条以关键字开头的命令"><a href="#调用上条以关键字开头的命令" class="headerlink" title="调用上条以关键字开头的命令"></a>调用上条以关键字开头的命令</h2><ul>
-<li><code>!string</code>    执行命令历史中最近一个以指定字符串(string)开头的命令</li>
-</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.127.127 dev</span><br><span class="line">Command line is not complete. Try option <span class="string">"help"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !:-</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 192.168.127.127</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">192.168.127.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.127.159 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>!:-:p</code> 则只会打印输出，但不执行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.127.127 dev</span><br><span class="line">Command line is not complete. Try option <span class="string">"help"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !:-:p</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 192.168.127.127</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="调用上条命令第一个参数"><a href="#调用上条命令第一个参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令第一个参数"></a>调用上条命令第一个参数</h3><p>如果想引用上一条命令的第一个参数，使用 <code>!^</code> 或 <code>!:^</code> 或 <code>!:1</code> 即可：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /tmp/</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cat !:^</span><br><span class="line">cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Generated by parse-kickstart</span></span><br><span class="line">DEVICE=<span class="string">"eth0"</span></span><br><span class="line">IPV6INIT=<span class="string">"yes"</span></span><br><span class="line">BOOTPROTO=<span class="string">"none"</span></span><br><span class="line">UUID=<span class="string">"fec3a443-a913-4a91-afbe-8c3e8b859230"</span></span><br><span class="line">ONBOOT=<span class="string">"yes"</span></span><br><span class="line">IPADDR=192.168.127.159</span><br><span class="line">NETMASK=255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line">PREFIX=24</span><br><span class="line">BROADCAST=192.168.127.255</span><br><span class="line">NETWORK=192.168.127.0</span><br><span class="line">GATEWAY=192.168.127.2</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ wc -l !:1</span><br><span class="line">wc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line">12 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>!^:p</code> 或 <code>!:^:p</code> 或 <code>!:1:p</code>  则只会打印输出，但不执行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> 192.168.1.3</span><br><span class="line">192.168.1.3</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ wc !:^:p</span><br><span class="line">wc 192.168.1.3</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="调用上条命令中指定的参数"><a href="#调用上条命令中指定的参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令中指定的参数"></a>调用上条命令中指定的参数</h3><p>如果只想用上条命令中某个参数呢，则按照 <code>![命令名]:[参数号]</code> 的规则即可，并且命令名可以省略。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ sudo ip route add 114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match !:4</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 114.114.114.114</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对于 <code>sudo</code> 命令来说 <code>114.114.114.114</code> 是他是它的第 4 个参数。</p>
+<p>使用 <code>![命令名]:[参数号]:p</code> 则只会打印输出，但不执行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match !:4:p</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 114.114.114.114</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="调用上条命令所有参数"><a href="#调用上条命令所有参数" class="headerlink" title="调用上条命令所有参数"></a>调用上条命令所有参数</h3><p>如果一条操作命令后面有很多选项和参数，但是我们把命令敲错了，这时候该怎么办呢？此时我们再重新敲对操作命令，使用 <code>!*</code> 或者 <code>!:*</code> 将上一条命令的所有参数引用下来即可：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ips route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1</span><br><span class="line">-bash: ips: <span class="built_in">command</span> not found</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip !*</span><br><span class="line">ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1</span><br><span class="line">RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> ip !:*</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1</span><br><span class="line">ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>第一条命令执行失败是因为命令敲错，第二条命令执行失败是因为当前用户是普通用户，权限不允许，但是命令以及参数是没错的。</p>
+<p>使用 <code>!*:p</code> 或者 <code>!:*:p</code> 则只会显示出上一条命令的所有参数，但不执行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ips route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1</span><br><span class="line">-bash: ips: <span class="built_in">command</span> not found</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip !:*:p</span><br><span class="line">ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="调用上条以关键字开头的命令"><a href="#调用上条以关键字开头的命令" class="headerlink" title="调用上条以关键字开头的命令"></a>调用上条以关键字开头的命令</h2><p>使用 <code>!string</code> 则会执行命令历史中最近一个以指定字符串(string)开头的命令，例如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !wc</span><br><span class="line">wc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line">12 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>!string:p</code> 则只打印输出符合条件的命令，但不执行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !wc:p</span><br><span class="line">wc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="替换上条命令的参数"><a href="#替换上条命令的参数" class="headerlink" title="替换上条命令的参数"></a>替换上条命令的参数</h2><p>如果上一条命令很长，而且有个参数不小心敲错了该怎么办？使用 <code>^no^yes</code> 就可以将上条命令中错误的参数 <code>no</code> 改成 <code>yes</code> 并再次执行一次。比如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ grp -i 163 /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo</span><br><span class="line">-bash: grp: <span class="built_in">command</span> not found</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ^grp^grep</span><br><span class="line">grep -i 163 /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>但是这种方法只能替换上条命令中第一次被匹配到的参数：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.10.10</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ^10^123</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 192.168.123.10</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果想把上条命令中所有匹配到的参数全部替换可以这样做：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.10.10 </span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !!:gs/10/123</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 192.168.123.123</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.10.10 </span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ !!:gs/10/123</span><br><span class="line">ip route show match 192.168.123.123</span><br><span class="line">default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 </span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>对上条以关键字开头的命令也是可以做替换的，例如将上一条 scp 命令中的所有 <code>10</code> 替换为 <code>123</code></p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">!scp:gs/10/123</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="逻辑非"><a href="#逻辑非" class="headerlink" title="逻辑非"></a>逻辑非</h2><p>删除除了 <code>cfg</code> 结尾以外的所有文件：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">rm !(*.cfg)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="逻辑非"><a href="#逻辑非" class="headerlink" title="逻辑非"></a>逻辑非</h2><p>列出除了 <code>cfg</code> 结尾以外的所有文件：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls</span><br><span class="line">test10.cfg  test2.cfg  test4.cfg  test6.cfg  test8.cfg</span><br><span class="line">test10.ini  test2.ini  test4.ini  test6.ini  test8.ini</span><br><span class="line">test1.cfg   test3.cfg  test5.cfg  test7.cfg  test9.cfg</span><br><span class="line">test1.ini   test3.ini  test5.ini  test7.ini  test9.ini</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls !(*.cfg)</span><br><span class="line">test10.ini  test2.ini  test4.ini  test6.ini  test8.ini</span><br><span class="line">test1.ini   test3.ini  test5.ini  test7.ini  test9.ini</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h1><ul>
-<li><code>!n</code>    <ul>
-<li>执行历史命令中第n条命令</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p><code>!n</code>：执行历史命令中第 n 条命令。</p>
 </li>
-<li><code>!-n</code>   <ul>
-<li>执行历史命令中倒数第n条命令</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p><code>!-n</code>：执行历史命令中倒数第 n 条命令。</p>
 </li>
-<li><code>!?str?</code> <ul>
-<li>最近一条包含str的命令</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p><code>!?str?</code>：最近一条包含 str 的命令。</p>
 </li>
-<li><code>↑</code> 或 <code>Ctrl</code> + <code>p</code> <ul>
-<li>引用上一条命令</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p><code>↑</code> 或 <code>Ctrl</code> + <code>p</code>：引用上一条命令。</p>
 </li>
-<li><code>↓</code> 或 <code>Ctrl</code> + <code>n</code> <ul>
-<li>引用下一条命令</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p><code>↓</code> 或 <code>Ctrl</code> + <code>n</code>：引用下一条命令。</p>
 </li>
-<li><code>Ctrl</code> + <code>r</code><ul>
-<li>按下 <code>Ctrl</code> + <code>r</code> ，然后输入关键字搜索历史命令，按 <code>Enter</code> 执行命令</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p><code>Ctrl</code> + <code>r</code>：按下这个快捷键 ，然后输入关键字搜索历史命令，按 <code>Enter</code> 执行命令。</p>
 </li>
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+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -825,25 +923,29 @@ <h1 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#history-命令"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">history 命令</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#常用选项"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">常用选项</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置定义"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置定义</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#神奇的叹号-“-”"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">神奇的叹号 “!”</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#执行上一条命令"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">执行上一条命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令的参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令最后一个参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令最后一个参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令第一个参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令第一个参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令所有参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令所有参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令中指定的参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令中指定的参数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条以关键字开头的命令"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条以关键字开头的命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#替换上条命令的参数"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">替换上条命令的参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#逻辑非"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">逻辑非</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他</span></a></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#history-命令"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">history 命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#神奇的叹号-“-”"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">神奇的叹号 “!”</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#执行上一条命令"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">执行上一条命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令的参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令最后一个参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令最后一个参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令第一个参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令第一个参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令中指定的参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令中指定的参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条命令所有参数"><span class="nav-number">2.2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条命令所有参数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#调用上条以关键字开头的命令"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">调用上条以关键字开头的命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#替换上条命令的参数"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">替换上条命令的参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#逻辑非"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">逻辑非</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -851,6 +953,7 @@ <h1 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</
 
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   </aside>
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@@ -859,24 +962,59 @@ <h1 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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index 74affcc1..e98807f6 100644
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全
+
+              
+            
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-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00">
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-03 11:21:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00">2015-07-03</time>
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-31 14:56:05" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-31T14:56:05+08:00">2019-12-31</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
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-                
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@@ -387,37 +458,40 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令行
 <li>文件名和目录补全</li>
 <li>主机名补全</li>
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-<h1 id="变量名补全"><a href="#变量名补全" class="headerlink" title="变量名补全"></a>变量名补全</h1><p>在终端输入 <code>$</code> 后，敲两次 <code>Tab</code> 键就会列出所有可用的 shell 变量</p>
+<h1 id="变量名补全"><a href="#变量名补全" class="headerlink" title="变量名补全"></a>变量名补全</h1><p>在终端输入 <code>$</code> 后，敲两次 <code>Tab</code> 键就会列出所有可用的 shell 变量。</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]<span class="comment"># echo $[Tab][Tab]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$_</span>                <span class="variable">$COLUMNS</span>          <span class="variable">$LESSOPEN</span>         <span class="variable">$PS4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH</span>             <span class="variable">$COMP_WORDBREAKS</span>  <span class="variable">$LINENO</span>           <span class="variable">$PWD</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_ALIASES</span>     <span class="variable">$DIRSTACK</span>         <span class="variable">$LINES</span>            <span class="variable">$RANDOM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_ARGC</span>        <span class="variable">$EUID</span>             <span class="variable">$LOGNAME</span>          <span class="variable">$SECONDS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_ARGV</span>        <span class="variable">$GROUPS</span>           <span class="variable">$LS_COLORS</span>        <span class="variable">$SHELL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_CMDS</span>        <span class="variable">$HISTCMD</span>          <span class="variable">$MACHTYPE</span>         <span class="variable">$SHELLOPTS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_COMMAND</span>     <span class="variable">$HISTCONTROL</span>      <span class="variable">$MAIL</span>             <span class="variable">$SHLVL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_LINENO</span>      <span class="variable">$HISTFILE</span>         <span class="variable">$MAILCHECK</span>        <span class="variable">$SSH_CLIENT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASHOPTS</span>         <span class="variable">$HISTFILESIZE</span>     <span class="variable">$OPTERR</span>           <span class="variable">$SSH_CONNECTION</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASHPID</span>          <span class="variable">$HISTSIZE</span>         <span class="variable">$OPTIND</span>           <span class="variable">$SSH_TTY</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_SOURCE</span>      <span class="variable">$HOME</span>             <span class="variable">$OSTYPE</span>           <span class="variable">$TERM</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_SUBSHELL</span>    <span class="variable">$HOSTNAME</span>         <span class="variable">$PATH</span>             <span class="variable">$UID</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_VERSINFO</span>    <span class="variable">$HOSTTYPE</span>         <span class="variable">$PIPESTATUS</span>       <span class="variable">$USER</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$BASH_VERSION</span>     <span class="variable">$ID</span>               <span class="variable">$PPID</span>             <span class="variable">$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$COBBLER_SERVER</span>   <span class="variable">$IFS</span>              <span class="variable">$PS1</span>              <span class="variable">$XDG_SESSION_ID</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$colors</span>           <span class="variable">$LANG</span>             <span class="variable">$PS2</span>              </span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="用户名补全"><a href="#用户名补全" class="headerlink" title="用户名补全"></a>用户名补全</h1><p>当在波浪符 <code>~</code> 后按下两次 <code>Tab</code> 键，Bash 就会自动开始用户名的补全</p>
+<h1 id="用户名补全"><a href="#用户名补全" class="headerlink" title="用户名补全"></a>用户名补全</h1><p>当在波浪符 <code>~</code> 后按下两次 <code>Tab</code> 键，Bash 就会自动开始用户名的补全。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# cd ~</span><br><span class="line">~adm/             ~games/           ~polkitd/         ~systemd-network/</span><br><span class="line">~bin/             ~halt/            ~postfix/         ~tcpdump/</span><br><span class="line">~chrony/          ~lp/              ~root/            ~tss</span><br><span class="line">~daemon/          ~mail/            ~shutdown/        ~user1/</span><br><span class="line">~dbus/            ~nobody/          ~sshd/            </span><br><span class="line">~ftp              ~operator/        ~sync/            </span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>需要注意的是，这里的用户名补全并不是在用户的家目录 (home) 下获得用户名，与此相反它是从 <code>/etc/passwd</code> 中列出所有可用的用户名。</p>
-<p>所以对于一些非登陆用户(没有家目录)，使用 <code>cd</code> 命令切换会是失败的</p>
+<p>所以对于一些非登陆用户(没有家目录)，使用 <code>cd</code> 命令切换会是失败的。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study sbin]# cd ~ftp </span><br><span class="line">-bash: cd: /var/ftp: No such file or directory</span><br><span class="line">[root@study sbin]# grep ftp /etc/passwd</span><br><span class="line">ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin</span><br><span class="line">[root@study sbin]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="可执行命令的路径补全"><a href="#可执行命令的路径补全" class="headerlink" title="可执行命令的路径补全"></a>可执行命令的路径补全</h1><p>当你想要执行一个命令的时候，如果这个命令具有可执行权限，那么如果只能找到一个匹配项，按两次 <code>Tab</code> 就会直接自动完成补全</p>
+<h1 id="可执行命令的路径补全"><a href="#可执行命令的路径补全" class="headerlink" title="可执行命令的路径补全"></a>可执行命令的路径补全</h1><p>当你想要执行一个命令的时候，如果这个命令具有可执行权限，那么如果只能找到一个匹配项，按两次 <code>Tab</code> 就会直接自动完成补全。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# ll /usr/bin/systemctl </span><br><span class="line">-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 717688 Apr 11  2018 /usr/bin/systemctl</span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]# /usr/bin/systemc[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]# /usr/bin/systemctl</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>如果找到多个匹配项，按两次 <code>Tab</code> 就会列出匹配的所有可用命令</p>
+<p>如果找到多个匹配项，按两次 <code>Tab</code> 就会列出匹配的所有可用命令。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# /usr/bin/system[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">systemctl                       systemd-inhibit</span><br><span class="line">systemd-analyze                 systemd-loginctl</span><br><span class="line">systemd-ask-password            systemd-machine-id-setup</span><br><span class="line">systemd-cat                     systemd-notify</span><br><span class="line">systemd-cgls                    systemd-nspawn</span><br><span class="line">systemd-cgtop                   systemd-path</span><br><span class="line">systemd-coredumpctl             systemd-run</span><br><span class="line">systemd-delta                   systemd-stdio-bridge</span><br><span class="line">systemd-detect-virt             systemd-sysv-convert</span><br><span class="line">systemd-escape                  systemd-tmpfiles</span><br><span class="line">systemd-firstboot               systemd-tty-ask-password-agent</span><br><span class="line">systemd-hwdb   </span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>一般情况下我们不会使用绝对路径来执行命令，而是上来就直接执行命令。为什么能直接执行这个命了呢？在 Bash 中，提供了 <code>PATH</code> 环境变量，在他指定的每个路径下会搜索并尝试补全以我们给出的字符串开头的可执行文件（命令）</p>
+<p>一般情况下我们不会使用绝对路径来执行命令，而是上来就直接执行命令。为什么能直接执行这个命了呢？在 Bash 中，提供了 <code>PATH</code> 环境变量，在他指定的每个路径下会搜索并尝试补全以我们给出的字符串开头的可执行文件（命令）。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# cat ~/.bash_profile</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>和当前用户相关的配置文件就是 <code>~/.bash_profile</code></p>
+<p>和当前用户相关的配置文件就是 <code>~/.bash_profile</code>：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># .bash_profile</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Get the aliases and functions</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">        . ~/.bashrc</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># User specific environment and startup programs</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">PATH=<span class="variable">$PATH</span>:<span class="variable">$HOME</span>/bin</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> PATH</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>如果我们想要在命令行补全中添加自己指定的路径下的命令，就可以在原有的基础上以 <code>:</code> 作为分隔符添加自己的路径</p>
+<p>如果我们想要在命令行补全中添加自己指定的路径下的命令，就可以在原有的基础上以 <code>:</code> 作为分隔符添加自己的路径。</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># User specific environment and startup programs</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">PATH=<span class="variable">$PATH</span>:<span class="variable">$HOME</span>/bin:/opt/bin/</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> PATH</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="文件名和目录补全"><a href="#文件名和目录补全" class="headerlink" title="文件名和目录补全"></a>文件名和目录补全</h1><p>这是对在命令行的第二个位置和后续位置出现的文件名和目录名的补全。与上面的示例不同，它不检查任何权限，在给出的起始路径下只显示所有可用的文件和目录，并试图补全</p>
+<h1 id="文件名和目录补全"><a href="#文件名和目录补全" class="headerlink" title="文件名和目录补全"></a>文件名和目录补全</h1><p>这是对在命令行的第二个位置和后续位置出现的文件名和目录名的补全。与上面的示例不同，它不检查任何权限，在给出的起始路径下只显示所有可用的文件和目录，并试图补全。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# ls</span><br><span class="line">dir1  dir2  dir3  file1  file2  file3  hello.sh</span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]# cat file[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">file1  file2  file3  </span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]# cat h[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">[root@study ~]# cat hello.sh</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>除此之外，如果要显示的文件太多，这可能会让人感到非常懵逼，它将给出警告消息而不是在屏幕上显示所有可用的文件</p>
+<p>除此之外，如果要显示的文件太多，这可能会让人感到非常懵逼，它将给出警告消息而不是在屏幕上显示所有可用的文件。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# ls /etc/[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">Display all 185 possibilities? (y or n)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="主机名补全"></a>主机名补全</h1><p>如果在 ssh 连接一个远程主机时，想要获得要连接的主机名，请在 <code>@</code> 后按两次 <code>Tab</code> 键，如下所示：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# ssh root@[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">@::1                      @localhost6</span><br><span class="line">@localhost                @localhost6.localdomain6</span><br><span class="line">@localhost4               @localhost.localdomain</span><br><span class="line">@localhost4.localdomain4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>在任何可以为主机名提供 <code>@</code> 的命令中，都可以使用这个主机名补全功能。例如，可以将其与 <code>scp</code> 命令一起使用</p>
+<p>在任何可以为主机名提供 <code>@</code> 的命令中，都可以使用这个主机名补全功能。例如，可以将其与 <code>scp</code> 命令一起使用。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# scp file1 root@[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">@::1                      @localhost6</span><br><span class="line">@localhost                @localhost6.localdomain6</span><br><span class="line">@localhost4               @localhost.localdomain</span><br><span class="line">@localhost4.localdomain4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>用 <code>echo</code> 也是可以的</p>
+<p>用 <code>echo</code> 也是可以的：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]# echo @[Tab][Tab]</span><br><span class="line">@::1                      @localhost6</span><br><span class="line">@localhost                @localhost6.localdomain6</span><br><span class="line">@localhost4               @localhost.localdomain</span><br><span class="line">@localhost4.localdomain4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>参考：<a href="https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2013/11/bash-standard-completion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2013/11/bash-standard-completion/</a></p>
 
       
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-</script>
-
-      
-    </div>
   </div>
 
 
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
   
 
 
+
         </div>
         
           
@@ -586,9 +609,6 @@ <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
@@ -604,54 +624,119 @@ <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="
         </ul>
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
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-              </div>
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+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-            
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -662,122 +747,133 @@ <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+
           
 
           
           
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -785,17 +881,21 @@ <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="
           
 
           
+            
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -803,7 +903,7 @@ <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="
             
 
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@@ -811,6 +911,7 @@ <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -819,24 +920,59 @@ <h1 id="主机名补全"><a href="#主机名补全" class="headerlink" title="
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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index 4446faec..d6b2321a 100644
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+++ "b/2015/07/06/210143-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\210\253\345\220\215alias/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="对于 Linux 的运维人员来说，免不了经常敲一大堆命令，有些命令很长或者选项要经常被用到，重复性的输入很长的命令或选项显得效率十分低下，这时候我们使用命令别名来代替复杂的命令就非常有用了。 如何设置一个别名我们可以在命令行使用如下格式定义一个别名 1alias CMDALIAS=&apos;COMMAND [options] [arguments]&apos;  alias 是一个 shell 内置命令 CMDAL">
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+  <title>Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias | Just Do It</title>
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   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
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-          </a>
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+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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+    
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
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+        
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+
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+    
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+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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+
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+
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00">
-                2015-07-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-06 21:01:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00">2015-07-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-05 20:47:31" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-05T20:47:31+08:00">2019-08-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,319
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  6
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -443,9 +514,14 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
 <p>备份文件</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">bak</span></span>()&#123; cp <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$1</span>"</span>&#123;,.bak&#125;;&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>计算并进行比较文件的 md5 值，用法 <code>md5chk 文件名  校验值</code><br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">md5chk</span></span>()&#123; md5sum <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$1</span>"</span> | grep <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$2</span>"</span>;&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
+<p>针对各种压缩文件的解压函数</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># # ex - archive extractor</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># # usage: ex &lt;file&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">ex</span></span> ()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span> [ -f <span class="variable">$1</span> ] ; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="variable">$1</span> <span class="keyword">in</span></span><br><span class="line">      *.tar.bz2)   tar xjf <span class="variable">$1</span>   ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.tar.gz)    tar xzf <span class="variable">$1</span>   ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.bz2)       bunzip2 <span class="variable">$1</span>   ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.rar)       unrar x <span class="variable">$1</span>     ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.gz)        gunzip <span class="variable">$1</span>    ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.tar)       tar xf <span class="variable">$1</span>    ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.tbz2)      tar xjf <span class="variable">$1</span>   ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.tgz)       tar xzf <span class="variable">$1</span>   ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.zip)       unzip <span class="variable">$1</span>     ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.Z)         uncompress <span class="variable">$1</span>;;</span><br><span class="line">      *.7z)        7z x <span class="variable">$1</span>      ;;</span><br><span class="line">      *)           <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"'<span class="variable">$1</span>' cannot be extracted via ex()"</span> ;;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">esac</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"'<span class="variable">$1</span>' is not a valid file"</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
     </div>
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+    
+
     
     
     
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@@ -839,6 +941,7 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
 
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+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -880,14 +1018,21 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -901,10 +1046,8 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -916,85 +1059,63 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1043,6 +1164,8 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1076,8 +1199,9 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1246,9 +1370,9 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1318,25 +1442,67 @@ <h1 id="常用的别名函数"><a href="#常用的别名函数" class="headerlin
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/07/09/214135-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\233\277\346\215\242\345\222\214\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\345\261\225\345\274\200/index.html" "b/2015/07/09/214135-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\233\277\346\215\242\345\222\214\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\345\261\225\345\274\200/index.html"
index db95b450..56735379 100644
--- "a/2015/07/09/214135-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\233\277\346\215\242\345\222\214\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\345\261\225\345\274\200/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/09/214135-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\346\233\277\346\215\242\345\222\214\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\345\261\225\345\274\200/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="命令替换命令替换，就是把某个子命令替换为其执行结果的过程。命令替换符有两种 : 1$(command) 或 `command` 在一些命令中如果出现命令替换符，Kernel 会首先执行子命令，然后在执行外部命令 12345[user1@study ~]$ echo &quot;$(date +&apos;%F %T&a">
+  <meta name="description" content="命令替换命令替换，就是把某个子命令替换为其执行结果的过程。命令替换符有两种 : 1$(command) 或 `command` 在一些命令中如果出现命令替换符，Kernel 会首先执行子命令，然后在执行外部命令 12345[user1@study ~]$ echo &quot;$(date +&apos;%F %T&apos;) [ INFO ] log something&quot;2015-07-09 22:48:32 [ INFO">
 <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="命令替换命令替换，就是把某个子命令替换为其执行结果的过程。命令替换符有两种 : 1$(command) 或 `command` 在一些命令中如果出现命令替换符，Kernel 会首先执行子命令，然后在执行外部命令 12345[user1@study ~]$ echo &quot;$(date +&apos;%F %T&apos;) [ INFO ] log something&quot;2015-07-09 22:48:32 [ INFO">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-30T06:20:36.350Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</h1>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
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@@ -762,17 +858,21 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -780,7 +880,7 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -788,6 +888,7 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -796,24 +897,59 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -829,14 +965,21 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -850,10 +993,8 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -865,85 +1006,63 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -992,6 +1111,8 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1025,8 +1146,9 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1195,9 +1317,9 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1267,25 +1389,67 @@ <h1 id="命令行展开"><a href="#命令行展开" class="headerlink" title="
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/07/12/214127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215\351\200\232\351\205\215globbing/index.html" "b/2015/07/12/214127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215\351\200\232\351\205\215globbing/index.html"
index bfb8aba2..32b8570e 100644
--- "a/2015/07/12/214127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215\351\200\232\351\205\215globbing/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/12/214127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215\351\200\232\351\205\215globbing/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="文件名通配属于 Bash 的一大特性，通配符只会出现在命令的参数中。当参数中出现了通配符时，shell 将会把他当做路径或文件名去文件系统做匹配，如果符合要求的匹配存在则进行替换，否则这个通配符就只是当做普通字符传递给命令，然后交给命令处理。 常见的文件名通配符    字符 含义     * 任意长度的任意字符   ？">
+  <meta name="description" content="文件名通配属于 Bash 的一大特性，通配符只会出现在命令的参数中。当参数中出现了通配符时，shell 将会把他当做路径或文件名去文件系统做匹配，如果符合要求的匹配存在则进行替换，否则这个通配符就只是当做普通字符传递给命令，然后交给命令处理。 常见的文件名通配符    字符 含义     * 任意长度的任意字符   ？ 任意单个字符   ~ 当前用户的家目录   ~user1 用户user1的家目">
 <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="文件名通配属于 Bash 的一大特性，通配符只会出现在命令的参数中。当参数中出现了通配符时，shell 将会把他当做路径或文件名去文件系统做匹配，如果符合要求的匹配存在则进行替换，否则这个通配符就只是当做普通字符传递给命令，然后交给命令处理。 常见的文件名通配符    字符 含义     * 任意长度的任意字符   ？ 任意单个字符   ~ 当前用户的家目录   ~user1 用户user1的家目">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-30T06:44:43.705Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing">
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-  var CONFIG = {
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-    scheme: 'Muse',
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-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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 </script>
 
+  <title>Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+  .use-motion .logo,
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+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -832,9 +928,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之文件名
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -842,6 +941,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之文件名
 
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@@ -850,24 +950,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之文件名
 
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       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
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+<script>
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@@ -919,85 +1059,63 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之文件名
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-
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-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
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-  
-
-
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-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
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@@ -1046,6 +1164,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之文件名
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1079,8 +1199,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之文件名
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/07/13/192131-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\240\207\345\207\206\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\345\222\214\346\226\207\344\273\266\346\217\217\350\277\260\347\254\246/index.html" "b/2015/07/13/192131-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\240\207\345\207\206\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\345\222\214\346\226\207\344\273\266\346\217\217\350\277\260\347\254\246/index.html"
index 4705c3cd..f1772126 100644
--- "a/2015/07/13/192131-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\240\207\345\207\206\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\345\222\214\346\226\207\344\273\266\346\217\217\350\277\260\347\254\246/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/13/192131-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\346\240\207\345\207\206\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\345\222\214\346\226\207\344\273\266\346\217\217\350\277\260\347\254\246/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="标准输入(stdin)标准输入（standard input）指的是输入给要执行命令的数据，通常是键盘的输入，或者是文件中的数据。命令程序要求以读(read)的方式来传输数据。 123456[user1@study ~]$ read -p &apos;Please input a number: &apos; user">
+  <meta name="description" content="标准输入(stdin)标准输入（standard input）指的是输入给要执行命令的数据，通常是键盘的输入，或者是文件中的数据。命令程序要求以读(read)的方式来传输数据。 123456[user1@study ~]$ read -p &apos;Please input a number: &apos; user_number; echo &quot;Your number is $&amp;#123;user_number&amp;#">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</h1>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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diff --git "a/2015/07/15/192127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\347\256\241\351\201\223pipe/index.html" "b/2015/07/15/192127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\347\256\241\351\201\223pipe/index.html"
index 93e5a6e9..c5041f4f 100644
--- "a/2015/07/15/192127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\347\256\241\351\201\223pipe/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/15/192127-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\347\256\241\351\201\223pipe/index.html"
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@@ -300,70 +366,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</h1>
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@@ -384,12 +455,11 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe
         <p>管道是 Unix 中最古老的进程之间的通信形式。把数据流从一个进程连接到另一个进程就叫做 “管道”。</p>
 <p>管道的操作符是 <code>|</code>，仅能处理经由前面一个命令传出的正确输出信息，即标准输出（standard output） 的信息，而对于错误的输出信息，即标准错误输出（stdandard error） 信息没有直接处理能力。而后将标准输出传递给下一个命令，作为下一个命令的标准输入（standard input）。</p>
 <p><img src="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/pipe.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>如上图所示 <code>command1</code> 的正确输出作为 <code>command2</code> 的输入，然后 <code>comand2</code> 的正确输出作为 <code>comand3</code> 的输入 ，<code>comand3</code> 的输出直接显示在屏幕</p>
-<p>下面是一个比较简单的例子</p>
+<p>如上图所示 <code>command1</code> 的标准（正确）输出作为 <code>command2</code> 的标准输入，然后 <code>comand2</code> 的标准（正确）输出作为 <code>comand3</code> 的输入 ，<code>comand3</code> 的输出直接显示在屏幕。下面是一个比较简单的例子：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls | grep file</span><br><span class="line">file</span><br><span class="line">file2.txt</span><br><span class="line">file3.txt</span><br><span class="line">file.bak</span><br><span class="line">file.txt</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls | grep file | grep [0-9]</span><br><span class="line">file2.txt</span><br><span class="line">file3.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>管道右边的命令，必须能够接收标准输入流命令才行，否则无法正常进行</p>
+<p>管道右边的命令，必须能够接收标准输入流命令才行，否则无法正常进行：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls | touch</span><br><span class="line">touch: missing file operand</span><br><span class="line">Try <span class="string">'touch --help'</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> more information.</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>管道只处理前一个命令的标准输出，不处理标准错误输出</p>
+<p>管道只处理前一个命令的标准输出，不处理标准错误输出：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls file_abc | grep <span class="string">'No such file or directory'</span></span><br><span class="line">ls: cannot access file_abc: No such file or directory</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果既想处理前一个命令的标准输出，又想要处理标准错误输出该怎么办呢？这时可以用 <code>|&amp;</code> 来解决，它实际上是对 <code>2&gt;&amp;1 |</code> 的缩写</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile | grep -i -o -w <span class="string">'no'</span> </span><br><span class="line">ls: cannot access abcfile: No such file or directory</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile |&amp; grep -i -o -w <span class="string">'no'</span></span><br><span class="line">No</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep -i -o -w <span class="string">'no'</span> </span><br><span class="line">No</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
@@ -410,6 +480,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe
 
       
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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@@ -768,9 +863,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe
           
 
           
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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diff --git "a/2015/07/18/214147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\351\207\215\345\256\232\345\220\221/index.html" "b/2015/07/18/214147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\351\207\215\345\256\232\345\220\221/index.html"
index 01268504..dc6d6378 100644
--- "a/2015/07/18/214147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\351\207\215\345\256\232\345\220\221/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/18/214147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\350\276\223\345\205\245\350\276\223\345\207\272\351\207\215\345\256\232\345\220\221/index.html"
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</h1>
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-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
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-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -665,122 +750,133 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -788,17 +884,21 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -806,7 +906,7 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
             
 
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-        </section>
+        </div>
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@@ -814,6 +914,7 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -822,24 +923,59 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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@@ -855,14 +991,21 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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@@ -876,10 +1019,8 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
 
 
 
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@@ -891,85 +1032,63 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
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-
-
-
-
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
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-
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+  <script>
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
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@@ -1051,8 +1172,9 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
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+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1221,9 +1343,9 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1293,25 +1415,67 @@ <h1 id="写在后面"><a href="#写在后面" class="headerlink" title="写在
   
 
   
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+  
+
+  
+
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+
+  
 
   
 
   
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+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/07/19/172147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\347\274\226\350\276\221/index.html" "b/2015/07/19/172147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\347\274\226\350\276\221/index.html"
index 1c2f1536..1ec95794 100644
--- "a/2015/07/19/172147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\347\274\226\350\276\221/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/19/172147-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\241\214\347\274\226\350\276\221/index.html"
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-19 17:21:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-19T17:21:47+08:00">2015-07-19</time>
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@@ -447,27 +528,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之命令行
     
 
     
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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diff --git "a/2015/07/20/194143-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213HereDocuments\344\270\216HereStrings/index.html" "b/2015/07/20/194143-Bash\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\347\211\271\346\200\247\344\271\213HereDocuments\344\270\216HereStrings/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="Here DocumentsHere Documents 作为重定向的一种方式，指的是 shell 从源文件的当前位置开始读取输出，直到遇到只包含一个单词的文本行时结束。在该过程中读到的所有文本行都将作为某一个命令的标准输入而使用。 Here Documents 的使用形式： 123command &amp;lt;&amp;lt;[-] limit_string	msg_bodylimit_string 对于 c">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings
+
+              
+            
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-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00">
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-            
 
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-20 19:41:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00">2015-07-20</time>
+            </span>
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+                
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+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,489
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-              
 
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-              
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+          
 
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@@ -417,6 +488,9 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ grep -i <span class="string">'world'</span> &lt;&lt;&lt; <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$(cat file.txt)</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">Hello world ! Wed May 1 15:00:10 CST 2019</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -424,30 +498,37 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
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+  <button id="reward-button" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(&quot;qr&quot;); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';">
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-      <div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">
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+      
+      
+        
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+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
         <p>微信支付</p>
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         <p>支付宝</p>
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@@ -455,27 +536,12 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
     
 
     
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@@ -519,59 +585,16 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
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-
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           </div>
           
 
-
-          
   
 
 
+
         </div>
         
           
@@ -585,9 +608,6 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
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@@ -603,54 +623,119 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
         </ul>
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
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+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
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+          
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-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+          
 
           
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -784,17 +880,21 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
           
 
           
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@@ -802,7 +902,7 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
             
 
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@@ -810,6 +910,7 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
 
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@@ -818,24 +919,59 @@ <h1 id="Here-Strings"><a href="#Here-Strings" class="headerlink" title="Here Str
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+      
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+
 
   
 
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index 74efe404..5b849b80 100644
--- "a/2015/07/21/152123-shell\347\232\204\345\217\230\351\207\217\345\222\214\345\210\206\347\261\273/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/21/152123-shell\347\232\204\345\217\230\351\207\217\345\222\214\345\210\206\347\261\273/index.html"
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-<meta name="description" content="什么是变量变量，就是一个容器用来存储数据也是一段内存空间（内存是编制的存储单元）；通过变量赋值在变量中存储数据，然后可以通过变量名访问到的存储信息的内存空间地址。 变量是脚本语言的核心，shell 脚本又是无类型的，所以要使用变量就需要引用。 数据类型数据类型是指用来事先定义数据的存储格式和存储长度，参与的运算。 数据">
+  <meta name="description" content="什么是变量变量，就是一个容器用来存储数据也是一段内存空间（内存是编制的存储单元）；通过变量赋值在变量中存储数据，然后可以通过变量名访问到的存储信息的内存空间地址。 变量是脚本语言的核心，shell 脚本又是无类型的，所以要使用变量就需要引用。 数据类型数据类型是指用来事先定义数据的存储格式和存储长度，参与的运算。 数据类型的重要性：有一种系统攻击叫缓冲区溢出，如声明一个数据类型为整型并申请 1 字">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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-  <title>shell的变量和分类 | Just Do It</title>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
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+    
       
+    
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+    
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+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+    
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
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+
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的变量和分类</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的变量和分类
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00">
-                2015-07-21
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-21 15:21:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00">2015-07-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 20:08:03" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T20:08:03+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
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-                
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-                <span title="字数统计">
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+          <br>
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@@ -556,6 +627,9 @@ <h2 id="特殊变量"><a href="#特殊变量" class="headerlink" title="特殊
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'123abc'</span> | grep 123 &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> $?</span><br><span class="line">0</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'123abc'</span> | grep <span class="string">'456'</span> &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> $?</span><br><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -563,30 +637,37 @@ <h2 id="特殊变量"><a href="#特殊变量" class="headerlink" title="特殊
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
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-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
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@@ -1428,25 +1550,67 @@ <h2 id="特殊变量"><a href="#特殊变量" class="headerlink" title="特殊
   
 
   
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
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index 5cdd9832..8381a3c3 100644
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+++ "b/2015/07/24/094139-shell\344\270\255\345\257\271\345\217\230\351\207\217\347\232\204\346\223\215\344\275\234/index.html"
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+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+      indexName: '',
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="声明变量声明变量通常使用 declare 命令来操作 123456$ declare [OPTIONS] VARIABLES-i   # 整型-a   # 数值-x   # 环境变量-r   # 只读变量，不能撤销，不能修改，相当于readonly-f   # 声明函数 不使用 declare ，直接使用等号也没有任何">
+  <meta name="description" content="声明变量声明变量通常使用 declare 命令来操作 123456$ declare [OPTIONS] VARIABLES-i   # 整型-a   # 数值-x   # 环境变量-r   # 只读变量，不能撤销，不能修改，相当于readonly-f   # 声明函数 不使用 declare ，直接使用等号也没有任何问题 12declare -i A=20b=30 变量赋值变量赋值的时候，等号两">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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-  <title>shell中对变量的操作 | Just Do It</title>
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+    
       
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+    
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+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
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+    
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+    
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+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+    
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+  
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- </div>
+  
+
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+
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+    
+  
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中对变量的操作</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中对变量的操作
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00">
-                2015-07-24
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-24 09:41:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00">2015-07-24</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 17:24:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T17:24:42+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
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-                
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-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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@@ -430,6 +501,9 @@ <h1 id="字符串的替换-globbing"><a href="#字符串的替换-globbing" clas
 <h1 id="字符串的删除-globbing"><a href="#字符串的删除-globbing" class="headerlink" title="字符串的删除(globbing)"></a>字符串的删除(globbing)</h1><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">$&#123;a/hehe&#125;</span>    <span class="comment"># 查找 $a 中首次匹配到的字符串hehe,并删除之</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$&#123;a//hehe&#125;</span>   <span class="comment"># 查找 $a 中所有匹配到的字符串hehe,并删除之</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$&#123;a/#hehe&#125;</span>   <span class="comment"># 查找 $a 中首部匹配到的字符串hehe,并删除之</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$&#123;a/%hehe&#125;</span>   <span class="comment"># 查找 $a 中尾部到的字符串hehe,并删除之</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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@@ -797,17 +893,21 @@ <h1 id="字符串的删除-globbing"><a href="#字符串的删除-globbing" clas
           
 
           
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diff --git "a/2015/07/27/210135-shell\347\232\204\346\250\241\345\274\217\344\270\216\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\217\230\351\207\217\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html" "b/2015/07/27/210135-shell\347\232\204\346\250\241\345\274\217\344\270\216\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\217\230\351\207\217\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
index e07bffd5..311a6247 100644
--- "a/2015/07/27/210135-shell\347\232\204\346\250\241\345\274\217\344\270\216\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\217\230\351\207\217\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/27/210135-shell\347\232\204\346\250\241\345\274\217\344\270\216\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\217\230\351\207\217\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="四种模式登录式Shell（login shell）取得 bash 时需要完整的登入流程，就称为 login shell 正常通过某终端登录的 shell，当系统启动时或开启一个新的终端登录系统时，系统通过调用 /bin/login 程序处理登录并在一个 shell 中显示命令行提示符，这个 shell 就是 login">
+  <meta name="description" content="四种模式登录式Shell（login shell）取得 bash 时需要完整的登入流程，就称为 login shell 正常通过某终端登录的 shell，当系统启动时或开启一个新的终端登录系统时，系统通过调用 /bin/login 程序处理登录并在一个 shell 中显示命令行提示符，这个 shell 就是 login shell；该 shell 程序可以是 bash 也可以是 sh 或 csh，">
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@@ -442,6 +513,9 @@ <h1 id="将配置文件立即生效"><a href="#将配置文件立即生效" clas
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">source</span> /PATH/TO/PROFILE</span><br><span class="line">. /PATH/TO/PROFILE</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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@@ -876,14 +1012,21 @@ <h1 id="将配置文件立即生效"><a href="#将配置文件立即生效" clas
       <div class="back-to-top">
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
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-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -1039,6 +1158,8 @@ <h1 id="将配置文件立即生效"><a href="#将配置文件立即生效" clas
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1072,8 +1193,9 @@ <h1 id="将配置文件立即生效"><a href="#将配置文件立即生效" clas
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1242,9 +1364,9 @@ <h1 id="将配置文件立即生效"><a href="#将配置文件立即生效" clas
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             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1314,25 +1436,67 @@ <h1 id="将配置文件立即生效"><a href="#将配置文件立即生效" clas
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/07/30/214135-shell\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\347\254\246\344\270\216\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\344\277\241\346\201\257/index.html" "b/2015/07/30/214135-shell\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\347\254\246\344\270\216\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\344\277\241\346\201\257/index.html"
index 7893db56..937a8804 100644
--- "a/2015/07/30/214135-shell\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\347\254\246\344\270\216\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\344\277\241\346\201\257/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/07/30/214135-shell\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\347\254\246\344\270\216\347\231\273\345\275\225\346\217\220\347\244\272\344\277\241\346\201\257/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,99 +46,134 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="登录提示符常用参数及含义 在 /etc/bashrc 文件中会设定 PS1 变量，这个变量设置的就是登录之后的提示符信息 12[root@localhost ~]$ echo $PS1[\u@\h \W]\$ 不同的参数代表的含义不同  \d ：代表日期，格式为 weekday month date，例如：”Mon A">
+  <meta name="description" content="登录提示符常用参数及含义 在 /etc/bashrc 文件中会设定 PS1 变量，这个变量设置的就是登录之后的提示符信息 12[root@localhost ~]$ echo $PS1[\u@\h \W]\$ 不同的参数代表的含义不同  \d ：代表日期，格式为 weekday month date，例如：”Mon Aug 1” \H ：完整的主机名称 \h ：仅取主机名中的第一个名字 \t ：显">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
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+  CONFIG.page = {
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+  <title>shell登录提示符与登录提示信息 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>shell登录提示符与登录提示信息 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
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+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
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-      
+    
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   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
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-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息
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@@ -492,10 +563,14 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">/***</span><br><span class="line"> *_______________<span class="comment">#########_______________________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *______________<span class="comment">############_____________________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *______________<span class="comment">#############____________________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *_____________<span class="comment">##__###########___________________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *____________<span class="comment">###__######_#####__________________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *____________<span class="comment">###_#######___####_________________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *___________<span class="comment">###__##########_####________________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *__________<span class="comment">####__###########_####_______________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *________<span class="comment">#####___###########__#####_____________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *_______<span class="comment">######___###_########___#####___________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *_______<span class="comment">#####___###___########___######_________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *______<span class="comment">######___###__###########___######_______</span></span><br><span class="line"> *_____<span class="comment">######___####_##############__######______</span></span><br><span class="line"> *____<span class="comment">#######__#####################_#######_____</span></span><br><span class="line"> *____<span class="comment">#######__##############################____</span></span><br><span class="line"> *___<span class="comment">#######__######_#################_#######___</span></span><br><span class="line"> *___<span class="comment">#######__######_######_#########___######___</span></span><br><span class="line"> *___<span class="comment">#######____##__######___######_____######___</span></span><br><span class="line"> *___<span class="comment">#######________######____#####_____#####____</span></span><br><span class="line"> *____<span class="comment">######________#####_____#####_____####_____</span></span><br><span class="line"> *_____<span class="comment">#####________####______#####_____###______</span></span><br><span class="line"> *______<span class="comment">#####______;###________###______#________</span></span><br><span class="line"> *________<span class="comment">##_______####________####______________</span></span><br><span class="line"> */</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">/***</span><br><span class="line"> * http://www.freebuf.com/</span><br><span class="line"> *           _.._        ,------------.</span><br><span class="line"> *        ,<span class="string">'      `.    ( We want you! )</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *       /  __) __` \    `-,----------'</span></span><br><span class="line"> *      (  (`-`(-<span class="string">')  ) _.-'</span></span><br><span class="line"> *      /)  \  = /  (</span><br><span class="line"> *     /<span class="string">'    |--'</span> .  \</span><br><span class="line"> *    (  ,---|  `-.)__`</span><br><span class="line"> *     )(  `-.,--<span class="string">'   _`-.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *    '</span>/,<span class="string">'          (  Uu",</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *     (_       ,    `/,-'</span> )</span><br><span class="line"> *     `.__,  : `-<span class="string">'/  /`--'</span></span><br><span class="line"> *       |     `--<span class="string">'  |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *       `   `-._   /</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *        \        (</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *        /\ .      \.  freebuf</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *       / |` \     ,-\</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *      /  \| .)   /   \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *     ( ,'</span>|\    ,<span class="string">'     :</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *     | \,`.`--"/      &#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *     `,'</span>    \  |,<span class="string">'    /</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *    / "-._   `-/      |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *    "-.   "-.,'</span>|     ;</span><br><span class="line"> *   /        _/[<span class="string">"---'"</span><span class="string">"]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *  :        /  |"</span>-     <span class="string">'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *  '</span>           |      /</span><br><span class="line"> *              `      |</span><br><span class="line"> */</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">/***</span><br><span class="line"> * http://www.flvcd.com/</span><br><span class="line"> *  .--,       .--,</span><br><span class="line"> * ( (  \.---./  ) )</span><br><span class="line"> *  <span class="string">'.__/o   o\__.'</span></span><br><span class="line"> *     &#123;=  ^  =&#125;</span><br><span class="line"> *      &gt;  -  &lt;</span><br><span class="line"> *     /       \</span><br><span class="line"> *    //       \\</span><br><span class="line"> *   //|   .   |\\</span><br><span class="line"> *   <span class="string">"'\       /'"</span>_.-~^`<span class="string">'-.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> *      \  _  /--'</span>         `</span><br><span class="line"> *    ___)( )(___</span><br><span class="line"> *   (((__) (__)))    高山仰止,景行行止.虽不能至,心向往之。</span><br><span class="line"> */</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">######################################################################</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#                              Notice                                #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#                                                                    #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  1. Please create unique passwords that use a combination of words,#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#   numbers, symbols, and both upper-case and lower-case letters.    #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#   Avoid using simple adjacent keyboard combinations such as        #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#   "Qwert!234","Qaz2wsx",etc.                                       #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#                                                                    #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  2. Unless necessary, please DO NOT open or use high-risk ports,   #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#   such as Telnet-23, FTP-20/21, NTP-123(UDP), RDP-3389,            #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#   SSH/SFTP-22, Mysql-3306, SQL-1433,etc.                           #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#                                                                    #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#                                                                    #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#                     Any questions please contact 0000-000-000      #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">######################################################################</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>参考链接：<a href="http://www.asciiworld.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.asciiworld.com</a></p>
 
       
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@@ -503,30 +578,37 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
     
 
     
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+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
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+                    
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+                      
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+                    
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+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -740,122 +826,133 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -863,17 +960,21 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -881,7 +982,7 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -889,6 +990,7 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -897,24 +999,59 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -930,14 +1067,21 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -951,10 +1095,8 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -966,85 +1108,63 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1093,6 +1213,8 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1126,8 +1248,9 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1296,9 +1419,9 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1368,25 +1491,67 @@ <h1 id="登陆后提示信息"><a href="#登陆后提示信息" class="headerlin
   
 
   
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/08/03/212127-shell\345\221\275\344\273\244\351\227\264\347\232\204\351\200\273\350\276\221\345\205\263\347\263\273/index.html" "b/2015/08/03/212127-shell\345\221\275\344\273\244\351\227\264\347\232\204\351\200\273\350\276\221\345\205\263\347\263\273/index.html"
index 586b1a69..e27fbb5f 100644
--- "a/2015/08/03/212127-shell\345\221\275\344\273\244\351\227\264\347\232\204\351\200\273\350\276\221\345\205\263\347\263\273/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/08/03/212127-shell\345\221\275\344\273\244\351\227\264\347\232\204\351\200\273\350\276\221\345\205\263\347\263\273/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell命令间的逻辑关系</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell命令间的逻辑关系
+
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@@ -402,6 +473,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell命令间的逻辑关系</h
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">! id user6 &amp;&amp; useradd user6</span><br><span class="line">id user6 || useradd user6</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果用户user6不存在，就添加用户user6</span></span><br><span class="line">id user1 &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"user1 exists."</span> || useradd user1</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果用户存在，就显示用户已存在；否则，就添加此用户</span></span><br><span class="line">! id user1 &amp;&amp; useradd user1 || <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"user1 exists."</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果用户不存在，就添加；否则，显示其已经存在</span></span><br><span class="line">! id user1 &amp;&amp; useradd user1 &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"user1"</span> | passwd --stdin user1  || <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"user1 exists."</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#如果用户不存在，添加并且给密码；否则，显示其已经存在</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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+
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+
     
     
     
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diff --git "a/2015/08/06/212103-shell\347\232\204\346\235\241\344\273\266\346\265\213\350\257\225\350\257\255\345\217\245\345\222\214\350\277\220\347\256\227\347\254\246/index.html" "b/2015/08/06/212103-shell\347\232\204\346\235\241\344\273\266\346\265\213\350\257\225\350\257\255\345\217\245\345\222\214\350\277\220\347\256\227\347\254\246/index.html"
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的条件测试语句和运算符
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 22:01:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T22:01:34+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
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-
-          
   
 
 
+
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@@ -876,9 +899,6 @@ <h1 id="文件测试运算符"><a href="#文件测试运算符" class="headerlin
   </div>
 
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@@ -894,54 +914,119 @@ <h1 id="文件测试运算符"><a href="#文件测试运算符" class="headerlin
         </ul>
       
 
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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@@ -1075,17 +1171,21 @@ <h1 id="文件测试运算符"><a href="#文件测试运算符" class="headerlin
           
 
           
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@@ -1093,7 +1193,7 @@ <h1 id="文件测试运算符"><a href="#文件测试运算符" class="headerlin
             
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
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-<meta name="description" content="面向过程的语句结构：  顺序结构：逐条运行 选择结构：两个或以上的,满足条件时只会执行其中一个满足条件的分支     循环结构：某循环体需要执行多次  If语句分支if单分支12345if [[ condition1 ]] ; then    # statements1    # statements2    # ..">
+  <meta name="description" content="面向过程的语句结构：  顺序结构：逐条运行 选择结构：两个或以上的,满足条件时只会执行其中一个满足条件的分支     循环结构：某循环体需要执行多次  If语句分支if单分支12345if [[ condition1 ]] ; then    # statements1    # statements2    # ...........fi 12345if ([[ condition1 ]] )">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+    
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+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+    
+
+  
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+  
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
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+  
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的选择语句分支</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的选择语句分支
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00">
-                2015-08-09
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-09 19:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00">2015-08-09</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 22:26:09" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T22:26:09+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
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@@ -405,6 +476,9 @@ <h1 id="case语句分支"><a href="#case语句分支" class="headerlink" title="
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">*    <span class="comment"># 任意长度的任意字符		</span></span><br><span class="line">?    <span class="comment"># 任意单个字符</span></span><br><span class="line">[]   <span class="comment"># 指定范围内的单个字符	</span></span><br><span class="line">a|b  <span class="comment"># a或者b</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
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+
     
     
     
@@ -412,30 +486,37 @@ <h1 id="case语句分支"><a href="#case语句分支" class="headerlink" title="
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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+      
+      
+        
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+        
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diff --git "a/2015/08/12/130111-shell\347\232\204\345\276\252\347\216\257\347\273\223\346\236\204\345\217\212\345\205\266\346\265\201\347\250\213\346\216\247\345\210\266/index.html" "b/2015/08/12/130111-shell\347\232\204\345\276\252\347\216\257\347\273\223\346\236\204\345\217\212\345\205\266\346\265\201\347\250\213\346\216\247\345\210\266/index.html"
index 9e9ebd1c..6a7d705a 100644
--- "a/2015/08/12/130111-shell\347\232\204\345\276\252\347\216\257\347\273\223\346\236\204\345\217\212\345\205\266\346\265\201\347\250\213\346\216\247\345\210\266/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/08/12/130111-shell\347\232\204\345\276\252\347\216\257\347\273\223\346\236\204\345\217\212\345\205\266\346\265\201\347\250\213\346\216\247\345\210\266/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="while(当型)循环结构 标准用法，当 condition 条件满足时执行循环体，否则退出循环 12345while [[ condition ]] ; do    # statements1    # statements2    # ...........done 死循环,当触发某条件时退出循环 1234while : ; do     # statements1     # stateme">
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+  <title>shell的循环结构及其流程控制 | Just Do It</title>
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的循环结构及其流程控制
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00">
-                2015-08-12
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-12 13:01:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00">2015-08-12</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 10:49:02" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T10:49:02+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-                
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@@ -413,6 +484,9 @@ <h1 id="循环控制"><a href="#循环控制" class="headerlink" title="循环
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cat test.sh </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> Tom 1 2 3 4 Jerry 5 6 7 8;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> [[ <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;i&#125;</span>"</span> == <span class="string">"6"</span> ]];<span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">exit</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'test'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;i&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ bash test.sh</span><br><span class="line">Tom</span><br><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">Jerry</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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+      
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@@ -515,59 +581,16 @@ <h1 id="循环控制"><a href="#循环控制" class="headerlink" title="循环
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     </div>
   </aside>
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@@ -814,24 +915,59 @@ <h1 id="循环控制"><a href="#循环控制" class="headerlink" title="循环
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
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-
+  
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
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@@ -1043,8 +1164,9 @@ <h1 id="循环控制"><a href="#循环控制" class="headerlink" title="循环
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+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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+  
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+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/08/15/194139-shell\347\232\204\347\212\266\346\200\201\350\277\224\345\233\236\345\200\274/index.html" "b/2015/08/15/194139-shell\347\232\204\347\212\266\346\200\201\350\277\224\345\233\236\345\200\274/index.html"
index ff094261..ce188ae2 100644
--- "a/2015/08/15/194139-shell\347\232\204\347\212\266\346\200\201\350\277\224\345\233\236\345\200\274/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/08/15/194139-shell\347\232\204\347\212\266\346\200\201\350\277\224\345\233\236\345\200\274/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="在 shell 中，每个命令都会返回一个状态返回值。成功的命令返回 0，而不成功的命令返回非零值。非零值通常都被解释成一个错误码。 在 shell 中$? 是一个特殊变量，它所引用的值就是上一条命令的执行状态返回值。  在 shell 的函数执行后，$? 返回的是函数执行的最后一条命令的状态返回值 在 shell 脚本">
+  <meta name="description" content="在 shell 中，每个命令都会返回一个状态返回值。成功的命令返回 0，而不成功的命令返回非零值。非零值通常都被解释成一个错误码。 在 shell 中$? 是一个特殊变量，它所引用的值就是上一条命令的执行状态返回值。  在 shell 的函数执行后，$? 返回的是函数执行的最后一条命令的状态返回值 在 shell 脚本执行之后，$? 返回的是脚本执行的最后一条命令的状态返回值  在脚本中，exit">
 <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell">
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 <meta property="og:description" content="在 shell 中，每个命令都会返回一个状态返回值。成功的命令返回 0，而不成功的命令返回非零值。非零值通常都被解释成一个错误码。 在 shell 中$? 是一个特殊变量，它所引用的值就是上一条命令的执行状态返回值。  在 shell 的函数执行后，$? 返回的是函数执行的最后一条命令的状态返回值 在 shell 脚本执行之后，$? 返回的是脚本执行的最后一条命令的状态返回值  在脚本中，exit">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-02T15:45:59.276Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="shell的状态返回值">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
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+  <title>shell的状态返回值 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>shell的状态返回值 | Just Do It</title>
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+  <noscript>
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
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+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
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-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
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+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
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+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
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+
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
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+    
 
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+
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+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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+
+</div>
     </header>
 
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+  
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+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
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@@ -399,6 +470,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的状态返回值</h1>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ bash exitstatus.sh</span><br><span class="line">Successful execution</span><br><span class="line">=====================</span><br><span class="line">hello world</span><br><span class="line">Exit status 0</span><br><span class="line">Incorrect usage</span><br><span class="line">=====================</span><br><span class="line">ls: unrecognized option <span class="string">'--option'</span></span><br><span class="line">Try <span class="string">'ls --help'</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> more information.</span><br><span class="line">Exit status 2</span><br><span class="line">Command Not found</span><br><span class="line">=====================</span><br><span class="line">exitstatus.sh: line 17: bashscript: <span class="built_in">command</span> not found</span><br><span class="line">Exit status 127</span><br><span class="line">Command is not an executable</span><br><span class="line">=============================</span><br><span class="line">-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1 0 Jul 15 23:33 execution.sh</span><br><span class="line">exitstatus.sh: line 24: ./execution.sh: Permission denied</span><br><span class="line">Exit status 126</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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+  <meta name="description" content="函数函数可将一个复杂功能划分成若干模块，让程序结构更加清晰，代码重复利用率更高。 在 shell 中必须先定义函数，然后使用，而且不能独立运行，需要调用执行。函数可出现在任何位置，在代码执行时，都会被自动替换为函数代码。函数命名不应该为命令名，否则会发生冲突。 函数的定义方式定义方式一 1234function function_name &amp;#123;    list of commands">
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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+            
+          
+          
 
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+      </div>
 
       
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-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+            
             
 
             
@@ -789,7 +889,7 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
             
 
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-        </section>
+        </div>
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+<script>
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
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-
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-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
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-
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
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+  <script>
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@@ -1001,6 +1120,8 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
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@@ -1034,8 +1155,9 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1204,9 +1326,9 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
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             };
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1276,25 +1398,67 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
   
 
   
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+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/08/21/172135-shell\347\232\204\346\225\260\347\273\204/index.html" "b/2015/08/21/172135-shell\347\232\204\346\225\260\347\273\204/index.html"
index 55fcee53..bb3f0709 100644
--- "a/2015/08/21/172135-shell\347\232\204\346\225\260\347\273\204/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/08/21/172135-shell\347\232\204\346\225\260\347\273\204/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<head>
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
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+    tabs: true,
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+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="什么是数组 存储多个元素的连续的内存空间。数组只有一个名字，索引号从0开始。 关联数组的索引号可以自定义，bash4及以后版本支持关联数组。 Bash 支持一维数组（不支持多维数组），并且没有限定数组的大小。 获取数组中的元素要利用下标，下标可以是整数或算术表达式，其值应大于或等于0。  如何定义一个数组用括号表示数组">
+  <meta name="description" content="什么是数组 存储多个元素的连续的内存空间。数组只有一个名字，索引号从0开始。 关联数组的索引号可以自定义，bash4及以后版本支持关联数组。 Bash 支持一维数组（不支持多维数组），并且没有限定数组的大小。 获取数组中的元素要利用下标，下标可以是整数或算术表达式，其值应大于或等于0。  如何定义一个数组用括号表示数组，数组元素用 “空格” 符号分割开 使用 declare -a ips 定义一个">
 <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="shell的数组">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="什么是数组 存储多个元素的连续的内存空间。数组只有一个名字，索引号从0开始。 关联数组的索引号可以自定义，bash4及以后版本支持关联数组。 Bash 支持一维数组（不支持多维数组），并且没有限定数组的大小。 获取数组中的元素要利用下标，下标可以是整数或算术表达式，其值应大于或等于0。  如何定义一个数组用括号表示数组，数组元素用 “空格” 符号分割开 使用 declare -a ips 定义一个">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-05T03:43:52.055Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="shell的数组">
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+
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+  <title>shell的数组 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
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-  <title>shell的数组 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
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+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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@@ -424,6 +495,9 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">args_of_kernel=(net.ipv4.ip_forward=1</span><br><span class="line">    net.ipv4.route.max_size=131072 </span><br><span class="line">    net.nf_conntrack_max=131072 </span><br><span class="line">    net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established=1800 </span><br><span class="line">    net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_time_wait=30 </span><br><span class="line">    net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_syn_sent=40 </span><br><span class="line">    net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=0 </span><br><span class="line">    net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0 </span><br><span class="line">    net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0 </span><br><span class="line">    net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore=1 </span><br><span class="line">    net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce=2)</span><br><span class="line">config_of_kernel=<span class="string">'/etc/sysctl.conf'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cp <span class="variable">$&#123;config_of_kernel&#125;</span>&#123;,.bak&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;!args_of_kernel[@]&#125;</span>;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> /bin/egrep -q <span class="variable">$&#123;args_of_kernel[$i]%%=*&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$config_of_kernel</span>;<span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">        /bin/sed -ri <span class="string">"s/(^<span class="variable">$&#123;args_of_kernel[$i]%%=*&#125;</span> = ).*/\1<span class="variable">$&#123;args_of_kernel[$i]##*=&#125;</span>/"</span> <span class="variable">$config_of_kernel</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> [ <span class="variable">$i</span> -eq 0 ] ;<span class="keyword">then</span> </span><br><span class="line">            fgrep -qs forwarding <span class="variable">$&#123;kernel_cnf&#125;</span> || <span class="built_in">echo</span>  -e <span class="string">'\n# Controls IP packet forwarding'</span> &gt;&gt; <span class="variable">$config_of_kernel</span></span><br><span class="line">            line_n=`/bin/gawk <span class="string">'/forwarding/&#123;print NR&#125;'</span> <span class="variable">$config_of_kernel</span>`</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">            line_n=`/bin/gawk <span class="string">'/'</span><span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;args_of_kernel[$((i-1))]%%=*&#125;</span>"</span><span class="string">'/&#123;print NR&#125;'</span> <span class="variable">$config_of_kernel</span>`</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line">        /bin/sed -ri <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;line_n&#125;</span>a<span class="variable">$&#123;args_of_kernel[$i]%%=*&#125;</span> = <span class="variable">$&#123;args_of_kernel[$i]##*=&#125;</span>"</span> <span class="variable">$config_of_kernel</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unset</span> i line_n config_of_kernel args_of_kernel</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -791,17 +887,21 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -809,7 +909,7 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -817,6 +917,7 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -825,24 +926,59 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -858,14 +994,21 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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+<script>
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@@ -879,10 +1022,8 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
 
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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+  <script>
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@@ -1021,6 +1140,8 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1054,8 +1175,9 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1224,9 +1346,9 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1296,25 +1418,67 @@ <h1 id="应用示例"><a href="#应用示例" class="headerlink" title="应用
   
 
   
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/08/24/174111-shell\344\270\255\344\277\241\345\217\267\346\215\225\346\215\211/index.html" "b/2015/08/24/174111-shell\344\270\255\344\277\241\345\217\267\346\215\225\346\215\211/index.html"
index 18c72e3f..f6218f64 100644
--- "a/2015/08/24/174111-shell\344\270\255\344\277\241\345\217\267\346\215\225\346\215\211/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/08/24/174111-shell\344\270\255\344\277\241\345\217\267\346\215\225\346\215\211/index.html"
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-<meta name="description" content="信号捕捉信号是一种进程间的通信机制，它给应用程序提供一种异步的软件中断，使应用程序有机会接受其他程序活终端发送的命令(即信号)。 应用程序收到信号后，有三种处理方式：忽略，默认，捕捉。进程收到一个信号后，会检查对该信号的处理机制。如果是 SIG_IGN，就忽略该信号；如果是 SIG_DFT，则会采用系统默认的处理动作，">
+  <meta name="description" content="信号捕捉信号是一种进程间的通信机制，它给应用程序提供一种异步的软件中断，使应用程序有机会接受其他程序活终端发送的命令(即信号)。 应用程序收到信号后，有三种处理方式：忽略，默认，捕捉。进程收到一个信号后，会检查对该信号的处理机制。如果是 SIG_IGN，就忽略该信号；如果是 SIG_DFT，则会采用系统默认的处理动作，通常是终止进程或忽略该信号；如果给该信号指定了一个处理函数(捕捉)，则会中断当前">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-05T04:09:34.214Z">
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@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">trap</span> ：1 2 3 24 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 或</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">trap</span> HUP INT QUIT TSTP</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -823,17 +919,21 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -841,7 +941,7 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -849,6 +949,7 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -857,24 +958,59 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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 </div>
 
 
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -890,14 +1026,21 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -911,10 +1054,8 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -926,85 +1067,63 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1053,6 +1172,8 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1086,8 +1207,9 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1256,9 +1378,9 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1328,25 +1450,67 @@ <h1 id="捕捉信号"><a href="#捕捉信号" class="headerlink" title="捕捉
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/08/27/134119-shell\347\232\204\350\257\255\346\263\225\350\260\203\350\257\225/index.html" "b/2015/08/27/134119-shell\347\232\204\350\257\255\346\263\225\350\260\203\350\257\225/index.html"
index d162d3ee..bbc30adf 100644
--- "a/2015/08/27/134119-shell\347\232\204\350\257\255\346\263\225\350\260\203\350\257\225/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/08/27/134119-shell\347\232\204\350\257\255\346\263\225\350\260\203\350\257\225/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="使用bash选项-n 检查脚本语法格式是否有错 1bash -n script.sh -v 选项将跟踪脚本中每个命令的执行 1bash -v script.sh -x 选项会使脚本单步执行，将整个脚本每一步解释和执行过程显示出来 1234567891011121314151617181920[user1@study ~">
+  <meta name="description" content="使用bash选项-n 检查脚本语法格式是否有错 1bash -n script.sh -v 选项将跟踪脚本中每个命令的执行 1bash -v script.sh -x 选项会使脚本单步执行，将整个脚本每一步解释和执行过程显示出来 1234567891011121314151617181920[user1@study ~]$ cat script.sh #!/bin/bashif [[ &apos;2&apos; =">
 <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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               </ul>
@@ -768,17 +864,21 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -786,7 +886,7 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -794,6 +894,7 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -802,24 +903,59 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -835,14 +971,21 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -856,10 +999,8 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -871,85 +1012,63 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -998,6 +1117,8 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1031,8 +1152,9 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1201,9 +1323,9 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1273,25 +1395,67 @@ <h1 id="静态检查工具-shellcheck"><a href="#静态检查工具-shellcheck"
   
 
   
-<script>
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/08/30/134135-shell\347\232\204\350\277\233\347\250\213\346\233\277\346\215\242/index.html" "b/2015/08/30/134135-shell\347\232\204\350\277\233\347\250\213\346\233\277\346\215\242/index.html"
index c87bb20d..c1a61eb0 100644
--- "a/2015/08/30/134135-shell\347\232\204\350\277\233\347\250\213\346\233\277\346\215\242/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/08/30/134135-shell\347\232\204\350\277\233\347\250\213\346\233\277\346\215\242/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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@@ -749,9 +845,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell的进程替换</h1>
           
 
           
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diff --git "a/2015/09/03/132123-shell\344\275\277\347\224\250mktemp\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\270\264\346\227\266\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html" "b/2015/09/03/132123-shell\344\275\277\347\224\250mktemp\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\270\264\346\227\266\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
index 83a6dddf..04379203 100644
--- "a/2015/09/03/132123-shell\344\275\277\347\224\250mktemp\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\270\264\346\227\266\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/09/03/132123-shell\344\275\277\347\224\250mktemp\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\270\264\346\227\266\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件
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@@ -395,6 +466,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell使用mktemp命令创建临
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cat test.sh</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line">FILE=$(mktemp /tmp/ipinfo.XXXX)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span> &gt;&gt; <span class="variable">$&#123;FILE&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">ls <span class="variable">$&#123;FILE&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">cat <span class="variable">$&#123;FILE&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ bash test.sh</span><br><span class="line">/tmp/ipinfo.cHrw</span><br><span class="line">hello</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$  mktemp -p /tmp/</span><br><span class="line">/tmp/tmp.PDDDcAuBzk</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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@@ -402,30 +476,37 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell使用mktemp命令创建临
     
 
     
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diff --git "a/2015/09/08/214103-shell\344\270\255\350\204\232\346\234\254\350\267\257\345\276\204\347\232\204\350\216\267\345\217\226/index.html" "b/2015/09/08/214103-shell\344\270\255\350\204\232\346\234\254\350\267\257\345\276\204\347\232\204\350\216\267\345\217\226/index.html"
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+++ "b/2015/09/08/214103-shell\344\270\255\350\204\232\346\234\254\350\267\257\345\276\204\347\232\204\350\216\267\345\217\226/index.html"
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-<meta name="description" content="很多情况下，我们会先获取当前脚本的路径，然后一这个路径为基准，去找其他的路径。通常我们是直接用 pwd 以期获得脚本的路径。实际上这样是不严谨的，pwd 获得的是当前 shell 的执行路径，而不是当前脚本的执行路径。 使用 dirname 命令再结合 pwd 可以准确地得到脚本的实际路径 12345678910111">
+  <meta name="description" content="很多情况下，我们会先获取当前脚本的路径，然后一这个路径为基准，去找其他的路径。通常我们是直接用 pwd 以期获得脚本的路径。实际上这样是不严谨的，pwd 获得的是当前 shell 的执行路径，而不是当前脚本的执行路径。 使用 dirname 命令再结合 pwd 可以准确地得到脚本的实际路径 12345678910111213141516[user1@study ~]$ cat test.sh #!">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取
+
+              
+            
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-08 21:41:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00">2015-09-08</time>
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@@ -388,6 +459,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取</h
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ cat test.sh </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> $(basename <span class="variable">$0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ bash test.sh </span><br><span class="line">test.sh</span><br><span class="line">test.sh</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ bash /home/user1/test.sh </span><br><span class="line">/home/user1/test.sh</span><br><span class="line">test.sh</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -395,30 +469,37 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取</h
     
 
     
+      
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@@ -426,27 +507,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取</h
     
 
     
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@@ -490,59 +556,16 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取</h
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@@ -556,63 +579,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取</h
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@@ -746,9 +842,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell中脚本路径的获取</h
           
 
           
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index e87a6f9e..4beb4386 100644
--- "a/2015/09/16/114147-\351\200\232\350\277\207\345\217\227\351\231\220bash\345\210\233\345\273\272\345\217\252\350\257\273\347\224\250\346\210\267/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/09/16/114147-\351\200\232\350\277\207\345\217\227\351\231\220bash\345\210\233\345\273\272\345\217\252\350\257\273\347\224\250\346\210\267/index.html"
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      indexName: '',
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+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="受限bash bash本身也有一定的限制功能，就是通过其(受限shell) restricted shell 功能。 如果bash是以rbash为名启动，或者使用-r选项运行，它就称为受限shell。 受限bash所做的限制包括： 阻止用户改变目录和环境变量 重定向输出 使用绝对路径运行命令 使用exec命令和其它一些">
+  <meta name="description" content="受限bash bash本身也有一定的限制功能，就是通过其(受限shell) restricted shell 功能。 如果bash是以rbash为名启动，或者使用-r选项运行，它就称为受限shell。 受限bash所做的限制包括： 阻止用户改变目录和环境变量 重定向输出 使用绝对路径运行命令 使用exec命令和其它一些操作    限制的操作受限shell能够使系统环境更好控制。如果启动受限shel">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
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+  <title>通过受限bash创建只读用户 | Just Do It</title>
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-  <title>通过受限bash创建只读用户 | Just Do It</title>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
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-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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+    
       
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+
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
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+        
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+
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+    
       
+    
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+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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+    
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+
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+
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">通过受限bash创建只读用户</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">通过受限bash创建只读用户
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00">
-                2015-09-16
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-16 11:41:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00">2015-09-16</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 14:30:02" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T14:30:02+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  510
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
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-              
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@@ -407,6 +478,9 @@ <h1 id="限制的操作"><a href="#限制的操作" class="headerlink" title="
 <h1 id="配置步骤"><a href="#配置步骤" class="headerlink" title="配置步骤"></a>配置步骤</h1><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ln -sv /bin/bash /bin/rbash</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 为限制用户创建rbash</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">install -cdv /work/    </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建主工作目录</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">useradd -d /work/ -s /bin/rbash loveyou</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建限制用户，指定家目录为/work，跳过skel文件复制，指定shell为/bin/rbash</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">passwd loveyou</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 为限制用户创建密码</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">mkdir -pv /work/subin</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 为限制用户创建允许使用的命令目录</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">test</span> `/usr/bin/id -g` -eq 500 &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">export</span> PATH=/work/subin</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 修改环境变量/etc/profile，判断组ID，使可用命令为家目录下的subin目录</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ln -sv /bin/su /work/subin/su</span><br><span class="line">ln -sv /bin/cat /work/subin/cat</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建允许使用的命令</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> su=<span class="string">'su -l'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在/etc/profile前面定义别名</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -414,30 +488,37 @@ <h1 id="配置步骤"><a href="#配置步骤" class="headerlink" title="配置
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/09/20/114131-shell\345\256\236\347\216\260netmask\346\216\251\347\240\201\345\222\214cidr\346\216\251\347\240\201\344\275\215\350\275\254\346\215\242/index.html" "b/2015/09/20/114131-shell\345\256\236\347\216\260netmask\346\216\251\347\240\201\345\222\214cidr\346\216\251\347\240\201\344\275\215\350\275\254\346\215\242/index.html"
index ef8687ce..03a1d3de 100644
--- "a/2015/09/20/114131-shell\345\256\236\347\216\260netmask\346\216\251\347\240\201\345\222\214cidr\346\216\251\347\240\201\344\275\215\350\275\254\346\215\242/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/09/20/114131-shell\345\256\236\347\216\260netmask\346\216\251\347\240\201\345\222\214cidr\346\216\251\347\240\201\344\275\215\350\275\254\346\215\242/index.html"
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Network,ShellScripts," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="口算法netmask转CIDR例如：255.255.192.0  255.0.0.0、255.255.0.0、255.255.255.0、255.255.255.255 这四种分别对应 8、16、24、32 去掉所有255.的字符和.及其后面的字符，得到了 192。用 256 减去 192，得到了 64，也就是 2 的">
+  <meta name="description" content="口算法netmask转CIDR例如：255.255.192.0  255.0.0.0、255.255.0.0、255.255.255.0、255.255.255.255 这四种分别对应 8、16、24、32 去掉所有255.的字符和.及其后面的字符，得到了 192。用 256 减去 192，得到了 64，也就是 2 的 6 次方 XXX.XXX.192.XXX  24-6=18 192在第一段，用">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-27T08:54:01.829Z">
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+    
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+    
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+    
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+    
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+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+    
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+
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
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       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00">
-                2015-09-20
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-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-20 11:41:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00">2015-09-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
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-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-27 16:54:01" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-27T16:54:01+08:00">2019-05-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
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+      $(this).blur();
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+        selection.removeAllRanges();
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+  })
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/09/21/094119-shell\347\224\250\346\263\225\346\225\264\347\220\206/index.html" "b/2015/09/21/094119-shell\347\224\250\346\263\225\346\225\264\347\220\206/index.html"
index 40890d77..244823fd 100644
--- "a/2015/09/21/094119-shell\347\224\250\346\263\225\346\225\264\347\220\206/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/09/21/094119-shell\347\224\250\346\263\225\346\225\264\347\220\206/index.html"
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-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="使用 set 和 eval 取当前的运行级别源码出自 CentOS6.X系统 sshd 服务脚本：/etc/init.d/sshd 1234[user1@study ~]$ runlevel=$(set -- $(runlevel); eval &quot;echo \$$#&quot; )[user1@study ~">
+  <meta name="description" content="使用 set 和 eval 取当前的运行级别源码出自 CentOS6.X系统 sshd 服务脚本：/etc/init.d/sshd 1234[user1@study ~]$ runlevel=$(set -- $(runlevel); eval &quot;echo \$$#&quot; )[user1@study ~]$ echo $&amp;#123;runlevel&amp;#125; 3[user1@study ~]$ 分析">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-06T10:01:59.292Z">
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@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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-    duoshuo: {
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>shell用法整理 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>shell用法整理 | Just Do It</title>
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+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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+</noscript>
 
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
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-      
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-      
+    
+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
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+
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+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell用法整理</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">shell用法整理
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00">
-                2015-09-21
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-21 09:41:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00">2015-09-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-06 18:01:59" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-06T18:01:59+08:00">2019-05-06</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
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-                
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@@ -410,6 +481,9 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ source_ip=192.168.127.123</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ query_answer=$(dig +short -b <span class="variable">$&#123;source_ip&#125;</span> @a.root-servers.net. www.baidu.com &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1)</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;query_answer&#125;</span> </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$ <span class="built_in">test</span> -z <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;query_answer&#125;</span>"</span> &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">echo</span> ok || <span class="built_in">echo</span> not ok</span><br><span class="line">ok</span><br><span class="line">[user1@study ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -417,30 +491,37 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
     
 
     
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@@ -448,27 +529,12 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
     
 
     
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@@ -512,59 +578,16 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
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@@ -578,9 +601,6 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
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-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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+                  
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+                  
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@@ -777,17 +873,21 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
           
 
           
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@@ -795,7 +895,7 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
             
 
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+        </div>
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@@ -803,6 +903,7 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
 
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@@ -811,24 +912,59 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
 
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
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-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
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@@ -1007,6 +1126,8 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1040,8 +1161,9 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1210,9 +1332,9 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1282,25 +1404,67 @@ <h1 id="检查域名是否被干扰"><a href="#检查域名是否被干扰" clas
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
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+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/10/01/172135-\344\275\277\347\224\250whiptail\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html" "b/2015/10/01/172135-\344\275\277\347\224\250whiptail\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html"
index 2753cce7..e6514137 100644
--- "a/2015/10/01/172135-\344\275\277\347\224\250whiptail\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/10/01/172135-\344\275\277\347\224\250whiptail\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
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+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="在终端环境下安装新的软件时，经常会看到信息对话框弹出，需要你的输入。对话框的类型有密码箱，检查表，菜单，等等。他们可以引导你以一种直观的方式输入必要的信息，使用这样的用户友好的对话框的好处是显而易见的。如下图所示：   当你想要写一个交互式shell脚本时，你可以使用这样的对话框来接受用户的输入。whiptail可以在">
+  <meta name="description" content="在终端环境下安装新的软件时，经常会看到信息对话框弹出，需要你的输入。对话框的类型有密码箱，检查表，菜单，等等。他们可以引导你以一种直观的方式输入必要的信息，使用这样的用户友好的对话框的好处是显而易见的。如下图所示：   当你想要写一个交互式shell脚本时，你可以使用这样的对话框来接受用户的输入。whiptail可以在shell脚本中创建基于终端的对话框，消息框的过程，类似于Zenity或xdia">
 <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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 <meta property="og:description" content="在终端环境下安装新的软件时，经常会看到信息对话框弹出，需要你的输入。对话框的类型有密码箱，检查表，菜单，等等。他们可以引导你以一种直观的方式输入必要的信息，使用这样的用户友好的对话框的好处是显而易见的。如下图所示：   当你想要写一个交互式shell脚本时，你可以使用这样的对话框来接受用户的输入。whiptail可以在shell脚本中创建基于终端的对话框，消息框的过程，类似于Zenity或xdia">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/01-example.jpg">
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@@ -107,51 +127,64 @@
 
 
 
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/">
+
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+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
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+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+  .use-motion .post-header,
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -160,28 +193,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -189,59 +219,80 @@
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 </div>
 
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
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+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
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-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -253,9 +304,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
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-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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@@ -269,12 +318,27 @@
 
 
 
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+
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -872,17 +968,21 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -890,7 +990,7 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -898,6 +998,7 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -906,24 +1007,59 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -939,14 +1075,21 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -960,10 +1103,8 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -975,85 +1116,63 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1102,6 +1221,8 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1135,8 +1256,9 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1305,9 +1427,9 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1377,25 +1499,67 @@ <h2 id="创建一个进度条"><a href="#创建一个进度条" class="headerlin
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/10/03/184310-\344\275\277\347\224\250dialog\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html" "b/2015/10/03/184310-\344\275\277\347\224\250dialog\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html"
index 53757da2..3973e903 100644
--- "a/2015/10/03/184310-\344\275\277\347\224\250dialog\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/10/03/184310-\344\275\277\347\224\250dialog\345\210\233\345\273\272\344\272\244\344\272\222\345\274\217shell\345\257\271\350\257\235\346\241\206/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="dialog是一个可以创建对话框的工具，需要手动安装，yum源安装即可。 系统默认自带whiptail也可实现对话框的创建 每个对话框提供的输出有两种形式： 将所有输出到stderr，不显示到屏幕； 使用退出状态码，OK为0，NO为1，ESC为255。    语法说明1Usage: dialog --common-op">
+  <meta name="description" content="dialog是一个可以创建对话框的工具，需要手动安装，yum源安装即可。 系统默认自带whiptail也可实现对话框的创建 每个对话框提供的输出有两种形式： 将所有输出到stderr，不显示到屏幕； 使用退出状态码，OK为0，NO为1，ESC为255。    语法说明1Usage: dialog --common-options --boxType &quot;Text&quot; Height Width --b">
 <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="dialog是一个可以创建对话框的工具，需要手动安装，yum源安装即可。 系统默认自带whiptail也可实现对话框的创建 每个对话框提供的输出有两种形式： 将所有输出到stderr，不显示到屏幕； 使用退出状态码，OK为0，NO为1，ESC为255。    语法说明1Usage: dialog --common-options --boxType &quot;Text&quot; Height Width --b">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/01-msgbox.png">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/02-inputbox.png">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/03-textbox.png">
@@ -108,51 +128,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -161,28 +194,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -190,59 +220,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+    
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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diff --git "a/2015/10/06/114107-shell\347\232\204\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\273\272\350\256\256/index.html" "b/2015/10/06/114107-shell\347\232\204\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\273\272\350\256\256/index.html"
index 350503f0..c072a665 100644
--- "a/2015/10/06/114107-shell\347\232\204\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\273\272\350\256\256/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/10/06/114107-shell\347\232\204\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\273\272\350\256\256/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="在做 Linux 系统相关的运维工作中，经常会编写shell脚本来完成服务的一键配置，定时维护等任务。shell 脚本严格意义上讲并不是编程语言。很多人在写脚本的时候，想到哪里就写到哪里，多人协作的时候代码很难得到规范和统一。为了更高效地写 shell 脚本，结合自己的经验，查阅了一些资料，罗列了一些建议。 规范自己的代码风格根据自己的使用习惯，写脚本时遵循一致的代码风格。最简单的一个就是缩进如果">
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -933,17 +1029,21 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -951,7 +1051,7 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -959,6 +1059,7 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -967,24 +1068,59 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -1000,14 +1136,21 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -1021,10 +1164,8 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -1036,85 +1177,63 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1163,6 +1282,8 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1196,8 +1317,9 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1366,9 +1488,9 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1438,25 +1560,67 @@ <h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意
   
 
   
-<script>
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/10/17/174103-shell\347\233\270\345\205\263\347\232\204\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230/index.html" "b/2015/10/17/174103-shell\347\233\270\345\205\263\347\232\204\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230/index.html"
index 4a29a021..9ff1756c 100644
--- "a/2015/10/17/174103-shell\347\233\270\345\205\263\347\232\204\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/10/17/174103-shell\347\233\270\345\205\263\347\232\204\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230/index.html"
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-
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +10,26 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="BashShell," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
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+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="CentOS Linux系统默认的shell是（）  解答：bash查看方法：12345&amp;gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# echo $SHELL&amp;gt; /bin/bash&amp;gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# awk -F &amp;apos;:&amp;apos">
+  <meta name="description" content="CentOS Linux系统默认的shell是（）  解答：bash查看方法：12345&amp;gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# echo $SHELL&amp;gt; /bin/bash&amp;gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# awk -F &amp;apos;:&amp;apos; &amp;apos;/^root/&amp;#123;print $NF&amp;#125;&amp;apos; /etc/passwd&amp;gt; /">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-05T06:03:55.731Z">
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 <meta name="twitter:title" content="shell相关的面试题">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/">
+
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+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
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+  <title>shell相关的面试题 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>shell相关的面试题 | Just Do It</title>
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+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
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+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+  .use-motion .logo,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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diff --git "a/2015/10/22/192115-Linux\347\232\2041\345\217\267PID\345\222\214systemd/boot.png" "b/2015/10/22/192115-Linux\347\232\2041\345\217\267PID\345\222\214systemd/boot.png"
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new file mode 100644
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+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux的1号PID和systemd
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+        <p>要说清 Systemd，得先从Linux操作系统的启动说起。Linux 操作系统的启动首先从 BIOS 开始，然后由 Boot Loader 载入内核，并初始化内核。内核初始化的最后一步就是启动 init 进程。这个进程是系统的第一个进程，PID 为 1，又叫超级进程，也叫根进程。它负责产生其他所有用户进程。所有的进程都会被挂在这个进程下，如果这个进程退出了，那么所有的进程都被 kill 。如果一个子进程的父进程退了，那么这个子进程会被挂到 PID 1 下面。（注：PID 0 是内核的一部分，主要用于内进换页，参看：<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Process identifier</a>）。</p>
+<h1 id="SysV-Init"><a href="#SysV-Init" class="headerlink" title="SysV Init"></a>SysV Init</h1><p>PID 1 这个进程非常特殊，其主要就任务是把整个操作系统带入可操作的状态。比如：启动 UI – Shell 以便进行人机交互，或者进入 X 图形窗口。传统上，PID 1 和传统的 Unix System V 相兼容的，所以也叫 <code>sysvinit</code>，这是使用得最悠久的 init 实现。Unix System V 于1983年 release。</p>
+<p>在 <code>sysvint</code> 下，有好几个运行模式，又叫 <code>runlevel</code>。比如：常见的 3 级别指定启动到多用户的字符命令行界面，5 级别指定启起到图形界面，0 表示关机，6 表示重启。其配置在 <code>/etc/inittab</code> 文件中。</p>
+<p>与此配套的还有 <code>/etc/init.d/</code> 和 <code>/etc/rc[X].d</code>，前者存放各种进程的启停脚本（需要按照规范支持 <code>start</code>，<code>stop</code> 子命令），后者的 X 表示不同的 runlevel 下相应的后台进程服务，如：<code>/etc/rc3.d</code> 是 runlevel=3 的。 里面的文件主要是 link 到  <code>/etc/init.d/</code> 里的启停脚本。其中也有一定的命名规范：S 或 K 打头的，后面跟一个数字，然后再跟一个自定义的名字，如：<code>S01rsyslog</code>，<code>S02ssh</code>。S 表示启动，K 表示停止，数字表示执行的顺序。</p>
+<h1 id="UpStart"><a href="#UpStart" class="headerlink" title="UpStart"></a>UpStart</h1><p>Unix 和 Linux 在 <code>sysvint</code> 运作多年后，大约到了2006年的时候，Linux内核进入2.6时代，Linux有了很多更新。并且，Linux开始进入桌面系统，而桌面系统和服务器系统不一样的是，桌面系统面临频繁重启，而且，用户会非常频繁的使用硬件的热插拔技术。于是，这些新的场景，让 <code>sysvint</code> 受到了很多挑战。</p>
+<p>比如，打印机需要CUPS等服务进程，但是如果用户没有打机印，启动这个服务完全是一种浪费，而如果不启动，如果要用打印机了，就无法使用，因为 <code>sysvint</code> 没有自动检测的机制，它只能一次性启动所有的服务。另外，还有网络盘挂载的问题。在 <code>/etc/fstab</code> 中，负责硬盘挂载，有时候还有网络硬盘（NFS 或 iSCSI）在其中，但是在桌面机上，有很可能开机的时候是没有网络的， 于是网络硬盘都不可以访问，也无法挂载，这会极大的影响启动速度。<code>sysvinit</code> 采用 <code>netdev</code> 的方式来解决这个问题，也就是说，需要用户自己在 <code>/etc/fstab</code> 中给相应的硬盘配置上 netdev 属性，于是 sysvint 启动时不会挂载它，只有在网络可用后，由专门的 <code>netfs</code> 服务进程来挂载。这种管理方式比较难以管理，也很容易让人掉坑。</p>
+<p>所以，Ubuntu 开发人员在评估了当时几个可选的 init 系统后，决定重新设计这个系统，于是，这就是我们后面看到的 upstart 。 upstart 基于事件驱动的机制，把之前的完全串行的同步启动服务的方式改成了由事件驱动的异步的方式。比如：如果有U盘插入，udev 得到通知，upstart 感知到这个事件后触发相应的服务程序，比如挂载文件系统等等。因为使用一个事件驱动的玩法，所以，启动操作系统时，很多不必要的服务可以不用启动，而是等待通知，lazy 启动。而且事件驱动的好处是，可以并行启动服务，他们之间的依赖关系，由相应的事件通知完成。</p>
+<p>upstart 有着很不错的设计，其中最重要的两个概念是 Job 和 Event。</p>
+<p>Job 有一般的Job，也有 service 的 Job，并且，<code>upstart</code> 管理了整个 Job 的生命周期，比如：Waiting, Starting, pre-Start, Spawned, post-Start, Running, pre-Stop, Stopping, Killed, post-Stop等等，并维护着这个生命周期的状态机。</p>
+<p>Event 分成三类，<code>signal</code>, <code>method</code> 和 <code>hooks</code>。<code>signal</code> 就是异步消息，<code>method</code> 是同步阻塞的。<code>hooks</code> 也是同步的，但介于前面两者之间，发出hook事件的进程必须等到事件完成，但不检查是否成功。</p>
+<p>但是，<code>upstart</code> 的事件非常复杂，也非常纷乱，各种各样的事件（事件没有归好类）导致有点凌乱。不过因为整个事件驱动的设计比之前的 <code>sysvinit</code> 来说好太多，所以，也深得欢迎。</p>
+<h1 id="Systemd"><a href="#Systemd" class="headerlink" title="Systemd"></a>Systemd</h1><p>直到2010年，有一天，一个在 RedHat 工作的工程师 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Poettering" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lennart Poettering</a> 和 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Sievers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kay Sievers</a> ，开始引入了一个新的 <code>init</code> 系统—— <code>systemd</code>。这是一个非常非常有野心的项目，这个项目几乎改变了所有的东西，<code>systemd</code> 不但想取代已有的 <code>init</code> 系统，而且还想干更多的东西。</p>
+<p>Lennart 同意 <code>upstart</code> 干的不错，代码质量很好，基于事件的设计也很好。但是他觉得 <code>upstart</code> 也有问题，其中最大的问题还是不够快，虽然 <code>upstart</code> 用事件可以达到一定的启动并行度，但是，本质上来说，这些事件还是会让启动过程串行在一起。  如：<code>NetworkManager</code> 在等 <code>D-Bus</code> 的启动事件，而 <code>D-Bus</code> 在等 <code>syslog</code> 的启动事件。</p>
+<p>Lennart 认为，实现上来说，<code>upstart</code> 其实是在管理一个逻辑上的服务依赖树，但是这个服务依赖树在表现形式上比较简单，你只需要配置——“启动B好了就启动A”或是“停止了A后就停止B”这样的规则。但是，Lennart 说，这种简单其实是有害的（this simplification is actually detrimental）。他认为，</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>从一个系统管理的角度出来，他一开始会设定好整个系统启动的服务依赖树，但是这个系统管理员要人肉的把这个本来就非常干净的服务依整树给翻译成计算机看的懂的 Event/Action 形式，而且 Event/Action 这种配置方式是运行时的，所以，你需要运行起来才知道是什么样的。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>Event逻辑从头到脚到处都是，这个事件扩大了运维的复杂度，还不如之前的 sysvint。 也就是说，当用户配置了 “启动 <code>D-Bus</code> 后请启动 <code>NetworkManager</code>”， 这个 <code>upstart</code> 可以干，但是反过来，如果，用户启动 <code>NetworkManager</code>，我们应该先去启动他的前置依赖 <code>D-Bus</code>，然而你还要配置相应的反向 Event。本来，我只需要配置一条依赖的，结果现在我要配置很多很多情况下的 Event。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>最后，<code>upstart</code> 里的 Event 的并不标准，很混乱，没有良好的定义。比如：既有进程启动，运行，停止的事件，也有USB设备插入、可用、拔出的事件，还有文件系统设备being mounted、 mounted 和 umounted 的事件，还有AC电源线连接和断开的事件。你会发现，这进程启停的、USB的、文件系统的、电源线的事件，看上去长得很像， 但是没有被标准化抽像出来掉，因为绝大多数的事件都是三元组：start, condition, stop 。这种概念设计模型并没有在 <code>upstart</code> 中出现。因为 <code>upstart</code> 被设计为单一的事件，而忽略了逻辑依赖。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>当然，如果 <code>systemd</code> 只是解决 <code>upstart</code> 的问题，他就改造 <code>upstart</code> 就好了，但是 Lennart 的野心不只是想干个这样的事，他想干的更多。</p>
+<p>首先，<code>systemd</code> 清醒地认识到了 <code>init</code> 进程的首要目标是要让用户快速的进入可以操作OS的环境，所以，这个速度一定要快，越快越好，所以，<code>systemd</code> 的设计理念就是两条：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>To start <strong>less</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>And to start <strong>more</strong> in parallel.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>也就是说，按需启动，能不启动就不启动，如果要启动，能并行启动就并行启动，包括你们之间有依赖，我也并行启动。按需启动还好理解，那么，有依赖关系的并行启动，它是怎么做到的？这里，<code>systemd</code> 借鉴了 MacOS 的 <code>Launchd</code> 的玩法（在Youtube上有一个分享——<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjrtySM9Dns" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Launchd: One Program to Rule them All</a>，在苹果的开源网站上也有相关的设计文档——<a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/Introduction.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">About Daemons and Services</a>）</p>
+<p>要解决这些依赖性，systemd 需要解决好三种底层依赖—— Socket， D-Bus ，文件系统。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Socket依赖</strong>。如果服务C依赖于服务S的socket，那么就要先启动S，然后再启动C，因为如果C启动时找不到S的Socket，那么C就会失败。<code>systemd</code> 可以帮你在S还没有启动好的时候，建立一个socket，用来接收所有的C的请求和数据，并缓存之，一旦S全部启动完成，把systemd替换好的这个缓存的数据和Socket描述符替换过去。</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>D-Bus依赖</strong>。<code>D-Bus</code> 全称 Desktop Bus，是一个用来在进程间通信的服务。除了用于用户态进程和内核态进程通信，也用于用户态的进程之前。现在，很多的现在的服务进程都用 <code>D-Bus</code> 而不是Socket来通信。比如：<code>NetworkManager</code> 就是通过 <code>D-Bus</code> 和其它服务进程通讯的，也就是说，如果一个进程需要知道网络的状态，那么就必需要通过 <code>D-Bus</code> 通信。<code>D-Bus</code> 支持 “Bus Activation”的特性。也就是说，A要通过 <code>D-Bus</code> 服务和B通讯，但是B没有启动，那么 <code>D-Bus</code> 可以把B起来，在B启动的过程中，D-Bus 帮你缓存数据。systemd 可以帮你利用好这个特性来并行启动 A 和 B。</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>文件系统依赖</strong>。系统启动过程中，文件系统相关的活动是最耗时的，比如挂载文件系统，对文件系统进行磁盘检查（<code>fsck</code>），磁盘配额检查等都是非常耗时的操作。在等待这些工作完成的同时，系统处于空闲状态。那些想使用文件系统的服务似乎必须等待文件系统初始化完成才可以启动。<code>systemd</code> 参考了 <code>autofs</code> 的设计思路，使得依赖文件系统的服务和文件系统本身初始化两者可以并发工作。<code>autofs</code> 可以监测到某个文件系统挂载点真正被访问到的时候才触发挂载操作，这是通过内核 <code>automounter</code> 模块的支持而实现的。比如一个 <code>open()</code> 系统调用作用在某个文件系统上的时候，而这个文件系统尚未执行挂载，此时 <code>open()</code> 调用被内核挂起等待，等到挂载完成后，控制权返回给 <code>open()</code> 系统调用，并正常打开文件。这个过程和 <code>autofs</code> 是相似的。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>下图来自 Lennart 的演讲里的一页PPT，展示了不同 init 系统的启动。</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/boot.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>除此之外，systemd 还在启动时管理好了一些下面的事。</p>
+<p>用C语言取代传统的脚本式的启动。前面说过，<code>sysvint</code> 用 <code>/etc/rcX.d</code> 下的各种脚本启动。然而这些脚本中需要使用 <code>awk</code>, <code>sed</code>, <code>grep</code>, <code>find</code>, <code>xargs</code> 等等这些操作系统的命令，这些命令需要生成进程，生成进程的开销很大，关键是生成完这些进程后，这个进程就干了点屁大的事就退了。换句话说就是，我操作系统干了那么多事为你拉个进程起来，结果你就把个字串转成小写就退了，把我操作系统当什么了？</p>
+<p>在正常的一个 <code>sysvinit</code> 的脚本里，可能会有成百上千个这样的命令。所以，慢死。因此，<code>systemd</code> 全面用 C 语言全部取代了。一般来说，<code>sysvinit</code> 下，操作系统启动完成后，用 <code>echo $$</code> 可以看到，pid 被分配到了上千的样子，而 <code>systemd</code> 的系统只是上百。</p>
+<p>另外，<code>systemd</code> 是真正一个可以管住服务进程的——可以跟踪上服务进程所 <code>fork/exec</code> 出来的所有进程。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>我们知道， 传统 Unix/Linux 的 Daemon 服务进程的最佳实践基本上是这个样子的 （具体过程可参看这篇文章“<a href="http://0pointer.de/public/systemd-man/daemon.html#SysV%20Daemons" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SysV Daemon</a>”）——</p>
+<ol>
+<li>进程启动时，关闭所有的打开的文件描述符（除了标准描述符0,1,2），然后重置所有的信号处理。</li>
+<li>调用 fork() 创建子进程，在子进程中 setsid()，然后父进程退出（为了后台执行）</li>
+<li>在子进程中，再调用一次 fork()，创建孙子进程，确定没有交互终端。然后子进程退出。</li>
+<li>在孙子进程中，把标准输入标准输出标准错误都连到 /dev/null 上，还要创建 pid 文件，日志文件，处理相关信号……</li>
+<li>最后才是真正开始提供服务。</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>在上面的这个过程中，服务进程除了两次 <code>fork</code> 外还会 <code>fork</code> 出很多很多的子进程（比如说一些Web服务进程，会根据用户的请求链接来 <code>fork</code> 子进程），这个进程树是相当难以管理的，因为，一旦父进程退出来了，子进程就会被挂到 PID 1下，所以，基本上来说，你无法通过服务进程自已给定的一个pid文件来找到所有的相关进程（这个对开发者的要求太高了），所以，在传统的方式下用脚本启停服务是相当相当的 Buggy 的，因为无法做对所有的服务生出来的子子孙孙做到监控。</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>为了解决这个问题，<code>upstart</code> 通过变态的 <code>strace</code> 来跟踪进程中的 <code>fork()</code> 和 <code>exec()</code> 或 <code>exit()</code> 等相关的系统调用。这种方法相当笨拙。 <code>systemd</code> 使用了一个非常有意思的玩法来 <code>tracking</code> 服务进程生出来的所有进程，那就是用 <code>cgroup</code> （我在 <a href="https://coolshell.cn/articles/17049.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Docker 的基础技术“cgroup篇”</a> 中讲过这个东西）。<code>cgroup</code>主要是用来管理进程组资源配额的事，所以，无论服务如何启动新的子进程，所有的这些相关进程都会同属于一个 <code>cgroup</code>，所以，<code>systemd</code> 只需要简单的去遍历一下相应的 <code>cgroup</code> 的那个虚文件系统目录下的文件，就可以正确的找到所有的相关进程，并将他们一一停止。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>另外，<code>systemd</code> 简化了整个 daemon 开发的过程：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>不需要两次 fork()，只需要实现服务本身的主逻辑就可以了。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>不需要 setsid()，systemd 会帮你干。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>不需要维护 pid文件，systemd 会帮你处理。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>不需要管理日志文件或是使用syslog，或是处理HUP的日志reload信号。把日志打到 stderr 上，systemd 帮你管理。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>处理 SIGTERM 信号，这个信号就是正确退出当前服务，不要做其他的事。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>……</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>除此之外，<code>systemd</code> 还能——</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>自动检测启动的服务间有没有环形依赖。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>内建 autofs 自动挂载管理功能。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>日志服务。systemd 改造了传统的 syslog 的问题，采用二进制格式保存日志，日志索引更快。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>快照和恢复。对当前的系统运行的服务集合做快照，并可以恢复。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>……</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>还有好多好多，他接管很多很多东西，于是就让很多人不爽了，因为他在干了很多本不属于 PID 1 的事。</p>
+<h1 id="Systemd-争论和八卦"><a href="#Systemd-争论和八卦" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 争论和八卦"></a>Systemd 争论和八卦</h1><p>于是 <code>systemd</code> 这个东西成了可能是有史以来口水战最多的一个开源软件了。<code>systemd</code> 饱受各种争议，最大的争议就是他破坏了 Unix 的设计哲学（相关的哲学可以读一下《<a href="https://book.douban.com/subject/1467587/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unix编程艺术</a>》），干了一个大而全而且相当复杂的东西。当然，Lennart 并不同意这样的说法，他后来又写一篇blog “<a href="http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-biggest-myths.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Biggest Myths</a>”来解释 <code>systemd</code> 并不是这样的，大家可以前往一读。</p>
+<p>这个争议大到什么样子呢？2014 年，Debian Linux 因为想准备使用 <code>systemd</code> 来作为标准的 init 守护进程来替换 <code>sysvinit</code> 。而围绕这个事的争论达到了空前的热度，争论中充满着仇恨，<code>systemd</code> 的支持者和反对者都在互相辱骂，导致当时 Debian 阵营开始分裂。还有人给 Lennart 发了死亡威胁的邮件，用比特币雇凶买杀手，扬言要取他的性命，在 Youbute 上传了侮辱他的歌曲，在IRC和各种社交渠道上给他发下流和侮辱性的消息。这已经不是争议了，而是一种不折不扣的仇恨！</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/systemd_shewantsit.jpg" alt=""></p>
+<p>于是，Lennart 在 Google Plus 上发了贴子，批评整个 Linux 开源社区和 Linus 本人。他大意说，</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>这个社区太病态了，全是 ass holes，你们不停用各种手段在各种地方用不同的语言和方式来侮辱和漫骂我。我还是一个年轻人，我从来没有经历过这样的场面，但是今天我已经对这种场面很熟悉了。我有时候说话可能不准确，但是我不会像他样那样说出那样的话，我也没有被这些事影响，因为我脸皮够厚，所以，为什么我可以在如何大的反对声面前让 <code>systemd</code> 成功，但是，你们 Linux 社区太可怕了。你们里面的有精神病的人太多了。另外，对于Linus Torvalds，你是这个社区的 Role Model，但可惜你是一个 Bad Role Model，你在社区里的刻薄和侮辱性的言行，基本从一定程度上鼓励了其它人跟你一样，当然，并不只是你一个人的问题，而是在你周围聚集了一群和你一样的这样干的人。送你一句话—— A fish rots from the head down ！一条鱼是从头往下腐烂的……</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>这篇契文很长，喜欢八卦的同学可以前往一读。感受一下 Lennart 当时的心态（我觉得能算上是非常平稳了）。</p>
+<p>Linus也在被一媒体问起 <code>systemd</code> 这个事来（参看“<a href="https://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/65402-torvalds-says-he-has-no-strong-opinions-on-systemd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Torvalds says he has no strong opinions on systemd</a>”），Linus在采访里说，</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>我对 <code>systemd</code> 和 Lennart 的贴子没有什么强烈的想法。虽然，传统的 Unix 设计哲学—— “Do one thing and Do it well”，很不错，而且我们大多数人也实践了这么多年，但是这并不代表所有的真实世界。在历史上，也不只有 <code>systemd</code> 这么干过。但是，我个人还是 old-fashioned 的人，至少我喜欢文本式的日志，而不是二进制的日志。但是 <code>systemd</code> 没有必要一定要有这样的品味。哦，我说细节了……</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>今天，<code>systemd</code> 占据了几乎所有的主流的 Linux 发行版的默认配置，包括：Arch Linux、CentOS、CoreOS、Debian、Fedora、Megeia、OpenSUSE、RHEL、SUSE企业版和 Ubuntu。而且，对于 CentOS, CoreOS, Fedora, RHEL, SUSE这些发行版来说，不能没有 <code>systemd</code>。（Ubuntu 还有一个不错的wiki – <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SystemdForUpstartUsers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Systemd for Upstart Users</a> 阐述了如何在两者间切换）。</p>
+<h1 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h1><p>还记得在《<a href="https://coolshell.cn/articles/17416.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">缓存更新的套路</a>》一文中，我说过，如果你要做好架构，首先你得把计算机体系结构以及很多老古董的基础技术吃透了。因为里面会有很多可以借鉴和相通的东西。那么，你是否从这篇文章里看到了一些有分布式架构相似的东西？</p>
+<p>比如：从 <code>sysvinit</code> 到 <code>upstart</code> 再到 <code>systemd</code>，像不像是服务治理？Linux系统下的这些服务进程，是不是很像分布式架构中的微服务？还有那个 <code>D-Bus</code>，是不是很像SOA里的ESB？而 <code>init</code> 系统是不是很像一个控制系统？甚至像一个服务编排（Service Orchestration）系统？</p>
+<p>分布式系统中的服务之间也有很多依赖，所以，在启动一个架构的时候，如果我们可以做到像 <code>systemd</code> 那样并行启动的话，那么是不是就像是一个微服务的玩法了？</p>
+<p>嗯，你会发现，技术上的很多东西是相通的，也是互相有对方的影子，所以，其实技术并不多。关键是我们学在了表面还是看到了本质。</p>
+<h1 id="延伸阅读"><a href="#延伸阅读" class="headerlink" title="延伸阅读"></a>延伸阅读</h1><ul>
+<li>Lennert 的博文：<a href="http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rethinking PID 1</a></li>
+<li>Lennert 的演讲：<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyMLi8QF6sw" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systemd, beyond init （ PPT ）</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikipedia：Systemd</a></li>
+<li>LinuxVoice：<a href="https://www.linuxvoice.com/interview-lennart-poettering/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lennart Poettering 专访</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h1 id="原文及作者"><a href="#原文及作者" class="headerlink" title="原文及作者"></a>原文及作者</h1><ul>
+<li><p>原文：<a href="https://coolshell.cn/articles/17998.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://coolshell.cn/articles/17998.html</a></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>作者：<a href="https://coolshell.cn/articles/author/haoel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">陈皓</a></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>版权：本文版权归原作者所有</p>
+</li>
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+      <!--noindex-->
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+          <div class="post-toc">
+
+            
+            
+            
+            
+
+            
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#SysV-Init"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">SysV Init</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#UpStart"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">UpStart</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-争论和八卦"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 争论和八卦</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#延伸阅读"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">延伸阅读</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#原文及作者"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">原文及作者</span></a></li></ol></div>
+            
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      <!--/noindex-->
+      
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+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
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+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
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+    var isXml = true;
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+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
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+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
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+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
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+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
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+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
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+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
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+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
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+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
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+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
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+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
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+                  // merge hits into slices
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+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
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+                    var position = item.position;
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+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
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+                      if (word === searchText) {
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+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
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+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
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+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
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+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
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+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
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+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
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+  
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+
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diff --git "a/2015/10/22/192115-Linux\347\232\2041\345\217\267PID\345\222\214systemd/systemd.jpeg" "b/2015/10/22/192115-Linux\347\232\2041\345\217\267PID\345\222\214systemd/systemd.jpeg"
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diff --git "a/2015/10/22/192115-Linux\347\232\2041\345\217\267PID\345\222\214systemd/systemd_shewantsit.jpg" "b/2015/10/22/192115-Linux\347\232\2041\345\217\267PID\345\222\214systemd/systemd_shewantsit.jpg"
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diff --git "a/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/01_BootLoader_MBR_01.png" "b/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/01_BootLoader_MBR_01.png"
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diff --git "a/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/01_BootLoader_MBR_02.png" "b/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/01_BootLoader_MBR_02.png"
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diff --git "a/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/02_BIOS_BootLoader_Kernel.png" "b/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/02_BIOS_BootLoader_Kernel.png"
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diff --git "a/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/03_systemd_sysinit_basic_multi-user.png" "b/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/03_systemd_sysinit_basic_multi-user.png"
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diff --git "a/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/index.html" "b/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7\347\263\273\347\273\237\345\220\257\345\212\250\346\265\201\347\250\213\345\210\206\346\236\220\344\270\216systemd/index.html"
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+        <p>在开机的过程中，要用到开机管理程序（Bootl Loader）。目前各大主流的 Linux 发行版使用的是 grub2，但是在早期 Linux 预设的是 grub1 或者 LILO。以 Linux 主机为例，按下电源后计算机的硬件会主动读取 BIOS 或 UEFI BIOS 来加载硬件信息以及进行硬件系统的自我检测，之后系统会主动读取第一个可开机的装置（由 BIOS 决定），此时就可以读入开机管理程序了。</p>
+<p>开机管理程序可以指定使用哪个内核文件来开机，并实际加载内核到内存当中解压缩与执行， 此时内核就能够开始在内存中活动，并侦测所有硬件信息、加载适当的驱动程序来使整个主机开始运作， 等到内核侦测硬件并加载完驱动程序之后，操作系统就跑起来了。</p>
+<p>系统开始运行后，此时 Linux 才会呼叫外部程序开始准备软件执行的环境，并且加载系统运行所需要的软件程序。 最后系统就会开始等待用户的登录和操作了。</p>
+<p>简单来说，系统开机的经过可以总结为下面的流程：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>首先，加载 BIOS 的硬件信息与进行自我检测，并依据设定取得第一个可开机的装置；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>其次，读取并执行第一个开机装置内 MBR 的 Boot Loader (也就是 grub2, spfdisk 等程序)；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>然后，根据 Boot Loader 的设定加载 Kernel ，Kernel 会开始侦测硬件并加载驱动程序；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>在硬件驱动成功后，Kernel 会主动呼叫 systemd 程序，并以 default.target 流程开机；</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>systemd 执行 sysinit.target 初始化系统及 basic.target 准备操作系统； </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>systemd 启动 multi-user.target 下的各种服务；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>systemd 执行 multi-user.target 下的 <code>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code> 文件 </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>systemd 执行 multi-user.target 下的 getty.target 及登入服务； </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>systemd 执行 graphical 需要的服务</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>下面简单说一下对于每一步操作，具体都做了什么。</p>
+<h1 id="BIOS-Boot-Loader-与-Kernel-的载入"><a href="#BIOS-Boot-Loader-与-Kernel-的载入" class="headerlink" title="BIOS, Boot Loader 与 Kernel 的载入"></a>BIOS, Boot Loader 与 Kernel 的载入</h1><h2 id="BIOS-开机自我检测与-MBR-GPT"><a href="#BIOS-开机自我检测与-MBR-GPT" class="headerlink" title="BIOS, 开机自我检测与 MBR/GPT"></a>BIOS, 开机自我检测与 MBR/GPT</h2><p>在个人计算机上，要想启动整个操作系统首先就要让机器加载 BIOS (Basic Input Output System)，并通过 BIOS 程序去加载 CMOS 的信息，并且由 CMOS 内的设定值取得主机的各项硬件配置， 例如 CPU 与接口设备的沟通频率、 开机装置的搜寻顺序、硬盘的大小与类型、 系统时间、各周边总线的是否启动 Plug and Play (PnP, 即插即用装置) 、 各接口设备的 I/O 地址、以及与 CPU 沟通的 IRQ 中断等信息。</p>
+<p>在取得这些信息后，BIOS 还会进行开机自我检测 (Power-on Self Test, POST) 。 然后开始执行硬件侦测的初始化，并设定 PnP 装置，之后再定义出可开机的装置顺序，接下来就会开始进行开机装置的数据读取了。</p>
+<p>由于我们的系统软件大多放置到硬盘中，所以 BIOS 会指定开机的装置好让我们可以读取磁盘中的操作系统核心文件。 但由于不同的操作系统的文件系统格式不相同，因此我们必须要以一个开机管理程序来处理核心文件加载 (load) 的问题， 因此这个开机管理程序就被称为 Boot Loader 了。 Boot Loader 程序安装在开机装置的第一个扇区 (sector) 内，也就是 MBR (Master Boot Record, 主引导启动记录区)。</p>
+<p> BIOS 是通过硬件的 INT 13 中断功能来读取 MBR 的，也就是说，只要 BIOS 能够侦测的到磁盘 (不论该磁盘是 SATA 还是 SAS 接口)，那它就有办法通过 INT 13 这条信道来读取该磁盘的第一个扇区内的 MBR 软件，这样以来 Boot Loader 也就能够被执行了。</p>
+<h2 id="Boot-Loader-的功能"><a href="#Boot-Loader-的功能" class="headerlink" title="Boot Loader 的功能"></a>Boot Loader 的功能</h2><p>Boot Loader 的最主要功能是要认识操作系统的文件格式并加载核心到主存储器中去执行。 由于不同操作系统的文件格式不一致，因此每种操作系统都有自己的 Boot Loader。但是对于一个多系统的主机来说，必须要使用每个操作系统自己的 Boot Loader 才能够加载属于自己的操作系统核心，而系统的 MBR 只有一个，那么如何同时在一个主机上安装 Windows 与 Linux 呢？</p>
+<p>其实每个文件系统 (filesystem, 或者是 partition) 都会保留一块启动扇区 (boot sector) 提供操作系统安装 Boot Loader， 而通常操作系统默认都会安装一份 Boot Loader 到他根目录所在的文件系统的 boot sector 上。如果我们在一个主机上面安装 Windows 与 Linux 后，该 boot sector, boot loader 与 MBR 的相关性会有点像下图所示：</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/01_BootLoader_MBR_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>如上图所示，每个操作系统默认是会安装一套 Boot loader 到他自己的文件系统中 (就是每个 filesystem 左下角的方框)，而在 Linux 系统安装时，可以选择将 boot loader 安装到 MBR 去，也可以选择不安装。 如果选择安装到 MBR 的话，那理论上在 MBR 与 boot sector 都会保有一份 boot loader 程序。 至于 Windows 安装时，他预设会主动的将 MBR 与 boot sector 都装上一份 Boot loader。所以在安装多操作系统时，MBR 常常会被不同的操作系统的 Boot Loader 所覆盖。</p>
+<p>虽然各个操作系统都可以安装一份 Boot loader 到他们的 boot sector 中， 这样操作系统可以通过自己的 Boot Loader 来加载内核了。而问题在于，系统的 MBR 只有一个，应该如何去执行 boot sector 里面的 loader 呢？Boot Loader 主要的功能如下：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>提供选择菜单</strong>：用户可以选择不同的开机项目，这也是多重引导的重要功能。</li>
+<li><strong>载入核心文件</strong>：直接指向可开机的程序区段来开启操作系统；</li>
+<li><strong>转交其他 loader</strong>：将开机管理功能转交给其他 loader 负责。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>由于具有选择菜单功能，因此可以选择不同的核心来开机。而由于具有控制权转交的功能，因此就可以加载其他 boot sector 内的 loader 了。不过 Windows 的 loader 预设不具有控制权转交的功能， 因此不能使用 Windows 的 loader 来加载 Linux 的 loader 。这也是为什么在多重引导时，强调先装 Windows 再装 Linux 的缘故。 </p>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/01_BootLoader_MBR_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>如上图所示，笔者的 MBR 使用 Linux 的 grub2 这个开机管理程序，并且里面假设已经有了三个选单， 第一个选单可以直接指向 Linux 的核心文件并且直接加载内核来开机；第二个选单可以将开机管理程控权交给 Windows 来管理，此时 Windows 的 loader 会接管开机流程，这个时候他就能够启动 windows 了。第三个选单则是使用 Linux 在 boot sector 内的开机管理程序，此时就会跳出另一个 grub2 的选择菜单了。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>菜单一：MBR(grub2) ==&gt; kernel file ==&gt; booting</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>菜单二：MBR(grub2) ==&gt; boot sector(Windows loader) ==&gt; Windows kernel ==&gt; booting </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>菜单三：MBR(grub2) ==&gt; boot sector(grub2) ==&gt; kernel file ==&gt; booting</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>而最终 boot loader 的功能就是 <strong>加载 kernel 文件</strong> 。</p>
+<h2 id="加载-Kernel、侦测硬件、-initramfs-的功能"><a href="#加载-Kernel、侦测硬件、-initramfs-的功能" class="headerlink" title="加载 Kernel、侦测硬件、 initramfs 的功能"></a>加载 Kernel、侦测硬件、 initramfs 的功能</h2><p>由 Boot Loader 的管理程序开始读取核心文件后，接下来 Linux 就会将核心文件解压缩到主存储器当中， 并且利用内核的功能，开始测试与驱动各个周边装置，包括储存装置、CPU、网卡、声卡等等。 此时内核会以自己的功能重新侦测一次硬件，但是不一定会使用 BIOS 侦测到的硬件信息。也就是说，内核此时才开始接管 BIOS 后的工作了。 </p>
+<p>核心文件一般来会被放置到 <code>/boot</code> 里面，并且取名为 <code>/boot/vmlinuz</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]$ ls -F --format=single-column  /boot</span><br><span class="line">config-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64                               <span class="comment"># &lt;== 此版本 Kernel 被编译时选择的功能与模块配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line">grub/                                                       <span class="comment"># &lt;== 旧版 grub1 ，可以忽略不看</span></span><br><span class="line">grub2/                                                      <span class="comment"># &lt;== 开机管理程序(Boot Loader) grub2 相关数据目录</span></span><br><span class="line">initramfs-0-rescue-e5279c0ecc4740cbb7b4e6dcc22ddc9e.img     <span class="comment"># &lt;== 当前目录下存放了几个虚拟文件, 这一个虚拟文件是用来救援的</span></span><br><span class="line">initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img                        <span class="comment"># &lt;== 正常开机会用到的虚拟文件系统</span></span><br><span class="line">initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64kdump.img                   <span class="comment"># &lt;== 核心出问题时会用到的虚拟文件系统</span></span><br><span class="line">System.map-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64                           <span class="comment"># &lt;== 核心功能放置到内存地址的对应表 </span></span><br><span class="line">vmlinuz-0-rescue-e5279c0ecc4740cbb7b4e6dcc22ddc9e*          <span class="comment"># &lt;== 救援模式要用到的核心文件</span></span><br><span class="line">vmlinuz-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64*                             <span class="comment"># &lt;== 核心文件,非常重要！</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]$</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从上述命令的结果中，我们可以知道当前的 CentOS 7 的 Linux 内核为 3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64 这个版本！ 为了硬件开发商与其他核心功能开发者的便利， 因此 Linux 内核是可以通过态加载核心模块的 (可以把它理解为驱动程序)，这些核心模块就放置在 <code>/lib/modules/</code> 目录内。 由于模块放在了到根目录内 (注意：<code>/lib</code> 不可以与 <code>/</code> 分别放在不同的分区 )， 因此，在开机的过程中内核必须要挂载根目录才能够读取核心模块提供加载驱动程序的功能。 而且为了担心影响到磁盘内的文件系统，开机过程中根目录是以只读的方式来挂载的。</p>
+<p>一般来说，非必要的功能且可以编译成为模块，目前的 Linux 发行版都会将其编译成模块。 因此 USB, SATA, SCSI… 等磁盘设备的驱动程序通常都是以模块的方式来存在的。 现在我们来思考一种情况，假设 linux 是安装在 SATA 磁盘上面的，可以通过 BIOS 的 INT 13 取得 Boot Loader 与 Kernel 文件来开机，然后 Kernel 会开始接管系统并且侦测硬件及尝试挂载根目录来取得额外的驱动程序。</p>
+<p>问题是，Kernel 根本不认识 SATA 磁盘，所以需要先挂载 SATA 磁盘的驱动程序， 否则根本就无法挂载根目录。但是 SATA 的驱动程序在 <code>/lib/modules</code> 内，根本无法挂载根目录，又怎么读取到 <code>/lib/modules/</code> 内的驱动程序？实际上，这个问题可以通过虚拟文件系统来处理。</p>
+<p>虚拟文件系统 (Initial RAM Disk 或 Initial RAM Filesystem) 一般使用的文件名为 <code>/boot/initrd</code> 或 <code>/boot/initramfs</code> ，这个文件的特色是，它也能够通过 Boot Loader 来加载到内存中，然后这个文件会被解压缩且在内存当中仿真成一个根目录， 这个仿真目录在内存当中的文件系统能够提供一个可执行的程序，通过该程序来加载开机过程中所最需要的核心模块， 通常这些模块就是 USB, RAID, LVM, SCSI 等文件系统与磁盘接口的驱动程序。等到载入完成后， 会帮助 Kernel 重新呼叫 systemd 来开始后续的正常开机流程。</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/02_BIOS_BootLoader_Kernel.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>如上图所示，Boot Loader 可以加载 Kernel 与 initramfs ，然后在内存中让 initramfs 解压缩成为根目录， Kernel 就能够以此来加载适当的驱动程序，最终释放虚拟文件系统，并挂载实际的根目录文件系统，就能够开始后续的正常开机流程。 更详细的 initramfs 说明，可以使用 <code>man initrd</code> 查阅。 </p>
+<p>使用 lsinitrd 命令来看一下 initramfs 里面的内容包含了哪些数据：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># lsinitrd /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 首先会呼叫出 initramfs 最前面文件头的许多数据介绍，这部份会占用一些空间</span></span><br><span class="line">Image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img: 19M</span><br><span class="line">========================================================================</span><br><span class="line">Early CPIO image</span><br><span class="line">========================================================================</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x   3 root     root            0 Oct 18 17:41 .</span><br><span class="line">-rw-r--r--   1 root     root            2 Oct 18 17:41 early_cpio</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x   3 root     root            0 Oct 18 17:41 kernel</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x   3 root     root            0 Oct 18 17:41 kernel/x86</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Oct 18 17:41 kernel/x86/microcode</span><br><span class="line">-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        23552 Oct 18 17:41 kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin</span><br><span class="line">========================================================================</span><br><span class="line">Version: dracut-033-564.el7</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Arguments: -f</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dracut modules:    <span class="comment"># 开始一堆模块的加载行为</span></span><br><span class="line">bash</span><br><span class="line">nss-softokn</span><br><span class="line">i18n</span><br><span class="line">network</span><br><span class="line">ifcfg</span><br><span class="line">drm</span><br><span class="line">plymouth</span><br><span class="line">kernel-modules</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ..... 中间内容省略 ......</span></span><br><span class="line">========================================================================</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x  12 root     root            0 Oct 18 17:41 .</span><br><span class="line">crw-r--r--   1 root     root       5,   1 Oct 18 17:41 dev/console</span><br><span class="line">crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,  11 Oct 18 17:41 dev/kmsg</span><br><span class="line">crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,   3 Oct 18 17:41 dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ..... 中间内容省略 ......</span></span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           22 Oct 18 17:41 usr/sbin/init -&gt; ../lib/systemd/systemd</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ..... 中间内容省略 ......</span></span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Oct 18 17:41 var</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           11 Oct 18 17:41 var/lock -&gt; ../run/lock</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Oct 18 17:41 var/run -&gt; ../run</span><br><span class="line">========================================================================</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最后则会列出这个 initramfs 里头的所有文件！也就是说，这个 initramfs 文件大概存着两部份，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 先是首部声明的许多文件部份，再来才是真的会被核心取用的全部附加的文件数据！</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从上面可以知道， 在 initramfs 文件当中含有两大区块，一个是事先声明的一些数据，包括 <code>kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin</code> 。 在这些数据后面，才是内核真正会去读取的重要文件，如果仔细看一下文件的内容，会看到 init 程序已经被 systemd 所取代了。</p>
+<p>CentOS7 内核默认的 initramfs 与原生 Linux 不一致，包含一个 cpio 格式的 ealry_cpio 头，和一个 gzip 压缩的 cpio 格式的 initramfs rootfs。前面的 ealry_cpio 头就是 CentOS7 内核独有的。使用 <code>file</code> 命令查看 <code>/boot/</code> 目录下的 img 文件，如果显示 ASCII cpio archive 就代表是 CentOS7 原生内核的格式，如果显示 gzip compressed data 就代表是 linux 内核不带 ealry_cpio 头的标准 gzip 压缩的格式。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># file /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img</span></span><br><span class="line">/boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果想要进一步将这个文件解开的话，需要这样进行：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment"># initramfs=$(cd /boot;ls initramfs-$(uname -r).img)</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment"># mkdir -pv /tmp/initramfs/&#123;early,rootfs&#125;_cpio</span></span><br><span class="line">mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/initramfs’</span><br><span class="line">mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/initramfs/early_cpio’</span><br><span class="line">mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/initramfs/rootfs_cpio’</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># cp /boot/$&#123;initramfs&#125; /tmp/initramfs/</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># cd /tmp/initramfs/early_cpio/</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost early_cpio]<span class="comment"># cpio -idm &lt; ../$&#123;initramfs&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">48 blocks</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost early_cpio]<span class="comment"># cd /tmp/initramfs/rootfs_cpio/</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment"># /usr/lib/dracut/skipcpio ../$&#123;initramfs&#125; | zcat | cpio -id</span></span><br><span class="line">76361 blocks</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这样就把 CentOS7 原生内核的 initramfs 解包成了两个文件夹，early_cpio 和 rootfs_cpio。在 rootfs_cpio 目录下就是实际的虚拟文件系统了：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment"># ll</span></span><br><span class="line">total 8</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    7 Oct 20 17:49 bin -&gt; usr/bin</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   45 Oct 20 17:49 dev</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 Oct 20 17:49 etc</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   23 Oct 20 17:49 init -&gt; usr/lib/systemd/systemd</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    7 Oct 20 17:49 lib -&gt; usr/lib</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    9 Oct 20 17:49 lib64 -&gt; usr/lib64</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Oct 20 17:49 proc</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Oct 20 17:49 root</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Oct 20 17:49 run</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    8 Oct 20 17:49 sbin -&gt; usr/sbin</span><br><span class="line">-rwxr-xr-x.  1 root root 3117 Oct 20 17:49 shutdown</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Oct 20 17:49 sys</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Oct 20 17:49 sysroot</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Oct 20 17:49 tmp</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root   66 Oct 20 17:49 usr</span><br><span class="line">drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   29 Oct 20 17:49 var</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上面的命令结果几乎就像是一个小型的文件系统根目录，这样就能让 kernel 去挂载了。那么这个小型的文件系统中，systemd 是要以哪个 target 来执行开机呢？</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment"># ll usr/lib/systemd/system/default.target </span></span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Oct 20 17:49 usr/lib/systemd/system/default.target -&gt; initrd.target</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]<span class="comment"># systemctl list-dependencies initrd.target </span></span><br><span class="line">initrd.target</span><br><span class="line">● ├─dracut-cmdline.service</span><br><span class="line">● ├─dracut-initqueue.service</span><br><span class="line">● ├─dracut-mount.service</span><br><span class="line">● ├─dracut-pre-mount.service</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ..... 中间内容省略 ......</span></span><br><span class="line">● │ │ ├─sys-kernel-config.mount</span><br><span class="line">● │ │ ├─sys-kernel-debug.mount</span><br><span class="line">● │ │ ├─systemd-ask-password-console.path</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过上面解开 initramfs 的结果，我们已经知道其实 initramfs 就是一个小型的根目录，这个小型根目录里面也是通过 systemd 来进行管理，同时观察 default.target 的链接，会发现其实这个小型系统就是通过 initrd.target 来开机，而 initrd.target 也是需要读入一堆例如 basic.target, sysinit.target 等等的硬件侦测、核心功能启用的流程， 然后开始让系统顺利运作。最终才又卸除 initramfs 的小型文件系统，然后去挂载系统实际的根目录。</p>
+<p>另外，需要注意的是 initramfs 并没有囊括了所有东西，它仅仅包含了是开机过程会用到的核心模块而已。所以如果在 initramfs 里面去找 modules 这个关键词的话， 就可以发现主要的核心模块大概就是 SCSI、virtio 、 RAID 等等跟磁盘相关性比较高的模块。现在由于磁盘大部分都是使用 SATA ， 并没有 IDE 的格式了，所以没有 initramfs 就无法顺利启动 Linux 系统，除非是将 SATA 的模块直接编译到内核。</p>
+<p>在内核完成加载后，主机就开始正确地运行了，接下来就要开始执行系统的第一个程序，也就是 systemd。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@centos6 ~]<span class="comment"># pstree</span></span><br><span class="line">init─┬─anacron</span><br><span class="line">     ├─auditd───&#123;auditd&#125;</span><br><span class="line">     ├─crond</span><br><span class="line">     ├─metricbeat-god───metricbeat───10*[&#123;metricbeat&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">     ├─6*[mingetty]</span><br><span class="line">     ├─nat_log</span><br><span class="line">     ├─4*[netpas_relay]</span><br><span class="line">     ├─nperfping───11*[&#123;nperfping&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">     ├─nrpe</span><br><span class="line">     ├─ntpd</span><br><span class="line">     ├─portreserve</span><br><span class="line">     ├─rsyslogd───3*[&#123;rsyslogd&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">     ├─snmpd</span><br><span class="line">     ├─sshd───sshd───bash───pstree</span><br><span class="line">     └─udevd───2*[udevd]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对比 CentOS6 和 CentOS7 的 <code>pstree</code> 命令的结果：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># pstree</span></span><br><span class="line">systemd─┬─NetworkManager───2*[&#123;NetworkManager&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">        ├─VGAuthService</span><br><span class="line">        ├─agetty</span><br><span class="line">        ├─auditd───&#123;auditd&#125;</span><br><span class="line">        ├─crond</span><br><span class="line">        ├─dbus-daemon───&#123;dbus-daemon&#125;</span><br><span class="line">        ├─firewalld───&#123;firewalld&#125;</span><br><span class="line">        ├─master─┬─pickup</span><br><span class="line">        │        └─qmgr</span><br><span class="line">        ├─polkitd───6*[&#123;polkitd&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">        ├─rsyslogd───2*[&#123;rsyslogd&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">        ├─sshd───sshd─┬─bash───pstree</span><br><span class="line">        │             └─2*[bash]</span><br><span class="line">        ├─systemd-journal</span><br><span class="line">        ├─systemd-logind</span><br><span class="line">        ├─systemd-udevd</span><br><span class="line">        ├─tuned───4*[&#123;tuned&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">        └─vmtoolsd───&#123;vmtoolsd&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上面的命令结果我们可以看到 systemd 已经完全替代了 init 。实际上在不同版本 Linux 上的 init 各不相同：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>CentOS 5: SysV init</li>
+<li>CentOS 6: Upstart</li>
+<li>CentOS 7: Systemd</li>
+</ul>
+<h1 id="systemd-及使用-default-target-进入开机程序分析"><a href="#systemd-及使用-default-target-进入开机程序分析" class="headerlink" title="systemd 及使用 default.target 进入开机程序分析"></a>systemd 及使用 default.target 进入开机程序分析</h1><p>systemd 最主要的功能就是准备软件执行的环境，包括系统的主机名、网络设定、语系处理、文件系统格式及其他服务的启动等。 而所有的动作都会通过 systemd 的默认启动服务集合，也就是是 <code>/etc/systemd/system/default.target</code> 来规划 。另外， systemd 已经舍弃沿用多年的 system V 的 runlevel 。</p>
+<h2 id="常见的操作环境-target-与兼容于-runlevel-的等级"><a href="#常见的操作环境-target-与兼容于-runlevel-的等级" class="headerlink" title="常见的操作环境 target 与兼容于 runlevel 的等级"></a>常见的操作环境 target 与兼容于 runlevel 的等级</h2><p>可以作为预设的操作环境 (default.target) 的主要项目有： multi-user.target 以及 graphical.target 这两个。当然还有某些比较特殊的操作环境， 包括 rescue.target, emergency.target, shutdown.target 等等，以及在 initramfs 里面谈到的 initrd.target 。</p>
+<p>过去的 systemV 使用的是一个称为 runlevel (执行等级) 的概念来启动系统的，systemd 为了兼容于旧式的 systemV 操作行为， 所以也将 runlevel 与操作环境做了结合。如下所示：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># ll -d /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel*.target</span></span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -&gt; poweroff.target</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -&gt; rescue.target</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -&gt; multi-user.target</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -&gt; multi-user.target</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -&gt; multi-user.target</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -&gt; graphical.target</span><br><span class="line">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -&gt; reboot.target</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用过 systemV 的方式来管理系统，我们知道知道切换执行等级可以使用<code>init 3</code> 转成文字界面，<code>init 5</code>  转成图形界面。 这个 init 程序依旧是保留下来的，只是 <code>init 3</code> 会相当于执行 <code>systemctl isolate multi-user.target</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># file /usr/sbin/init </span></span><br><span class="line">/usr/sbin/init: symbolic link to `../lib/systemd/systemd<span class="string">'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果做个完整的迭代，这两个东西的对应关系为：</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>SystemV</th>
+<th>systemd</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>init 0</td>
+<td>systemctl poweroff</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>init 1</td>
+<td>systemctl rescue</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>init 2</td>
+<td>systemctl isolate multi-user.target</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>init 3</td>
+<td>systemctl isolate multi-user.target</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>init 4</td>
+<td>systemctl isolate multi-user.target</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>init 5</td>
+<td>systemctl isolate graphical.target</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>init 6</td>
+<td>systemctl reboot</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="systemd-的处理流程"><a href="#systemd-的处理流程" class="headerlink" title="systemd 的处理流程"></a>systemd 的处理流程</h2><p>当进行了 <code>/etc/systemd/system/default.target</code> 这一个预设操作的设定之后，接下来系统做了什么呢？ 首先，它会链接到 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</code> 这个目录下去取得 <code>multi-user.target</code> 或 <code>graphical.target</code> 这两个其中的一。假设使用的是 graphical.target ，接下来 systemd 会去找两个地方的设定：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>/etc/systemd/system/graphical.target.wants/</code>：使用者设定加载的 unit </li>
+<li><code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.wants/</code>：系统默认加载的 unit</li>
+</ul>
+<p>使用 <code>systemctl cat graphical.target</code> 命令查看对应的配置文件：</p>
+ <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  This file is part of systemd.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  (at your option) any later version.</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=Graphical Interface</span><br><span class="line">Documentation=man:systemd.special(7)</span><br><span class="line">Requires=multi-user.target</span><br><span class="line">Wants=display-manager.service</span><br><span class="line">Conflicts=rescue.service rescue.target</span><br><span class="line">After=multi-user.target rescue.service rescue.target display-manager.service</span><br><span class="line">AllowIsolate=yes</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这表示 graphical.target 必须要完成 multi-user.target 之后才能够进行，而进行完 graphical.target 之后，还需要启动 display-manager.service 。 </p>
+<p>再查看 multi-user.target  的配置文件：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl cat multi-user.target </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  This file is part of systemd.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#  (at your option) any later version.</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=Multi-User System</span><br><span class="line">Documentation=man:systemd.special(7)</span><br><span class="line">Requires=basic.target</span><br><span class="line">Conflicts=rescue.service rescue.target</span><br><span class="line">After=basic.target rescue.service rescue.target</span><br><span class="line">AllowIsolate=yes</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看系统默认要加载的 unit</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/</span></span><br><span class="line">dbus.service           plymouth-quit-wait.service      systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service</span><br><span class="line">getty.target           systemd-ask-password-wall.path  systemd-user-sessions.service</span><br><span class="line">plymouth-quit.service  systemd-logind.service</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用者自定义要加载的 unit 又有哪些呢</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># ls /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/</span></span><br><span class="line">auditd.service     irqbalance.service      postfix.service         rsyslog.service  vmtoolsd.service</span><br><span class="line">crond.service      kdump.service           remote-fs.target        sshd.service</span><br><span class="line">firewalld.service  NetworkManager.service  rhel-configure.service  tuned.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过上面的结果，我们知道 multi-usre.target 需要在 basic.target 运作完成后才能够载入上述的许多 unit 。然后再去 basic.target 里头寻找数据， 最终这些数据就可以通过 <code>systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target</code> 命令来列出所有的相关性的服务。这就是 systemd 呼叫所需要的服务的流程。</p>
+<p>要想知道系统服务的启动流程，最简单的办法就是通过 <code>systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target</code> 命令。如果想要知道想要知道对应的配置文件意义， 应该分别去查看 <code>/etc/systemd/system/</code> 与 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</code> 目录下的 <code>graphical.target.wants/</code> 目录下的配置文件数据。当然，配置文件脚本里面的 Requires 这个设定值所代表的服务， 也需要先加载。</p>
+<p>粗略分析一下 <code>systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target</code> 所输出的想依赖的服务，基本上 CentOS 7.x 的 systemd 开机流程大约是这样：</p>
+<p>1、local-fs.target + swap.target：这两个 target 主要在挂载本机 <code>/etc/fstab</code> 里面所规范的文件系统与相关的内存交换空间。<br>2、sysinit.target：这个 target 主要在侦测硬件，加载所需要的核心模块（驱动程序）等动作。<br>3、basic.target：加载主要的外围硬件驱动程序与防火墙相关任务<br>4、multi-user.target 其它一般系统或网络服务的加载<br>5、图形界面相关服务的加载</p>
+<p>下图是 systemd 大致的开机工作流程图：</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/03_systemd_sysinit_basic_multi-user.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>除了第一步 local-fs.target, swap.target 是通过 <code>/etc/fstab</code> 来进行挂载的行为之外，那其他的 target 做了什么动作呢？</p>
+<h1 id="systemd-执行-sysinit-target-初始化系统、basic-target-准备系统"><a href="#systemd-执行-sysinit-target-初始化系统、basic-target-准备系统" class="headerlink" title="systemd 执行 sysinit.target 初始化系统、basic.target 准备系统"></a>systemd 执行 sysinit.target 初始化系统、basic.target 准备系统</h1><p>使用 <code>systemctl list-dependencies sysinit.target</code> 会看到很多相依赖的服务，这些服务如果一个一个去查询脚本设定的内容， 就能够大致理解每个服务的意义。基本上，可以将这些服务归类成几个大项：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>特殊文件系统装置的挂载：包括 dev-hugepages.mount、 dev-mqueue.mount 等挂载服务，主要挂载 巨量内存分页 与 消息队列 的功能。 挂载成功后，会在 <code>/dev</code> 下建立 <code>/dev/hugepages/</code>, <code>/dev/mqueue/</code> 等目录；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>特殊文件系统的启用：包括磁盘阵列、网络驱动器 (iscsi)、LVM 文件系统、文件系统对照服务 (multipath) 等等，也会在这里被侦测与使用到。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>开机过程的信息传递与动画执行：使用 plymouthd 服务搭配 plymouth 指令来传递动画与信息。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>日志式登录文件的使用：也就是 systemd-journald 这个服务的启用。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>加载额外的核心模块：通过 <code>/etc/modules-load.d/*.conf</code> 文件的设定，让内核额外加载管理员所需要的核心模块。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>加载额外的核心参数设定：包括 <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> 以及 <code>/etc/sysctl.d/*.conf</code> 内的参数设置。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>启动系统的随机数生成器：随机数生成器可以帮助系统进行一些密码加密演算的功能</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>设定控制台 (console) 字形</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>启动动态设备管理器：也就是 udevd 。用在动态对应实际装置存取与装置文件名对应的一个服务。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>不论即将使用哪种操作环境来使用系统，这个 sysinit.target 几乎都是必要的工作！从上面也可以看出，基本的核心功能、文件系统、文件系统装置的驱动等等， 都在这个时刻处理完的。所以，sysinit.target 的阶段是至关重要的！</p>
+<p>执行完 sysinit.target 之后，再来则是 basic.target 了。  basic.target 的阶段主要启动的服务大概有这些：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>加载 alsa 音效驱动程序：alsa 是个音效相关的驱动程序，会让系统有音效产生；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>载入 firewalld 防火墙：CentOS 7.x 以后使用 firewalld 取代 iptables 的防火墙设定，虽然最终都是使用 iptables 的架构， 不过在设定上面差很多。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>加载 CPU 的微指令功能；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>启动与设定 SELinux 的安全本文：如果由 disable 的状态改成 enable 的状态，或者是管理员设定强制重新设定一次 SELinux 的安全本文， 也在这个阶段处理。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>将目前的开机过程所产生的开机信息写入到 <code>/var/log/dmesg</code> 当中。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>由 <code>/etc/sysconfig/modules/*.modules</code> 及 <code>/etc/rc.modules</code> 加载管理员指定的模块。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>加载 systemd 支持的 timer 功能；</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>在这个阶段完成之后，系统就可以正常运行了。但是还差一些所需要的登入服务、网络服务、本机认证服务等类似的 service ，于是就进入下个服务启动的阶段了。</p>
+<h1 id="systemd-启动-multi-user-target-下的服务"><a href="#systemd-启动-multi-user-target-下的服务" class="headerlink" title="systemd 启动 multi-user.target 下的服务"></a>systemd 启动 multi-user.target 下的服务</h1><p>在加载核心驱动硬件后，经过 sysinit.target 的初始化流程让系统可以存取之后，加上 basic.target 让系统成为操作系统的基础， 之后就是服务器要顺利运作时，需要的各种主机服务以及提供服务器功能的网络服务的启动了。这些服务的启动则大多是附挂在 multi-user.target 这个操作环境底下， 可以在 <code>/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/</code> 里看到预设要被启动的服务。</p>
+<p>也就是说，一般来说服务的启动脚本设定都是放在下面的目录内：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>/usr/lib/systemd/system (系统默认的服务启动脚本设定) </li>
+<li>/etc/systemd/system (管理员自己开发与设定的脚本设定)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>而用户想要让主机的本地服务和网络服务的各项 unit 开机自启的话，其实就是将它在 <code>/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/</code> 这个目录底下做个链接：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl disable postfix</span></span><br><span class="line">Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service.</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl enable postfix </span></span><br><span class="line">Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service.</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>另外， 这些程序如果在脚本设定里面原本就有规范服务的相互依赖关系， 服务就会有顺序地启动。但是大多数的服务不会设定依赖关系，所以会同时启动，这就是 systemd 的多任务。</p>
+<h2 id="相兼容的-SystemV-的-rc-local-service"><a href="#相兼容的-SystemV-的-rc-local-service" class="headerlink" title="相兼容的 SystemV 的 rc-local.service"></a>相兼容的 SystemV 的 rc-local.service</h2><p>对于 SystemV 的系统，在完成开机后要想让系统额外执行某些程序的话，可以将该程序指令或脚本的绝对路径名称写入到 <code>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code> 文件中。而在新的 systemd 机制中，它建议直接写一个 systemd 的启动脚本配置文件到 <code>/etc/systemd/system/</code> 目录下，然后使用 <code>systemctl enable</code> 的方式来设定启用它，而不是直接使用 rc.local 这个文件。</p>
+<p>如果是处于运维的习惯，就想要将开机后要立刻执行的许多管理员自己的脚本，将它写入到 <code>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code>，新版的 systemd 对此也有支持。 它使用 rc-local.service 这个服务，并且这个服务并不需要启动，它会自己判断 <code>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code> 是否具有可执行的权限，然后来判断要不要启动这个服务。可以通过如下方法来检查：</p>
+<p>1、查看 <code>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code> 是否有可执行权限</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local </span></span><br><span class="line">-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 473 Aug  8 19:58 /etc/rc.d/rc.local</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>2、查看 rc-local.service 的服务状态</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl status rc-local.service </span></span><br><span class="line">● rc-local.service - /etc/rc.d/rc.local Compatibility</span><br><span class="line">   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)</span><br><span class="line">   Active: inactive (dead)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>3、查看 multi-user.target 下是否有这个服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target | grep rc-local</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># # 系统本身是有这个服务的，但是 rc.local 不具有可执行 (x) 的权限，因此这个服务不会被执行</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>4、加入可执行权限，再次查看 rc-local.service 是否可被启用。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/rc.local </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl daemon-reload </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target | grep rc-local</span></span><br><span class="line">● ├─rc-local.service</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#  # 这个服务确实被记录到启动的环境下了</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过 <code>chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/rc.local</code> 的步骤，就可以将许多脚本就可以放在 <code>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code> 这个文件内， 系统在每次开机都会去执行这文件内的指令。</p>
+<h2 id="提供-tty-界面与登录的服务"><a href="#提供-tty-界面与登录的服务" class="headerlink" title="提供 tty 界面与登录的服务"></a>提供 tty 界面与登录的服务</h2><p>在 multi-user.target 下还有个 getty.target 的操作界面项目。能不能提供适当的登录服务也是 multi-user.target 底下的内容！ 包括 systemd-logind.service, systemd-user-sessions.service 等服务。</p>
+<p>由于服务都是同步启动，所以不能确定哪个服务先启动完成。如果 getty 服务先启动完成时，会发现有可用的终端机尝试让我们登录系统。 而如果 systemd-logind.service 或 systemd-user-sessions.service 服务尚未启动完成的话，还是无法登录到系统的。</p>
+<h1 id="开机过程会用到的主要配置文件"><a href="#开机过程会用到的主要配置文件" class="headerlink" title="开机过程会用到的主要配置文件"></a>开机过程会用到的主要配置文件</h1><p>基本上， systemd 有自己的配置文件处理方式，不过为了兼容于 systemV ，其实很多的服务脚本设定还是会读取位于 <code>/etc/sysconfig/</code> 目录下的环境配置文件。 </p>
+<h2 id="自定义模块相关的配置"><a href="#自定义模块相关的配置" class="headerlink" title="自定义模块相关的配置"></a>自定义模块相关的配置</h2><p>在 sysinit.target 系统初始化的过程中会加载用户自定义模块，有两个地方可以处理模块加载的问题，包括：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf</code> ：单纯要让内核从哪些位置加载模块</li>
+<li><code>/etc/modules-load.d/*.conf</code>：对内核模块做参数设置</li>
+</ul>
+<p>基本上 systemd 已经将开机会用到的驱动程序全部加载了，因此，在一般情况下，这个部份应该无需变动。不过， 如果有某些特定的参数要处理时，就可以在这里做配置。比如，我们要做网络链接追踪，就需要在开机启动流程中加载相对应的内核模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modules-load.d/netfilter.conf </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Load nf_conntrack.ko at boot</span></span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack</span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ipv4</span><br><span class="line">nf_defrag_ipv4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再比如自定义了 vsftpd 服务的监听端口为 555，这时就需要修改防火墙设定，其中一个针对 FTP 很重要的防火墙模块为 nf_conntrack_ftp， 因此可以将这个模块写入到系统开机流程中：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modules-load.d/vbird.conf</span></span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ftp</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>按照配置标准，应该一个模块 (驱动程序) 写一行。如果要对这些内核模块做参数设定，应该在 <code>/etc/modules-load.d/</code> 目录下做配置。比如要对链接追踪模块的哈希表做参数设置：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modprobe.d/netfilter.conf </span></span><br><span class="line">options nf_conntrack hashsize=65536</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当然，如果只是让内核加载模块，没有指定自己定义的参数，就会以默认值加载并运行。所以对于修改了服务端口的 vsftpd 来说，如果不设置参数，模块就默认处理 21 号端口，这时候我们需要将其调整到自定义的 555 号端口才能正常工作：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modprobe.d/vbird.conf</span></span><br><span class="line">options nf_conntrack_ftp ports=555</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>之后重新启动就能够顺利的载入并且处理好些模块了。如果不想重启，可以使用下面的方式来处理：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># # 因为没有加载这个模块，所以不会有任何信息输出</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl restart systemd-modules-load.service </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp                  </span></span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ftp       18478  0 </span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack          139224  7 nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_ipv6,xt_conntrack,nf_conntrack_ftp,nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过上述的方式，就可以在开机的时候将所需要的驱动程序加载或者是调整这些模块的外加参数了。</p>
+<h2 id="etc-sysconfig"><a href="#etc-sysconfig" class="headerlink" title="/etc/sysconfig/"></a>/etc/sysconfig/</h2><p>在 <code>/etc/sysconfig/</code> 目录下有很多常见的环境配置文件，下面列举几个比较重要的：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><strong>authconfig</strong>：这个文件主要在规范使用者的身份认证的机制，包括是否使用本机的 <code>/etc/passwd</code>， <code>/etc/shadow</code> 等， 以及 <code>/etc/shadow</code> 密码记录使用哪种加密算法，还有是否使用外部密码服务器提供的账号验证 (NIS, LDAP) 等。 系统默认使用 SHA512 加密算法，并且不使用外部的身份验证机制；另外，不建议手动修改这个文件，建议最好是使用 <code>authconfig-tui</code> 命令来做这方面的配置指令。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><strong>cpupower</strong>：如果系统中有启动 cpupower.service 服务时，它就会读取这个配置文件。主要是用来配置 Linux 内核如何操作 CPU 的。 一般来说，启动 cpupower.service 之后，系统会让 CPU 以最大效能的方式来运作，否则预设就是用多少算多少的模式来处理的。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><strong>firewalld, iptables-config, iptables-config, ebtables-config</strong>：与防火墙服务的启动外带的参数有关</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><strong>network-scripts/</strong>：这个目录下面的文件，则是主要用在设定网络卡，配置 IP 地址的方式等。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
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+
+      
+      <!--noindex-->
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+
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+            
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#BIOS-Boot-Loader-与-Kernel-的载入"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">BIOS, Boot Loader 与 Kernel 的载入</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#BIOS-开机自我检测与-MBR-GPT"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">BIOS, 开机自我检测与 MBR/GPT</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Boot-Loader-的功能"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Boot Loader 的功能</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#加载-Kernel、侦测硬件、-initramfs-的功能"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">加载 Kernel、侦测硬件、 initramfs 的功能</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#systemd-及使用-default-target-进入开机程序分析"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">systemd 及使用 default.target 进入开机程序分析</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#常见的操作环境-target-与兼容于-runlevel-的等级"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">常见的操作环境 target 与兼容于 runlevel 的等级</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#systemd-的处理流程"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">systemd 的处理流程</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#systemd-执行-sysinit-target-初始化系统、basic-target-准备系统"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">systemd 执行 sysinit.target 初始化系统、basic.target 准备系统</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#systemd-启动-multi-user-target-下的服务"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">systemd 启动 multi-user.target 下的服务</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#相兼容的-SystemV-的-rc-local-service"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">相兼容的 SystemV 的 rc-local.service</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#提供-tty-界面与登录的服务"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">提供 tty 界面与登录的服务</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#开机过程会用到的主要配置文件"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">开机过程会用到的主要配置文件</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#自定义模块相关的配置"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">自定义模块相关的配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#etc-sysconfig"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">/etc/sysconfig/</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
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+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
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+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
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+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
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+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
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+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                var indexOfContent = [];
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+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
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+                // show search results
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+                if (isMatch) {
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+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
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+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
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+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
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+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+        <h1 id="Systemd-简介"><a href="#Systemd-简介" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 简介"></a>Systemd 简介</h1><p>Systemd 是一系列工具的集合，其作用也远远不仅是启动操作系统，它还接管了后台服务、结束、状态查询，以及日志归档、设备管理、电源管理、定时任务等许多职责，并支持通过特定事件（如插入特定 USB 设备）和特定端口数据触发的 On-demand（按需）任务。</p>
+<p>根据 Linux 惯例，字母 <code>d</code> 是守护进程（daemon）的缩写。 Systemd 这个名字的含义，就是它要守护整个系统。</p>
+<p>Systemd 的后台服务还有一个特殊的身份——它是系统中 PID 值为 1 的进程。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># pstree</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemd─┬─VGAuthService</span><br><span class="line">        ├─agetty</span><br><span class="line">        ├─auditd───&#123;auditd&#125;</span><br><span class="line">        ├─chronyd</span><br><span class="line">        ├─crond</span><br><span class="line">        ├─dbus-daemon</span><br><span class="line">        ├─polkitd───6*[&#123;polkitd&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">        ├─rsyslogd───2*[&#123;rsyslogd&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">        ├─sshd─┬─sshd───2*[sftp-server]</span><br><span class="line">        │      └─sshd───bash───pstree</span><br><span class="line">        ├─systemd-journal</span><br><span class="line">        ├─systemd-logind</span><br><span class="line">        ├─systemd-udevd</span><br><span class="line">        ├─tuned───4*[&#123;tuned&#125;]</span><br><span class="line">        └─vmtoolsd───&#123;vmtoolsd&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="Systemd-的功能和特性"><a href="#Systemd-的功能和特性" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 的功能和特性"></a>Systemd 的功能和特性</h1><p>1、<strong>更少的进程。</strong></p>
+<p>Systemd 提供了 服务按需启动 的能力，使得特定的服务只有在真正被请求时才启动。</p>
+<p>2、<strong>允许更多的进程并行启动。</strong></p>
+<p>在 SysV-init 时代，将每个服务项目编号依次执行启动脚本。Ubuntu 的 Upstart 解决了没有直接依赖的启动之间的并行启动。而 Systemd 通过 Socket 缓存、DBus 缓存和建立临时挂载点等方法进一步解决了启动进程之间的依赖，做到了所有系统服务并发启动。对于用户自定义的服务，Systemd 允许配置其启动依赖项目，从而确保服务按必要的顺序运行。</p>
+<p>3、<strong>使用 CGroup 跟踪、监控和管理进程的生命周期。</strong></p>
+<p>在 Systemd 之间的主流应用管理服务都是使用 进程树 来跟踪应用的继承关系的，而进程的父子关系很容易通过 两次 fork 的方法脱离。</p>
+<p>而 Systemd 则提供通过 CGroup 跟踪进程关系，引补了这个缺漏。通过 CGroup 不仅能够实现服务之间访问隔离，限制特定应用程序对系统资源的访问配额，还能更精确地管理服务的生命周期。</p>
+<p>4、<strong>同时采用基于 socket 与 D-Bus 总线式激活服务。</strong></p>
+<p>基于 socket 的激活机制中，socket 与服务程序分离，并且 socket 由 Systemd 代为监听，服务程序不用马上启动，当 systemd 探测到有其他进程访问这个套接字的时候，才临时按需激活对应服务程序。所以，任何一个依赖于这个服务的其他服务想启动的话，Systemd 只需要把套接字监听起来，其他服务就会都认为依赖的这个服务已经启动了，但实际上服务程序并没有启动，从而实现了服务的并行启动。</p>
+<p>在 Linux 上使用 D-Bus 完成进程间通信的服务，可以在第一次被访问的时候，按需激活。</p>
+<p>5、<strong>基于device的激活机制。</strong></p>
+<p>在 Linux 上支持基于 device 激活的系统服务，可以在特定类型的硬件接入到系统上来的时候被激活。比如当机器插入 U 盘时，系统就会把挂载服务激活起来，这个服务就能实现硬件设备的挂载等操作。</p>
+<p>6、<strong>基于 path 的激活机制。</strong></p>
+<p>基于文件的路径进行激活，某个文件路径，变得可用或里面有新文件时，比如某个目录下有文件出现，或者文件发生了变动，这时候就能激活某个服务程序，让某个服务程序工作起来。Systemd 可以监控着管理员所指定的文件路径，一旦文件或目录发生了变化就立即激活相关的服务。</p>
+<p>7、<strong>支持快照和系统恢复。</strong></p>
+<p>Systemd 能够保存各个 unit 的当前状态信息到持久存储设备（如硬盘）中，必要时可以自动载入。随后启动时还可以从保存快照的状态开始继续向后运行。比如我们将机器关机了，所有的服务就停止了，下一次启动的时候只能从头开始。很多服务在内存中会运行是会有很多临时数据，比如客户端对服务端的访问状态信息，这些数据在服务停止后就消失了。如果我们用了快照，可以在下次重启机器之前，先让 Systemd 把每一个运行的 unit 的当前状态信息和相关数据都保存到磁盘上，在重启完机器后再把快照重新载入，这样，所有的临时数据都不会丢失。</p>
+<p>8、<strong>向后兼容 sysv init 脚本。</strong></p>
+<p>Systemd 只支持有限的运行级别，不支持早先的 0-6 的 runlevel，Systemd 对这些级别的模拟是有限的。Systemd 是不支持级别的，它也用不到级别，只是出于兼容的目的，而设计了一些 target 的 unit ，用来映射和实现级别。</p>
+<p>另外， Systemd 并不是完全兼容 sysv 的 int 脚本， Systemd 服务由 systemctl 命令固定不变来管理的，这个命令固定不变，不可进行扩展。如果服务不是由 Systemd 启动的，那么 systemctl 无法与之通信。Systemd 不会从任何用户那里继承环境变量，因此建议在使用时都用绝对路径。每一个 unit 的操作都会受到 5 分钟超时时间限制，如果任何一个服务在 5 分钟内未能正常执行，都会在超时后退出运行。</p>
+<p>9、<strong>统一管理服务日志。</strong></p>
+<p>Systemd 是一系列工具的集合， 包括了一个专用的系统日志管理服务：Journald 。这个服务的设计初衷是克服现有 Syslog 服务的日志内容易伪造和日志格式不统一等缺点，Journald 用 二进制格式 保存所有的日志信息，因而日志内容很难被手工伪造。Journald 还提供了一个 <code>journalctl</code> 命令来查看日志信息，这样就使得不同服务输出的日志具有相同的排版格式， 便于数据的二次处理。</p>
+<p>除此之外，功能还包括控制基础系统配置，设置并维护登陆用户列表以及系统账户、运行时目录，可以运行容器和虚拟机，可以简单地管理网络配置、网络时间同步、日志转发和名称解析等。</p>
+<h1 id="Systemd-架构"><a href="#Systemd-架构" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 架构"></a>Systemd 架构</h1><p>相比于之前的版本，Systemd 最关键的特性是：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>延迟启动某些服务和系统功能，等到需要他们的时候才开启</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>完全并行启动</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/systemd.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>上图是 Systemd 的架构图。</p>
+<h1 id="Systemd-的-Unit-文件"><a href="#Systemd-的-Unit-文件" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 的 Unit 文件"></a>Systemd 的 Unit 文件</h1><p>Systemd 可以管理所有系统资源，不同的资源统称为 Unit（单元）。</p>
+<p>在 Systemd 的生态圈中，Unit 文件统一了过去各种不同系统资源配置格式，例如服务的启/停、定时任务、设备自动挂载、网络配置、虚拟内存配置等。而 Systemd 通过不同的文件后缀来区分这些配置文件。</p>
+<h2 id="Systemd-支持的-12-种-Unit-文件类型"><a href="#Systemd-支持的-12-种-Unit-文件类型" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 支持的 12 种 Unit 文件类型"></a>Systemd 支持的 12 种 Unit 文件类型</h2><ul>
+<li><p><code>.automount</code>：用于控制自动挂载文件系统，相当于 SysV-init 的 autofs 服务</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.device</code>：对于 <code>/dev</code> 目录下的设备，主要用于定义设备之间的依赖关系</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.mount</code>：定义系统结构层次中的一个挂载点，可以替代过去的 <code>/etc/fstab</code> 配置文件</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.path</code>：用于监控指定目录或文件的变化，并触发其它 Unit 运行</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.scope</code>：这种 Unit 文件不是用户创建的，而是 Systemd 运行时产生的，描述一些系统服务的分组信息</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.service</code>：封装守护进程的启动、停止、重启和重载操作，是最常见的一种 Unit 文件</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.slice</code>：用于表示一个 CGroup 的树，通常用户不会自己创建这样的 Unit 文件</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.snapshot</code>：用于表示一个由 <code>systemctl snapshot</code> 命令创建的 Systemd Units 运行状态快照</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.socket</code>：监控来自于系统或网络的数据消息，用于实现基于数据自动触发服务启动</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.swap</code>：定义一个用户做虚拟内存的交换分区</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.target</code>：用于对 Unit 文件进行逻辑分组，引导其它 Unit 的执行。它替代了 SysV-init 运行级别的作用，并提供更灵活的基于特定设备事件的启动方式</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>.timer</code>：用于配置在特定时间触发的任务，替代了 Crontab 的功能</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="Systemd-相关的目录"><a href="#Systemd-相关的目录" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 相关的目录"></a>Systemd 相关的目录</h2><p>Unit 文件按照 Systemd 约定，应该被放置指定的三个系统目录之一中。这三个目录是有优先级的，如下所示，越靠上的优先级越高。因此，在三个目录中有同名文件的时候，只有优先级最高的目录里的那个文件会被使用。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>/etc/systemd/system</code>：用户或系统在本地配置的 unit 文件。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>/run/systemd/system</code>：运行时生成的的 unit 文件。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code>：系统或第三方软件包安装时生成的 unit 文件。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Systemd 默认从目录 <code>/etc/systemd/system/</code> 读取配置文件。但是，这个目录下存放的大部分文件都是符号链接，指向目录 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</code>，真正的配置文件存放在那个目录。</p>
+<p>可以通过下面的指令查询配置目录：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pkg-config systemd --variable=systemdsystemunitdir <span class="comment">#单元目录</span></span><br><span class="line">pkg-config systemd --variable=systemdsystemconfdir <span class="comment">#配置目录</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="Unit-和-Target"><a href="#Unit-和-Target" class="headerlink" title="Unit 和 Target"></a>Unit 和 Target</h2><p>Unit 是 Systemd 管理系统资源的基本单元，可以认为每个系统资源就是一个 Unit ，并使用一个 Unit 文件定义。在 Unit 文件中需要包含相应服务的描述、属性以及需要运行的命令。</p>
+<p>Target 是 Systemd 中用于指定系统资源启动组的方式，相当于 SysV-init 中的运行级别。</p>
+<p>简单说，Target 就是一个 Unit 组，包含许多相关的 Unit 。启动某个 Target 的时候，Systemd 就会启动里面所有的 Unit。从这个意义上说，Target 这个概念类似于 ”状态点”，启动某个 Target 就好比启动到某种状态。</p>
+<h1 id="Systemd-Service-Unit"><a href="#Systemd-Service-Unit" class="headerlink" title="Systemd Service Unit"></a>Systemd Service Unit</h1><h2 id="Unit-文件结构"><a href="#Unit-文件结构" class="headerlink" title="Unit 文件结构"></a>Unit 文件结构</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># /usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=NTP client/server</span><br><span class="line">Documentation=man:chronyd(8) man:chrony.conf(5)</span><br><span class="line">After=ntpdate.service sntp.service ntpd.service</span><br><span class="line">Conflicts=ntpd.service systemd-timesyncd.service</span><br><span class="line">ConditionCapability=CAP_SYS_TIME</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Type=forking</span><br><span class="line">PIDFile=/var/run/chronyd.pid</span><br><span class="line">EnvironmentFile=-/etc/sysconfig/chronyd</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/chronyd <span class="variable">$OPTIONS</span></span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/chrony-helper update-daemon</span><br><span class="line">PrivateTmp=yes</span><br><span class="line">ProtectHome=yes</span><br><span class="line">ProtectSystem=full</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>Systemd 服务的 Unit 文件可以分为三个配置区段：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Unit 和 Install 段：所有 Unit 文件通用，用于配置服务（或其它系统资源）的描述、依赖和随系统启动的方式。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>Service 段：服务（Service）类型的 Unit 文件（后缀为 .service）特有的，用于定义服务的具体管理和操作方法。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="Unit-段"><a href="#Unit-段" class="headerlink" title="Unit 段"></a>Unit 段</h3><p>这个区段包含的选项，与单元的类型无关，属于通用的配置。 </p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Description=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>描述这个 Unit 文件的信息。用于 UI 中紧跟单元名称之后要显示的简要描述。 例如 “The Apache HTTP Server” 就是一个好例子。 不好的例子： “high-performance light-weight HTTP server”(太通用) 或 “Apache2”(信息太少)。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Documentation=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当前单元的文档，也可以设置一个空格分隔的文档列表。这些文档是对此单元的详细说明， 可接受 “http://“, “https://“, “file:”, “info:”, “man:” 五种URI类型。这些URI应该按照相关性由高到低列出。 比如，将解释该单元作用的文档放在第一个， 最好再紧跟单元的配置说明， 最后再附上其他文档。 可以多次使用此选项， 依次向文档列表尾部添加新文档。 但是，如果为此选项设置一个空字符串， 那么表示清空先前已存在的列表。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Requires=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置此单元所必须依赖的其他单元的列表，当此单元被启动时，所有这里列出的其他单元也将被启动。 如果此处列出的某个单元被停用或启动失败，那么此单元将被停用。 想要添加多个单元，可以多次使用此选项，也可以设置一个空格分隔的单元列表。 注意，此选项并不影响单元之间的启动或停止顺序。 要想调整单元之间的启动或停止顺序，请使用 <code>After=</code> 或 <code>Before=</code> 选项。 例如，在 <code>foo.service</code> 中设置了 <code>Requires=bar.service</code> ， 但是并未使用 <code>After=</code> 或 <code>Before=</code> 设定两者的启动顺序， 那么，当需要启动 <code>foo.service</code> 的时候，这两个单元会被并行地同时启动。 建议使用 <code>Wants=</code> 代替 <code>Requires=</code> 来设置单元之间的非致命依赖关系， 从而有助于获得更好的健壮性，特别是在某些单元启动失败的时候。</p>
+<p>注意，设置了此依赖并不意味着当本单元处于运行状态时，被依赖的其他单元也必须总是处于运行状态。 例如：</p>
+<p>(1) 失败的条件检查(例如后文的 <code>ConditionPathExists=</code>, <code>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</code>, …)只会导致被依赖的单元跳过启动，而不会导致被依赖的单元启动失败(也就是进入”<code>failed</code>“状态)。 </p>
+<p>(2) 某些被依赖的单元可能会自己主动停止(例如有的服务进程可能会主动干净的退出、有的设备可能被用户拔出)， 而不会导致本单元自身也跟着一起停止。 要想达到这样的效果，可以同时联合使用 <code>BindsTo=</code> 与 <code>After=</code> 依赖，这样就可以确保：在被依赖的其他单元没有处于运行状态时， 本单元自身永远不会启动成功。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Requisite=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>与 <code>Requires=</code> 类似。 不同之处在于：当单元启动时，这里列出的单元必须已经全部处于启动成功的状态， 否则，将不会启动此单元(也就是直接返回此单元启动失败的消息)， 并且同时也不会启动那些尚未成功启动的单元。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Wants=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此选项是 <code>Requires=</code> 的弱化版。 当此单元被启动时，所有这里列出的其他单元只是尽可能被启动。 但是，即使某些单元不存在或者未能启动成功， 也不会影响此单元的启动。 推荐使用此选项来设置单元之间的依赖关系。</p>
+<p>注意，此种依赖关系也可以在单元文件之外通过向 <code>.wants/</code> 目录中添加软连接来设置。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">BindsTo=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>与 <code>Requires=</code> 类似，但是依赖性更强： 如果这里列出的任意一个单元停止运行或者崩溃，那么也会连带导致该单元自身被停止。 这就意味着该单元可能因为这里列出的任意一个单元的主动退出、某个设备被拔出、某个挂载点被卸载， 而被强行停止。</p>
+<p>如果将某个被依赖的单元同时放到 <code>After=</code> 与 <code>BindsTo=</code> 选项中，那么效果将会更加强烈：被依赖的单元必须严格的先于本单元启动成功之后， 本单元才能开始启动。这就意味着，不但在被依赖的单元意外停止时，该单元必须停止， 而且在被依赖的单元由于条件检查失败(例如后文的 <code>ConditionPathExists=</code>, <code>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</code>, …)而被跳过时， 该单元也将无法启动。正因为如此，在很多场景下，需要同时使用 <code>BindsTo=</code> 与 <code>After=</code> 选项。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PartOf=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>与 <code>Requires=</code> 类似， 不同之处在于：仅作用于单元的停止或重启。 其含义是，当停止或重启这里列出的某个单元时， 也会同时停止或重启该单元自身。 注意，这个依赖是单向的， 该单元自身的停止或重启并不影响这里列出的单元。</p>
+<p>可以认为是一个 <code>BindTo</code> 作用的子集，仅在列出的任务模块失败或重启时，终止或重启当前服务，而不会随列出模板的启动而启动。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Conflicts=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>指定单元之间的冲突关系。 接受一个空格分隔的单元列表，表明该单元不能与列表中的任何单元共存， 也就是说：</p>
+<p>(1) 当此单元启动的时候，列表中的所有单元都将被停止；<br>(2) 当列表中的某个单元启动的时候，该单元同样也将被停止。 </p>
+<p>注意，此选项与 <code>After</code>= 和 <code>Before=</code> 选项没有任何关系。</p>
+<p>如果两个相互冲突的单元 A 与  B需要在同一个事务内作为 B 启动， 那么这个事务要么会失败( A 与 B 都是事务中的必要部分[<code>Requires</code>])， 要么就是必须被修改( A 与B 中至少有一个是事务中的非必要部分)。 在后一种情况下， 将会剔除一个非必要的单元 (若两个都是非必要的单元，则优先剔除 A)。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Before=</span><br><span class="line">After=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>强制指定单元之间的先后顺序，接受一个空格分隔的单元列表。 假定 <code>foo.service</code> 单元包含 <code>Before=bar.service</code> 设置， 那么当两个单元都需要启动的时候， <code>bar.service</code> 将会一直延迟到 <code>foo.service</code> 启动完毕之后再启动。 注意，停止顺序与启动顺序正好相反，也就是说， 只有当 <code>bar.service</code> 完全停止后，才会停止 <code>foo.service</code> 单元。</p>
+<p><code>After=</code> 的含义与 <code>Before=</code> 正好相反。 假定 <code>foo.service</code> 单元包含 <code>After=bar.service</code> 设置， 那么当两个单元都需要启动的时候， <code>foo.service</code> 将会一直延迟到 <code>bar.service</code> 启动完毕之后再启动。 注意，停止顺序与启动顺序正好相反，也就是说， 只有当 <code>foo.service</code> 完全停止后，才会停止 <code>bar.service</code> 单元。 </p>
+<p>注意，这两个选项仅用于指定先后顺序， 而与 <code>Requires=</code>, <code>Wants=</code>, <code>BindsTo=</code> 这些选项没有任何关系。 不过在实践中也经常遇见将某个单元同时设置到 <code>After=</code> 与 <code>Requires=</code> 选项中的情形。 可以多次使用此二选项，以将多个单元添加到列表中。 假定两个单元之间存在先后顺序(无论谁先谁后)，并且一个要停止而另一个要启动，那么永远是”先停止后启动”的顺序。 但如果两个单元之间没有先后顺序，那么它们的停止和启动就都是相互独立的，并且是并行的。 对于不同类型的单元来说，判断启动是否已经完成的标准并不完全相同。 特别的是对于设置在 <code>Before=</code>/<code>After=</code> 中的服务单元来说， 只有在服务单元内配置的所有启动命令全部都已经被调用，并且对于每一个被调用的命令， 要么确认已经调用失败、要么确认已经成功运行的情况下， 才能认为已经完成启动。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">OnFailure=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>接受一个空格分隔的单元列表。 当该单元进入失败(“<code>failed</code>“)状态时， 将会启动列表中的单元。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PropagatesReloadTo=</span><br><span class="line">ReloadPropagatedFrom=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>接受一个空格分隔的单元列表。 <code>PropagatesReloadTo=</code> 表示 在 reload 该单元时，也同时 reload 所有列表中的单元。 <code>ReloadPropagatedFrom=</code> 表示 在 reload 列表中的某个单元时，也同时 reload 该单元。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">IgnoreOnIsolate=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>接受一个布尔值。设为 yes 表示在执行 <code>systemctl isolate ...</code> 命令时，此单元不会被停止。 对于 service, target, socket, timer, path 单元来说，默认值是 false ； 对于 slice, scope, device, swap, mount, automount 单元来说，默认值是 true 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">StopWhenUnneeded=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果设为 yes ， 那么当此单元不再被任何已启动的单元依赖时， 将会被自动停止。 默认值 no 的含义是， 除非此单元与其他即将启动的单元冲突， 否则即使此单元已不再被任何已启动的单元依赖， 也不会自动停止它。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RefuseManualStart=</span><br><span class="line">RefuseManualStop=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果设为 yes ， 那么此单元将拒绝被手动启动(<code>RefuseManualStart=</code>) 或拒绝被手动停止(<code>RefuseManualStop=</code>)。 也就是说， 此单元只能作为其他单元的依赖条件而存在， 只能因为依赖关系而被间接启动或者间接停止， 不能由用户以手动方式直接启动或者直接停止。 设置此选项是为了 禁止用户意外的启动或者停止某些特定的单元。 默认值是 no</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">AllowIsolate=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果设为 yes ， 那么此单元将允许被 <code>systemctl isolate</code> 命令操作， 否则将会被拒绝。 唯一一个将此选项设为 yes 的理由，大概是为了兼容SysV初始化系统。 此时应该仅考虑对 target 单元进行设置， 以防止系统进入不可用状态。 建议保持默认值 no</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">DefaultDependencies=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>默认值 yes 表示为此单元隐式地创建默认依赖。 不同类型的单元，其默认依赖也不同，详见各自的手册页。 例如对于 service 单元来说， 默认的依赖关系是指：</p>
+<p>(1) 开机时，必须在基础系统初始化完成之后才能启动该服务； </p>
+<p>(2) 关机时，必须在该服务完全停止后才能关闭基础系统。 </p>
+<p>通常，只有那些在系统启动的早期就必须启动的单元， 以及那些必须在系统关闭的末尾才能关闭的单元， 才可以将此选项设为 no 。 注意，设为 no 并不表示取消所有的默认依赖， 只是表示取消非关键的默认依赖。 强烈建议对绝大多数普通单元保持此选项的默认值 yes 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RebootArgument=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当 <code>StartLimitAction</code>= 或 <code>FailureAction=</code> 触发关机动作时， 此选项的值就是传递给 reboot 系统调用的字符串参数。 相当于 <code>systemctl reboot</code> 命令接收的可选参数。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionFirstBoot=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionPathExists=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionPathExistsGlob=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionPathIsDirectory=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionFileNotEmpty=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionFileIsExecutable=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionUser=</span><br><span class="line">ConditionGroup=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这组选项用于在启动单元之前，首先测试特定的条件是否为真。 若为真则开始启动，否则将会(悄无声息地)跳过此单元(仅是跳过，而不是进入”failed”状态)。 注意，即使某单元由于测试条件为假而被跳过，那些由于依赖关系而必须先于此单元启动的单元并不会受到影响(也就是会照常启动)。 可以使用条件表达式来跳过那些对于本机系统无用的单元， 比如那些对于本机内核或运行环境没有用处的功能。 如果想要单元在测试条件为假时进入”failed”状态(而不是跳过)， 可以使用对应的另一组 <code>AssertXXX=</code> 选项(见后文)。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionFirstBoot=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可设为 yes 或 no 。 用于检测 <code>/etc</code> 目录是否处于未初始化的原始状态(重点是 <code>/etc/machine-id</code> 文件是否存在)。 此选项可用于系统出厂后(或者恢复出厂设置之后)，首次开机时执行必要的初始化操作。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionPathExists=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在， 必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionPathExistsGlob=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>与 <code>ConditionPathExists=</code> 类似， 唯一的不同是支持通配符。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionPathIsDirectory=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个目录，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(<code>!</code>)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个软连接，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(<code>!</code>)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个挂载点，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(<code>!</code>)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在并且可读写(rw)，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(<code>!</code>)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个非空的目录，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(<code>!</code>)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionFileNotEmpty=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个非空的普通文件，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(<code>!</code>)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionFileIsExecutable=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个可执行文件，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(<code>!</code>)前缀表示逻辑反转。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionUser=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测 systemd 是否以给定的用户身份运行。 参数可以是数字形式的 “UID” 、 或者字符串形式的UNIX用户名、 或者特殊值 “<code>@system</code>“(表示属于系统用户范围内) 。 此选项对于系统服务无效， 因为管理系统服务的 systemd 进程总是以 root 用户身份运行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConditionGroup=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检测 systemd 是否以给定的用户组身份运行。 参数可以是数字形式的 “GID” 或者字符串形式的UNIX组名。 注意：</p>
+<p>(1) 这里所说的”组”可以是”主组”(Primary Group)、”有效组”(Effective Group)、”辅助组”(Auxiliary Group)； </p>
+<p>(2) 此选项不存在特殊值 <code>@system</code></p>
+<p>如果在条件之前加上管道符(<code>|</code>)，那么这个条件就是”触发条件”， 其含义是只要满足一个触发条件，该单元就会被启动； 如果在条件之前没有管道符(<code>|</code>)，那么这个条件就是”普通条件”， 其含义是必须满足全部普通条件，该单元才会被启动。 如果在某个单元文件内， 同时存在”触发条件”与”普通条件”，那么必须满足全部普通条件， 并且至少满足一个触发条件，该单元才会被启动。 如果需要对某个条件同时使用”<code>|</code>“与”<code>!</code>“， 那么”<code>|</code>“必须位于”<code>!</code>“之前。 除 <code>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</code> 之外， 其他路径检测选项都会追踪软连接。 如果将上述某个检测选项设为空字符串， 那么表示重置该选项先前的所有设置， 也就是清空该选项先前的设置。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">AssertFirstBoot=</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathExists=</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathExistsGlob=</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathIsDirectory=</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathIsSymbolicLink=</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathIsMountPoint=</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathIsReadWrite=</span><br><span class="line">AssertDirectoryNotEmpty=</span><br><span class="line">AssertFileNotEmpty=</span><br><span class="line">AssertFileIsExecutable=</span><br><span class="line">AssertUser=</span><br><span class="line">AssertGroup=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>与前一组 <code>ConditionXXX=</code> 测试选项类似， 这一组选项用于在单元启动之前，首先进行相应的断言检查。 不同之处在于，任意一个断言的失败， 都会导致该单元启动失败(也就是进入”failed”状态，并突出记录在日志中)。 如果用户希望清晰的看到某些单元因为特定的条件未能满足而导致无法正常启动， 那么可以使用断言表达式。</p>
+<h3 id="Install-段"><a href="#Install-段" class="headerlink" title="Install 段"></a>Install 段</h3><p>这个区段定义如何安装这个配置文件，即怎样做到开机启动。包含的是单元的启用信息。 </p>
+<p>这部分配置的目标模块通常是特定运行目标的 <code>.target</code> 文件，用来使得服务在系统启动时自动运行。事实上，systemd 在运行时并不使用此区段。 只有 <code>systemctl</code> 的 <code>enable</code> 与 <code>disable</code> 命令在启用/停用单元时才会使用此区段。 </p>
+<p>“启用”一个单元在多数情况下，效果上相当于将这个单元设为”开机时自动启动”或”插入某个硬件时自动启动”； “停用”一个单元多数时候在效果上相当于撤销该单元的”开机时自动启动”或”插入某个硬件时自动启动”。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Alias=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>启用时使用的别名，可以设为一个空格分隔的别名列表。 每个别名的后缀(也就是单元类型)都必须与该单元自身的后缀相同。 如果多次使用此选项，那么每个选项所设置的别名都会被添加到别名列表中。 在启用此单元时，<code>systemctl enable</code> 命令将会为每个别名创建一个指向该单元文件的软连接。 注意，因为 mount, slice, swap, automount 单元不支持别名，所以不要在这些类型的单元中使用此选项。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">WantedBy=</span><br><span class="line">RequiredBy=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>接受一个空格分隔的单元列表， 表示在使用 <code>systemctl enable</code> 启用此单元时， 将会在每个列表单元的 <code>.wants/</code> 或 <code>.requires/</code> 目录中创建一个指向该单元文件的软连接。 这相当于为每个列表中的单元文件添加了 <code>Wants=此单元</code> 或 <code>Requires=此单元</code> 选项。 这样当列表中的任意一个单元启动时，该单元都会被启动。 有关 <code>Wants=</code> 与 <code>Requires=</code> 的详细说明， 参见前面 <code>[Unit]</code> 区段的说明。 如果多次使用此选项，那么每个选项的单元列表都会合并在一起。</p>
+<p>在普通的 <code>bar.service</code> 单元内设置 <code>WantedBy=foo.service</code> 选项与设置 <code>Alias=foo.service.wants/bar.service</code> 选项基本上是等价的。 但是对于模板单元来说，情况则有所不同。 虽然必须使用实例名称调用 <code>systemctl enable</code> 命令， 但是实际上添加到 <code>.wants/</code> 或 <code>.requires/</code> 目录中的软连接， 指向的却是模板单元(因为并不存在真正的实例单元文件)。</p>
+<p>假设 <code>getty@.service</code> 文件中存在 <code>WantedBy=getty.target</code> 选项， 那么 <code>systemctl enable getty@tty2.service</code> 命令将会创建指向 <code>getty@.service</code> 的软连接  <code>getty.target.wants/getty</code>@<code>tty2.service</code></p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Also=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置此单元的附属单元，可以设为一个空格分隔的单元列表。 表示当使用 <code>systemctl enable</code> 启用 或 <code>systemctl disable</code> 停用 此单元时， 也同时自动的启用或停用附属单元。</p>
+<p>如果多次使用此选项， 那么每个选项所设置的附属单元列表都会合并在一起。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">DefaultInstance=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>仅对模板单元有意义， 用于指定默认的实例名称。 如果启用此单元时没有指定实例名称， 那么将使用这里设置的名称。</p>
+<h3 id="Service-段"><a href="#Service-段" class="headerlink" title="Service 段"></a>Service 段</h3><p>用来做 Service 的配置，只有 Service 类型的 Unit 才有这个区块。</p>
+<h4 id="服务生命周期控制相关"><a href="#服务生命周期控制相关" class="headerlink" title="服务生命周期控制相关"></a>服务生命周期控制相关</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Type=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置进程的启动类型。必须设为 simple, exec, forking, oneshot, dbus, notify, idle 之一：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>Type=simple</code>：当设置了 <code>ExecStart=</code>、 但是没有设置 <code>Type=</code> 与 <code>BusName=</code> 时，simple 就是默认值。如果设为 simple ， 那么此时 <code>ExecStart=</code> 进程就是该服务的主进程， 并且 systemd 会认为在创建了该服务的主服务进程之后，该服务就已经启动完成。 如果此进程需要为系统中的其他进程提供服务， 那么必须在该服务启动之前先建立好通信渠道(例如套接字)， 这样，在创建主服务进程之后、执行主服务进程之前，即可启动后续单元， 从而加快了后续单元的启动速度。 这就意味着对于 simple 类型的服务来说， 即使不能成功调用主服务进程(例如 <code>User=</code> 不存在、或者二进制可执行文件不存在)， <code>systemctl start</code> 也仍然会执行成功。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>Type=exec</code>：与 simple 类似，不同之处在于， 只有在该服务的主服务进程执行完成之后，systemd 才会认为该服务启动完成。 其他后继单元必须一直阻塞到这个时间点之后才能继续启动。换句话说， simple 表示当 <code>fork()</code> 函数返回时，即算是启动完成，而 <code>exec</code> 则表示仅在 <code>fork()</code> 与 <code>execve()</code> 函数都执行成功时，才算是启动完成。 这就意味着对于 exec 类型的服务来说， 如果不能成功调用主服务进程(例如 <code>User=</code> 不存在、或者二进制可执行文件不存在)， 那么 <code>systemctl start</code> 将会执行失败。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>Type=forking</code>：表示 <code>ExecStart=</code> 进程将会在启动过程中使用 <code>fork()</code> 系统调用。 也就是当所有通信渠道都已建好、也已经启动成功之后，父进程将会退出，而子进程将作为主服务进程继续运行。 这是传统UNIX守护进程的经典做法。 在这种情况下，systemd 会认为在父进程退出之后，该服务就已经启动完成。 如果使用了此种类型，那么建议同时设置 <code>PIDFile=</code> 选项，以帮助 systemd 准确可靠的定位该服务的主进程。 systemd 将会在父进程退出之后立即开始启动后续单元。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>Type=oneshot</code>：一次性进程，只运行第一次。 只有在该服务的主服务进程退出之后，systemd 才会认为该服务启动完成，才会开始启动后续单元。 此种类型的服务通常需要设置 <code>RemainAfterExit=</code> 选项。 当 <code>Type=</code> 与 <code>ExecStart=</code> 都没有设置时， <code>Type=oneshot</code> 就是默认值。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>Type=dbus</code>：该服务只有获得了 <code>BusName=</code> 指定的 D-Bus 名称之后，systemd 才会认为该服务启动完成，才会开始启动后继单元。 设为此类型相当于隐含的依赖于 <code>dbus.socket</code> 单元。 当设置了 <code>BusName=</code> 时， 此类型就是默认值。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>Type=notify</code>：与 exec 类似，不同之处在于， 该服务将会在启动完成之后通过 <code>sd_notify(3)</code> 之类的接口发送一个通知消息。systemd 将会在启动后续单元之前， 首先确保该进程已经成功的发送了这个消息。如果设为此类型，那么下文的 <code>NotifyAccess=</code> 将只能设为非 none 值。如果未设置 <code>NotifyAccess=</code> 选项、或者已经被明确设为 none ，那么将会被自动强制修改为 main 。注意，目前 <code>Type=notify</code> 尚不能与 <code>PrivateNetwork=ye</code>s 一起使用。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>Type=idle</code>：服务进程将会被延迟到所有活动任务都完成之后再执行。 这样可以避免控制台上的状态信息与 shell 脚本的输出混杂在一起。 注意：(1) 仅可用于改善控制台输出，切勿将其用于不同单元之间的排序工具； (2) 延迟最多不超过5秒， 超时后将无条件的启动服务进程。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>建议对长时间持续运行的服务尽可能使用 <code>Type=simple</code> (这是最简单和速度最快的选择)。 注意，因为 simple 类型的服务无法报告启动失败、也无法在服务完成初始化后对其他单元进行排序， 所以，当客户端需要通过仅由该服务本身创建的IPC通道(而非由 systemd 创建的套接字或 D-bus 之类)连接到该服务的时候， simple 类型并不是最佳选择。在这种情况下， notify 或 dbus(该服务必须提供 D-Bus 接口) 才是最佳选择， 因为这两种类型都允许服务进程精确地安排何时算是服务启动成功、何时可以继续启动后继单元。 notify 类型需要服务进程明确使用 <code>sd_notify()</code> 函数或类似的API， 否则，可以使用 forking 作为替代(它支持传统的UNIX服务启动协议)。 最后，如果能够确保服务进程调用成功、服务进程自身不做或只做很少的初始化工作(且不大可能初始化失败)， 那么 exec 将是最佳选择。 注意，因为使用任何 simple 之外的类型都需要等待服务完成初始化，所以可能会减慢系统启动速度。 因此，应该尽可能避免使用 simple 之外的类型(除非必须)。另外，也不建议对长时间持续运行的服务使用 idle 或 oneshot 类型。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RemainAfterExit=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>值为 true 或 false（默认）。当该服务的所有进程全部退出之后， 是否依然将此服务视为活动(active)状态。当配置为 true 时，Systemd 只会负责启动服务进程，之后即便服务进程退出了，Systemd 也仍然会认为这个服务还在运行中。这个配置主要是提供给一些并非常驻内存，而是启动注册后立即退出，然后等待消息按需启动的特殊类型服务使用的。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GuessMainPID=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在无法明确定位 该服务主进程的情况下， systemd 是否应该猜测主进程的PID(可能不正确)。 该选项仅在设置了 <code>Type=forking</code> 但未设置 <code>PIDFile=</code> 的情况下有意义。 如果PID猜测错误， 那么该服务的失败检测与自动重启功能将失效。 默认值为 yes</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PIDFile=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>该服务PID文件的路径(一般位于 <code>/run/</code> 目录下)。 强烈建议在 <code>Type=forking</code> 的情况下明确设置此选项。 如果设为相对路径，那么表示相对于 <code>/run/</code> 目录。 systemd 将会在此服务启动完成之后，从此文件中读取主服务进程的PID 。 systemd 不会写入此文件，但会在此服务停止后删除它(若仍然存在)。 PID文件的拥有者不必是特权用户， 但是如果拥有者是非特权用户，那么必须施加如下安全限制： </p>
+<p>(1) 不能是一个指向其他拥有者文件的软连接(无论直接还是间接)； </p>
+<p>(2) 其中的PID必须指向一个属于该服务的进程。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStart=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在启动该服务时需要执行的命令行(命令+参数)。 </p>
+<p>除非 <code>Type=oneshot</code> ，否则必须且只能设置一个命令行。 仅在 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 的情况下，才可以设置任意个命令行(包括零个)， 多个命令行既可以在同一个 <code>ExecStart=</code> 中设置，也可以通过设置多个 <code>ExecStart=</code> 来达到相同的效果。 如果设为一个空字符串，那么先前设置的所有命令行都将被清空。 如果不设置任何 <code>ExecStart=</code> 指令， 那么必须确保设置了 <code>RemainAfterExit=yes</code> 指令，并且至少设置一个 <code>ExecStop=</code> 指令。 同时缺少 <code>ExecStart=</code> 与 <code>ExecStop=</code> 的服务单元是非法的(也就是必须至少明确设置其中之一)。</p>
+<p>命令行必须以一个可执行文件(要么是绝对路径、要么是不含任何斜线的文件名)开始， 并且其后的那些参数将依次作为”argv[1] argv[2] …”传递给被执行的进程。 可选的，可以在绝对路径前面加上各种不同的前缀表示不同的含义：</p>
+<p>可执行文件前的特殊前缀:</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>前缀</th>
+<th>效果</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>“@”</td>
+<td>如果在绝对路径前加上可选的 “@” 前缀，那么其后的那些参数将依次作为”argv[0] argv[1] argv[2] …”传递给被执行的进程(注意，argv[0] 是可执行文件本身)。</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>“-“</td>
+<td>如果在绝对路径前加上可选的 “-“ 前缀，那么即使该进程以失败状态(例如非零的返回值或者出现异常)退出，也会被视为成功退出，但同时会留下错误日志。</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>“+”</td>
+<td>如果在绝对路径前加上可选的 “+” 前缀，那么进程将拥有完全的权限(超级用户的特权)，并且 User=, Group=, CapabilityBoundingSet= 选项所设置的权限限制以及 PrivateDevices=, PrivateTmp= 等文件系统名字空间的配置将被该命令行启动的进程忽略(但仍然对其他 ExecStart=, ExecStop= 有效)。</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>“!”</td>
+<td>与 “+” 类似(进程仍然拥有超级用户的身份)，不同之处在于仅忽略 User=, Group=, SupplementaryGroups= 选项的设置，而例如名字空间之类的其他限制依然有效。注意，当与 DynamicUser= 一起使用时，将会在执行该命令之前先动态分配一对 user/group ，然后将身份凭证的切换操作留给进程自己去执行。</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>“!!”</td>
+<td>与 “!” 极其相似，仅用于让利用 ambient capability 限制进程权限的单元兼容不支持 ambient capability 的系统(也就是不支持 AmbientCapabilities= 选项)。如果在不支持 ambient capability 的系统上使用此前缀，那么 SystemCallFilter= 与 CapabilityBoundingSet= 将被隐含的自动修改为允许进程自己丢弃 capability 与特权用户的身份(即使原来被配置为禁止这么做)，并且 AmbientCapabilities= 选项将会被忽略。此前缀在支持 ambient capability 的系统上完全没有任何效果。</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><code>@</code>, <code>-</code> 以及 <code>+</code> / <code>!</code> / <code>!!</code> 之一，可以按任意顺序同时混合使用。 注意，对于 <code>+</code>, <code>!</code>, <code>!!</code> 前缀来说，仅能单独使用三者之一，不可混合使用多个。 注意，这些前缀同样也可以用于 <code>ExecStartPre=</code>, <code>ExecStartPost=</code>, <code>ExecReload=</code>, <code>ExecStop=</code>, <code>ExecStopPost=</code> 这些接受命令行的选项。</p>
+<p>如果设置了多个命令行， 那么这些命令行将以其在单元文件中出现的顺序依次执行。 如果某个无 <code>-</code> 前缀的命令行执行失败， 那么剩余的命令行将不会被继续执行， 同时该单元将变为失败(failed)状态。</p>
+<p>当未设置 Type=forking 时， 这里设置的命令行所启动的进程 将被视为该服务的主守护进程。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStartPre=</span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPost=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置在执行 <code>ExecStart=</code> 之前/后执行的命令行。 语法规则与 <code>ExecStart=</code> 完全相同。 如果设置了多个命令行， 那么这些命令行将以其在单元文件中出现的顺序依次执行。</p>
+<p>如果某个无 <code>-</code> 前缀的命令行执行失败， 那么剩余的命令行将不会被继续执行， 同时该单元将变为失败(failed)状态。</p>
+<p>仅在所有无 <code>-</code> 前缀的 <code>ExecStartPre=</code> 命令全部执行成功的前提下， 才会继续执行 <code>ExecStart=</code> 命令。</p>
+<p><code>ExecStartPost=</code> 命令仅在 <code>ExecStart=</code> 中的命令已经全部执行成功之后才会运行， 判断的标准基于 <code>Type=</code> 选项。 具体说来：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>对于 <code>Type=simple</code> 或 <code>Type=idle</code> 就是主进程已经成功启动； </li>
+<li>对于 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 来说就是最后一个 <code>ExecStart=</code> 进程已经成功退出； </li>
+<li>对于 <code>Type=forking</code> 来说就是初始进程已经成功退出； </li>
+<li>对于 <code>Type=notify</code> 来说就是已经发送了 “READY=1” ； </li>
+<li>对于 <code>Type=dbus</code> 来说就是已经取得了 <code>BusName=</code> 中设置的总线名称。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>注意，不可将 <code>ExecStartPre=</code> 用于 需要长时间执行的进程。 因为所有由 <code>ExecStartPre=</code> 派生的子进程都会在启动 <code>ExecStart=</code> 服务进程之前被杀死。</p>
+<p>注意，如果在服务启动完成之前，任意一个 <code>ExecStartPre=</code>, <code>ExecStart=</code>, <code>ExecStartPost=</code> 中无 <code>-</code> 前缀的命令执行失败或超时， 那么，<code>ExecStopPost=</code> 将会被继续执行，而 <code>ExecStop=</code> 则会被跳过。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecReload=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这是一个可选的指令， 用于设置当该服务被要求重新载入配置时 所执行的命令行。 语法规则与 <code>ExecStart=</code> 完全相同。</p>
+<p>另外，还有一个特殊的环境变量 <code>$MAINPID</code> 可用于表示主进程的PID， 例如可以这样使用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">/bin/<span class="built_in">kill</span> -HUP <span class="variable">$MAINPID</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意，像上例那样，通过向守护进程发送复位信号， 强制其重新加载配置文件，并不是一个好习惯。 因为这是一个异步操作， 所以不适用于需要按照特定顺序重新加载配置文件的服务。 我们强烈建议将 <code>ExecReload=</code> 设为一个能够确保重新加载配置文件的操作同步完成的命令行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStop=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这是一个可选的指令， 用于设置当该服务被要求停止时所执行的命令行。 语法规则与 <code>ExecStart=</code> 完全相同。 执行完此处设置的所有命令行之后，该服务将被视为已经停止， 此时，该服务所有剩余的进程将会根据 <code>KillMode=</code> 的设置被杀死(参见 systemd.kill(5))。 如果未设置此选项，那么当此服务被停止时， 该服务的所有进程都将会根据 <code>KillSignal=</code> 的设置被立即全部杀死。 与 <code>ExecReload=</code> 一样， 也有一个特殊的环境变量 <code>$MAINPID</code> 可用于表示主进程的PID 。</p>
+<p>一般来说，不应该仅仅设置一个结束服务的命令而不等待其完成。 因为当此处设置的命令执行完之后， 剩余的进程会被按照 <code>KillMode=</code> 与 <code>KillSignal=</code> 的设置立即杀死， 这可能会导致数据丢失。 因此，这里设置的命令必须是同步操作，而不能是异步操作。</p>
+<p>注意，仅在服务确实启动成功的前提下，才会执行 <code>ExecStop=</code> 中设置的命令。 如果服务从未启动或启动失败(例如，任意一个 <code>ExecStart=</code>, <code>ExecStartPre=</code>, <code>ExecStartPost=</code> 中无 <code>-</code> 前缀的命令执行失败或超时)， 那么 <code>ExecStop=</code> 将会被跳过。 如果想要无条件的在服务停止后执行特定的动作，那么应该使用 <code>ExecStopPost=</code> 选项。 如果服务启动成功，那么即使主服务进程已经终止(无论是主动退出还是被杀死)，也会继续执行停止操作。 因此停止命令必须正确处理这种场景，如果 systemd 发现在调用停止命令时主服务进程已经终止，那么将会撤销 <code>$MAINPID</code> 变量。</p>
+<p>重启服务的动作被实现为”先停止、再启动”。所以在重启期间，将会执行 <code>ExecStop=</code> 与 <code>ExecStopPost=</code> 命令。 推荐将此选项用于那些必须在服务干净退出之前执行的命令(例如还需要继续与主服务进程通信)。当此选项设置的命令被执行的时候，应该假定服务正处于完全正常的运行状态，可以正常的与其通信。 如果想要无条件的在服务停止后”清理尸体”，那么应该使用 <code>ExecStopPost=</code> 选项。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStopPost=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这是一个可选的指令， 用于设置在该服务停止之后所执行的命令行。 语法规则与 <code>ExecStart=</code> 完全相同。 注意，与 <code>ExecStop=</code> 不同，无论服务是否启动成功， 此选项中设置的命令都会在服务停止后被无条件的执行。</p>
+<p>应该将此选项用于设置那些无论服务是否启动成功， 都必须在服务停止后无条件执行的清理操作。 此选项设置的命令必须能够正确处理由于服务启动失败而造成的各种残缺不全以及数据不一致的场景。 由于此选项设置的命令在执行时，整个服务的所有进程都已经全部结束， 所以无法与服务进行任何通信。</p>
+<p>注意，此处设置的所有命令在被调用之后都可以读取如下环境变量： <code>$SERVICE_RESULT</code>(服务的最终结果), <code>$EXIT_CODE</code>(服务主进程的退出码), <code>$EXIT_STATUS</code>(服务主进程的退出状态)。 详见 systemd.exec(5) 手册。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RestartSec=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置在重启服务(<code>Restart=</code>)前暂停多长时间。 默认值是100毫秒(100ms)。 如果未指定时间单位，那么将视为以秒为单位。 例如设为”20”等价于设为”20s”。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">TimeoutStartSec=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置该服务允许的最大启动时长。 如果守护进程未能在限定的时长内发出”启动完毕”的信号，那么该服务将被视为启动失败，并会被关闭。 如果未指定时间单位，那么将视为以秒为单位。 例如设为”20”等价于设为”20s”。 设为 “infinity” 则表示永不超时。 当 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 时， 默认值为 “infinity” (永不超时)， 否则默认值等于 <code>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</code> 的值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">TimeoutStopSec=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此选项有两个用途： </p>
+<p>(1) 设置每个 <code>ExecStop=</code> 的超时时长。如果其中之一超时， 那么所有后继的 <code>ExecStop=</code> 都会被取消，并且该服务也会被 SIGTERM 信号强制关闭。 如果该服务没有设置 <code>ExecStop=</code> ，那么该服务将会立即被 SIGTERM 信号强制关闭。 </p>
+<p>(2) 设置该服务自身停止的超时时长。如果超时，那么该服务将会立即被 SIGTERM 信号强制关闭(参见 systemd.kill(5) 手册中的 <code>KillMode=</code> 选项)。 如果未指定时间单位，那么将视为以秒为单位。 例如设为”20”等价于设为”20s”。 设为 “infinity” 则表示永不超时。 默认值等于 <code>DefaultTimeoutStopSec</code>= 的值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">TimeoutSec=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>一个同时设置 <code>TimeoutStartSec=</code> 与 <code>TimeoutStopSec=</code> 的快捷方式。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RuntimeMaxSec=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>允许服务持续运行的最大时长。 如果服务持续运行超过了此处限制的时长，那么该服务将会被强制终止，同时将该服务变为失败(failed)状态。 注意，此选项对 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 类型的服务无效，因为它们会在启动完成后立即终止。 默认值为 “infinity” (不限时长)。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Restart=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当服务进程 正常退出、异常退出、被杀死、超时的时候， 是否重新启动该服务。 所谓”服务进程” 是指 <code>ExecStartPre=</code>, <code>ExecStartPost=</code>, <code>ExecStop=</code>, <code>ExecStopPost=</code>, <code>ExecReload=</code> 中设置的进程。 当进程是由于 systemd 的正常操作(例如 <code>systemctl stop|restart</code>)而被停止时， 该服务不会被重新启动。 所谓”超时”可以是看门狗的”keep-alive ping”超时， 也可以是 <code>systemctl start|reload|stop</code> 操作超时。</p>
+<p>该选项的值可以取 no, on-success, on-failure, on-abnormal, on-watchdog, on-abort, always 之一。 no(默认值) 表示不会被重启。 always 表示会被无条件的重启。 on-success 表示仅在服务进程正常退出时重启， 所谓”正常退出”是指：退出码为”0”， 或者进程收到 SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGPIPE 信号之一， 并且 退出码符合 <code>SuccessExitStatus=</code> 的设置。 on-failure 表示 仅在服务进程异常退出时重启， 所谓”异常退出” 是指： 退出码不为”0”， 或者 进程被强制杀死(包括 “core dump”以及收到 SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGPIPE 之外的其他信号)， 或者进程由于 看门狗超时 或者 systemd 的操作超时 而被杀死。</p>
+<p>表 2. Restart= 的设置分别对应于哪些退出原因</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>退出原因(↓)  Restart= (→)</th>
+<th>no</th>
+<th>always</th>
+<th>on-success</th>
+<th>on-failure</th>
+<th>on-abnormal</th>
+<th>on-abort</th>
+<th>on-watchdog</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>正常退出</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>退出码不为”0”</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>进程被强制杀死</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>systemd 操作超时</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>看门狗超时</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td>√</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>√</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>注意如下例外情况： </p>
+<p>(1) <code>RestartPreventExitStatus=</code> 中列出的退出码或信号永远不会导致该服务被重启。<br>(2) 被 <code>systemctl stop</code> 命令或等价的操作停止的服务永远不会被重启。<br>(3) <code>RestartForceExitStatus=</code> 中列出的退出码或信号将会无条件的导致该服务被重启。</p>
+<p>注意，服务的重启频率仍然会受到由 <code>StartLimitIntervalSec</code>= 与 <code>StartLimitBurst=</code> 定义的启动频率的制约。只有在达到启动频率限制之后， 重新启动的服务才会进入失败状态。</p>
+<p>对于需要长期持续运行的守护进程， 推荐设为 on-failure 以增强可用性。 对于自身可以自主选择何时退出的服务， 推荐设为 on-abnormal</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">SuccessExitStatus=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>额外定义其他的进程”正常退出”状态。 也就是，在退出码”0”、以及表示”正常退出”的 SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGPIPE 信号之外， 再额外添加一组表示”正常退出”的退出码或信号。 可以设为一系列 以空格分隔的数字退出码或者信号名称， 例如：<code>SuccessExitStatus=1 2 8 SIGKILL</code> 表示当进程的退出码是 1, 2, 8 或被 SIGKILL 信号终止时， 都可以视为”正常退出”。</p>
+<p>如果多次使用此选项， 那么最终的结果将是多个列表的合并。 如果将此选项设为空， 那么先前设置的列表 将被清空。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RestartPreventExitStatus=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以设为一系列 以空格分隔的数字退出码或信号名称， 当进程的退出码或收到的信号与此处的设置匹配时， 无论 <code>Restart=</code> 选项 是如何设置的， 该服务都将无条件的禁止重新启动。 例如：<code>RestartPreventExitStatus=1 6 SIGABRT</code> 可以确保退出码 1, 6 与 SIGABRT 信号 不会导致该服务被自动重启。 默认值为空， 表示完全遵守 Restart= 的设置。 如果多次使用此选项，那么最终的结果将是多个列表的合并。 如果将此选项设为空，那么先前设置的列表将被清空。</p>
+<h4 id="命令行"><a href="#命令行" class="headerlink" title="命令行"></a>命令行</h4><p>主要说明 <code>ExecStart=</code>, <code>ExecStartPre=</code>, <code>ExecStartPost=</code>, <code>ExecReload=</code>, <code>ExecStop=</code>, <code>ExecStopPost=</code> 选项的命令行解析规则。</p>
+<p>如果要一次设置多个命令，那么可以使用分号 <code>;</code> 将多个命令行连接起来。 注意，仅在设置了 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 的前提下，才可以一次设置多个命令。 分号自身必须用 <code>\;</code> 表示。</p>
+<p>每个命令行的内部都以空格分隔， 第一项是要运行的命令， 随后的各项则是命令的参数。 每一项的边界都可以用单引号或双引号界定， 但引号自身最终将会被剥离。 还可以使用C语言风格的转义序列， 但仅可使用下文表格中的转义序列。 最后，行尾的反斜杠( <code>\</code> ) 将被视作续行符(借鉴了 bash 续行语法)。</p>
+<p>命令行的语法刻意借鉴了 shell 中的转义字符与变量展开语法， 但两者并不完全相同。 特别是， 重定向(<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&lt;&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&gt;&gt;</code>)、 管道(<code>|</code>)、 后台运行(<code>&amp;</code>)， 以及其他下文未明确提及的符号都不被支持。</p>
+<p>要运行的命令(第一项)可以包含空格，但是不能包含控制字符。</p>
+<p>可以在各项命令参数中使用 “%” 占位符系列替换标记。</p>
+<p>支持 <code>${FOO}</code> 与 <code>$FOO</code> 两种不同的环境变量替换方式。 具体说来就是： <code>${FOO}</code> 的内容将原封不动的转化为一个单独的命令行参数， 无论其中是否包含空格与引号，也无论它是否为空。 <code>$FOO</code> 的内容将被原封不动的插入命令行中， 但对插入内容的解释却遵守一般的命令行解析规则。 后文的两个例子， 将能清晰的体现两者的差别。</p>
+<p>如果要运行的命令(第一项)不是一个绝对路径， 那么将会在编译时设定的可执行文件搜索目录中查找。 因为默认包括 <code>/usr/local/bin/</code>, <code>/usr/bin/</code>, <code>/bin/</code>, <code>/usr/local/sbin/</code>, <code>/usr/sbin/</code>, <code>/sbin/</code> 目录， 所以可以安全的直接使用”标准目录”中的可执行程序名称(没必要再使用绝对路径)， 而对于非标准目录中的可执行程序，则必须使用绝对路径。建议始终使用绝对路径以避免歧义。 </p>
+<p>例(1)：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Environment=<span class="string">"ONE=one"</span> <span class="string">'TWO=two two'</span></span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=<span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$ONE</span> <span class="variable">$TWO</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;TWO&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这将给 <code>/bin/echo</code> 命令依次传递如下四个参数: “one”, “two”, “two”, “two two”</p>
+<p>例(2)：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Environment=ONE=<span class="string">'one'</span> <span class="string">"TWO='two two' too"</span> THREE=</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/bin/<span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;ONE&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;TWO&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;THREE&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/bin/<span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$ONE</span> <span class="variable">$TWO</span> <span class="variable">$THREE</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这将导致<code>/bin/echo</code> 被执行两次。 第一次被依次传递如下三个参数： “‘one’”, “‘two two’ too”, “” ； 第二次被依次传递如下三个参数： “one”, “two two”, “too” 。</p>
+<p>此外，如果想要传递美元符号<code>$</code>自身， 则必须使用 <code>$$</code> 。 而那些无法在替换时确定内容的变量将被当做空字符串。 注意，不可以在第一项(也就是命令的绝对路径)中使用变量替换。</p>
+<p>注意，这里使用的变量必须已经在 <code>Environment=</code> 或 <code>EnvironmentFile=</code> 中定义。 此外，在 <code>systemd.exec(5)</code> 手册的”环境变量”小节中列出的”静态变量”也可以使用。 例如 <code>$USER</code> 就是一个”静态变量”， 而 <code>$TERM</code> 则不是。</p>
+<p>注意， 这里的命令行并不直接支持 shell 命令， 但是可以通过模仿下面这个变通的方法来实现：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStart=sh -c <span class="string">'dmesg | tac'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>例一</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStart=<span class="built_in">echo</span> one ; <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"two two"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这将导致 echo 被执行两次。 第一次被传递了单独一个 “one” 参数； 第二次被传递了单独一个 “two two” 参数。 因为一次设置了多个命令，所以仅能用于 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 类型。</p>
+<p>例二</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStart=<span class="built_in">echo</span> / &gt;/dev/null &amp; \; \</span><br><span class="line">ls</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这表示向 echo 命令传递五个参数： <code>/</code>, <code>&gt;/dev/null</code>, <code>&amp;</code>, <code>;</code>, <code>ls</code></p>
+<p>可以在命令行与环境变量中使用的C语言风格的转义符</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>转义符</th>
+<th>实际含义</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\a</code></td>
+<td>响铃</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\b</code></td>
+<td>退格</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\f</code></td>
+<td>换页</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\n</code></td>
+<td>换行</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\r</code></td>
+<td>回车</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\t</code></td>
+<td>制表符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\v</code></td>
+<td>纵向制表符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\\</code></td>
+<td>反斜线</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\&quot;</code></td>
+<td>双引号</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\&#39;</code></td>
+<td>单引号</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\s</code></td>
+<td>空白</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\xxx</code></td>
+<td>十六进制数 xx 所对应的字符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\nnn</code></td>
+<td>八进制数 nnn 所对应的字符</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h4 id="例子"><a href="#例子" class="headerlink" title="例子"></a>例子</h4><p><strong>简单服务</strong></p>
+<p>下面是一个 metricbeat 守护进程的服务范例，未设置 <code>Type=</code> 等价于 <code>Type=simple</code> 默认设置。 systemd 执行守护进程之后， 即认为该单元已经启动成功。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=Metricbeat is a lightweight shipper <span class="keyword">for</span> metrics.</span><br><span class="line">Documentation=https://www.elastic.co/products/beats/metricbeat</span><br><span class="line">Wants=network-online.target</span><br><span class="line">After=network-online.target</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Environment=<span class="string">"BEAT_LOG_OPTS=-e"</span></span><br><span class="line">Environment=<span class="string">"BEAT_CONFIG_OPTS=-c /etc/metricbeat/metricbeat.yml"</span></span><br><span class="line">Environment=<span class="string">"BEAT_PATH_OPTS=-path.home /usr/share/metricbeat -path.config /etc/metricbeat -path.data /var/lib/metricbeat -path.logs /var/log/metricbeat"</span></span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/share/metricbeat/bin/metricbeat <span class="variable">$BEAT_LOG_OPTS</span> <span class="variable">$BEAT_CONFIG_OPTS</span> <span class="variable">$BEAT_PATH_OPTS</span></span><br><span class="line">Restart=always</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意，本例中的 <code>/usr/share/metricbeat/bin/metricbeat</code> 必须在启动后持续运行到服务被停止。 如果该进程只是为了派生守护进程，那么应该使用 <code>Type=forking</code></p>
+<p>因为没有设置 <code>ExecStop=</code> 选项， 所以在停止服务时，systemd 将会直接向该服务启动的所有进程发送 SIGTERM 信号。 若超过指定时间依然存在未被杀死的进程，那么将会继续发送 SIGKILL 信号。</p>
+<p>默认的 <code>Type=simple</code> 并不包含任何通知机制(例如通知”服务启动成功”)。 要想使用通知机制，应该将 <code>Type=</code> 设为其他非默认值： <code>Type=notify</code> 可用于能够理解 systemd 通知协议的服务； <code>Type=forking</code> 可用于能将自身切换到后台的服务； <code>Type=dbus</code> 可用于能够在完成初始化之后 获得一个 D-Bus 名称的单元。</p>
+<p><strong>一次性服务</strong></p>
+<p><code>Type=oneshot</code> 用于那些只需要执行一次性动作而不需要持久运行的单元， 例如文件系统检查或者清理临时文件。 此类单元， 将会在启动后一直等待指定的动作完成， 然后再回到停止状态。 下面是一个执行清理动作的单元：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=清理老旧的 Foo 数据</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Type=oneshot</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-cleanup</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意，在 <code>/usr/sbin/foo-cleanup</code> 执行结束前， 该服务一直处于”启动中”(activating)状态，而一旦执行结束，该服务又立即变为”停止”(inactive)状态。 也就是说，对于 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 类型的服务，不存在”活动”(active)状态。 这意味着，如果再一次启动该服务，将会再一次执行该服务定义的动作。 注意，在先后顺序上晚于该服务的单元， 将会一直等到该服务变成”停止”(inactive)状态后， 才会开始启动。</p>
+<p><code>Type=oneshot</code> 是唯一可以设置多个 <code>ExecStart=</code> 指令的服务类型。 多个 <code>ExecStart=</code> 指令将按照它们出现的顺序依次执行， 一旦遇到错误，就会立即停止，不再继续执行， 同时该服务也将进入”失败”(failed)状态。</p>
+<p><strong>可停止的一次性服务</strong></p>
+<p>有时候， 单元需要执行一个程序以完成某个设置(启动)， 然后又需要再执行另一个程序以撤消先前的设置(停止)， 而在设置持续有效的时段中，该单元应该视为处于”活动”(active)状态， 但实际上并无任何程序在持续运行。 网络配置服务就是一个典型的例子。 此外，只能启动一次(不可多次启动)的一次性服务， 也是一个例子。</p>
+<p>可以通过设置 <code>RemainAfterExit=yes</code> 来满足这种需求。 在这种情况下，systemd 将会在启动成功后将该单元视为处于”活动”(active)状态(而不是”停止”(inactive)状态)。 <code>RemainAfterExit=yes</code> 虽然可以用于所有 <code>Type=</code> 类型， 但是在实践中主要用于 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 和 <code>Type=simple</code> 类型。 对于 <code>Type=oneshot</code> 类型， systemd 一直等到服务启动成功之后，才会将该服务置于”活动”(active)状态。 所以，依赖于该服务的其他单元必须等待该服务启动成功之后，才能启动。 但是对于 <code>Type=simple</code> 类型， 依赖于该服务的其他单元无需等待， 将会和该服务同时并行启动。 下面的类似展示了一个简单的静态防火墙服务：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=简单的静态防火墙</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Type=oneshot</span><br><span class="line">RemainAfterExit=yes</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/sbin/simple-firewall-start</span><br><span class="line">ExecStop=/usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/sbin/simple-firewall-stop</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>因为服务启动成功后一直处于”活动”(active)状态， 所以再次执行 systemctl start 命令不会有任何效果。</p>
+<p><strong>传统的服务</strong></p>
+<p>多数传统的守护进程(服务)在启动时会转入后台运行。 systemd 通过 <code>Type=forking</code> 来支持这种工作方式。 对于这种类型的服务，如果最初启动的进程尚未退出， 那么该单元将依然处于”启动中”(activating)状态。 当最初的进程成功退出， 并且至少有一个进程仍然在运行(并且 <code>RemainAfterExit=no</code>)， 该服务才会被视为处于”活动”(active)状态。</p>
+<p>对于单进程的传统服务，当最初的进程成功退出后， 将会只剩单独一个进程仍然在持续运行， systemd 将会把这个唯一剩余的进程视为该服务的主进程。 仅在这种情况下，才将可以在 <code>ExecReload=</code>, <code>ExecStop=</code>… 之类的选项中使用 <code>$MAINPID</code> 变量。</p>
+<p>对于多进程的传统服务，当最初的进程成功退出后，将会剩余多个进程在持续运行， 因此，systemd 无法确定哪一个进程才是该服务的主进程。 在这种情况下，不可以使用 <code>$MAINPID</code> 变量。 然而，如果主进程会创建传统的PID文件， 那么应该将 <code>PIDFile=</code> 设为此PID文件的绝对路径， 以帮助 systemd 从该PID文件中读取主进程的PID，从而帮助确定该服务的主进程。 注意，守护进程必须在完成初始化之前写入PID文件， 否则可能会导致 systemd 读取失败 (读取时文件不存在)。</p>
+<p>下面是 named 单进程传统服务的示例：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=Berkeley Internet Name Domain (DNS)</span><br><span class="line">Wants=nss-lookup.target</span><br><span class="line">Wants=named-setup-rndc.service</span><br><span class="line">Before=nss-lookup.target</span><br><span class="line">After=network.target</span><br><span class="line">After=named-setup-rndc.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Type=forking</span><br><span class="line">PIDFile=/run/named/named.pid</span><br><span class="line">Environment=NAMEDCONF=/etc/named.conf</span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPre=/bin/bash -c <span class="string">'if [ ! "$DISABLE_ZONE_CHECKING" == "yes" ]; then /usr/sbin/named-checkconf -z "$NAMEDCONF"; else echo "Checking of zone files is disabled"; fi'</span></span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/named -u named -c <span class="variable">$&#123;NAMEDCONF&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$OPTIONS</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ExecReload=/bin/sh -c <span class="string">'/usr/sbin/rndc reload &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 || /bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ExecStop=/bin/sh -c <span class="string">'/usr/sbin/rndc stop &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 || /bin/kill -TERM $MAINPID'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">PrivateTmp=<span class="literal">true</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>下面是 nginx 单进程传统服务的示例：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server</span><br><span class="line">After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Type=forking</span><br><span class="line">PIDFile=/run/nginx.pid</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Nginx will fail to start if /run/nginx.pid already exists but has the wrong</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># SELinux context. This might happen when running `nginx -t` from the cmdline.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1268621</span></span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid</span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx</span><br><span class="line">ExecReload=/bin/<span class="built_in">kill</span> -s HUP <span class="variable">$MAINPID</span></span><br><span class="line">KillSignal=SIGQUIT</span><br><span class="line">TimeoutStopSec=5</span><br><span class="line">KillMode=process</span><br><span class="line">PrivateTmp=<span class="literal">true</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h4 id="服务上下文配置相关"><a href="#服务上下文配置相关" class="headerlink" title="服务上下文配置相关"></a>服务上下文配置相关</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">WorkingDirectory=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置进程的工作目录。 既可以设为特殊值 <code>~</code> 表示 <code>User=</code> 用户的家目录，也可以设为一个以 <code>RootDirectory=</code> 为基准的绝对路径。 例如当 <code>RootDirectory=/sysroot</code> 并且 <code>WorkingDirectory=/work/dir</code> 时，实际的工作目录将是 <code>/sysroot/work/dir</code> 。 当 systemd 作为系统实例运行时，此选项的默认值是 <code>/</code> ； 当 systemd 作为用户实例运行时，此选项的默认值是对应用户的家目录。 如果给目录加上 <code>-</code> 前缀，那么表示即使此目录不存在，也不算致命错误。 如果未设置 <code>RootDirectory=</code>/<code>RootImage=</code> 选项，那么为 <code>WorkingDirectory=</code> 设置的绝对路径将以主机(或容器)的根目录(也就是运行 systemd 的系统根目录)为基准。 注意，设置此选项将会导致自动添加额外的依赖关系(见上文)。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RootDirectory=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此选项仅可用于系统单元(不适用于用户单元)。 设置以 chroot 方式执行进程时的根目录。 必须设为一个以主机(或容器)的根目录(也就是运行 systemd 的系统根目录)为基准的绝对路径。 如果设置了此选项，必须确保进程及其辅助文件在 chroot() 监狱中确实可用。 注意，设置此选项将会导致自动添加额外的依赖关系(见上文)。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RootImage=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可设为一个块设备节点或者一个普通文件。 此设置的含义与 RootDirectory= 相同，不同之处在于是从块设备或回环文件挂载一个文件系统(而不是直接使用一个现成的目录)。 需要注意的是，块设备或回环文件中必须包含合法的文件系统，同时还需要满足以下条件之一：<br>(1) 不包含任何分区表；<br>(2) 仅包含单独一个 Linux 能够识别的 MBR/MS-DOS 或 GPT 分区；<br>(3) 包含一组完全遵守 Discoverable Partitions Specification 规范的 GPT 分区。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Environment=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置进程的环境变量， 接受一个空格分隔的 <code>VAR=VALUE</code> 列表。 可以多次使用此选项以增加新的变量或者修改已有的变量(同一个变量以最后一次设置为准)。 设为空表示清空先前所有已设置的变量。 注意：<br>(1) 不会在字符串内部进行变量展开(也就是<code>$</code> 没有特殊含义)；<br>(2) 如果值中包含空格或者等号，那么必须在字符串两边使用双引号<code>&quot;</code>界定。</p>
+<p>例如：<code>Environment=&quot;VAR1=word1 word2&quot; VAR2=word3 &quot;VAR3=$word 5 6&quot;</code><br>设置了 <code>VAR1</code>, <code>VAR2</code>, <code>VAR3</code> 三个变量，其值分别为 <code>word1 word2</code>, <code>word3</code>, <code>$word 5 6</code></p>
+<p>注意，不要使用环境变量向单元中的进程传递机密信息(例如密码与口令之类)。 一方面，环境变量会通过 D-Bus IPC 暴露给其他非特权客户端； 另一方面，环境变量在概念上也不属于需要保护的机密数据。 此外，因为环境变量能够沿进程树传播，并且能够跨越安全边界(例如 setuid/setgid 程序)， 所以可能会将机密数据泄漏给不应访问的进程。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">EnvironmentFile=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>与 <code>Environment=</code> 类似，不同之处在于此选项是从文本文件中读取环境变量的设置。 文件中的空行以及以分号<code>;</code>或井号<code>#</code>开头的行会被忽略， 其他行的格式必须符合 <code>VAR=VALUE</code> 的shell变量赋值语法。 行尾的反斜杠<code>\</code>将被视为续行符，这与 shell 语法类似。 若想在变量值中包含空格， 则必须在值的两端加上双引号<code>&quot;</code>界定。</p>
+<p>文件必须用绝对路径表示(可以包含通配符)。 但可在路径前加上 <code>-</code> 前缀表示忽略不存在的文件。 可以多次使用此选项，以从多个不同的文件中读取设置。 若设为空，则表示清空所有先前已经从文件中读取的环境变量。</p>
+<p>这里列出的文件将在进程启动前的瞬间被读取， 因此可以由前一个单元生成配置文件， 再由后一个单元去读取它。</p>
+<p>从文件中读取的环境变量会覆盖 <code>Environment=</code> 中设置的同名变量。 文件的读取顺序就是它们出现在单元文件中的顺序， 并且对于同一个变量，以最后读取的文件中的设置为准。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PassEnvironment=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>将某些 systemd 系统服务管理器进程(PID=1)所持有的环境变量传递给该单元中的进程。 接受一个空格分隔的变量名列表。可以多次使用此选项以传递更多变量。 若设为空，则表示清空先前已设置的所有变量。 如果此处设置的变量并不是系统服务管理器进程(PID=1)所持有的环境变量，那么将会被悄无声息的忽略掉。 注意，此选项仅可用于传递PID=1的 systemd 系统服务管理器进程所持有的环境变量， 因为系统服务单元默认并不自动继承PID=1进程所持有的环境变量。 又因为用户服务单元默认就会自动继承PID≠1的 systemd 用户服务管理器进程的所有环境变量， 所以此选项对于用户服务管理器没有意义。</p>
+<p>注意，通过此选项传递过来的环境变量的值会被 <code>Environment=</code> 或 <code>EnvironmentFile=</code> 选项中的同名变量所覆盖。例如：<code>PassEnvironment=VAR1 VAR2 VAR3</code> 传递了 “VAR1”, “VAR2”, “VAR3” 三个变量，其值等于PID=1进程所持有的值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">User=</span><br><span class="line">Group=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>设置进程在执行时使用的用户与组。 既可以设为一个数字形式的 UID/GID 也可以设为一个字符串形式的名称。 对于系统服务(由 PID=1 的 systemd 系统实例管理)以及由 root 运行的用户服务(由 root 用户启动的 systemd –user 用户实例管理)， <code>User=</code> 的默认值是 “root” ，同时亦可明确将 <code>User=</code> 设为其他用户。 对于普通用户运行的用户服务，<code>User=</code> 的默认值就是该用户自身，并且禁止将 <code>User=</code> 切换为其他用户。 如果没有明确设置 <code>Group=</code> 选项，则使用 <code>User=</code> 所属的默认组。 此选项不影响 带有 “+” 前缀的命令。</p>
+<p>注意， 为了避免歧义以及确保在不同 Linux 系统之间的兼容性， 用户与组的名称必须满足以下规则： </p>
+<p>(1) 仅可包含 <code>a-z</code>, <code>A-Z</code>, <code>0-9</code>, <code>_</code>, <code>-</code> 字符；<br>(2) 首字母只能是 <code>a-z</code>, <code>A-Z</code>, <code>_</code> 之一(也就是禁止使用数字与 “-“ 字符)；<br>(3) 字符串长度必须介于 <code>1~31</code> 之间。</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>注意</strong>：如果在 <code>ExecStart</code>、<code>ExecStop</code> 等属性中使用了 Linux 命令，则必须要写出完整的绝对路径。对于 <code>ExecStartPre</code> 和 <code>ExecStartPost</code> 辅助命令，若前面有个 “-” 符号，表示忽略这些命令的出错。因为有些 “辅助” 命令本来就不一定成功，比如尝试清空一个文件，但文件可能不存在。</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="Unit-文件占位符和模板"><a href="#Unit-文件占位符和模板" class="headerlink" title="Unit 文件占位符和模板"></a>Unit 文件占位符和模板</h2><h3 id="Unit-文件占位符"><a href="#Unit-文件占位符" class="headerlink" title="Unit 文件占位符"></a>Unit 文件占位符</h3><p>在 Unit 文件中，有时会需要使用到一些与运行环境有关的信息，例如节点 ID、运行服务的用户等。这些信息可以使用占位符来表示，然后在实际运行被动态地替换实际的值。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>%n</code>：完整的 Unit 文件名字，包括 .service 后缀名</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%p</code>：Unit 模板文件名中 @ 符号之前的部分，不包括 @ 符号</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%i</code>：Unit 模板文件名中 @ 符号之后的部分，不包括 @ 符号和 .service 后缀名</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%t</code>：存放系统运行文件的目录，通常是 “run”</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%u</code>：运行服务的用户，如果 Unit 文件中没有指定，则默认为 root</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%U</code>：运行服务的用户 ID</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%h</code>：运行服务的用户 Home 目录，即 %{HOME} 环境变量的值</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%s</code>：运行服务的用户默认 Shell 类型，即 %{SHELL} 环境变量的值</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%m</code>：实际运行节点的 Machine ID，对于运行位置每个的服务比较有用</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%b</code>：Boot ID，这是一个随机数，每个节点各不相同，并且每次节点重启时都会改变</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%H</code>：实际运行节点的主机名</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%v</code>：内核版本，即 “uname -r” 命令输出的内容</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>%%</code>：在 Unit 模板文件中表示一个普通的百分号</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="Unit-模板"><a href="#Unit-模板" class="headerlink" title="Unit 模板"></a>Unit 模板</h3><p>在现实中，往往有一些应用需要被复制多份运行。例如，用于同一个负载均衡器分流的多个服务实例，或者为每个 SSH 连接建立一个独立的 sshd 服务进程。</p>
+<p>Unit 模板文件的写法与普通的服务 Unit 文件基本相同，不过 Unit 模板的文件名是以 <code>@</code> 符号结尾的。通过模板启动服务实例时，需要在其文件名的 <code>@</code> 字符后面附加一个参数字符串。</p>
+<p>示例：<code>apache@.service</code></p>
+<h4 id="apache-service-模板"><a href="#apache-service-模板" class="headerlink" title="apache@.service 模板"></a>apache@.service 模板</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=My Advanced Service Template</span><br><span class="line">After=etcd.service docker.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">TimeoutStartSec=0</span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/docker <span class="built_in">kill</span> apache%i</span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/docker rm apache%i</span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/docker pull coreos/apache</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/bin/docker run --name apache%i -p %i:80 coreos/apache /usr/sbin/apache2ctl -D FOREGROUND</span><br><span class="line">ExecStartPost=/usr/bin/etcdctl <span class="built_in">set</span> /domains/example.com/%H:%i running</span><br><span class="line">ExecStop=/usr/bin/docker stop apache1</span><br><span class="line">ExecStopPost=/usr/bin/docker rm apache1</span><br><span class="line">ExecStopPost=/usr/bin/etcdctl rm /domains/example.com/%H:%i</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h4 id="启动-Unit-模板的服务实例"><a href="#启动-Unit-模板的服务实例" class="headerlink" title="启动 Unit 模板的服务实例"></a>启动 Unit 模板的服务实例</h4><p>在服务启动时需要在 <code>@</code> 后面放置一个用于区分服务实例的附加字符参数，通常这个参数用于监控的端口号或控制台 TTY 编译号。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># systemctl start apache@8080.service</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>Systemd 在运行服务时，总是会先尝试找到一个完整匹配的 Unit 文件，如果没有找到，才会尝试选择匹配模板。例如上面的命令，System 首先会在约定的目录下寻找名为 <a href="mailto:`apache@8080.service" target="_blank" rel="noopener">`apache@8080.service</a><code>的文件，如果没有找到，而文件名中包含</code>@<code>字符，它就会尝试去掉后缀参数匹配模板文件。对于</code><a href="mailto:apache@8080.service" target="_blank" rel="noopener">apache@8080.service</a><code>，systemd 会找到</code>apache@.service` 模板文件，并通过这个模板文件将服务实例化。</p>
+<h1 id="例子-1"><a href="#例子-1" class="headerlink" title="例子"></a>例子</h1><h2 id="允许单元被启用"><a href="#允许单元被启用" class="headerlink" title="允许单元被启用"></a>允许单元被启用</h2><p>下面这个 foo.service 单元中的 [Install] 小节表明该单元可以通过 systemctl enable 命令启用。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=Foo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-daemon</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>执行 systemctl enable 启用命令之后， 将会建立一个指向该单元文件的软链接 <code>/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/foo.service</code> ， 表示将 foo.service 包含到 multi-user.target 目标中， 这样，当启动 multi-user.target 目标时， 将会自动起动 foo.service 服务。 同时，systemctl disable 命令 将会删除这个软连接。</p>
+<h2 id="覆盖软件包的默认设置"><a href="#覆盖软件包的默认设置" class="headerlink" title="覆盖软件包的默认设置"></a>覆盖软件包的默认设置</h2><p>以例如 foo.type 这样的系统单元为例， 有两种修改单元文件的方法：</p>
+<p>(1) 将单元文件从 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> 目录复制到 <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> 目录中， 然后直接修改复制后的副本。 (2) 创建 <code>/etc/systemd/system/foo.type.d</code>/ 目录， 并在其中创建一些 name.conf 文件， 然后仅针对性的修改某些个别选项。</p>
+<p>第一种方法的优点是易于修改整个单元， 因为原有的单元文件会被完全忽略。 但此种方法的缺点是， 当原有的单元文件被更新时， 变更不能在修改后的副本上自动体现出来。</p>
+<p>第二种方法的优点是仅需修改个别选项， 并且原有单元文件的更新能够自动生效。 因为 <code>.conf</code> 文件只会按照其文件名的字典顺序，被依次追加到原有单元文件的尾部。 但此种方法的缺点是原有单元文件的更新有可能导致与 <code>.conf</code> 文件中的设置不兼容。</p>
+<p>这同样适用于 systemd 用户实例， 只是用户单元文件的文件系统位置不同而已。 </p>
+<p>下面是一个实例，假定原有的单元文件 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service</code> 包含以下内容：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=Some HTTP server</span><br><span class="line">After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service</span><br><span class="line">Requires=sqldb.service</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathExists=/srv/webserver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Type=notify</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server</span><br><span class="line">Nice=5</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>假定系统管理员想要修改几个设置：</p>
+<p>(1) 本地并不存在 /<code>srv/webserver</code> 目录，需要修改为 <code>/srv/www</code> 目录。<br>(2) 让此服务依赖于本地已经存在的 <code>memcached.service</code> 服务(<code>Requires=</code>)， 且在其后启动(<code>After=</code>)。<br>(3) 为了加固此服务， 添加一个 <code>PrivateTmp=</code> 设置(参见 <code>systemd.exec(5)</code> 手册)。<br>(4) 将此服务的进程谦让值重置为默认值”0”。</p>
+<p>第一种方法，将原有的单元文件复制到 <code>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service</code> 并做相应的修改：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">Description=Some HTTP server</span><br><span class="line">After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service memcached.service</span><br><span class="line">Requires=sqldb.service memcached.service</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathExists=/srv/www</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Type=notify</span><br><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server</span><br><span class="line">Nice=0</span><br><span class="line">PrivateTmp=yes</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Install]</span><br><span class="line">WantedBy=multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>第二种方法， 创建配置片段 <code>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/local.conf</code> 并在其中填入如下内容：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Unit]</span><br><span class="line">After=memcached.service</span><br><span class="line">Requires=memcached.service</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 重置所有断言，接着重新加入想要的条件</span></span><br><span class="line">AssertPathExists=</span><br><span class="line">AssertPathExists=/srv/www</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[Service]</span><br><span class="line">Nice=0</span><br><span class="line">PrivateTmp=yes</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意， 对于单元配置片段， 如果想要移除列表选项(例如 <code>AssertPathExists=</code> 或 <code>ExecStart=</code>)中的某些项， 那么必须首先清空列表(设为空)，然后才能添加(剔除掉某些项之后)剩余的列表项。 注意，因为依赖关系列表(<code>After=</code> 之类)不能被重置为空，所以：<br>(1) 在配置片段(<code>.conf</code>)中只能添加依赖关系；<br>(2) 如果你想移除现有的依赖关系，并重新设定， 那么只能用第一种方法(先复制，然后直接修改复制后的副本)。</p>
+<h1 id="使用-systemctl-命令管理-systemd-资源"><a href="#使用-systemctl-命令管理-systemd-资源" class="headerlink" title="使用 systemctl 命令管理 systemd 资源"></a>使用 systemctl 命令管理 systemd 资源</h1><h2 id="电源管理"><a href="#电源管理" class="headerlink" title="电源管理"></a>电源管理</h2><p>主要涉及关机、系统重启、急救模式等</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl reboot     <span class="comment"># 重启</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl poweroff   <span class="comment"># 关机</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl halt       <span class="comment"># 关机</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">suspend</span>    </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 挂起，处于待机状态，这将会存储系统状态到内存中，如果关机则会导致数据丢失</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl hibernate  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 休眠，这将会创建系统快照</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl hybrid-sleep</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建快照并挂起</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl rescue     <span class="comment"># 切换至修复模式</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl emergency  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 进入紧急救援模式，比rescue更彻底，rescue模式在启动时仅仅是大多数服务没启动，但驱动可以加载。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 而 emergency  则是驱动也不加载，系统也不做初始化，服务也不会启动，</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl default     <span class="comment"># 切换至系统的默认模式</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="分析系统状态"><a href="#分析系统状态" class="headerlink" title="分析系统状态"></a>分析系统状态</h2><p>主要用来查看系统中纳入systemd管理的服务的状态</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl status      <span class="comment"># 系统状态</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-units  <span class="comment"># 所有激活单元列表</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl --failed    <span class="comment"># 运行失败单元列表</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出所有配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-unit-files</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出指定类型的配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-unit-files --<span class="built_in">type</span>=service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 系统启动时间统计</span></span><br><span class="line">systemd-analyze </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看所有服务启动时间列表，blame 就能看出，这是要等一个背锅位</span></span><br><span class="line">systemd-analyze blame </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示瀑布状的启动过程流，如下所示</span></span><br><span class="line">systemd-analyze critical-chain</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># multi-user.target @1min 31.548s</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># └─getty.target @1min 31.546s</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#   └─getty@tty1.service @1min 31.546s</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#     └─rc-local.service @1min 20.105s +11.398s</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#       └─network-online.target @1min 20.104s</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#         └─network.target @1min 20.057s</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示指定服务的启动流</span></span><br><span class="line">systemd-analyze critical-chain sshd.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="Unit-管理"><a href="#Unit-管理" class="headerlink" title="Unit 管理"></a>Unit 管理</h2><p>查看当前系统的所有 Unit</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出正在运行的 Unit</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-units</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出所有Unit，包括没有找到配置文件的或者启动失败的</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-units --all</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出所有没有运行的 Unit</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-units --all --state=inactive</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出所有加载失败的 Unit</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-units --failed</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出所有正在运行的、类型为 service 的 Unit</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-units --<span class="built_in">type</span>=service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看 Unit 配置文件的内容</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl cat docker.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="查看-Unit-的依赖关系"><a href="#查看-Unit-的依赖关系" class="headerlink" title="查看 Unit 的依赖关系"></a>查看 Unit 的依赖关系</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出一个 Unit 的所有依赖，默认不会列出 target 类型</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-dependencies nginx.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 列出一个 Unit 的所有依赖，包括 target 类型</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-dependencies --all nginx.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="查看-Unit-的状态"><a href="#查看-Unit-的状态" class="headerlink" title="查看 Unit 的状态"></a>查看 Unit 的状态</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示系统状态</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl status</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示单个 Unit 的状态</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl status bluetooth.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示远程主机的某个 Unit 的状态</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl -H root@rhel7.example.com status httpd.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>输出信息说明：</p>
+<p>在彩色终端上，前导点(“●”)使用不同的颜色来标记单元的不同状态。 白色表示 “inactive” 或 “deactivating” 状态； 红色表示 “failed” 或 “error” 状态； 绿色表示 “active” 或 “reloading” 或 “activating” 状态。</p>
+<p>以”Loaded:”开头的行显示了单元的加载状态： “loaded” 表示已经被载到内存中； “error” 表示加载失败； “not-found” 表示未找到单元文件； “bad-setting” 表示无法解析单元文件中的关键设置； “masked” 表示已被屏蔽。 同时还包含了单元文件的路径、开机自启状态、预设的启用状态。 </p>
+<p>以”Active:”开头的行显示了单元的启动状态： “active” 表示已启动成功； “inactive” 表示尚未启动； “activating” 表示正在启动中； “deactivating” 表示正在停止中； “failed” 表示启动失败(崩溃、超时、退出码不为零……)。 对于启动失败的单元，将会在日志中记录下导致启动失败的原因， 以方便事后查找故障原因。</p>
+<h2 id="服务的管理"><a href="#服务的管理" class="headerlink" title="服务的管理"></a>服务的管理</h2><p>查看系统中的所有服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl list-units --<span class="built_in">type</span> service --all</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看服务的运行状态。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl status apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看服务当前激活与否的状态。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl is-active apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>立即启动一个服务，这会依次启动定义在 Unit 文件中的 ExecStartPre、ExecStart 和 ExecStartPost 命令。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl start apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>立即停止一个服务，这会依次停止定义在 Unit 文件中的 ExecStopPre、ExecStop 和 ExecStopPost 命令。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl stop apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>重启一个服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl restart apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>条件式重启，如果某个服务在此前已经启动了才把它重启，如果服务没有启动，就不做任何操作。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl try-restart apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>重载或重启服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl reload-or-restart name.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>重载或条件式重启服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl reload-or-try-restart name.service</span><br><span class="line">```		</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">将服务设置为开机自启，这会在 `/etc/systemd/system/` 建立服务的符号链接，指向 `/usr/lib/systemd/system/` 中。同时使用 `--now` 则在设置开机自启时立即启动服务。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">``` bash</span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> apache.service</span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> --now apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>将服务取消设置开机自启，这会删除在 <code>/etc/systemd/system/</code> 建立服务的指向 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</code> 中的符号链接。同时使用 <code>--now</code> 则在取消设置开机自启时立即停止服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>将服务重新设置为开机自启，先 disable 再 enable 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl reenable</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看服务是否设置了开机自启。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl is-enabled apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看所有服务的开机自启状态。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl list-unit-files --<span class="built_in">type</span> service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>禁止设定为开机自启，此操作将会把 unit 链接至 <code>/dev/null</code> ，使得它们不可能被启动，这是 <code>disable</code> 的加强版。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl mask apache.services</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>取消禁止设定为开机自启</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl unmask apache.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>systemd 会将 Unit 文件的内容写到缓存中，因此当 Unit 文件被更新时，需要告诉 Systemd 重新读取所有的 Unit 文件</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 重载所有修改过的配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在删除 Unit 文件后，由于缓存的关系，即使通过 <code>daemon-reload</code> 更新了缓存，在 <code>list-units</code> 中依然会显示标记为 <code>not-found</code> 的 Unit，使用 <code>reset-failed</code> 可解决这个问题</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 移除的 unit 标记为丢失的</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl reset-failed</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 杀死一个服务的所有子进程</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">kill</span> apache.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 重新加载一个服务的配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl reload apache.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示某个 Unit 的所有底层参数</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl show httpd.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示某个 Unit 的指定属性的值</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置某个 Unit 的指定属性</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">set</span>-property httpd.service CPUShares=500</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="Target-管理"><a href="#Target-管理" class="headerlink" title="Target 管理"></a>Target 管理</h2><p>Target 就是一个 Unit 组，包含许多相关的 Unit 。启动某个 Target 的时候，Systemd 就会启动里面所有的 Unit。</p>
+<p>在传统的 SysV-init 启动模式里面，有 RunLevel 的概念，跟 Target 的作用很类似。不同的是，RunLevel 是互斥的，不可能多个 RunLevel 同时启动，但是多个 Target 可以同时启动。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看当前系统的所有 Target</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-unit-files --<span class="built_in">type</span>=target</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看一个 Target 包含的所有 Unit</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看启动时的默认 Target</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl get-default</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置启动时的默认 Target</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">set</span>-default multi-user.target</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 切换 Target 时，默认不关闭前一个 Target 启动的进程，systemctl isolate 命令会改变这种行为，关闭前一个 Target 里面所有不属于后一个 Target 的进程</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl isolate multi-user.target</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>Target 与 SysV-init 进程的主要区别：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>默认的 RunLevel（在 /etc/inittab 文件设置）现在被默认的 Target 取代，位置是 <code>/etc/systemd/system/default.target</code>，通常符号链接到 graphical.target（图形界面）或者multi-user.target（多用户命令行）。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>启动脚本的位置，以前是<code>/etc/init.d</code> 目录，符号链接到不同的 RunLevel 目录 （比如 <code>/etc/rc3.d</code>、<code>/etc/rc5.d</code> 等），现在则存放在 <code>/lib/systemd/system</code> 和 <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> 目录。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>配置文件的位置，以前 init 进程的配置文件是 /etc/inittab，各种服务的配置文件存放在 /etc/sysconfig 目录。现在的配置文件主要存放在 <code>/lib/systemd</code> 目录，在 <code>/etc/systemd</code> 目录里面的修改可以覆盖原始设置。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h1 id="使用-journalctl-命令管理-systemd-日志"><a href="#使用-journalctl-命令管理-systemd-日志" class="headerlink" title="使用 journalctl 命令管理 systemd 日志"></a>使用 journalctl 命令管理 systemd 日志</h1><p>Systemd 通过其标准日志服务 Journald 提供的配套程序 journalctl 将其管理的所有后台进程打印到 stdout（即控制台）的输出重定向到了日志文件。</p>
+<p>Systemd 的日志文件是二进制格式的，必须使用 Journald 提供的 journalctl 来查看，默认不带任何参数时会输出系统和所有后台进程的混合日志。</p>
+<p>默认日志最大限制为所在文件系统容量的 10%，可以修改 <code>/etc/systemd/journald.conf</code> 中的 <code>SystemMaxUse</code> 来指定该最大限制。</p>
+<h2 id="选项说明"><a href="#选项说明" class="headerlink" title="选项说明"></a>选项说明</h2><p><code>journalctl</code>：不加任何参数，则查看所有日志（默认情况下 ，只保存本次启动的日志）</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>-f</code>, <code>--follow</code>：只显示最新的日志项， 并且不断显示新生成的日志项。 此选项隐含了 <code>-n</code> 选项。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 实时滚动显示某个 Unit 的最新日志</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -u nginx.service -f</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>-e</code>, <code>--pager-end</code></p>
+<p>在分页工具内立即跳转到日志的尾部。 此选项隐含了 <code>-n1000</code> 以确保分页工具不必缓存太多的日志行。 不过这个隐含的行数可以被明确设置的 <code>-n</code> 选项覆盖。 注意，此选项仅可用于 less 分页器。</p>
+<p><code>-n</code>, <code>--lines=</code>：显示尾部的最新 x 行日志，此选项的参数：若为正整数则表示最大行数； 若为 “all” 则表示不限制行数； 若不设参数则表示默认值10行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -n</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示尾部指定行数的日志</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -n 20</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--no-tail</code>：显示所有日志行， 也就是用于撤销已有的 <code>--lines=</code> 选项(即使与 <code>-f</code> 连用)。</p>
+<p><code>-r</code>, <code>--reverse</code>：反转日志行的输出顺序， 也就是将最新的日志显示在前面</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -r -u crond.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>-o</code>, <code>--output=</code>：</p>
+<p>控制日志的 输出格式。 可以使用如下选项：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>short</code> ：这是默认值， 其输出格式与传统的 syslog 文件的格式相似， 每条日志一行。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>short-full</code>：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段 按照 <code>--since=</code> 与 <code>--until=</code> 接受的格式显示。 与 short 的不同之处在于， 输出的时间戳中还包含星期、年份、时区信息，并且与系统的本地化设置无关。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>short-iso</code>：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段以 ISO 8601 格式 显示。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>short-iso-precise</code>：与 short-iso 类似，只是将时间戳字段的秒数精确到了微秒级别(百万分之一秒)。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>short-precise</code>：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段的秒数精确到了微秒级别(百万分之一秒)。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>short-monotonic</code>：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段的零值 从内核启动时开始计算。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>short-unix</code>：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段显示为从”UNIX时间原点”(1970-1-1 00:00:00 UTC)以来的秒数。 精确到微秒级别。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>verbose</code>：以结构化的格式显示每条日志的所有字段。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>export</code>：将日志序列化为二进制字节流 (大部分依然是文本)， 以适用于备份与网络传输(详见 <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Journal Export Format</a> 文档)。亦可使用 <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/systemd/systemd-journal-remote.service.html#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systemd-journal-remote.service(8)</a> 工具将二进制字节流转换为本地 journald 格式。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>json</code>：将日志项格式化为 JSON 对象，并用换行符分隔(也就是每条日志一行，详见 <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Journal JSON Format</a> 文档)。 字段值通常按照 JSON 字符串规范进行编码，但是如下三种情况例外：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>大于4096字节的字段将被编码为 null 值(可以使用 <code>--all</code> 选项关闭此特性，但是这样做会导致生成又大又长的 JSON 对象)。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>日志中允许存在同名字段，但是在 JSON 对象中不允许。 因此，同名字段的多个值在 JSON 对象中将会被 编码为一个数组。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>包含非打印字符或非UTF8字符的字段， 将被编码为包含原始二进制字节的数组(其中的每个字节都视为一个无符号整数)。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>注意，这种编码方式是可逆的(存在空间大小的限制)。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>json-pretty</code>：将日志项按照JSON数据结构格式化， 但是每个字段一行， 以便于人类阅读。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>json-sse</code>：将日志项按照JSON结构格式化，每条日志一行，但是用大括号包围， 以符合 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Server-Sent Events</a> 的要求。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>json-seq</code>：将日志项按照JSON结构格式化， 同时为每条日志加上一个ASCII记录分隔符(0x1E)前缀以及一个ASCII换行符(0x0A)后缀，以符合 <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7464" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences</a> (“application/json-seq”) 的要求。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>cat</code>：仅显示日志的实际内容， 而不显示与此日志相关的 任何元数据(包括时间戳)。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>with-unit</code>：与 short-full 类似， 但是在日志项前缀中使用单元名称代替传统的 syslog 标识。 这对于从模板实例化而来的单元比较有意义， 因为会在单元名称中包含实例化参数。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -b -o short-full --no-hostname -u sshd.service </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 以 JSON 格式（单行）输出</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -b -o json -u nginx.service</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 以 JSON 格式（多行）输出，可读性更好</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -b -o json-pretty -u nginx.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--output-fields=</code>：一个逗号分隔的字段名称列表，表示仅输出列表中的字段。 仅影响默认输出全部字段的输出格式(verbose, export, json, json-pretty, json-sse, json-seq)。注意， <code>&quot;__CURSOR&quot;</code>, <code>&quot;__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP&quot;</code>, <code>&quot;__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP&quot;</code>, <code>&quot;_BOOT_ID&quot;</code> 字段永远输出， 不能被排除。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -o json-pretty --no-hostname -u sshd.service  --output-fields MESSAGE</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--utc</code>：以世界统一时间(UTC) 表示时间</p>
+<p><code>--no-hostname</code>：不显示来源于本机的日志消息的主机名字段。 此选项仅对 short 系列输出格式(见上文)有效。</p>
+<p><code>-x</code>, <code>--catalog</code>：</p>
+<p>在日志的输出中增加一些解释性的短文本， 以帮助进一步说明 日志的含义、 问题的解决方案、支持论坛、 开发文档、以及其他任何内容。 并非所有日志都有这些额外的帮助文本， 详见 <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Message Catalog Developer Documentation</a> 文档。</p>
+<p>注意，如果要将日志输出用于 bug 报告， 请不要使用此选项。</p>
+<p><code>-q</code>, <code>--quiet</code>：安静模式， 也就是当以普通用户身份运行时， 不显示任何警告信息与提示信息。 例如： “– Logs begin at …”, “– Reboot –”</p>
+<p><code>-b</code>：查看系统本次启动的日志（其中包括了内核日志和各类系统服务的控制台输出）：，如果不加参数则表示仅显示本次启动的日志。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -b</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>不过，一般更关心的不是本次启动后的日志，而是上次启动时的（例如刚刚系统崩溃的情况）：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -b -0 <span class="comment"># 显示本次启动的信息</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -b -1 <span class="comment"># 显示上次启动的信息</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -b -2 <span class="comment"># 显示上上次启动的信息</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--list-boots</code>： 列出每次启动的序号(也就是相对于本次启动的偏移量)、32字符的ID、 第一条日志的时间戳、最后一条日志的时间戳。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journactl --list-boots</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>-k</code>, <code>--dmesg</code>：仅显示内核日志(不显示应用日志)。隐含了 <code>-b</code> 选项以及 <code>_TRANSPORT=kernel</code> 匹配项。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -k</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--unit</code> 或 <code>-u</code>：查看指定服务的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -u docker.servcie</span><br><span class="line">journalctl /usr/lib/systemd/systemd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>-p</code>, <code>--priority=</code>：</p>
+<p>根据 日志等级(包括等级范围) 过滤输出结果。 日志等级数字与其名称之间的 对应关系如下： </p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 0: emerg</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1: alert</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2: crit</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 3: err</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 4: warning</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 5: notice</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 6: info</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 7: debug</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>若设为一个单独的数字或日志等级名称， 则表示仅显示小于或等于此等级的日志(也就是重要程度等于或高于此等级的日志)。 若使用 FROM..TO.. 设置一个范围， 则表示仅显示指定的等级范围内(含两端)的日志。 此选项相当于添加了 “PRIORITY=” 匹配条件。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看指定优先级（及其以上级别）的日志</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -p err -b</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 只显示错误、冲突和重要告警信息</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -p err..alert</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 也可以使用数字</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl -p 3..1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>-g</code>, <code>--grep=</code>：</p>
+<p>使用指定的正则表达式对 <code>MESSAGE=</code> 字段进行过滤，仅输出匹配的日志项。 必须使用 PERL 兼容的正则表达式。</p>
+<p>如果正则表达式中仅含小写字母，那么将自动进行大小写无关的匹配， 否则将使用大小写敏感的匹配。是否大小写敏感可以使用下面的 <code>--case-sensitive</code> 选项强制指定。</p>
+<p><code>--case-sensitive[=BOOLEAN]</code>：是否对正则表达式进行大小写敏感的匹配。</p>
+<p><code>-S</code>, <code>--since=</code>, <code>-U</code>, <code>--until=</code>：</p>
+<p>显示晚于指定时间(<code>--since=</code>)的日志、显示早于指定时间(<code>--until=</code>)的日志。 参数的格式类似 “2012-10-30 18:17:16” 这样。 如果省略了”时:分:秒”部分，则相当于设为 “00:00:00” 。 如果仅省略了”秒”的部分则相当于设为 “:00” 。 如果省略了”年-月-日”部分，则相当于设为当前日期。 除了”年-月-日 时:分:秒”格式，参数还可以进行如下设置： </p>
+<p>(1) 设为 “yesterday”, “today”, “tomorrow” 以表示那一天的零点(00:00:00)。<br>(2) 设为 “now” 以表示当前时间。<br>(3) 可以在”年-月-日 时:分:秒”前加上 “-“(前移) 或 “+”(后移) 前缀以表示相对于当前时间的偏移。<code>--output=short-full</code> 将会严格按照上述格式输出时间戳。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl --since=<span class="string">"2012-10-30 18:17:16"</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl --since <span class="string">"20 min ago"</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl --since yesterday</span><br><span class="line">journalctl --since <span class="string">"2015-01-10"</span> --until <span class="string">"2015-01-11 03:00"</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl --since 09:00 --until <span class="string">"1 hour ago"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--disk-usage</code>：此选项并不用于显示日志内容， 而是用于显示所有日志文件(归档文件与活动文件)的磁盘占用总量。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 显示日志占据的硬盘空间</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl --disk-usage</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--vacuum-size=</code>, <code>--vacuum-time=</code>, <code>--vacuum-files=</code>：</p>
+<p>这些选项并不用于显示日志内容，而是用于清理过期的日志归档文件(并不清理活动的日志文件)，以释放磁盘空间。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>--vacuum-size=</code> 可用于限制归档文件的最大磁盘使用量(可以使用 “K”, “M”, “G”, “T” 后缀)；</li>
+<li><code>--vacuum-time=</code> 可用于清除指定时间之前的归档(可以使用 “s”, “m”, “h”, “days”, “weeks”, “months”, “years” 后缀)；</li>
+<li><code>--vacuum-files=</code> 可用于限制日志归档文件的最大数量。 </li>
+</ul>
+<p>注意，<code>--vacuum-size=</code> 对 <code>--disk-usage</code> 的输出仅有间接效果， 因为 <code>--disk-usage</code> 输出的是归档日志与活动日志的总量。 同样，<code>--vacuum-files=</code> 也未必一定会减少日志文件的总数， 因为它同样仅作用于归档文件而不会删除活动的日志文件。</p>
+<p>此三个选项可以同时使用， 以同时从三个维度去限制归档文件。 若将某选项设为零， 则表示取消此选项的限制。</p>
+<p>此三个选项还可以和 <code>--rotate</code> 一起使用， 表示首先滚动所有日志归档， 然后再执行清理操作。 这样可以确保首先完成所有活动日志的归档， 进而使得清理操作变得非常高效。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 清理日志使总大小小于 1G（指定日志文件占据的最大空间）</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl --vacuum-size=1G</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 清理最早两周前的日志（指定日志文件保存多久）</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl --vacuum-time=2weeks</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 清理最早一年前的日志</span></span><br><span class="line">journalctl --vacuum-time=1years</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>--no-pager</code>：日志默认分页输出，使用此项后将改为正常的标准输出，而不将程序的输出内容管道(pipe)给分页程序。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl --no-pager</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="例子-2"><a href="#例子-2" class="headerlink" title="例子"></a>例子</h2><p>不带任何选项与参数， 表示显示全部日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>显示上一次启动所产生的所有内核日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -k -b -1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>合并显示多个 Unit 的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl -u nginx.service -u php-fpm.service --since today</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看指定进程的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl _PID=1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看指定用户的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl _UID=33 --since today</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>仅指定一个匹配条件， 显示所有符合该匹配条件的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service</span><br><span class="line">journalctl _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/user.slice/user-42.slice/session-c1.scope</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>指定了两个不同字段的匹配条件， 显示同时满足两个匹配条件的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>指定了同一个字段的两个不同匹配条件， 显示满足其中任意一个条件的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 “+” 连接 两组匹配条件， 相当于 逻辑”OR”连接</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>要显示由特定单元产生的、关于特定单元的日志， 可使用 <code>-u/--unit=</code> 选项。 <code>journalctl -u name</code> 将被展开为类似于如下过滤器：(参见 <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/systemd/systemd.journal-fields.html#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systemd.journal-fields(5)</a> 手册以了解对下述日志字段的解释)</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">_SYSTEMD_UNIT=name.service</span><br><span class="line">  + UNIT=name.service _PID=1</span><br><span class="line">  + OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=name.service _UID=0</span><br><span class="line">  + COREDUMP_UNIT=name.service _UID=0 MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>显示所有 D-Bus 进程产生的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看某个路径的脚本的日志</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">journalctl /usr/bin/bash</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="错误诊断"><a href="#错误诊断" class="headerlink" title="错误诊断"></a>错误诊断</h1><p>这个例子中的失败的服务是 nginx.service :</p>
+<p>1、通过 systemd 寻找启动失败的服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bongon ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl --state failed</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>或者使用 systemd 日志：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bongon ~]<span class="comment"># journalctl --follow --priority err</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>2、发现了启动失败的 nginx.service 服务，输出更多信息。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bongon ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl status nginx   </span></span><br><span class="line">----------------------------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server</span><br><span class="line">   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)</span><br><span class="line">   Active: failed (Result: <span class="built_in">exit</span>-code) since Tue 2019-11-05 06:48:49 EST; 4s ago</span><br><span class="line">  Process: 2270 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)</span><br><span class="line">  Process: 2301 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)</span><br><span class="line">  Process: 2299 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)</span><br><span class="line"> Main PID: 2272 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: [emerg] invalid number of arguments <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"proxy_pass"</span> directive <span class="keyword">in</span> /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:60</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf <span class="built_in">test</span> failed</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: nginx.service: Control process exited, code=exited status=1</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: nginx.service: Failed with result <span class="string">'exit-code'</span>.</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: Failed to start The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>3、通过输出信息可以看到执行失败的进程信息：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Process: 4047 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>得到 PID 就可以进一步探查错误的详细信息：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bongon ~]<span class="comment"># journalctl -b _PID=2301</span></span><br><span class="line">-- Logs begin at Tue 2019-11-05 04:06:03 EST, end at Tue 2019-11-05 06:48:49 EST. --</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: [emerg] invalid number of arguments <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"proxy_pass"</span> directive <span class="keyword">in</span> /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:60</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf <span class="built_in">test</span> failed</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>4、我们发现配置文件不正确，导致 nginx 检查失败。因此根据提示信息在 <code>/etc/nginx/nginx.conf</code> 的第 60 行左右检查一下。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">proxy_pass         https://192.168.123.3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>5、错误原因是这一行的末尾没有加分号(<code>;</code>)。修正后重新启动服务：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl start nginx.service</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl status nginx.service</span></span><br><span class="line">● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server</span><br><span class="line">   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)</span><br><span class="line">   Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-11-05 06:55:57 EST; 5s ago</span><br><span class="line">  Process: 2513 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)</span><br><span class="line">  Process: 2511 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)</span><br><span class="line">  Process: 2510 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)</span><br><span class="line"> Main PID: 2515 (nginx)</span><br><span class="line">    Tasks: 3 (<span class="built_in">limit</span>: 4925)</span><br><span class="line">   Memory: 28.9M</span><br><span class="line">   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service</span><br><span class="line">           ├─2515 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx</span><br><span class="line">           ├─2516 nginx: worker process</span><br><span class="line">           └─2517 nginx: worker process</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:55:57 bogon systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:55:57 bogon nginx[2511]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:55:57 bogon nginx[2511]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf <span class="built_in">test</span> is successful</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:55:57 bogon systemd[1]: nginx.service: Failed to parse PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invalid argument</span><br><span class="line">Nov 05 06:55:57 bogon systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="Systemd-工具集"><a href="#Systemd-工具集" class="headerlink" title="Systemd 工具集"></a>Systemd 工具集</h1><ul>
+<li><p><code>systemctl</code>：用于检查和控制各种系统服务和资源的状态</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>bootctl</code>：用于查看和管理系统启动分区</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>hostnamectl</code>：用于查看和修改系统的主机名和主机信息</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>journalctl</code>：用于查看系统日志和各类应用服务日志</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>localectl</code>：用于查看和管理系统的地区信息</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>loginctl</code>：用于管理系统已登录用户和 Session 的信息</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>machinectl</code>：用于操作 Systemd 容器</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>timedatectl</code>：用于查看和管理系统的时间和时区信息</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-analyze</code> 显示此次系统启动时运行每个服务所消耗的时间，可以用于分析系统启动过程中的性能瓶颈</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-ask-password</code>：辅助性工具，用星号屏蔽用户的任意输入，然后返回实际输入的内容</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-cat</code>：用于将其他命令的输出重定向到系统日志</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-cgls</code>：递归地显示指定 CGroup 的继承链</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-cgtop</code>：显示系统当前最耗资源的 CGroup 单元</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-escape</code>：辅助性工具，用于去除指定字符串中不能作为 Unit 文件名的字符</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-hwdb</code>：Systemd 的内部工具，用于更新硬件数据库</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-delta</code>：对比当前系统配置与默认系统配置的差异</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-detect-virt</code>：显示主机的虚拟化类型</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-inhibit</code>：用于强制延迟或禁止系统的关闭、睡眠和待机事件</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-machine-id-setup</code>：Systemd 的内部工具，用于给 Systemd 容器生成 ID</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-notify</code>：Systemd 的内部工具，用于通知服务的状态变化</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-nspawn</code>：用于创建 Systemd 容器</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-path</code>：Systemd 的内部工具，用于显示系统上下文中的各种路径配置</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-run</code>：用于将任意指定的命令包装成一个临时的后台服务运行</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-stdio- bridge</code>：Systemd 的内部 工具，用于将程序的标准输入输出重定向到系统总线</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-tmpfiles</code>：Systemd 的内部工具，用于创建和管理临时文件目录</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>systemd-tty-ask-password-agent</code>：用于响应后台服务进程发出的输入密码请求</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考链接"></a>参考链接</h1><ul>
+<li>金步国翻译的 <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/systemd/systemctl.html#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systemctl 中文手册</a></li>
+<li>金步国翻译的 <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/systemd/systemd.service.html#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systemd.service 中文手册</a></li>
+<li>金步国翻译的 <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/systemd/systemd.exec.html#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systemd.exec 中文手册</a></li>
+<li>金步国翻译的 <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/systemd/journalctl.html#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">journalctl 中文手册</a></li>
+</ul>
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+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
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+                
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+                
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+                
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+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+            </div>
+          
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+
+            
+            
+            
+            
+
+            
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-简介"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 简介</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-的功能和特性"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 的功能和特性</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-架构"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 架构</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-的-Unit-文件"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 的 Unit 文件</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-支持的-12-种-Unit-文件类型"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 支持的 12 种 Unit 文件类型</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-相关的目录"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 相关的目录</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unit-和-Target"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unit 和 Target</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-Service-Unit"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd Service Unit</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unit-文件结构"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unit 文件结构</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unit-段"><span class="nav-number">5.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unit 段</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Install-段"><span class="nav-number">5.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Install 段</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Service-段"><span class="nav-number">5.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Service 段</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#服务生命周期控制相关"><span class="nav-number">5.1.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">服务生命周期控制相关</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#命令行"><span class="nav-number">5.1.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">命令行</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#例子"><span class="nav-number">5.1.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">例子</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#服务上下文配置相关"><span class="nav-number">5.1.3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">服务上下文配置相关</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unit-文件占位符和模板"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unit 文件占位符和模板</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unit-文件占位符"><span class="nav-number">5.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unit 文件占位符</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unit-模板"><span class="nav-number">5.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unit 模板</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#apache-service-模板"><span class="nav-number">5.2.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">apache@.service 模板</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#启动-Unit-模板的服务实例"><span class="nav-number">5.2.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">启动 Unit 模板的服务实例</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#例子-1"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">例子</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#允许单元被启用"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">允许单元被启用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#覆盖软件包的默认设置"><span class="nav-number">6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">覆盖软件包的默认设置</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用-systemctl-命令管理-systemd-资源"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用 systemctl 命令管理 systemd 资源</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#电源管理"><span class="nav-number">7.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">电源管理</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#分析系统状态"><span class="nav-number">7.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">分析系统状态</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unit-管理"><span class="nav-number">7.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unit 管理</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#查看-Unit-的依赖关系"><span class="nav-number">7.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">查看 Unit 的依赖关系</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#查看-Unit-的状态"><span class="nav-number">7.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">查看 Unit 的状态</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#服务的管理"><span class="nav-number">7.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">服务的管理</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Target-管理"><span class="nav-number">7.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">Target 管理</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用-journalctl-命令管理-systemd-日志"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用 journalctl 命令管理 systemd 日志</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#选项说明"><span class="nav-number">8.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">选项说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#例子-2"><span class="nav-number">8.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">例子</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#错误诊断"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">错误诊断</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Systemd-工具集"><span class="nav-number">10.</span> <span class="nav-text">Systemd 工具集</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#参考链接"><span class="nav-number">11.</span> <span class="nav-text">参考链接</span></a></li></ol></div>
+            
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      <!--/noindex-->
+      
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+  </aside>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
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+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+    // Popup Window;
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+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
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+        <p>在整个开机的过程当中，是否能够成功驱动主机的硬件设备， 是内核 (kernel) 的工作，而内核一般都是压缩文件，因此在使用内核之前，需要将它解压缩后，才能加载到内存当中。</p>
+<p>为了应对不断更新迭代的硬件，目前的内核都是具有 可读取模块化驱动程序 的功能， 也就是所说的 modules (模块化) 的功能。</p>
+<p>所谓的模块化可以将它看作是一个插件， 该插件可能由硬件开发厂商提供，也有可能是内核本来就支持。较新的硬件， 通常都需要硬件开发商提供驱动程序模块。</p>
+<p>内核与内核模块的存放位置：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>内核：<code>/boot/vmlinuz</code> 或 <code>/boot/vmlinuz-version</code>；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>内核解压缩所需 RAM Disk： <code>/boot/initramfs</code> (<code>/boot/initramfs-version</code>)； </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>内核模块： <code>/lib/modules/version/kernel 或 /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel</code>； </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>内核源代码 /usr/src/linux 或 /usr/src/kernels/ (要安装才会有，预设不安装)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>如果内核被顺利地加载到系统当中，就会有几个信息记录下来：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>内核版本： <code>/proc/version</code></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>系统内核功能：<code>/proc/sys/kernel/</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>如果有个的硬件，而操作系统不支持，这时候应该重新编译核心，并加入最新的硬件驱动程序源码；将该硬件的驱动程序编译成为模块，在开机时加载该模块。</p>
+<h1 id="内核模块与依赖关系"><a href="#内核模块与依赖关系" class="headerlink" title="内核模块与依赖关系"></a>内核模块与依赖关系</h1><p>基本上，内核模块的存放位置是在 <code>/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel</code> 当中，里面主要还分成几个目录：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>arch：与硬件平台有关的项目，例如 CPU 的等级等等；</li>
+<li>crypto：核心所支持的加密的技术 ，例如 md5 或者是 des 等等</li>
+<li>drivers：一些硬件的驱动程序，例如显示适配器、网络卡、PCI 相关硬件等等；</li>
+<li>fs：核心所支持的 filesystems ，例如 vfat, reiserfs, nfs 等等；</li>
+<li>lib：一些函式库；</li>
+<li>net：与网络有关的各项协议数 据，还有防火墙模块 (<code>net/ipv4/netfilter/*</code>) 等等；</li>
+<li>sound：与音效有关的各项模块；</li>
+</ul>
+<p>如果要一个一个的去检查这些模块的主要信息，然后定义出他们的依赖关系，这显然是不人性化的。 Linux 提供了一些模块相依性的解决方案，在 <code>/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep</code> 文件中记录了内核支持的模块的各项依赖关系。并且使用 depmod 命令可以实现建立该文件的需求：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># depmod [-Ane]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>选项参数：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>-A</code>：不加任何参数时， depmod 会主动的去分析目前内核的模块，并且重新写入 <code>/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep</code> 当中。若加入 <code>-A</code> 参数时，则 depmod 会去搜寻比 modules.dep 内还要新的模块，如果真找到新模块，才会更新。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-n</code>：不写入 modules.dep ，而是将结果输出到屏幕上(standard out)；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-e</code>：显示出目前已加载的不可执行的模块名称。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>例如，做好了一个名为 a.ko 的网卡驱动程序，该如何更新模块的依恋关系呢？</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># cp a.ko /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/net</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># depmod</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>内核模块扩展名一般是 <code>.ko</code> 或 <code>.ko.xz</code> 结尾的， 当使用 depmod 之后， 该程序会跑到模块标准存放目录 <code>/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel</code> 并依据相关目录的定义将全部的模块拿出来分析，最终才将分析的结果写入 modules.dep 文件中。 这个文件至关重要，因为它会影响到 modprobe 命令的使用。</p>
+<h1 id="内核模块的查看"><a href="#内核模块的查看" class="headerlink" title="内核模块的查看"></a>内核模块的查看</h1><p>使用 lsmod 命令可以很方便地看到当前的内核中加载了多少模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod </span></span><br><span class="line">Module                  Size  Used by</span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ftp       18638  0 </span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ipv4      15053  0 </span><br><span class="line">nf_defrag_ipv4         12729  1 nf_conntrack_ipv4</span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack          133095  2 nf_conntrack_ftp,nf_conntrack_ipv4</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ......省略部分内容......</span></span><br><span class="line">nf_tables             147456  184 </span><br><span class="line">sg                     40960  0</span><br><span class="line">joydev                 24576  0</span><br><span class="line">vmw_vmci               86016  2 vmw_balloon,vmw_vsock_vmci_transport</span><br><span class="line">i2c_piix4              24576  0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ......省略部分内容......</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其中，显示的内容包括有：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>模块名称(Module)；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>模块的大小(size)；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>此模块是否被其他模块所使用 (Used by)。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>从上面的输出结果可以看出，在 nf_conntrack 模块先被加载后，nf_conntrack_ftp 这个模块才能够进一步的加载到系统中，这两者间是有依赖关系的。</p>
+<p>要想了解某个内核模块的相关信息，可以使用 <code>modinfo</code> 命令：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">modinfo [-adln] [module_name|filename]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>选项与参数：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>-a</code>, <code>--author</code>：仅列出作者名称；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-d</code>, <code>--description</code>：仅列出该 modules 的说明 (description) ；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-l</code>, <code>--license</code>：仅列出授权 (license)；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-n</code>, <code>--filename</code>：仅列出该模块的详细路径;</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-F</code>, <code>--field=FIELD</code>：仅列出指定字段对应的信息;</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>使用 modinfo 除了可以查看 已经加载到内核中的模块 之外，还可以查看 某个模块文件：</p>
+ <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">modinfo /lib/modules/4.18.0-80.el8.x86_64/kernel/net/ipv4/ip_gre.ko.xz</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="内核模块的加载和移除"><a href="#内核模块的加载和移除" class="headerlink" title="内核模块的加载和移除"></a>内核模块的加载和移除</h1><p>如果想要手动加载模块，最简单而且最建议的，是使用 modprobe 命令， 这是因为 modprobe 会主动去搜寻modules.dep 的内容，先解决了模块的依赖关系后， 才决定需要加载的模块有哪些。</p>
+<p>而如果使用 insmod 命令，则完全由使用者自行加载一个完整文件路径的模块， 而且不会主动的分析模块的依赖关系。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># insmod [/full/path/module_name] [parameters]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>例如，手动载入 <code>fat.ko.xz</code> 这个文件系统相关的内核模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># insmod /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs/fat/fat.ko.xz</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod | grep fat</span></span><br><span class="line">fat                    81920  0</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 insmod 命令会立即将给定的模块加载，但是给定的模块必须是完整路径。想要移除给定的模块则需要使用 rmmod 命令：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># rmmod [-f] module_name</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>选项与参数：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>-f</code>：强制将该模块移除掉，不论是否正被使用；</li>
+</ul>
+<p>例如，删除刚刚载入的 <code>fat.ko.xz</code> 内核模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># rmmod fat</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再比如，手动加载 <code>vfat.ko.xz</code> 这个文件系统相关的内核模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># insmod /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs/vfat/vfat.ko.xz            </span></span><br><span class="line">insmod: ERROR: could not load module /lib/modules/4.18.0-80.el8.x86_64/kernel/fs/vfat/vfat.ko.xz: No such file or directory</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 insmod 与 rmmod 命令的问题就是，必须要事先自己找到模块的位置才行。所以更建议直接使用 modprobe 命令来处理模块加载的问题：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]<span class="comment"># modprobe [-cfr] module_name</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>选项与参数：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><code>-c</code>, <code>--showconfig</code>：列出目前系统所有的模块，会输出更详细的代号对应表。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-f</code>, <code>--force</code>：强制加载该模块；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>-r</code>, <code>--remove</code>：类似于 rmmod 命令 ，用来移除某个模块。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>例如，加载和移除 <code>vfat.ko.xz</code> 这个文件系统相关的内核模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># modprobe vfat </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod | grep vfat</span></span><br><span class="line">vfat                   24576  0</span><br><span class="line">fat                    81920  1 vfat</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># modprobe -r vfat</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod | grep vfat</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="核心模块的额外参数设定"><a href="#核心模块的额外参数设定" class="headerlink" title="核心模块的额外参数设定"></a>核心模块的额外参数设定</h1><p>如果有某些特殊的需求导致必须要让内核模块加上某些参数时，就要对自定义模块进行相关的配置了。</p>
+<p>开机流程当中，在 sysinit.target 系统初始化的阶段会加载用户自定义模块，有两个地方可以处理模块加载的问题，包括：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf</code> ：单纯要让内核从哪些位置加载模块</li>
+<li><code>/etc/modules-load.d/*.conf</code>：对内核模块做参数设置</li>
+</ul>
+<p>基本上 systemd 已经将开机会用到的驱动程序全部加载了，因此，在一般情况下，这个部份应该无需变动。不过， 如果有某些特定的参数要处理时，就可以在这里做配置。比如，我们要做网络链接追踪，就需要在开机启动流程中加载相对应的内核模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modules-load.d/netfilter.conf </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Load nf_conntrack.ko at boot</span></span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack</span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ipv4</span><br><span class="line">nf_defrag_ipv4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再比如自定义了 vsftpd 服务的监听端口为 555，这时就需要修改防火墙设定，其中一个针对 FTP 很重要的防火墙模块为 nf_conntrack_ftp， 因此可以将这个模块写入到系统开机流程中：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modules-load.d/vbird.conf</span></span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ftp</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>按照配置标准，应该一个模块 (驱动程序) 写一行。如果要对这些内核模块做参数设定，应该在 <code>/etc/modules-load.d/</code> 目录下做配置。比如要对链接追踪模块的哈希表做参数设置：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modprobe.d/netfilter.conf </span></span><br><span class="line">options nf_conntrack hashsize=65536</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当然，如果只是让内核加载模块，没有指定自己定义的参数，就会以默认值加载并运行。所以对于修改了服务端口的 vsftpd 来说，如果不设置参数，模块就默认处理 21 号端口，这时候我们需要将其调整到自定义的 555 号端口才能正常工作：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/modprobe.d/vbird.conf</span></span><br><span class="line">options nf_conntrack_ftp ports=555</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>之后重新启动就能够顺利的载入并且处理好些模块了。当然，如果不想重启，而直接进行加载，可以使用下面的方式来处理：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># # 因为没有加载这个模块，所以不会有任何信息输出</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># systemctl restart systemd-modules-load.service </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment"># lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp                  </span></span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack_ftp       18478  0 </span><br><span class="line">nf_conntrack          139224  7 nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_ipv6,xt_conntrack,nf_conntrack_ftp,nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6</span><br><span class="line">[root@localhost ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过上述的方式，就可以在开机的时候将所需要的驱动程序加载或者是调整这些模块的外加参数了。</p>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+      <!--noindex-->
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+          <div class="post-toc">
+
+            
+            
+            
+            
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+            
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#内核模块与依赖关系"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">内核模块与依赖关系</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#内核模块的查看"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">内核模块的查看</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#内核模块的加载和移除"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">内核模块的加载和移除</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#核心模块的额外参数设定"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">核心模块的额外参数设定</span></a></li></ol></div>
+            
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+        </div>
+      <!--/noindex-->
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+
+  
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+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader\344\271\213Grub2/index.html" "b/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader\344\271\213Grub2/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7843e0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader\344\271\213Grub2/index.html"
@@ -0,0 +1,1559 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
+
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
+
+
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
+
+
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
+
+
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
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+        <p>在开机过程中 boot loader 是载入内核的重要工具，如果没有 boot loader ，那么 kernel 就无法被系统加载。</p>
+<p>目前新版的 CentOS 7.x 已经将沿用多年的 grub 换成了 grub2，并且 grub2 版本在设定与安装上跟先前的 grub 有一定的差异。</p>
+<h1 id="boot-loader-的两个-stage"><a href="#boot-loader-的两个-stage" class="headerlink" title="boot loader 的两个 stage"></a>boot loader 的两个 stage</h1><p>开机流程中，在 BIOS 读完信息后，接下来会到第一个开机装置的 MBR 读取 boot loader 。这个 boot loader 可以具有菜单选择功能、直接加载内核文件以及控制权移交的功能等， 系统必须要有 loader 才能加载该操作系统的内核。</p>
+<p>另外，MBR 是整个硬盘的第一个 sector 内的一个区块，整个大小为 446 bytes。即使是 GPT 也没有很大的扇区来储存 loader 的数据。 仅仅是程序代码和设定数据不可能只占据这么小的容量。</p>
+<p>为了解决这个问题，所以 Linux 将 boot loader 的程序代码执行与设定值加载分成两个阶段 (stage) 来执行：</p>
+<p><strong>Stage 1：执行 boot loader 主程序：</strong></p>
+<p>第一阶段：执行 boot loader 的主程序，这个主程序必须要被安装在开机区，也就是 MBR 或者是 boot sector 。而因为 MBR 容量太小，所以 MBR 或 boot sector 通常仅安装 boot loader 的最小主程序， 并没有安装 loader 的相关配置文件；</p>
+<p><strong>Stage 2：主程序加载配置文件：</strong></p>
+<p>第二阶段：通过 boot loader 加载所有配置文件与相关的环境参数文件 (包括文件系统定义与主要配置文件 grub.cfg)，一般情况下，配置文件都在 <code>/boot</code> 目录下。</p>
+<p>与 grub2 有关的文件都存放在了 <code>/boot/grub2</code> 中：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m5 ~]<span class="comment"># ls /boot/grub2/ --format=single-column</span></span><br><span class="line">device.map        <span class="comment"># &lt;== grub2 的装置对应文件</span></span><br><span class="line">fonts             <span class="comment"># &lt;== 开机过程中的画面会使用到的字型数据</span></span><br><span class="line">grub.cfg          <span class="comment"># &lt;== grub2 的主配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line">grubenv           <span class="comment"># &lt;== 一些环境区块的符号</span></span><br><span class="line">i386-pc           <span class="comment"># &lt;== 针对一般 x86 PC 所需要的 grub2 的相关模块</span></span><br><span class="line">locale            <span class="comment"># &lt;== 字符集相关的数据</span></span><br><span class="line">themes            <span class="comment"># &lt;== 开机主题画面数据</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@m5 locale]<span class="comment"># ls --format=single-column /boot/grub2/i386-pc/</span></span><br><span class="line">acpi.mod          <span class="comment"># &lt;== 电源管理有关的模块</span></span><br><span class="line">ata.mod           <span class="comment"># &lt;== 磁盘有关的模块</span></span><br><span class="line">chain.mod         <span class="comment"># &lt;== 进行 loader 控制权转交的相关模块</span></span><br><span class="line">command.lst       <span class="comment"># &lt;== 一些命令相关的列表</span></span><br><span class="line">efiemu.mod        <span class="comment"># &lt;== 与 uefi BIOS 相关的模块</span></span><br><span class="line">ext2.mod          <span class="comment"># &lt;== EXT 文件系统家族相关模块</span></span><br><span class="line">fat.mod           <span class="comment"># &lt;== FAT 文件系统模块</span></span><br><span class="line">file.mod</span><br><span class="line">gcry_dsa.mod      <span class="comment"># &lt;== 常见的加密模块</span></span><br><span class="line">gcry_md4.mod</span><br><span class="line">gcry_md5.mod</span><br><span class="line">gcry_rsa.mod</span><br><span class="line">gcry_sha1.mod</span><br><span class="line">gcry_sha256.mod</span><br><span class="line">gcry_sha512.mod</span><br><span class="line">gcry_tiger.mod</span><br><span class="line">iso9660.mod       <span class="comment"># &lt;== 光盘文件系统模块</span></span><br><span class="line">lvm.mod           <span class="comment"># &lt;== LVM 文件系统模块</span></span><br><span class="line">mdraid09.mod      <span class="comment"># &lt;== 软件磁盘阵列模块</span></span><br><span class="line">minix.mod         <span class="comment"># &lt;== MINIX 相关文件系统模块</span></span><br><span class="line">msdospart.mod     <span class="comment"># &lt;== 一般 MBR 分区表</span></span><br><span class="line">part_gpt.mod      <span class="comment"># &lt;== GPT 分区表</span></span><br><span class="line">part_msdos.mod    <span class="comment"># &lt;== MBR 分区表</span></span><br><span class="line">scsi.mod          <span class="comment"># &lt;== SCSI 相关模块</span></span><br><span class="line">usb_keyboard.mod  <span class="comment"># &lt;== 底下两个为 USB 相关模块</span></span><br><span class="line">usb.mod</span><br><span class="line">usbms.mod</span><br><span class="line">usbserial_common.mod</span><br><span class="line">usbserial_ftdi.mod</span><br><span class="line">usbserial_pl2303.mod</span><br><span class="line">usbserial_usbdebug.mod</span><br><span class="line">vga.mod           <span class="comment"># &lt;== VGA 显示适配器相关模块</span></span><br><span class="line">xfs.mod           <span class="comment"># &lt;== XFS 文件系统模块</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上面只列出了部分模块说明，loader 读取了这些文件系统定义数据后，就能够认识文件系统并读取在该文件系统内的内核文件了。</p>
+<h1 id="grub2-的配置文件-boot-grub2-grub-cfg"><a href="#grub2-的配置文件-boot-grub2-grub-cfg" class="headerlink" title="grub2 的配置文件 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg"></a>grub2 的配置文件 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</h1><p>grub2 的优点包括：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>识别与支持较多的文件系统，并且可以使用 grub2 的主程序直接在文件系统中搜索内核文件；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>开机的时候，可以自定义与修改开机设定条目，类似 bash 的命令模式；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>可以动态搜索配置文件，而不需要在修改配置文件后重新安装 grub2 。即：只要修改完 <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> 中的设定，下次开机就会生效了。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>这也是 Stage 1, Stage 2 分别安装在 MBR (主程序) 与文件系统当中 (配置文件) 的原因</p>
+<h2 id="磁盘与分区在-grub2-中的代号"><a href="#磁盘与分区在-grub2-中的代号" class="headerlink" title="磁盘与分区在 grub2 中的代号"></a>磁盘与分区在 grub2 中的代号</h2><p>安装在 MBR 的 grub2 主程序，最重要的任务之一是从磁盘当中加载内核文件， 以让内核能够顺利驱动整个系统的硬件。所以 grub2 必须要识别硬盘，而 grub2 对硬盘的代号设置与传统的 Linux 磁盘代号可完全不同的，它对硬盘的识别使用的是如下的代号：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(hd0,1)            <span class="comment"># 一般的默认语法，由 grub2 自动判断分区格式</span></span><br><span class="line">(hd0,msdos1)       <span class="comment"># 此磁盘的分区为传统的 MBR 模式</span></span><br><span class="line">(hd0,gpt1)         <span class="comment"># 此磁盘的分区为 GPT 模式</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>要注意以下几点：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>硬盘代号以小括号 <code>()</code> 包起来；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>硬盘以 hd 表示，后面会接一组数字；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>以 搜索顺序 作为硬盘的编号；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>第一个搜索到的硬盘为 0 号，第二个为 1 号，以此类推； </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>每块硬盘的第一个 partition 代号为 1 ，以此类推。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>因此，第一块 搜索到的硬盘 代号为：<code>(hd0)</code>，而这块硬盘的第一号分区为 <code>(hd0,1)</code>。另外，为了区分不同的分区格式，磁盘后面的分区号码可以使用类似 msdos1 与 gpt1 的方式来调整。 一定要<strong>注意</strong>：磁盘的号码是由 0 开始编号，分区的号码则与 Linux 一 样，是由 1 号开始编号。</p>
+<p>由于 BIOS 可以调整磁盘的开机顺序，因此上述的磁盘对应的 (hdN) 中的 N 是可能会变动的。因此，整个硬盘代号为：</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>磁盘搜索顺序</th>
+<th>在 Grub2 中的代号</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>第一块（MBR）</td>
+<td>(hd0) (hd0,msdos1) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos3) ……</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>第二块（GPT）</td>
+<td>(hd1) (hd1,gpt1) (hd1,gpt2) (hd1,gpt3) ……</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>第三块</td>
+<td>(hd2) (hd2,1) (hd2,2) (hd2,3) ……</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>第一块硬盘的 MBR 安装处的硬盘代号是 <code>(hd0)</code>， 第一块硬盘的第一个分区的 boot sector 代号就是 <code>(hd0,msdos1)</code>,那么第一块硬盘的第一个逻辑分区的 boot sector 代号就是 <code>(hd0,msdos5)</code> 。</p>
+<p>假设系统仅有一块 SATA 硬盘，那么该硬盘的第一个逻辑分区槽在 Linux 与 grub2 当中的档名与代号应该是 <code>(hd0,msdos5)</code> 或  <code>(hd0,5)</code> 。</p>
+<h2 id="boot-grub2-grub-cfg-配置文件"><a href="#boot-grub2-grub-cfg-配置文件" class="headerlink" title="/boot/grub2/grub.cfg 配置文件"></a>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg 配置文件</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m5 ~]<span class="comment"># cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 开始是 /etc/grub.d/00_header 这个脚本执行的结果展示，主要与基础设定与环境有关</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">set</span> pager=1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ -s <span class="variable">$prefix</span>/grubenv ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">  load_env</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ...... 中间省略 ......</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># unavailable.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">set</span> timeout=5</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 开始执行 /etc/grub.d/10_linux，主要针对实际的 Linux 内核文件的开机环境</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###</span></span><br><span class="line">menuentry <span class="string">'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)'</span> --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted <span class="variable">$menuentry_id_option</span> <span class="string">'gnulinux-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64-advanced-7f64a74e-d812-4042-b4ff-14b7e4bc36ec'</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        load_video</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">set</span> gfxpayload=keep</span><br><span class="line">        insmod gzio</span><br><span class="line">        insmod part_msdos</span><br><span class="line">        insmod xfs</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">set</span> root=<span class="string">'hd0,msdos1'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> [ x<span class="variable">$feature_platform_search_hint</span> = xy ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --<span class="built_in">set</span>=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint=<span class="string">'hd0,msdos1'</span>  b9a77702-c231-4e5c-82d6-6b5111e783f9</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --<span class="built_in">set</span>=root b9a77702-c231-4e5c-82d6-6b5111e783f9</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line">        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=7f64a74e-d812-4042-b4ff-14b7e4bc36ec ro crashkernel=auto biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0 rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8</span><br><span class="line">        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.img</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ...... 中间省略 ......</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># the 'exec tail' line above.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ -f  <span class="variable">$&#123;config_directory&#125;</span>/custom.cfg ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">source</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;config_directory&#125;</span>/custom.cfg</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">elif</span> [ -z <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;config_directory&#125;</span>"</span> -a -f  <span class="variable">$prefix</span>/custom.cfg ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">source</span> <span class="variable">$prefix</span>/custom.cfg;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在文件最开始的部分，大多是环境设定与默认值设定等，更重要的是默认由哪个选项开机 (<code>set default</code>) 以及预设的秒数 (<code>set timeout</code>)， 然后是每一个选择菜单的设定，也就是在 menuentry 这个设定值之后的配置。</p>
+<p>在 menuentry 之后会有几个配置的规范，包括 <code>--class</code>, <code>--unrestricted</code> <code>--id</code> 等等的指定配置，之后通过 <code>{}</code> 将这个选择菜单会用到的数据包起来，在选择这个菜单之后就会进行括号内的动作。 如果真的选择了这个菜单，那么 grub2 首先会加载模块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">load_video</span><br><span class="line">insmod gzio</span><br><span class="line">insmod part_msdos</span><br><span class="line">insmod xfs</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>之后就是三个比较重要的配置：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">set</span> root=<span class="string">'hd0,msdos1'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 root 来指定 grub2 配置文件所在的硬盘位置和分区。比如，在安装系统的时候分区出 <code>/</code> 与 <code>/boot</code> 两个分区，而 grub2 是在 <code>/boot/grub2</code> 这个位置上， 这个位置的磁盘文件名为 <code>/dev/vda2</code> ，因此完整的 grub2 磁盘名称就是 <code>(hd0,2)</code> 。如果系统用的是 GTP 的磁盘分区格式， 全名就是 <code>(hd0,gpt2)</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=7f64a74e-d812-4042-b4ff-14b7e4bc36ec ro crashkernel=auto biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0 rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个配置是 Linux 内核文件以及内核在执行时所下达的参数。这里的内核文件位置和上面的 root 有关：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>如果没有 <code>/boot</code> 分区，仅有 <code>/</code> 分区，文件路径会这样变化： <code>/boot/vmlinuz-xxx</code> =&gt; <code>(/)/boot/vmlinuz-xxx</code> =&gt; <code>(hd0,msdos1)/boot/vmlinuz-xxx</code></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>如果 <code>/boot</code> 是独立分区，则文件路径的变化会是这样：<code>/boot/vmlinuz-xxx</code> =&gt; <code>(/boot)/vmlinuz-xxx</code> =&gt; <code>(hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-xxx</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>因此，在 linux16 后面接的文件路径要和上面的 root 搭配在一起，才是完整的绝对路径文件名。而 <code>linux16 /vmlinuz-xxx root=/file/name</code> 中的 root 指的是在 linux 文件系统中，根目录的位置。在开机流程中，内核会主动去挂载根目录，并且从根目录中读取配置 文件， 再进一步开始开机流程。 所以，内核文件后面一定要配置根目录的位置。</p>
+<p>从 <code>/etc/fstab</code> 里面可以知道根目录的挂载可以是设备文件名、 UUID 与 LABEL 名称，因此这个 root 后面也是可以带入类似 <code>root=UUID=1111.2222.33...</code> 的模式。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.img</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这一行配置的是 initramfs 所在的位置，与 linux16 vmlinuz-xxx 相同，这条配置也需要搭配 <code>set root=xxx</code> 才会得到正确的位置。</p>
+<p></p>
+<h1 id="grub2-配置文件维护-etc-default-grub-与-etc-grub-d"><a href="#grub2-配置文件维护-etc-default-grub-与-etc-grub-d" class="headerlink" title="grub2 配置文件维护 /etc/default/grub 与 /etc/grub.d"></a>grub2 配置文件维护 /etc/default/grub 与 /etc/grub.d</h1><p>grub2 的主配置文件 grub.cfg 因为该文件的内容太过复杂，数据量非常庞大，grub2 官方说明不建议手动修改。而应该要通过 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> 这个环境配置文件与 <code>/etc/grub.d/</code> 目录内的相关配置文件来处理。</p>
+<h2 id="etc-default-grub-环境配置文件"><a href="#etc-default-grub-环境配置文件" class="headerlink" title="/etc/default/grub 环境配置文件"></a>/etc/default/grub 环境配置文件</h2><p>配置文件大致内容如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_TIMEOUT=5                    <span class="comment"># 预设倒计时：经过多少秒之后进入开机</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=<span class="string">"<span class="variable">$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="comment"># 发行版本</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DEFAULT=saved                <span class="comment"># 预设开机菜单：指定预设由哪一个菜单来开机</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=<span class="literal">true</span>         <span class="comment"># 是否隐藏次选菜单，通常隐藏起来比较妥当</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=<span class="string">"console"</span>    <span class="comment"># 指定数据输出的终端格式，默认是通过文字终端</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=<span class="string">"crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet"</span></span><br><span class="line">                                  <span class="comment"># 在 menuentry 括号内的 linux16 项目后续的内核参数</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=<span class="string">"true"</span>      <span class="comment"># 是否取消救援模式菜单</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_TIMEOUT=5</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个选项用来配置倒计时的秒数，如果不想等待则输入 0 ，如果一定要使用者选择，则填 -1 即可。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个选项可选择的设定值有 menu, countdown, hidden 等。如果没有设定，预设是 menu 。 主要用于设置是否显示选择菜单。如果不想要让使用者看到选择菜单，则可以设定为 countdown。使用 countdown 会在屏幕上显示剩余的等待秒数， 而 hidden 则什么都不显示。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=<span class="string">"console"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个选项用来配置输出的画面应该使用哪一个终端来显示，主要的设定值有console, serial, gfxterm, vga_text  等。 除非有特别的需求，否则一般使用 console 即可。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_DEFAULT=saved</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个选项用来指定使用哪一个选择菜单 (menuentry) 来作为默认开机条目。能使用的设定值包括有 saved, 数字, title 名, ID名 等。 假设当前系统有三个 menuentry 的条目大约像这样：</p>
+ <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">menuentry <span class="string">'CentOS Linux (4.13.2-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)'</span> --class centos --class gnu-linux</span><br><span class="line">menuentry <span class="string">'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)'</span> --class centos --class gnu-linux</span><br><span class="line">menuentry <span class="string">'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)'</span> --class centos --class gnu-linux</span><br><span class="line">menuentry <span class="string">'CentOS Linux (0-rescue-9ee2ecae51814f0993302f3bf77c7b7c) 7 (Core)'</span> --class centos --class gnu-linux</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>几个常见的设定值是这样的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_DEFAULT=1</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment"># 使用第二个 menuentry 开机，这里的数字编号是以 0 开始的</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DEFAULT=<span class="string">'CentOS Linux (4.13.2-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)'</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment"># 使用第一个 menuentry 开机，因为配置的是 title 名，它会自动检测到</span></span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DEFAULT=saved</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment"># 代表在使用 grub2-set-default 命令时设定哪一个 menuentry 为默认值，通常预设值为0</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=<span class="string">"crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果想要使内核在启动的时候入额外的参数，就可以使用这个选项来配置。比如对于云主机来说，并不关心网卡的物理位置，只想将网卡命名方式改为  <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的格式，可以这样处理：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=<span class="string">"...... net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个环境配置文件编写完成之后，必须要使用 grub2-mkconfig 来重建 <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> 才有作用。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="选单建立的脚本-etc-grub-d"><a href="#选单建立的脚本-etc-grub-d" class="headerlink" title="选单建立的脚本 /etc/grub.d/*"></a>选单建立的脚本 /etc/grub.d/*</h2><p>在 grub2-mkconfig 执行时，会分析 <code>/etc/grub.d/</code> 下的文件，然后执行各个脚本，最后生成 grub.cfg。该目录下会有这些文件存在：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>00_header：主要在建立初始的显示项目，包括需要加载的模块分析、屏幕终端的格式、倒数秒数、选单是否需要隐藏等，大部分在 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> 里所设定的变量，基本都会在这个脚本当中被利用来重建 grub.cfg 。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>10_linux：分析 /boot 下的文件，尝试找到正确的 linux 内核以及读取这个内核需要的文件系统模块与参数等，这一系列操作都在这个脚本运行时进行，并设定到 grub.cfg 当中。 因为这个脚本会将所有在 /boot 下的每一 个内核文件都对应到一个选单，因此核心文件数量越多，开机选单项目就越多。 如果不想要旧的核心出现在选单上，可以通过移除旧核心来处理。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>30_os-prober：这个脚本默认会到系统上找其他的 partition 里面可能含有的操作系统，然后将该操作系统做成选单。 如果不想要让其他的操作系统被侦测到并拿来开机，可以在 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> 里加上 <code>GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=true</code> 取消这个脚本的运行。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>40_custom：如果有其他需要自定义加上去选单条目，或者是其他需求，建议在这里补充。</p>
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+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
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+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
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+                  // highlight title and content
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+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
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+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
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+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/index.html" "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9959032
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/index.html"
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+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办
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+        <p>在新版的 systemd 的管理机制中，默认的 rescue 模式无法直接取得 root 权限。而且还需要使用 root 的密码才能够进入 rescure 环境。 在忘记了 root 密码的情况下，可以在开机过程中给内核传入 <code>rd.break</code>  来处理。</p>
+<p>需要注意的是， <code>rd.break</code> 是在 Ram Disk 里面的操作系统状态，因此不能直接取得原来的 linux 系统操作环境。所以还需要 chroot 的支持。 由于 SELinux 的问题，可能还要加上某些特殊的流程才能顺利的修改 root 密码。</p>
+<p> 进入到开机画面，在可以开机的选单上按下 <code>e</code> 来进入编辑模式：</p>
+<p><img src="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/miss_root_passwd_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p> 然后在 <code>linux16</code> 对应的核心配置项上加入  <code>rd.break</code>  参数：</p>
+<p> <img src="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/miss_root_passwd_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>改完之后按下 <code>Crtl</code>+ <code>x</code> 开始开机，开机完成后屏幕会出现如下的类似画面：</p>
+<p> <img src="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/miss_root_passwd_03.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>请注意，此时是在 RAM Disk 的环境，并不是原本的 Linux 环境， 因此根目录下的文件与原本的系统没有任何关系。而且系统应该被挂载到 <code>/sysroot</code> 目录下。因此，需要这样操作：</p>
+<p> <img src="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/miss_root_passwd_04.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>上述的流程中：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>chroot /sysroot</code> ：代表将根目录 暂时 切换到 <code>/sysroot</code> 目录下。因此，<code>/sysroot</code> 将会被暂时作为根目录， 而这个目录其实就是最原先的系统根目录，从而就能够处理文件系统与相关的账号管理了。</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><code>touch  /.autorelabel</code>：在 rd.break 的 RAM Disk 环境下，系统是没有 SELinux 的，而刚刚使用 <code>passwd</code> 命令修改密码的时候更改了 <code>/etc/shadow</code>， 所以这个文件的 SELinux 安全上下文的特性将会被取消。如果你没有让系统于开机时自动恢复 SELinux 的安全上下文， 系统将产生无法登录的问题 (在 SELinux 为 Enforcing 的模式下)。加上 <code>/.autorelabel</code> 就是要让系统在开机的时候自动使用预设的 SELinux type 重新写入 SELinux 安全上下文到每个文件去。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>除了上述的 rd.break 之外，在 linux16 的那一行，最后面不使用 rd.break 而是使用 <code>init=/bin/bash</code> ，同样不需要 root 密码而有 root 权限。但是无法完整地操作该系统，因为此时已经将 1 号 PID 改为 bash 了。</p>
+<p>而且，同样的，要操作该系统还需要 remount 根目录才可以，否则无法更改文件系统：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mount -o remount,rw /</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'your_root_password'</span> | passwd  --stdin  root</span><br><span class="line">touch /.autorelabel</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>由于是最预设的 bash 环境，所以 PATH 只有 <code>/bin</code> ，也就无法执行 <code>reboot</code> 命令。同时， 由于没有 systemd 或者是 init 的存在，所以使用绝对路径来执行 <code>reboot</code> 命令时，系统也无法重新启动。此时只能按下机器上的 reset 按钮或者是强制关机后，才能再次开机！</p>
+<p>所以，保险起见，建议使用 rd.break 来处理。</p>
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+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_01.png" "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_01.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73f2aae8
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_01.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_02.png" "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_02.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffaef106
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_02.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_03.png" "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_03.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f80aba21
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_03.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_04.png" "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_04.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2be4e32
Binary files /dev/null and "b/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7\345\277\230\350\256\260root\345\257\206\347\240\201\346\200\216\344\271\210\345\212\236/miss_root_passwd_04.png" differ
diff --git "a/2015/11/01/130119-Linux\351\205\215\347\275\256ADSL\346\213\250\345\217\267\344\270\212\347\275\221/index.html" "b/2015/11/01/130119-Linux\351\205\215\347\275\256ADSL\346\213\250\345\217\267\344\270\212\347\275\221/index.html"
index c36b7ee2..f9df840b 100644
--- "a/2015/11/01/130119-Linux\351\205\215\347\275\256ADSL\346\213\250\345\217\267\344\270\212\347\275\221/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/01/130119-Linux\351\205\215\347\275\256ADSL\346\213\250\345\217\267\344\270\212\347\275\221/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="安装1yum install rp-pppoe.x86_64 配置PPPOE客户端软件安装完软件包后，必须配置pppoe的配置文件/etc/ppp/pppoe.conf，从而让ADSL拨号时使用配置文件中的用户名、密码等参数。使用adsl-setup进行配置： 123456789101112131415161718/u">
+  <meta name="description" content="安装1yum install rp-pppoe.x86_64 配置PPPOE客户端软件安装完软件包后，必须配置pppoe的配置文件/etc/ppp/pppoe.conf，从而让ADSL拨号时使用配置文件中的用户名、密码等参数。使用adsl-setup进行配置： 123456789101112131415161718/usr/sbin/adsl-setup&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Enter you">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Linux配置ADSL拨号上网">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/index.html">
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 <meta property="og:description" content="安装1yum install rp-pppoe.x86_64 配置PPPOE客户端软件安装完软件包后，必须配置pppoe的配置文件/etc/ppp/pppoe.conf，从而让ADSL拨号时使用配置文件中的用户名、密码等参数。使用adsl-setup进行配置： 123456789101112131415161718/usr/sbin/adsl-setup&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; Enter you">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-24T07:40:42.864Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Linux配置ADSL拨号上网">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>Linux配置ADSL拨号上网 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Linux配置ADSL拨号上网 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</h1>
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-                <i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i> shell相关的面试题
+              <a href="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/" rel="next" title="CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办">
+                <i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i> CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办
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           <div class="post-nav-prev post-nav-item">
             
-              <a href="/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" rel="prev" title="CentOS网卡配置文件说明">
+              <a href="/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" rel="prev" title="CentOS网卡配置文件说明">
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@@ -491,59 +557,16 @@ <h1 id="维护"><a href="#维护" class="headerlink" title="维护"></a>维护</
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+        </div>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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@@ -1019,8 +1140,9 @@ <h1 id="维护"><a href="#维护" class="headerlink" title="维护"></a>维护</
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1261,25 +1383,67 @@ <h1 id="维护"><a href="#维护" class="headerlink" title="维护"></a>维护</
   
 
   
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+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS\347\275\221\345\215\241\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html" "b/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS\347\275\221\345\215\241\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html"
index cd005c33..6cc83c7b 100644
--- "a/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS\347\275\221\345\215\241\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS\347\275\221\345\215\241\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html"
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
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-<meta name="description" content="Redhat Linux 的网络配置，基本上是通过修改几个配置文件来实现的，虽然也可以用 ifconfig 来设置 IP，用 route 来配置默认网关，用 hostname 来配置主机名，但是重启后会丢失。  在 RedHat 中，系统网络设备的配置文件保存在 /etc/sysconfig/network-scrip">
+  <meta name="description" content="Redhat Linux 的网络配置，基本上是通过修改几个配置文件来实现的，虽然也可以用 ifconfig 来设置 IP，用 route 来配置默认网关，用 hostname 来配置主机名，但是重启后会丢失。  在 RedHat 中，系统网络设备的配置文件保存在 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts 目录下，ifcfg-eth0 包含第一块网卡的配置信息，ifcfg-et">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS网卡配置文件说明
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+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-24 15:50:54" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-24T15:50:54+08:00">2019-05-24</time>
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+        <p> Redhat Linux 的网络配置，基本上是通过修改几个配置文件来实现的，虽然也可以用 ifconfig 来设置 IP，用 route 来配置默认网关，用 hostname 来配置主机名，但是重启后会丢失。</p>
+<p> 在 RedHat 中，系统网络设备的配置文件保存在 <code>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts</code> 目录下，<code>ifcfg-eth0</code> 包含第一块网卡的配置信息，<code>ifcfg-eth1</code> 包含第二块网卡的配置信息。在启动时系统通过读取这个配置文件决定某个网卡是否启动和如何配置。</p>
+<p>下面是 <code>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</code> 文件中可以配置的选项及对应说明</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">TYPE=Ethernet</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 网络类型,Ethernet(以太网)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">BOOTPROTO=static</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 引导协议;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># BOOTPROTO=&#123;static|none|dhcp|bootp&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定静态地址使用static或none;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从DHCP服务器获取地址使用dhcp;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从中心服务器上获得IP地址使用bootp(DHCP前身)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">DEFROUTE=yes</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># default route，是否将此设备设为默认路由</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">PEERDNS=yes</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 是否在BOOTPROTO为dhcp时接受由DHCP服务器指定的DNS地址覆盖本地(/etc/resolv.conf)的DNS;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 不会立即生效,但重启网络服务或主机都会生效；</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">PEERROUTES=yes</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果ipv4配置失败是否禁用该设备</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">IPV6INIT=no</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 是否启用IPv6的接口</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_PEERDNS=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果ipv6配置失败是否禁用该设备</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">NM_CONTROLLED=no        </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 是否由Network Manager服务托管</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">USERCTL=no</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 是否允许普通用户控制此接口</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ARPCHECK=yes</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 是否检查ARP</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">NAME=eth0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 网络连接的名字</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">UUID=7aa5daf3-244d-4e83-9fd8-27a4df21289a</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 用来标识网卡的唯一识别码，</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">MTU=1500</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最大传输单元</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">DEVICE=eth0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设备名称</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">HWADDR=0c:c4:7a:91:fe:16</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 硬件地址/MAC地址</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ONBOOT=yes</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 是否在网络服务启动时启动网卡</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">IPADDR=183.60.153.176</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># IP地址</span></span><br><span class="line">NETMASK=255.255.255.128</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 子网掩码</span></span><br><span class="line">PREFIX=25</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 子网掩码</span></span><br><span class="line">NETWORK=183.60.153.128</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 网络地址</span></span><br><span class="line">BROADCAST=183.60.153.255</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 广播地址</span></span><br><span class="line">GATEWAY=183.60.153.129</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 网关(默认路由)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">DNS1=8.8.8.8</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 首选DNS</span></span><br><span class="line">DNS2=114.114.114.114</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 备用DNS</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+            <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
+              <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
+                友情链接
+              </div>
+              <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+
+      
+
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+  
+
+
+        
+      </div>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
+  
+
+  
+</div>
+
+
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
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+        
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
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+
+        
+      </div>
+    </footer>
+
+    
+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
+        
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
+      </div>
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+  </div>
+
+  
+
+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7\347\275\221\345\215\241\344\270\200\350\207\264\346\200\247\345\221\275\345\220\215\350\247\204\345\210\231/index.html" "b/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7\347\275\221\345\215\241\344\270\200\350\207\264\346\200\247\345\221\275\345\220\215\350\247\204\345\210\231/index.html"
index 79ce38d8..52872b45 100644
--- "a/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7\347\275\221\345\215\241\344\270\200\350\207\264\346\200\247\345\221\275\345\220\215\350\247\204\345\210\231/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7\347\275\221\345\215\241\344\270\200\350\207\264\346\200\247\345\221\275\345\220\215\350\247\204\345\210\231/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
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+  <meta name="description" content="一致性网络设备命名，即 Consistent Network Device Naming 。 服务器通常有多块网卡，有板载集成（集成网卡主板（Lan-on-Motherboard），或 LOM）的，同时也有插在 PCIe 插槽的。Linux 系统的命名原来是 eth0，eth1 这样的形式，但是这个编号往往不一定准确对应网卡接口的物理顺序。为解决这类问题，Dell 开发了 biosdevname">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+      
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -261,12 +310,27 @@
 
 
 
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -301,70 +367,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00">
-                2015-11-03
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+              
+                
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+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-03 10:50:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00">2015-11-03</time>
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+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-24 16:33:51" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-24T16:33:51+08:00">2019-05-24</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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@@ -461,6 +532,9 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
 
       
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@@ -468,30 +542,37 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
     
 
     
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+        
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-    
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@@ -499,27 +580,12 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
     
 
     
-      <div>
-        <ul class="post-copyright">
-  <li class="post-copyright-author">
-    <strong>本文作者：</strong>
-    Silence
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
-    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" title="CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/</a>
-  </li>
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-    <strong>版权声明： </strong>
-    本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！
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-    
 
     <footer class="post-footer">
       
+        
+          
+        
         <div class="post-tags">
           
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@@ -535,7 +601,7 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
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           <div class="post-nav-next post-nav-item">
             
-              <a href="/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" rel="next" title="CentOS网卡配置文件说明">
+              <a href="/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" rel="next" title="CentOS网卡配置文件说明">
                 <i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i> CentOS网卡配置文件说明
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@@ -563,59 +629,16 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
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-
-          
   
 
 
+
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@@ -629,9 +652,6 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
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         </ul>
       
 
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
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@@ -705,122 +790,133 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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@@ -828,17 +924,21 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
           
 
           
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@@ -854,6 +954,7 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
 
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@@ -862,24 +963,59 @@ <h1 id="禁用一致网络设备命名"><a href="#禁用一致网络设备命名
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
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index 71e3a4ec..5a43963d 100644
--- "a/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7\347\275\221\345\215\241\345\220\215\347\247\260\347\232\204\344\277\256\346\224\271/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7\347\275\221\345\215\241\345\220\215\347\247\260\347\232\204\344\277\256\346\224\271/index.html"
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+
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+
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+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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-            
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
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@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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+
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     </header>
 
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+  
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+
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS7网卡名称的修改
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00">
-                2015-11-04
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-04 09:41:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00">2015-11-04</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2020-01-15 14:17:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2020-01-15T14:17:34+08:00">2020-01-15</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,451
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
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-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -379,11 +450,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</h1
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="修改udev的rules文件"><a href="#修改udev的rules文件" class="headerlink" title="修改udev的rules文件"></a>修改udev的rules文件</h1><p>生产环境中，托管于机房的服务器经常会进行割接操作，为了能让网卡更容易让运维人员和机房识别，避免因为弄错网线或找错网卡导致业务中断，在服务器上架前就应该对所有网卡按照 <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的方式来命名，并按照网卡的物理位置贴上标签。在 CentOS7 系统中，默认的网卡命名方式已经不再是 <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的格式了。</p>
-<p>一般情况下，板载网卡（目前多数服务器为板载双网卡）的 MAC 地址相差 1，其余网卡则为外接网卡。</p>
+        <p>生产环境中，托管于机房的服务器经常会进行割接操作，为了能让网卡更容易让运维人员和机房识别，避免因为弄错网线或找错网卡导致业务中断，在服务器上架前就应该对所有网卡按照 <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的方式来命名，并按照网卡的物理位置贴上标签。从 CentOS7 开始，系统中的默认的网卡命名方式已经不再是 <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的格式了。</p>
+<p>要想让操作系统按照 <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的方式来命名，一般有如下两种方式。</p>
+<h1 id="修改-udev-的-rules-文件"><a href="#修改-udev-的-rules-文件" class="headerlink" title="修改 udev 的 rules 文件"></a>修改 udev 的 rules 文件</h1><h2 id="手动修改"><a href="#手动修改" class="headerlink" title="手动修改"></a>手动修改</h2><p>一般情况下，板载网卡（目前多数服务器为板载双网卡）的 MAC 地址相差 1，其余网卡则为外接网卡。</p>
 <p>使用 <code>ip addr show</code> 命令可以查看一台机器上所有的网卡信息。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m2 ~]# ip addr show </span><br><span class="line">1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1</span><br><span class="line">    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00</span><br><span class="line">    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo</span><br><span class="line">    inet6 ::1/128 scope host </span><br><span class="line">2: ens32: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ether 00:50:56:39:b5:c6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span><br><span class="line">    inet6 fe80::e349:3059:2d58:c589/64 scope link </span><br><span class="line">3: ens33: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ether 00:50:56:39:b5:c7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span><br><span class="line">    inet 172.20.35.2/22 brd 172.20.35.255 scope global dynamic ens33</span><br><span class="line">    inet6 fe80::d9b6:fc5b:da94:a526/64 scope link </span><br><span class="line">4: ens34: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ether 00:50:56:3f:ef:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span><br><span class="line">    inet6 fe80::5043:4dc:eec2:582d/64 scope link </span><br><span class="line">5: ens35: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ether 00:0c:29:87:80:67 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span><br><span class="line">    inet6 fe80::c308:1eca:83e4:11c/64 scope link</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>其中 <code>00:50:56:39:b5:c6</code>  和 <code>00:50:56:39:b5:c7</code> 这两个 MAC 地址相差为 1，因此可以大致断定网卡 <code>ens32</code> 和 <code>ens33</code> 为板载网卡，网卡名顺序应该改为 <code>eth0</code> 和 <code>eth1</code>，剩下两块网卡为外接网卡，命名为 <code>eth2</code> 和 <code>eth3</code> 。</p>
+<p>以上命令输出结果中 <code>00:50:56:39:b5:c6</code>  和 <code>00:50:56:39:b5:c7</code> 这两个 MAC 地址相差为 1，因此可以大致断定网卡 <code>ens32</code> 和 <code>ens33</code> 为板载网卡，网卡名顺序应该改为 <code>eth0</code> 和 <code>eth1</code>，剩下两块网卡为外接网卡，命名为 <code>eth2</code> 和 <code>eth3</code> 。</p>
 <p>要修改默认的网卡命名方式，我们可以创建一个自定义 udev 的  rules 文件，如：<code>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-mynet.rules</code>，然后按照顺序将 MAC 地址与网卡名称绑定。</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">SUBSYSTEM==<span class="string">"net"</span>, ACTION=<span class="string">"add"</span>, DRIVERS==<span class="string">"?*"</span>, ATTR&#123;address&#125;==<span class="string">"00:50:56:39:b5:c6"</span>, ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;==<span class="string">"0x0"</span>, ATTR&#123;<span class="built_in">type</span>&#125;==<span class="string">"1"</span>, KERNEL==<span class="string">"eth*"</span>, NAME=<span class="string">"eth0"</span></span><br><span class="line">SUBSYSTEM==<span class="string">"net"</span>, ACTION=<span class="string">"add"</span>, DRIVERS==<span class="string">"?*"</span>, ATTR&#123;address&#125;==<span class="string">"00:50:56:39:b5:c7"</span>, ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;==<span class="string">"0x0"</span>, ATTR&#123;<span class="built_in">type</span>&#125;==<span class="string">"1"</span>, KERNEL==<span class="string">"eth*"</span>, NAME=<span class="string">"eth1"</span></span><br><span class="line">SUBSYSTEM==<span class="string">"net"</span>, ACTION=<span class="string">"add"</span>, DRIVERS==<span class="string">"?*"</span>, ATTR&#123;address&#125;==<span class="string">"00:50:56:3f:ef:47"</span>, ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;==<span class="string">"0x0"</span>, ATTR&#123;<span class="built_in">type</span>&#125;==<span class="string">"1"</span>, KERNEL==<span class="string">"eth*"</span>, NAME=<span class="string">"eth2"</span></span><br><span class="line">SUBSYSTEM==<span class="string">"net"</span>, ACTION=<span class="string">"add"</span>, DRIVERS==<span class="string">"?*"</span>, ATTR&#123;address&#125;==<span class="string">"00:0c:29:87:80:67"</span>, ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;==<span class="string">"0x0"</span>, ATTR&#123;<span class="built_in">type</span>&#125;==<span class="string">"1"</span>, KERNEL==<span class="string">"eth*"</span>, NAME=<span class="string">"eth3"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>除此之外，还需要更改网卡配置文件，配置 <code>DEVICE</code> 、<code>NAME</code> 以及 <code>HWADDR</code> 参数。在 <code>ifcfg</code> 文件中使用 <code>HWADDR</code> 参数设定 MAC 地址，这样就可由 <strong>udev</strong> 识别，然后从 <code>DEVICE</code> 参数提供的字符串中提取网卡名称。</p>
@@ -395,19 +467,27 @@ <h1 id="修改udev的rules文件"><a href="#修改udev的rules文件" class="hea
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">TYPE=Ethernet</span><br><span class="line">BOOTPROTO=none</span><br><span class="line">DEFROUTE=yes</span><br><span class="line">PEERDNS=yes</span><br><span class="line">PEERROUTES=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no</span><br><span class="line">IPV6INIT=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_PEERDNS=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy</span><br><span class="line">UUID=cfefc668-986c-4c4f-b673-66d4463a56e5</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line">NAME=eth2</span><br><span class="line">DEVICE=eth2</span><br><span class="line">ONBOOT=yes</span><br><span class="line">HWADDR=00:50:56:3f:ef:47</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><code>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth3</code> 的配置：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">TYPE=Ethernet</span><br><span class="line">BOOTPROTO=none</span><br><span class="line">DEFROUTE=yes</span><br><span class="line">PEERDNS=yes</span><br><span class="line">PEERROUTES=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no</span><br><span class="line">IPV6INIT=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_PEERDNS=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no</span><br><span class="line">IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy</span><br><span class="line">UUID=1aa05d79-80f3-4550-bc57-9dc64a4c8ebf</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line">NAME=eth3</span><br><span class="line">DEVICE=eth3</span><br><span class="line">ONBOOT=yes</span><br><span class="line">HWADDR=00:0c:29:87:80:67</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ----------------------------------</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>重启完成后验证</p>
-<h1 id="修改Grub2配置"><a href="#修改Grub2配置" class="headerlink" title="修改Grub2配置"></a>修改Grub2配置</h1><p>如果你并不关心网卡的物理位置，比如用的是云主机，只想将网卡命名方式改为  <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的格式，除了按照上面的方法，还可以修改 GRUB 菜单的内核启动命令行的参数。</p>
+<p>重启完成后验证。</p>
+<h2 id="脚本自动修改"><a href="#脚本自动修改" class="headerlink" title="脚本自动修改"></a>脚本自动修改</h2><p>手动修改配置起来比较麻烦，更容易出现人工错误。为了更精准，我写了下面的脚本，脚本会在不改变原有 IP 相关配置的情况下更新名称，没有按照 MAC 地址排序（即：网卡物理位置排序）。为了以防万一，建议在执行完之后进行人工确认，然后再重启。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br><span class="line">107</span><br><span class="line">108</span><br><span class="line">109</span><br><span class="line">110</span><br><span class="line">111</span><br><span class="line">112</span><br><span class="line">113</span><br><span class="line">114</span><br><span class="line">115</span><br><span class="line">116</span><br><span class="line">117</span><br><span class="line">118</span><br><span class="line">119</span><br><span class="line">120</span><br><span class="line">121</span><br><span class="line">122</span><br><span class="line">123</span><br><span class="line">124</span><br><span class="line">125</span><br><span class="line">126</span><br><span class="line">127</span><br><span class="line">128</span><br><span class="line">129</span><br><span class="line">130</span><br><span class="line">131</span><br><span class="line">132</span><br><span class="line">133</span><br><span class="line">134</span><br><span class="line">135</span><br><span class="line">136</span><br><span class="line">137</span><br><span class="line">138</span><br><span class="line">139</span><br><span class="line">140</span><br><span class="line">141</span><br><span class="line">142</span><br><span class="line">143</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Test the operator is root or not</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="built_in">test</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;UID&#125;</span>"</span> -ne 0 -o <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;USER&#125;</span>"</span> != <span class="string">"root"</span>;<span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"Only root can run this script ... "</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">exit</span> 5</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Source function library.</span></span><br><span class="line">. /etc/rc.d/init.d/<span class="built_in">functions</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Set up a default search path.</span></span><br><span class="line">PATH=<span class="string">"/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/root/bin"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> PATH</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Make sure umask is sane</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">umask</span> 022</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Log that something succeeded</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">echo_info</span></span>()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">"[ "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable">$&#123;SETCOLOR_SUCCESS&#125;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">" INFO "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable">$&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">" ]  "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$@</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Log that something Error</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">echo_error</span></span>()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">"[ "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable">$&#123;SETCOLOR_FAILURE&#125;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">" ERROR "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable">$&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">" ]  "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$@</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Log a warning</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">echo_warning</span></span>()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">"[ "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable">$&#123;SETCOLOR_WARNING&#125;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">"WARNING"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="variable">$&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -en <span class="string">" ]  "</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$@</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">echo_long_split</span></span>()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"-----------------------------------------------"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Check system version , used to CentOS 7.X and CentOS 8.X</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> . /etc/os-release &amp;&gt;/dev/null;<span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"------------- System Information --------------"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"          OS : <span class="variable">$&#123;PRETTY_NAME&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"        Arch : <span class="variable">$(uname -m)</span> <span class="variable">$(getconf LONG_BIT)</span> Bit"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"      Kernel : <span class="variable">$(uname -r)</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br><span class="line">    echo_long_split</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">    echo_error <span class="string">'Your system version is not suitable for running this script ... '</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">exit</span> 5</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">counter=0</span><br><span class="line">RETVAL=0</span><br><span class="line">ifcfg_dir=<span class="string">'/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/'</span></span><br><span class="line">ifcfg_bak_dir=<span class="string">'/root/ifcfg_bak/'</span></span><br><span class="line">logfile=<span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;</span>/$(basename <span class="variable">$0</span>).<span class="built_in">log</span></span><br><span class="line">rules_file=<span class="string">'/etc/udev/rules.d/70-my-custom-net.rules'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo_info <span class="string">"Creating bakup directory."</span></span><br><span class="line">echo_info <span class="string">"mkdir -pv <span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">mkdir -pv <span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exec</span> &gt; &gt;(tee -a <span class="variable">$&#123;logfile&#125;</span>) 2&gt;&amp;1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> dev <span class="keyword">in</span> /sys/class/net/*/device;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">    old_name=$(awk -F/ <span class="string">'&#123;printf $5&#125;'</span> &lt;&lt;&lt; <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;dev&#125;</span>"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> [[ <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;old_name&#125;</span>"</span> =~ eth[0-9] ]];<span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">        echo_warning <span class="string">"The network card name <span class="variable">$&#123;old_name&#125;</span> may be correct. Please check it manually."</span></span><br><span class="line">        RETVAL=5</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [[ <span class="variable">$&#123;RETVAL&#125;</span> -eq 0 ]]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    &gt;<span class="variable">$&#123;rules_file&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">exit</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;RETVAL&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> dev <span class="keyword">in</span> /sys/class/net/*/device;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    old_name=$(awk -F/ <span class="string">'&#123;printf $5&#125;'</span> &lt;&lt;&lt; <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;dev&#125;</span>"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    old_ifcfg=<span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_dir&#125;</span>/ifcfg-<span class="variable">$&#123;old_name&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    new_name=<span class="string">"eth<span class="variable">$&#123;counter&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">    new_ifcfg=<span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_dir&#125;</span>/ifcfg-<span class="variable">$&#123;new_name&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    hwaddr=$(tr <span class="string">'a-z'</span> <span class="string">'A-Z'</span> &lt; <span class="variable">$&#123;dev%/*&#125;</span>/address)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    echo_info <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;old_name&#125;</span> =&gt; <span class="variable">$&#123;new_name&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;hwaddr&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    \cp <span class="variable">$&#123;old_ifcfg&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;</span> &amp;&amp; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        RETVAL=0</span><br><span class="line">        echo_info <span class="string">"cp <span class="variable">$&#123;old_ifcfg&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125; || &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        echo_error <span class="string">"cp <span class="variable">$&#123;old_ifcfg&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">        RETVAL=5</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    \mv <span class="variable">$&#123;old_ifcfg&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;</span> &amp;&amp; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        RETVAL=0</span><br><span class="line">        echo_info <span class="string">"mv <span class="variable">$&#123;old_ifcfg&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125; || &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        echo_error <span class="string">"mv <span class="variable">$&#123;old_ifcfg&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">        RETVAL=5</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">continue</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="'</span><span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;hwaddr&#125;</span>"</span><span class="string">'", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="'</span><span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;new_name&#125;</span>"</span><span class="string">'"'</span> &gt;&gt; <span class="variable">$&#123;rules_file&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    echo_warning <span class="string">"sed -ri '/HWADDR/d;s#(DEVICE=|NAME=).*#\1"</span><span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;new_name&#125;</span>"</span><span class="string">"#;/DEVICE=/aHWADDR="</span><span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;hwaddr&#125;</span>"</span><span class="string">"' <span class="variable">$&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">    sed -ri -e <span class="string">'/HWADDR/d;s#(DEVICE=|NAME=).*#\1'</span><span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;new_name&#125;</span>"</span><span class="string">'#;/DEVICE=/aHWADDR='</span><span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;hwaddr&#125;</span>"</span><span class="string">''</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    echo_long_split</span><br><span class="line">    (( counter += 1 ))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo_info <span class="string">"cat <span class="variable">$&#123;rules_file&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line">echo_long_split</span><br><span class="line">cat <span class="variable">$&#123;rules_file&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">echo_long_split</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br><span class="line">echo_info <span class="string">"Logfile is <span class="variable">$&#123;logfile&#125;</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[[ <span class="variable">$&#123;RETVAL&#125;</span> -eq 0 ]] &amp;&amp; echo_warning <span class="string">"Please check it and reboot manually."</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sleep 1s &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">kill</span> 0 &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="修改Grub2配置"><a href="#修改Grub2配置" class="headerlink" title="修改Grub2配置"></a>修改Grub2配置</h1><p>如果并不关心网卡的物理位置，只想将网卡命名方式改为  <code>eth0</code>、<code>eth1</code> 的格式，除了按照上面的方法，还可以修改 GRUB 菜单的内核启动命令行的参数。这种方法对云主机一样有效。</p>
 <p>修改 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> 文件，在 <code>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=</code> 参数中补充 <code>net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0</code></p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# cat /etc/default/grub</span><br><span class="line">GRUB_TIMEOUT=5</span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=&quot;$(sed &apos;s, release .*$,,g&apos; /etc/system-release)&quot;</span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DEFAULT=saved</span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true</span><br><span class="line">GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=&quot;console&quot;</span><br><span class="line">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=&quot;crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0&quot;</span><br><span class="line">GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=&quot;true&quot;</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>修改完配置后，还需要通过 <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> 命令重新生成配置。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.old&#125;;          </span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</span><br><span class="line">Generating grub configuration file ...</span><br><span class="line">Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64</span><br><span class="line">Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.img</span><br><span class="line">Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9</span><br><span class="line">Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9.img</span><br><span class="line">done</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
-<p>在CentOS7 中提供了 <code>grubby</code> 命令，可以用来查看 <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> 中的 grub 策略。</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=ALL | grep args</span><br><span class="line">args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;</span><br><span class="line">args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>使用 <code>grubby</code> 命令也可以直接修改 <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> 中的 grub 策略。</p>
+<p>修改完配置后，还需要通过 <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> 命令重新生成配置。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.old&#125;;          </span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</span><br><span class="line">Generating grub configuration file ...</span><br><span class="line">Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64</span><br><span class="line">Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.img</span><br><span class="line">Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9</span><br><span class="line">Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9.img</span><br><span class="line">done</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 CentOS7 中提供了 <code>grubby</code> 命令，可以用来查看 <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> 中的 grub 策略。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=ALL | grep args</span><br><span class="line">args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;</span><br><span class="line">args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=DEFAULT</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>重启完之后网卡名称会更新，如果之前配置了静态 IP 地址的话会自动加到网卡上，但是这种配置方式在重启机器后并不会自动更新网卡的配置，还需要手动重命名网卡配置文件，并且更新文件中的 <code>DEVICE</code> 、 <code>NAME</code> 等字段。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># reboot</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>补充说明：</strong> 使用 <code>grubby</code> 命令也可以直接修改 <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> 中的 grub 策略。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.bak&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args=&quot;net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=ALL | grep args                                  </span><br><span class="line">args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;</span><br><span class="line">args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>但是这并不会更新 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> ，所以最稳妥的办法还是手动修改  <code>/etc/default/grub</code> 然后重新生成配置。</p>
+<p>这种方法并不会更新 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> ，按照规范，最好手动修改  <code>/etc/default/grub</code> 然后以此文件重新生成配置。</p>
 
       
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@@ -415,30 +495,37 @@ <h1 id="修改Grub2配置"><a href="#修改Grub2配置" class="headerlink" title
     
 
     
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-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" title="CentOS7网卡名称的修改">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/</a>
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@@ -578,9 +607,6 @@ <h1 id="修改Grub2配置"><a href="#修改Grub2配置" class="headerlink" title
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+                  
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+                  
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+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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@@ -777,25 +879,29 @@ <h1 id="修改Grub2配置"><a href="#修改Grub2配置" class="headerlink" title
           
 
           
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#修改-udev-的-rules-文件"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">修改 udev 的 rules 文件</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#手动修改"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">手动修改</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#脚本自动修改"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">脚本自动修改</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#修改Grub2配置"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">修改Grub2配置</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
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@@ -803,6 +909,7 @@ <h1 id="修改Grub2配置"><a href="#修改Grub2配置" class="headerlink" title
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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diff --git "a/2015/11/05/090123-\344\275\277\347\224\250hostnamectl\345\221\275\344\273\244\344\277\256\346\224\271CentOS7\347\232\204\344\270\273\346\234\272\345\220\215/index.html" "b/2015/11/05/090123-\344\275\277\347\224\250hostnamectl\345\221\275\344\273\244\344\277\256\346\224\271CentOS7\347\232\204\344\270\273\346\234\272\345\220\215/index.html"
index aa5ccc72..6bd5f452 100644
--- "a/2015/11/05/090123-\344\275\277\347\224\250hostnamectl\345\221\275\344\273\244\344\277\256\346\224\271CentOS7\347\232\204\344\270\273\346\234\272\345\220\215/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/05/090123-\344\275\277\347\224\250hostnamectl\345\221\275\344\273\244\344\277\256\346\224\271CentOS7\347\232\204\344\270\273\346\234\272\345\220\215/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="在 CentOS7 中有三种定义的主机名：  静态的（static）：静态主机名也称为内核主机名，是系统在启动时从 /etc/hostname 设置内核的主机名，你可以理解为是永久性的主机名。仅可包含 -，a-z，0-9 字符，且最大不超过 64 个字符长度。 例如 hbwh3x-01。此种主机名就是通常所说的 “主机名”，存储在 /etc/hostname 文件中。 瞬态的（transient）">
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+    
+    
       
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+    
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</h1>
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+              
+            
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+          
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+          
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+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-05 09:01:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00">2015-11-05</time>
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-10 17:47:24" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-10T17:47:24+08:00">2019-06-10</time>
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+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
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+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1283,9 +1405,9 @@ <h1 id="退出状态"><a href="#退出状态" class="headerlink" title="退出
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1355,25 +1477,67 @@ <h1 id="退出状态"><a href="#退出状态" class="headerlink" title="退出
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/11/06/210103-\347\275\221\346\256\265\346\211\253\346\217\217fping\345\221\275\344\273\244/index.html" "b/2015/11/06/210103-\347\275\221\346\256\265\346\211\253\346\217\217fping\345\221\275\344\273\244/index.html"
index e101beb6..f0792c3c 100644
--- "a/2015/11/06/210103-\347\275\221\346\256\265\346\211\253\346\217\217fping\345\221\275\344\273\244/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/06/210103-\347\275\221\346\256\265\346\211\253\346\217\217fping\345\221\275\344\273\244/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Command," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="fping 类似于ping。它可以在命令行中指定要 ping 的主机数量范围，也可以指定含有要 ping 的主机列表文件。 与 ping 要等待某一主机连接超时或发回反馈信息不同，fping 给一个主机发送完数据包后，马上给下一个主机发送数据包，实现多主机同时 ping。如果某一主机 ping通，则此主机将被打上标记，">
+  <meta name="description" content="fping 类似于ping。它可以在命令行中指定要 ping 的主机数量范围，也可以指定含有要 ping 的主机列表文件。 与 ping 要等待某一主机连接超时或发回反馈信息不同，fping 给一个主机发送完数据包后，马上给下一个主机发送数据包，实现多主机同时 ping。如果某一主机 ping通，则此主机将被打上标记，并从等待列表中移除，如果没 ping 通，说明主机无法到达，主机仍然留在等待列表">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Command">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="网段扫描fping命令">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="fping 类似于ping。它可以在命令行中指定要 ping 的主机数量范围，也可以指定含有要 ping 的主机列表文件。 与 ping 要等待某一主机连接超时或发回反馈信息不同，fping 给一个主机发送完数据包后，马上给下一个主机发送数据包，实现多主机同时 ping。如果某一主机 ping通，则此主机将被打上标记，并从等待列表中移除，如果没 ping 通，说明主机无法到达，主机仍然留在等待列表">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-06-10T09:55:50.089Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="网段扫描fping命令">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>网段扫描fping命令 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>网段扫描fping命令 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">网段扫描fping命令</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">网段扫描fping命令
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00">
-                2015-11-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-06 21:01:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00">2015-11-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-10 17:55:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-10T17:55:50+08:00">2019-06-10</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  723
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
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@@ -427,27 +508,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">网段扫描fping命令</h1>
     
 
     
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@@ -961,6 +1079,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">网段扫描fping命令</h1>
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/11/09/090135-\344\275\277\347\224\250lrzsz\350\277\233\350\241\214Windows\344\270\216Linux\351\227\264\346\226\207\344\273\266\347\232\204\344\270\212\344\274\240-\344\270\213\350\275\275/index.html" "b/2015/11/09/090135-\344\275\277\347\224\250lrzsz\350\277\233\350\241\214Windows\344\270\216Linux\351\227\264\346\226\207\344\273\266\347\232\204\344\270\212\344\274\240-\344\270\213\350\275\275/index.html"
index c809065b..1b59425b 100644
--- "a/2015/11/09/090135-\344\275\277\347\224\250lrzsz\350\277\233\350\241\214Windows\344\270\216Linux\351\227\264\346\226\207\344\273\266\347\232\204\344\270\212\344\274\240-\344\270\213\350\275\275/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/09/090135-\344\275\277\347\224\250lrzsz\350\277\233\350\241\214Windows\344\270\216Linux\351\227\264\346\226\207\344\273\266\347\232\204\344\270\212\344\274\240-\344\270\213\350\275\275/index.html"
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="简述lrzsz 是一款在 linux 里可代替 ftp 上传和下载的程序，它是一种 unix 通信套件提供的X，Y，和 ZModem 文件传输协议。之前我们基本上都用的 FTP 或 SFTP 来进行 Windows 和 Linux 之间的文件传输，在 Linux 上安装 lrzsz 之后结合 SecureCRT 或 X">
+  <meta name="description" content="简述lrzsz 是一款在 linux 里可代替 ftp 上传和下载的程序，它是一种 unix 通信套件提供的X，Y，和 ZModem 文件传输协议。之前我们基本上都用的 FTP 或 SFTP 来进行 Windows 和 Linux 之间的文件传输，在 Linux 上安装 lrzsz 之后结合 SecureCRT 或 XShell 进行文件传输显得更为方便 安装检查当前系统是否安装 1rpm -q">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-28T13:46:42.646Z">
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+    
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</h1>
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+
+              
+            
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-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00">
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+              
+                
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+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-09 09:01:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00">2015-11-09</time>
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+
+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-28 21:46:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-28T21:46:42+08:00">2019-04-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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@@ -392,6 +463,9 @@ <h1 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sz /path/to/filename</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># sends one or more files with ZMODEM protocol</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
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+      
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-    
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@@ -430,27 +511,12 @@ <h1 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</
     
 
     
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+        
+          
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@@ -494,59 +560,16 @@ <h1 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</
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   </div>
 
 
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-
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+
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@@ -793,24 +894,59 @@ <h1 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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@@ -1022,8 +1143,9 @@ <h1 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
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@@ -1192,9 +1314,9 @@ <h1 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1264,25 +1386,67 @@ <h1 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</
   
 
   
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
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index 6ad6eca0..5daffdd5 100644
--- "a/2015/11/15/210510-iftop\346\265\201\351\207\217\347\233\221\346\216\247\345\267\245\345\205\267/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/15/210510-iftop\346\265\201\351\207\217\347\233\221\346\216\247\345\267\245\345\205\267/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="简介iftop 是一款类似于 top 命令的实时流量监控工具，监控 TCP/IP 连接等，缺点就是无报表功能。可以用来监控网卡的实时流量（可以指定网段）、反向解析IP、显示端口信息等。必须以 root 身份才能运行。 安装方法源码包编译安装下载最新的源码包。建议使用网络 yum 源(最好是自带的)，准备编译所需的环境，">
+  <meta name="description" content="简介iftop 是一款类似于 top 命令的实时流量监控工具，监控 TCP/IP 连接等，缺点就是无报表功能。可以用来监控网卡的实时流量（可以指定网段）、反向解析IP、显示端口信息等。必须以 root 身份才能运行。 安装方法源码包编译安装下载最新的源码包。建议使用网络 yum 源(最好是自带的)，准备编译所需的环境，make、gcc、autoconf 等。安装libpcap 和 libcurse">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="iftop流量监控工具">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="简介iftop 是一款类似于 top 命令的实时流量监控工具，监控 TCP/IP 连接等，缺点就是无报表功能。可以用来监控网卡的实时流量（可以指定网段）、反向解析IP、显示端口信息等。必须以 root 身份才能运行。 安装方法源码包编译安装下载最新的源码包。建议使用网络 yum 源(最好是自带的)，准备编译所需的环境，make、gcc、autoconf 等。安装libpcap 和 libcurse">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-28T13:45:16.377Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="iftop流量监控工具">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
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-    scheme: 'Muse',
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>iftop流量监控工具 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>iftop流量监控工具 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iftop流量监控工具</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iftop流量监控工具
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+        
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@@ -835,24 +936,59 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
 
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@@ -868,14 +1004,21 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -889,10 +1032,8 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -904,85 +1045,63 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1031,6 +1150,8 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1064,8 +1185,9 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1234,9 +1356,9 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1306,25 +1428,67 @@ <h1 id="操作命令"><a href="#操作命令" class="headerlink" title="操作
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/11/24/210143-Linux\344\270\213socks5\346\220\255\345\273\272\345\222\214\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html" "b/2015/11/24/210143-Linux\344\270\213socks5\346\220\255\345\273\272\345\222\214\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html"
index 3c77a2b8..001fb35a 100644
--- "a/2015/11/24/210143-Linux\344\270\213socks5\346\220\255\345\273\272\345\222\214\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/24/210143-Linux\344\270\213socks5\346\220\255\345\273\272\345\222\214\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="socks介绍 SOCKS：防火墙安全会话转换协议 （Socks: Protocol for sessions traversal across firewall securely） SOCKS 协议提供一个框架，为在 TCP 和 UDP 域中的客户机/服务器应用程序能更方便安全地使用网络防火墙所提供的服务。 这个协议">
+  <meta name="description" content="socks介绍 SOCKS：防火墙安全会话转换协议 （Socks: Protocol for sessions traversal across firewall securely） SOCKS 协议提供一个框架，为在 TCP 和 UDP 域中的客户机/服务器应用程序能更方便安全地使用网络防火墙所提供的服务。 这个协议从概念上来讲是介于应用层和传输层之间的 “中介层（shim-layer）”，因而">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Linux下socks5搭建和应用">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="socks介绍 SOCKS：防火墙安全会话转换协议 （Socks: Protocol for sessions traversal across firewall securely） SOCKS 协议提供一个框架，为在 TCP 和 UDP 域中的客户机/服务器应用程序能更方便安全地使用网络防火墙所提供的服务。 这个协议从概念上来讲是介于应用层和传输层之间的 “中介层（shim-layer）”，因而">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/SecureCRT_ss5.png">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/SecureCRT_firewall.png">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-04-28T13:43:26.606Z">
@@ -99,51 +119,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>Linux下socks5搭建和应用 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Linux下socks5搭建和应用 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -152,28 +185,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -181,59 +211,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -245,9 +296,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -261,12 +310,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,20 +343,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</h1>
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@@ -867,14 +1003,21 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -1030,6 +1149,8 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
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@@ -1063,8 +1184,9 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1233,9 +1355,9 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1305,25 +1427,67 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/11/25/172103-\344\275\277\347\224\250safe-rm\351\201\277\345\205\215rm\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\257\257\345\210\240\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html" "b/2015/11/25/172103-\344\275\277\347\224\250safe-rm\351\201\277\345\205\215rm\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\257\257\345\210\240\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
index 9fe9406c..d763e2d3 100644
--- "a/2015/11/25/172103-\344\275\277\347\224\250safe-rm\351\201\277\345\205\215rm\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\257\257\345\210\240\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/25/172103-\344\275\277\347\224\250safe-rm\351\201\277\345\205\215rm\345\221\275\344\273\244\350\257\257\345\210\240\346\226\207\344\273\266/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+      indexName: '',
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+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="前言在Linux系统下，超级用户如果使用 rm -rf / ，那就相当于系统自杀，会造成业务灾难。 根据最新的POSIX.1-2008标准，rm -fr / 命令是不会被执行的，而是应该打印错误信息。但是老的POSIX.1-2004标准则无此定义，那么这个有什么意义呢？在Linux中，我们所使用的 rm、touch、m">
+  <meta name="description" content="前言在Linux系统下，超级用户如果使用 rm -rf / ，那就相当于系统自杀，会造成业务灾难。 根据最新的POSIX.1-2008标准，rm -fr / 命令是不会被执行的，而是应该打印错误信息。但是老的POSIX.1-2004标准则无此定义，那么这个有什么意义呢？在Linux中，我们所使用的 rm、touch、mkdir、cp、mv 等命令都是由 coreutils 这个核心工具提供的，co">
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 <meta property="og:description" content="前言在Linux系统下，超级用户如果使用 rm -rf / ，那就相当于系统自杀，会造成业务灾难。 根据最新的POSIX.1-2008标准，rm -fr / 命令是不会被执行的，而是应该打印错误信息。但是老的POSIX.1-2004标准则无此定义，那么这个有什么意义呢？在Linux中，我们所使用的 rm、touch、mkdir、cp、mv 等命令都是由 coreutils 这个核心工具提供的，co">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-06T07:54:05.057Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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+  <title>使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
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+  <style>
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+  .use-motion .post-header,
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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+</noscript>
 
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
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+        
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+
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+    
+
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+
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
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-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
+
+
+
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     </header>
 
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+
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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               </ul>
@@ -768,17 +864,21 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -786,7 +886,7 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -794,6 +894,7 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -802,24 +903,59 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -835,14 +971,21 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -856,10 +999,8 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
-  
 
 
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@@ -871,85 +1012,63 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
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-
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-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
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+  
 
 
   
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-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
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@@ -998,6 +1117,8 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1031,8 +1152,9 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1201,9 +1323,9 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1273,25 +1395,67 @@ <h1 id="safe-rm的配置"><a href="#safe-rm的配置" class="headerlink" title="
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
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+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
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+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
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+      }
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/11/26/210111-Linux\346\237\245\347\234\213\346\223\215\344\275\234\347\263\273\347\273\237\344\275\215\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\207\240\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html" "b/2015/11/26/210111-Linux\346\237\245\347\234\213\346\223\215\344\275\234\347\263\273\347\273\237\344\275\215\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\207\240\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
index eee1d63c..2f6d78c4 100644
--- "a/2015/11/26/210111-Linux\346\237\245\347\234\213\346\223\215\344\275\234\347\263\273\347\273\237\344\275\215\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\207\240\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/26/210111-Linux\346\237\245\347\234\213\346\223\215\344\275\234\347\263\273\347\273\237\344\275\215\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\207\240\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Miscellaneous," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+  var CONFIG = {
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+    scheme: 'Muse',
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+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="getconf 命令 123[user1@study ~]$  getconf LONG_BIT64[user1@study ~]$ 内置系统环境变量 HOSTTYPE 123[user1@study ~]$ echo $&amp;#123;HOSTTYPE&amp;#125; x86_64[user1@study ~">
+  <meta name="description" content="getconf 命令 123[user1@study ~]$  getconf LONG_BIT64[user1@study ~]$ 内置系统环境变量 HOSTTYPE 123[user1@study ~]$ echo $&amp;#123;HOSTTYPE&amp;#125; x86_64[user1@study ~]$ x86_64 表示 64 位系统， i686 、i386 表示 32 位系统，i686 只">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-06T08:46:21.433Z">
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
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+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/">
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+  CONFIG.page = {
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+  <title>Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
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-  <title>Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法 | Just Do It</title>
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+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
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+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
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+    
       
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+
+    
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</h1>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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+            
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+          
 
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+      </div>
 
       
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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@@ -999,8 +1119,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux查看操作系统位数的
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+                
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2015/11/27/110119-Linux\347\224\237\346\210\220\351\232\217\346\234\272\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\244\232\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html" "b/2015/11/27/110119-Linux\347\224\237\346\210\220\351\232\217\346\234\272\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\244\232\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
index 937846fe..6f17af45 100644
--- "a/2015/11/27/110119-Linux\347\224\237\346\210\220\351\232\217\346\234\272\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\244\232\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
+++ "b/2015/11/27/110119-Linux\347\224\237\346\210\220\351\232\217\346\234\272\346\225\260\347\232\204\345\244\232\347\247\215\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="通过内部系统变量 $RANDOM  123[user1@study ~]$ echo $RANDOM12489[user1@study ~]$ 如果超过 5 位可以加个固定 10 位整数，然后进行求余。生成 400000~500000 的随机数： 12345678910111213141516#!/bin/bash  ">
+  <meta name="description" content="通过内部系统变量 $RANDOM  123[user1@study ~]$ echo $RANDOM12489[user1@study ~]$ 如果超过 5 位可以加个固定 10 位整数，然后进行求余。生成 400000~500000 的随机数： 12345678910111213141516#!/bin/bash        function rand()&amp;#123;        min=$">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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index 539e39de..186332dc 100644
--- "a/2016/03/01/112123-\345\212\240\345\257\206\346\212\200\346\234\257\345\222\214\347\256\227\346\263\225/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/03/01/112123-\345\212\240\345\257\206\346\212\200\346\234\257\345\222\214\347\256\227\346\263\225/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="TCP/IP 安全因素 数据机密性 保证数据密文传输，不能被中间人破解数据读取到真实内容 常见的不机密通信：ftp、http、smtp、telnet。这些协议的通信过程中都是明文传输，无法保证数据的机密性。   数据完整性 数据是否被篡改：不能让入侵者使用假数据代替合法数据，否则数据将丧失完整性。   身份验证 验证身份的真实性，防止非法者冒充。    加密技术及算法对称加密加密（encrypti">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -975,17 +1071,21 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -993,7 +1093,7 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -1001,6 +1101,7 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -1009,24 +1110,59 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -1042,14 +1178,21 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -1063,10 +1206,8 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -1078,85 +1219,63 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1205,6 +1324,8 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1238,8 +1359,9 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1408,9 +1530,9 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1480,25 +1602,67 @@ <h1 id="基本的三重验证"><a href="#基本的三重验证" class="headerlin
   
 
   
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/index.html b/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/index.html
index fbfbe461..764085ce 100644
--- a/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/index.html
+++ b/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/index.html
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Security,OpenSSL," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="SSLSecure Sockets Layer 安全套接层，及其继任者传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。TLS与SSL在传输层对网络连接进行加密 服务功能 认证用户和服务器，确保数据发送到正确的客户机和服务器 保证数据的机密性，防止数据">
+  <meta name="description" content="SSLSecure Sockets Layer 安全套接层，及其继任者传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。TLS与SSL在传输层对网络连接进行加密 服务功能 认证用户和服务器，确保数据发送到正确的客户机和服务器 保证数据的机密性，防止数据中途被窃取 维护数据的完整性，确保数据在传输过程中不被篡改  服务器类型 Tom">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Security,OpenSSL">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="OpenSSL">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="SSLSecure Sockets Layer 安全套接层，及其继任者传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。TLS与SSL在传输层对网络连接进行加密 服务功能 认证用户和服务器，确保数据发送到正确的客户机和服务器 保证数据的机密性，防止数据中途被窃取 维护数据的完整性，确保数据在传输过程中不被篡改  服务器类型 Tom">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:09:41.494Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="OpenSSL">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
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-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
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-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>OpenSSL | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>OpenSSL | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
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     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
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+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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+            
+          
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+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+            
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
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+  
 
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+  
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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@@ -1055,8 +1176,9 @@ <h2 id="命令和选项"><a href="#命令和选项" class="headerlink" title="
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                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1225,9 +1347,9 @@ <h2 id="命令和选项"><a href="#命令和选项" class="headerlink" title="
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/03/09/212119-\346\230\257\346\227\266\345\200\231\347\220\206\350\247\243\344\270\213HTTPS\345\217\212\350\203\214\345\220\216\347\232\204\345\212\240\345\257\206\345\216\237\347\220\206\344\272\206/index.html" "b/2016/03/09/212119-\346\230\257\346\227\266\345\200\231\347\220\206\350\247\243\344\270\213HTTPS\345\217\212\350\203\214\345\220\216\347\232\204\345\212\240\345\257\206\345\216\237\347\220\206\344\272\206/index.html"
index 6b7b6588..b2de519b 100644
--- "a/2016/03/09/212119-\346\230\257\346\227\266\345\200\231\347\220\206\350\247\243\344\270\213HTTPS\345\217\212\350\203\214\345\220\216\347\232\204\345\212\240\345\257\206\345\216\237\347\220\206\344\272\206/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/03/09/212119-\346\230\257\346\227\266\345\200\231\347\220\206\350\247\243\344\270\213HTTPS\345\217\212\350\203\214\345\220\216\347\232\204\345\212\240\345\257\206\345\216\237\347\220\206\344\272\206/index.html"
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
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-<meta name="description" content="出处：转载自微信公众号：Hollis（ID：hollischuang）  HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。   为什么需要 HTTPS使用 HTPPS 的原">
-<meta name="keywords" content="Security">
+  <meta name="description" content="HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。   为什么需要 HTTPS使用 HTPPS 的原因其实很简单，就是因为 HTTP 的不安全。  当我们往服务器发送比较隐私的数据（比如说你的银行卡，身份证）时，如果使用 HTTP 进行通信。那么安全性">
+<meta name="keywords" content="Security,HTTPS">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+<meta name="twitter:description" content="HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。   为什么需要 HTTPS使用 HTPPS 的原因其实很简单，就是因为 HTTP 的不安全。  当我们往服务器发送比较隐私的数据（比如说你的银行卡，身份证）时，如果使用 HTTP 进行通信。那么安全性">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</h1>
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-        <p>出处：转载自微信公众号：Hollis（ID：hollischuang）</p>
-<blockquote>
+        <blockquote>
 <p>HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。</p>
 </blockquote>
 <p><img src="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/00.jpg" alt=""></p>
@@ -484,10 +554,13 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
 <p>所以，除非在一些对安全性比较高的场景下，比如银行系统，购物系统中我们必须要使用 HTTPS 进行通信，其他一些对安全性要求不高的场景，我们其实没必要使用 HTTPS。</p>
 <p><strong>②使用 HTTPS 需要使用到数字证书</strong>，但是一般权威机构颁发的数字证书都是收费的，而且价格也是不菲的。</p>
 <p>所以对于一些个人网站来讲，如果对安全性要求不高，也没必要使用 HTTPS。</p>
-<p>作者：安静的boy<br>编辑：陶家龙、孙淑娟<br>出处：转载自微信公众号：Hollis（ID：hollischuang）</p>
+<p>作者：HollisChuang<br>链接：<a href="https://juejin.im/post/5caab0bff265da24cf311d5b" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://juejin.im/post/5caab0bff265da24cf311d5b</a><br>来源：掘金</p>
 
       
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+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -855,17 +952,21 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -873,7 +974,7 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -881,6 +982,7 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -889,24 +991,59 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -922,14 +1059,21 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -943,10 +1087,8 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -958,85 +1100,63 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1085,6 +1205,8 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1118,8 +1240,9 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1288,9 +1411,9 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1360,25 +1483,67 @@ <h1 id="HTTPS-的使用"><a href="#HTTPS-的使用" class="headerlink" title="HT
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/03/13/194143-\347\247\201\346\234\211CA\345\217\212https/index.html" "b/2016/03/13/194143-\347\247\201\346\234\211CA\345\217\212https/index.html"
index cd0ef9f0..544de229 100644
--- "a/2016/03/13/194143-\347\247\201\346\234\211CA\345\217\212https/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/03/13/194143-\347\247\201\346\234\211CA\345\217\212https/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Security," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
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-  <title>私有CA及https | Just Do It</title>
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
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+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">私有CA及https
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -686,122 +771,133 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -809,17 +905,21 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -827,7 +927,7 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -835,6 +935,7 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -843,24 +944,59 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -876,14 +1012,21 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -897,10 +1040,8 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -912,85 +1053,63 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1039,6 +1158,8 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1072,8 +1193,9 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1242,9 +1364,9 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1314,25 +1436,67 @@ <h1 id="https-的实现"><a href="#https-的实现" class="headerlink" title="ht
   
 
   
-<script>
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/03/17/110123-\344\273\200\344\271\210\346\230\257\346\225\260\345\255\227\347\255\276\345\220\215/index.html" "b/2016/03/17/110123-\344\273\200\344\271\210\346\230\257\346\225\260\345\255\227\347\255\276\345\220\215/index.html"
index 59e01187..6b485b3e 100644
--- "a/2016/03/17/110123-\344\273\200\344\271\210\346\230\257\346\225\260\345\255\227\347\255\276\345\220\215/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/03/17/110123-\344\273\200\344\271\210\346\230\257\346\225\260\345\255\227\347\255\276\345\220\215/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Security," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
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-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -695,122 +780,133 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -818,17 +914,21 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -836,7 +936,7 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -844,6 +944,7 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -852,24 +953,59 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+
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@@ -885,14 +1021,21 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+
+    
+
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@@ -906,10 +1049,8 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -921,85 +1062,63 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
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-  
-
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-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
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@@ -1048,6 +1167,8 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1081,8 +1202,9 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1251,9 +1373,9 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1323,25 +1445,67 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
   
 
   
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+  
+
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+
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/index.html b/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/index.html
index ece49a06..efa64b96 100644
--- a/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/index.html
+++ b/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/index.html
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-<head>
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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+  <meta name="description" content="SSHSSH (Secure Shell Protocol)，由 IETF 网络工作小组（Network working Group）指定；在进行数据传输之前，SSH先对联机数据包通过加密技术进行加密处理，加密后在进行数据传输。确保了传递的数据安全。 SSH 是专为远程登录会话和其他网络服务提供的安全性协议。利用 SSH 协议可以有效防止远程管理过程中的信息泄露问题，在当前的生产环境运维工作中，绝">
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@@ -300,70 +366,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">OpenSSH</h1>
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-                2016-03-21
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+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:20:17" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:20:17+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
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+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
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@@ -436,6 +507,9 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@study ~]<span class="comment"># ssh -p 22 192.168.127.159</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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+
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+
     
     
     
@@ -443,30 +517,37 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
     
 
     
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@@ -474,27 +555,12 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
     
 
     
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@@ -538,59 +604,16 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
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@@ -604,9 +627,6 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
@@ -622,54 +642,119 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
         </ul>
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-            
 
-            
               
-              
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-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-            
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-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -680,122 +765,133 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -803,17 +899,21 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -821,7 +921,7 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -829,6 +929,7 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -837,24 +938,59 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
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+
+  
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+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -870,14 +1006,21 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+
+    
+
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+<script>
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@@ -891,10 +1034,8 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -906,85 +1047,63 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
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-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
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+  
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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@@ -1033,6 +1152,8 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1066,8 +1187,9 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
                 var title = data.title.trim();
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                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1236,9 +1358,9 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1308,25 +1430,67 @@ <h1 id="ssh-免密登录配置"><a href="#ssh-免密登录配置" class="headerl
   
 
   
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+  
+
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/03/25/212131-DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html" "b/2016/03/25/212131-DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
index bcdd27c8..1b6137e5 100644
--- "a/2016/03/25/212131-DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/03/25/212131-DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service,DNS," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="DNS基础DNS（Domain Name System，域名系统），在Internet上作为域名与IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库，能够使用户更方便的使用域名访问互联网，而不用去记住只能被机器识别的IP地址。域名(FQDN)和IP地址之间的转换工作称为域名解析（或主机名解析）。 ICANN，全称Internet Co">
+  <meta name="description" content="DNS基础DNS（Domain Name System，域名系统），在Internet上作为域名与IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库，能够使用户更方便的使用域名访问互联网，而不用去记住只能被机器识别的IP地址。域名(FQDN)和IP地址之间的转换工作称为域名解析（或主机名解析）。 ICANN，全称Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Service,DNS">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="DNS服务">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/index.html">
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 <meta property="og:description" content="DNS基础DNS（Domain Name System，域名系统），在Internet上作为域名与IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库，能够使用户更方便的使用域名访问互联网，而不用去记住只能被机器识别的IP地址。域名(FQDN)和IP地址之间的转换工作称为域名解析（或主机名解析）。 ICANN，全称Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/dns1.jpg">
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@@ -99,51 +119,64 @@
 
 
 
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
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+
+
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+<script id="page.configurations">
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+  <title>DNS服务 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
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-  <title>DNS服务 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+  .use-motion .logo,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -152,28 +185,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -181,59 +211,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
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+        
+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
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@@ -245,9 +296,7 @@
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -261,12 +310,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,20 +343,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -301,70 +367,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">DNS服务</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">DNS服务
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00">
-                2016-03-25
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-25 21:21:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00">2016-03-25</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:22:52" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:22:52+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  9,460
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-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  43
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@@ -457,7 +528,7 @@ <h1 id="DNS基础"><a href="#DNS基础" class="headerlink" title="DNS基础"></a
 <td>VALUE</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>www.nettest.net</td>
+<td><a href="http://www.nettest.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.nettest.net</a></td>
 <td>600</td>
 <td>IN</td>
 <td>A</td>
@@ -468,11 +539,11 @@ <h1 id="DNS基础"><a href="#DNS基础" class="headerlink" title="DNS基础"></a
 <td>600</td>
 <td>IN</td>
 <td>PTR</td>
-<td>www.nettest.net</td>
+<td><a href="http://www.nettest.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.nettest.net</a></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<h1 id="资源记录及类型"><a href="#资源记录及类型" class="headerlink" title="资源记录及类型"></a>资源记录及类型</h1><p>①<strong>A记录</strong>：A记录也称为主机记录，是使用最广泛的DNS记录，A记录的基本作用就是说明一个域名对应的IP是多少， 它是域名和IP地址的对应关系，表现形式为 www.contoso.com 192.168.1.1 这就是一个A记录！A记录除了进行域名IP对应以外，还有一个高级用法，可以作为低成本的负载均衡的解决方案，比如说，www.contoso.com 可以创建多个A记录，对应多台物理服务器的IP地址，可以实现基本的流量均衡！)</p>
+<h1 id="资源记录及类型"><a href="#资源记录及类型" class="headerlink" title="资源记录及类型"></a>资源记录及类型</h1><p>①<strong>A记录</strong>：A记录也称为主机记录，是使用最广泛的DNS记录，A记录的基本作用就是说明一个域名对应的IP是多少， 它是域名和IP地址的对应关系，表现形式为 <a href="http://www.contoso.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.contoso.com</a> 192.168.1.1 这就是一个A记录！A记录除了进行域名IP对应以外，还有一个高级用法，可以作为低成本的负载均衡的解决方案，比如说，<a href="http://www.contoso.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.contoso.com</a> 可以创建多个A记录，对应多台物理服务器的IP地址，可以实现基本的流量均衡！)</p>
 <p>②<strong>NS记录</strong>：NS记录和SOA记录是任何一个DNS区域都不可或缺的两条记录，NS记录也叫名称服务器记录，用于说明这个区域有哪些DNS服务器负责解析，SOA记录说明负责解析的DNS服务器中哪一个是主服务器。因此，任何一个DNS区域都不可能缺少这两条记录。NS记录，说明了在这个区域里，有多少个服务器来承担解析的任务</p>
 <p>③<strong>SOA记录</strong>：NS记录说明了有多台服务器在进行解析，但哪一个才是主服务器呢，NS并没有说明，这个就要看SOA记录了，SOA名叫起始授权机构记录，SOA记录说明了在众多NS记录里那一台才是主要的服务器！</p>
 <p>④<strong>MX记录</strong>：全称是邮件交换记录，在使用邮件服务器的时候，MX记录是无可或缺的，比如A用户向B用户发送一封邮件，那么他需要向ＤＮＳ查询Ｂ的MX记录，DNS在定位到了B的MX记录后反馈给A用户，然后Ａ用户把邮件投递到B用户的ＭＸ记录服务器里！</p>
@@ -633,6 +704,9 @@ <h1 id="日志"><a href="#日志" class="headerlink" title="日志"></a>日志</
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">category类别：定义了那些数据需要记录，即在日志里输出那些日志内容。哪一类的类别使用哪个或哪几个已经定义好的通道</span><br><span class="line">            类别的种类：</span><br><span class="line">            default，没有配置的分类使用default的分类日志配置。</span><br><span class="line">            general，许多没有分类的内容都在此分类；</span><br><span class="line">            database，named使用的，用来存储和缓存的内部数据库信息；</span><br><span class="line">            security，接受和拒绝的请求</span><br><span class="line">            config配置文件分析和处理</span><br><span class="line">            resolver DNA解析；</span><br><span class="line">            xfer-in：服务器收到的域传输；</span><br><span class="line">            xfer-out：服务器发送的域传输。</span><br><span class="line">            queries 请求。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
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+        
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-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -1105,85 +1246,63 @@ <h1 id="日志"><a href="#日志" class="headerlink" title="日志"></a>日志</
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1232,6 +1351,8 @@ <h1 id="日志"><a href="#日志" class="headerlink" title="日志"></a>日志</
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1265,8 +1386,9 @@ <h1 id="日志"><a href="#日志" class="headerlink" title="日志"></a>日志</
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1435,9 +1557,9 @@ <h1 id="日志"><a href="#日志" class="headerlink" title="日志"></a>日志</
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1507,25 +1629,67 @@ <h1 id="日志"><a href="#日志" class="headerlink" title="日志"></a>日志</
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/03/29/192111-\344\275\277\347\224\250\346\231\256\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\210\267\347\256\241\347\220\206DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html" "b/2016/03/29/192111-\344\275\277\347\224\250\346\231\256\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\210\267\347\256\241\347\220\206DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html"
index e0bc0a45..6375e898 100644
--- "a/2016/03/29/192111-\344\275\277\347\224\250\346\231\256\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\210\267\347\256\241\347\220\206DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/03/29/192111-\344\275\277\347\224\250\346\231\256\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\210\267\347\256\241\347\220\206DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service,DNS," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="使用 Bind 提供的 DNS 服务器，要想配置和管理，默认情况下需要求以 root 身份进行。如果是多人维护的情况，root 用户权限过高，这导致如果有人做了误操作将会产生十分严重的后果。并且一旦 DNS 服务器被入侵，黑客将有可能直接获取到 root 用户权限，安全代价太高。 Linux 系统规定非 root 用户">
+  <meta name="description" content="使用 Bind 提供的 DNS 服务器，要想配置和管理，默认情况下需要求以 root 身份进行。如果是多人维护的情况，root 用户权限过高，这导致如果有人做了误操作将会产生十分严重的后果。并且一旦 DNS 服务器被入侵，黑客将有可能直接获取到 root 用户权限，安全代价太高。 Linux 系统规定非 root 用户一般无法启动小于 1024 的端口，而 DNS 服务器使用 named 进程默认">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Service,DNS">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="使用普通用户管理DNS服务器">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="使用 Bind 提供的 DNS 服务器，要想配置和管理，默认情况下需要求以 root 身份进行。如果是多人维护的情况，root 用户权限过高，这导致如果有人做了误操作将会产生十分严重的后果。并且一旦 DNS 服务器被入侵，黑客将有可能直接获取到 root 用户权限，安全代价太高。 Linux 系统规定非 root 用户一般无法启动小于 1024 的端口，而 DNS 服务器使用 named 进程默认">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:24:03.609Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="使用普通用户管理DNS服务器">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>使用普通用户管理DNS服务器 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>使用普通用户管理DNS服务器 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
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-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" title="使用普通用户管理DNS服务器">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/</a>
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+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -804,14 +939,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用普通用户管理DNS服
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -825,10 +967,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用普通用户管理DNS服
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -840,85 +980,63 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用普通用户管理DNS服
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -967,6 +1085,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用普通用户管理DNS服
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1000,8 +1120,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用普通用户管理DNS服
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1170,9 +1291,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用普通用户管理DNS服
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1242,25 +1363,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用普通用户管理DNS服
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching\347\232\204\347\256\200\345\215\225\347\220\206\350\247\243/index.html" "b/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching\347\232\204\347\256\200\345\215\225\347\220\206\350\247\243/index.html"
index 7d2fb5de..8e2713c3 100644
--- "a/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching\347\232\204\347\256\200\345\215\225\347\220\206\350\247\243/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching\347\232\204\347\256\200\345\215\225\347\220\206\350\247\243/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service,DNS," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="首先简单说一下DNS解析的相关流程。客户端在访问某个域名，例如 ”www.xieyidian.com” 的时候，浏览器首先会将这个域名提交到客户端配置的 DNS 服务器上，由 DNS 服务器将其解析为可识别的 IP 地址，并返回客户端，随后客户端会使用解析到的IP地址访问。 一般情况下，在成功解析一个域名后，客户端的D">
+  <meta name="description" content="首先简单说一下DNS解析的相关流程。客户端在访问某个域名，例如 ”www.xieyidian.com” 的时候，浏览器首先会将这个域名提交到客户端配置的 DNS 服务器上，由 DNS 服务器将其解析为可识别的 IP 地址，并返回客户端，随后客户端会使用解析到的IP地址访问。 一般情况下，在成功解析一个域名后，客户端的DNS缓存会将这个信息记录下来，这样在这条缓存记录的TTL（有效存活时间）范围内，">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Service,DNS">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="NegativeCaching的简单理解">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="首先简单说一下DNS解析的相关流程。客户端在访问某个域名，例如 ”www.xieyidian.com” 的时候，浏览器首先会将这个域名提交到客户端配置的 DNS 服务器上，由 DNS 服务器将其解析为可识别的 IP 地址，并返回客户端，随后客户端会使用解析到的IP地址访问。 一般情况下，在成功解析一个域名后，客户端的DNS缓存会将这个信息记录下来，这样在这条缓存记录的TTL（有效存活时间）范围内，">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:25:35.797Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="NegativeCaching的简单理解">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>NegativeCaching的简单理解 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>NegativeCaching的简单理解 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
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+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">NegativeCaching的简单理解
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@@ -379,7 +450,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">NegativeCaching的简单理解</
       
 
       
-        <p>首先简单说一下DNS解析的相关流程。客户端在访问某个域名，例如 ”www.xieyidian.com” 的时候，浏览器首先会将这个域名提交到客户端配置的 DNS 服务器上，由 DNS 服务器将其解析为可识别的 IP 地址，并返回客户端，随后客户端会使用解析到的IP地址访问。</p>
+        <p>首先简单说一下DNS解析的相关流程。客户端在访问某个域名，例如 ”<a href="http://www.xieyidian.com”" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.xieyidian.com”</a> 的时候，浏览器首先会将这个域名提交到客户端配置的 DNS 服务器上，由 DNS 服务器将其解析为可识别的 IP 地址，并返回客户端，随后客户端会使用解析到的IP地址访问。</p>
 <p>一般情况下，在成功解析一个域名后，客户端的DNS缓存会将这个信息记录下来，这样在这条缓存记录的TTL（有效存活时间）范围内，如果需要再次访问这个域名，那么不需要重新提交到DNS解析，客户端即可使用缓存中记录的IP地址直接访问。然而这就存在一个问题，假设客户端访问一个不存在的域名，或者内部网络中的所有DNS服务器都无法解析该域名，自然，DNS服务器是解析不到任何记录的。但如果客户端因为某种缘故，例如中毒，导致需要在短时间内频繁访问这个不存在或无法解析的域名，又会怎么样？客户端可能会在每次尝试访问的时候都通过DNS解析这个不存在的域名，当然，每次的结果都是无法解析，或解析失败。</p>
 <p>如果有大量客户端都有这种情况，无疑，这会对DNS服务器造成很大压力。为了解决这种问题，现在的DNS技术中包含了这个叫做”Negative caching”的功能。简单来说，当客户端尝试通过DNS解析某个域名但解析失败后，客户端依然会在自己的缓存中记录相关的信息，但这里记录的并非解析结果，而是”Negative caching”。这样当客户端尝试再次访问不存在的域名时，因为本地的DNS缓存中已经有了相关的Negative caching记录，因此客户端不会频繁尝试通过DNS进行解析。</p>
 <p>该功能的基本原理就是这样，详细信息请参考 <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2308.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 2308</a></p>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -748,9 +844,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">NegativeCaching的简单理解</
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -758,6 +857,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">NegativeCaching的简单理解</
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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@@ -799,14 +934,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">NegativeCaching的简单理解</
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-
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-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
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-  
-
-
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-
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
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+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/04/07/214147-\345\210\251\347\224\250Dnsmasq\346\220\255\345\273\272\346\234\254\345\234\260\350\207\252\346\234\211DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html" "b/2016/04/07/214147-\345\210\251\347\224\250Dnsmasq\346\220\255\345\273\272\346\234\254\345\234\260\350\207\252\346\234\211DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html"
index dd484bec..675593b3 100644
--- "a/2016/04/07/214147-\345\210\251\347\224\250Dnsmasq\346\220\255\345\273\272\346\234\254\345\234\260\350\207\252\346\234\211DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/04/07/214147-\345\210\251\347\224\250Dnsmasq\346\220\255\345\273\272\346\234\254\345\234\260\350\207\252\346\234\211DNS\346\234\215\345\212\241\345\231\250/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,99 +46,134 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service,DNS," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="Dnsmasq 提供 DNS 缓存和 DHCP服务、Tftp服务功能。作为域名解析服务器(DNS)，dnsmasq可以通过缓存 DNS 请求来提高对访问过的网址的连接速度。作为DHCP 服务器，Dnsmasq 可以用于为局域网电脑分配内网ip地址和提供路由。DNS和DHCP两个功能可以同时或分别单独实现。Dnsmasq">
+  <meta name="description" content="Dnsmasq 提供 DNS 缓存和 DHCP服务、Tftp服务功能。作为域名解析服务器(DNS)，dnsmasq可以通过缓存 DNS 请求来提高对访问过的网址的连接速度。作为DHCP 服务器，Dnsmasq 可以用于为局域网电脑分配内网ip地址和提供路由。DNS和DHCP两个功能可以同时或分别单独实现。Dnsmasq 轻量且易配置，适用于个人用户或少于50台主机的网络。此外它还自带了一个 PXE">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:26:52.254Z">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-08-05T07:31:20.336Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器">
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-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
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+  CONFIG.page = {
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+  <title>利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
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-  <title>利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器 | Just Do It</title>
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+  .use-motion .motion-element,
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+  .use-motion .logo,
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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-      
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+    
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   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
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+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
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+    
       
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+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
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+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
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-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
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   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
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+  
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00">
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+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-07 21:41:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00">2016-04-07</time>
+            </span>
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
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+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-05 15:31:20" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-05T15:31:20+08:00">2019-08-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  7,450
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-              
 
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-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
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-                  32
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@@ -406,28 +477,23 @@ <h1 id="安装-Dnsmasq"><a href="#安装-Dnsmasq" class="headerlink" title="安
 </ul>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">wget http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/dnsmasq-2.78.tar.xz</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 下载源码包</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">tar xf dnsmasq-2.78.tar.xz </span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> dnsmasq-2.78</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 源码包解压</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">vim Makefile <span class="comment"># 修改 PREFIX = /usr/local/dnsmasq</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 配置安装路径</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">make &amp;&amp; make install</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 编译安装</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cp dnsmasq.conf.example /etc/dnsmasq.conf</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成配置文件</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ln -s /usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/dnsmasq/sbin/dnsmasq /usr/sbin/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成软连接</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dnsmasq --version</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看dnsmasq版本</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="配置-Dnsmasq"><a href="#配置-Dnsmasq" class="headerlink" title="配置 Dnsmasq"></a>配置 Dnsmasq</h1><p>Dnsmasq 处理 DNS 设置与 BIND 等其他 DNS 服务有所不同。所有的配置都在 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code> 这一个文件中完成 。官方在配置文件 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code> 中针对选项和参数等做了比较好的注释说明，我们可以将配置做一次备份，以便以后查阅。默认情况下 <code>dnsmasq.conf</code> 中只开启了最后 <code>include</code> 项，因此可以在 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code> 的前提下，将自定义的配置放到 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.d</code> 目录下的一个任意名字的配置文件当中。</p>
+<p>请确保文件 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code> 中的如下配置是开启的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Include all files in a directory which end in .conf                           </span></span><br><span class="line">conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d/,*.conf</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><strong>注意：</strong>   <code>/etc/dnsmasq.d/*.conf</code> 的优先级大于 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code> </p>
 <h2 id="DNS-配置参数说明"><a href="#DNS-配置参数说明" class="headerlink" title="DNS 配置参数说明"></a>DNS 配置参数说明</h2><p>Dnsmasq配置文件是 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code>，下面对 Dnsmasq 常用的相关配置项进行说明。</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br><span class="line">107</span><br><span class="line">108</span><br><span class="line">109</span><br><span class="line">110</span><br><span class="line">111</span><br><span class="line">112</span><br><span class="line">113</span><br><span class="line">114</span><br><span class="line">115</span><br><span class="line">116</span><br><span class="line">117</span><br><span class="line">118</span><br><span class="line">119</span><br><span class="line">120</span><br><span class="line">121</span><br><span class="line">122</span><br><span class="line">123</span><br><span class="line">124</span><br><span class="line">125</span><br><span class="line">126</span><br><span class="line">127</span><br><span class="line">128</span><br><span class="line">129</span><br><span class="line">130</span><br><span class="line">131</span><br><span class="line">132</span><br><span class="line">133</span><br><span class="line">134</span><br><span class="line">135</span><br><span class="line">136</span><br><span class="line">137</span><br><span class="line">138</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Dnsmasq 默认启用其 DNS 服务器，并且会监听在 0.0.0.0:53，如果要用指定的端口代替 DNS 默认的 53 端口则配置如下选项，如果设置为0，则完全禁止 DNS 功能，只使用 dhcp 服务</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#port=5353</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">以下两个参数告诉 Dnsmasq 过滤一些查询：</span><br><span class="line">1.哪些公共DNS没有回答 </span><br><span class="line">2.哪些root根域不可达。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">从不转发格式错误的域名</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#domain-needed</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">从不转发不在路由地址中的域名</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#bogus-priv</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Linux 处理 DNS 请求时有个限制，在 resolv.conf 中最多只能配置三个域名服务器（nameserver），我们完全可以使用 resolv-file 来作为变通方法，当然这只是其中的一个用途之一。这个参数表示 Dnsmasq 会从指定的文件中寻找上级 DNS 服务器列表，而不是从本机的 `resolv.conf` 中读取 DNS 服务器列表。如果机器的地址是通过 DHCP 方式取得的话，该文件( `resolv.conf` )容易受到影响从而影响到 Dnsmasq，因此配置此项避免影响</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">resolv-file 配置 Dnsmasq 额外的上流的 DNS 服务器，如果不开启就使用linux主机默认的 /etc/resolv.conf 里的nameserver，如果开启则通过下面的选项指定其他文件。</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#resolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq.d/upstream_dns.conf</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#resolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq/resolv.conf</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">默认情况下Dnsmasq会发送查询到它的任何上游DNS服务器上，如果取消注释，则Dnsmasq则会严格按照 /etc/resolv.conf 中的 DNS Server 顺序进行查询，直到第一个成功解析成功为止</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#strict-order</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">以下两个参数用来控制是否通过 /etc/resolv.conf 确定上游服务器，是否检测 /etc/resolv.conf 的变化，则取消注释。 </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">如果你不想让Dnsmasq读取 /etc/resolv.conf 或者其他文件来获得它的servers，则取消注释</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#no-resolv</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">如果你不允许Dnsmasq通过轮询 /etc/resolv.conf 或者其他文件来改变和重新读取配置，则取消注释。 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#no-poll</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">增加一个name server，一般用于内网域名</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#server=/localnet/192.168.0.1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">设置一个反向解析，所有192.168.3.0/24的地址都到10.1.2.3去解析</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#server=/3.168.192.in-addr.arpa/10.1.2.3</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">增加一个本地域名，会在 /etc/hosts 或 DHCP 中进行查询</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#local=/localnet/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">增加一个域名，使得这个域名强制解析到你指定的地址上</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#address=/double-click.net/127.0.0.1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">同上，还支持ipv6</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#address=/www.thekelleys.org.uk/fe80::20d:60ff:fe36:f83</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">增加查询yahoo google的IP地址和它们的子域名到vpn、search查找</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#ipset=/yahoo.com/google.com/vpn,search</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">你还可以控制Dnsmasq和Server之间的查询从哪个网卡出去</span><br><span class="line">queries to 10.1.2.3 to be routed via eth1</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#server=10.1.2.3@eth1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">设置了个源(本地)地址10.1.2.3，用来和192.168.1.1的55端口进行通信</span><br><span class="line">很显然，在机器上必须有一个与此IP相关联的接口</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#server=10.1.2.3@192.168.1.1#55</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">改变Dnsmasq默认的uid和gid</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#user=</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#group=</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">如果你想让 Dnsmasq 监听在本机特定的网卡（包括回环网卡），用于 DHCP 和 DNS 请求，则设置此项</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#interface=</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">你还可以指定哪个网卡你不想监听</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#except-interface=</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">设置想监听的地址</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#listen-address=</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">要在单台主机上以守护进程方式启动 Dnsmasq 做 DNS (缓存)服务器，如果仅为本机使用则写上127.0.0.1。</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#listen-address=127.0.0.1</span></span><br><span class="line">如果用此主机为局域网提供默认 DNS，请为该主机绑定固定 IP 地址，设置：</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#listen-address=192.168.x.x</span></span><br><span class="line">这种情况建议配置静态IP。多个ip地址设置：</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#listen-address=127.0.0.1,192.168.x.x </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">如果你想让Dnsmasq在某个网卡上只提供dns服务，则可以进行配置禁止dhcp服务</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#no-dhcp-interface=</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">在支持 Dnsmasq 的系统上，Dnsmasq 绑定通配符地址，即使它只监听某些网卡。如果配置了此项，Dnsmasq 将丢弃它不应该回复的请求。即使在接口出现和更改地址时，这也具有工作的优势。如果您希望 Dnsmasq 只绑定它正在监听的接口，请取消注释</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#bind-interfaces</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">默认情况下这是注释掉的，Dnsmasq 会首先寻找本地的 /etc/hosts 文件，再去寻找缓存下来的域名</span><br><span class="line">如果你不想使用 /etc/hosts，则取消下面的注释</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#no-hosts</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">如果你想使用额外的类似/etc/hosts文件，则进行配置</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#addn-hosts=/etc/banner_add_hosts</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">如果你想让hosts中的一个域自动增加一个主机名，则配置此项。例如baidu.com，他将自动添加www</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#expand-hosts</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">为 Dnsmasq 设置一个域，简单地说就是给dhcp服务赋予一个域</span><br><span class="line">如果被设置，将会做以下事情</span><br><span class="line">1) 允许DHCP主机拥有完全合格的域名，只要域部分匹配这个设置</span><br><span class="line">2) 设置“域” 的 DHCP选项，从而设置由DHCP配置所有系统的域。</span><br><span class="line">3) 为 “expand-hosts” 提供 域 的部分</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#domain=thekelleys.org.uk</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">为特定子网设置不同的域</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#domain=wireless.thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.2.0/24</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">同上，不过子网是一个范围</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#domain=reserved.thekelleys.org.uk,192.68.3.100,192.168.3.200</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dhcp分发ip的范围，以及每个ip的租约时间</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">同上，不过给出了掩码</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,255.255.255.0,12h</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">为某个范围或子网设置标记，以便于某些设置只针对这些范围或子网生效</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-range=set:red,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-range=tag:green,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">自动加载conf-dir目录下的配置文件</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d</span></span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line">设置dns缓存大小,默认为150条</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#cache-size=8192</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">是否禁用negative caching，取消注释意味着禁用。negative caching 允许 dnsmasq 记住从上游域名服务器上得到的“没有这样的域名”的查询结果，并对于相同的查询不再重复转发轮询上游服务器。简单的讲就是在没有禁用（未取消注释）的情况下，解析失败的域名不会再向上游服务器重复转发查询。</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#no-negcache</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">允许客户端缓存的时间，单位为秒</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#local-ttl=60</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">开启debug模式，记录客户端查询记录到/var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/debug中</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#log-queries</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Log lots of extra information about DHCP transactions.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#log-dhcp</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Log to this syslog facility or file. (defaults to DAEMON)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#log-facility=/var/log/dnsmasq.log</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">异步<span class="built_in">log</span>，缓解阻塞。</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#log-async=20</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="DNS配置实例"><a href="#DNS配置实例" class="headerlink" title="DNS配置实例"></a>DNS配置实例</h2><h3 id="基本配置"><a href="#基本配置" class="headerlink" title="基本配置"></a>基本配置</h3><p>下面的配置不是所有都是必须要配置的，根据实际应用情况而定。但是建议开启转发功能，以免配置 Dnsmasq 的转发相关的功能时造成排错困难</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 允许本机的53端口可对外访问</span></span><br><span class="line">iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT</span><br><span class="line">iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 转发DNS请求，开启流量转发功能，临时开启，重启后会失效，如需永久配置要编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf 开启</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'1'</span> &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'1'</span> &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/ip_forward   <span class="comment"># IPv6 用户选用</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 添加流量转发规则，将外部到53的端口的请求映射到Dnsmasq服务器的53端口</span></span><br><span class="line">iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p udp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 53</span><br><span class="line">iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 53</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="配置DNS（缓存）服务器"><a href="#配置DNS（缓存）服务器" class="headerlink" title="配置DNS（缓存）服务器"></a>配置DNS（缓存）服务器</h3><p>需要注意的是，一旦自定义的配置文件放到<code>/etc/dnsmasq.d/</code>中，配置文件中指定的某些文件就不能再放到这个目录里下了，因为会被 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code> 的 include 加载报错。因此我们创建一个目录 <code>/etc/dnsmasq-config/</code> 用来存放独有的hosts、resolv等文件</p>
-<ul>
-<li>创建一个自定义的配置文件 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf</code> ，并进行下列配置</li>
-</ul>
+<h3 id="配置DNS（缓存）服务器"><a href="#配置DNS（缓存）服务器" class="headerlink" title="配置DNS（缓存）服务器"></a>配置DNS（缓存）服务器</h3><p>需要注意的是，一旦自定义的配置文件放到 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.d/</code> 中，配置文件中指定的某些文件就不能再放到这个目录里下了，因为会被 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</code> 的 include 加载报错。因此我们创建一个目录 <code>/etc/dnsmasq-config/</code> 用来存放独有的 hosts、resolv 等文件。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mkdir -pv /etc/dnsmasq-config/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>创建一个自定义的配置文件 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf</code> ，并进行下列配置：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">no-poll</span><br><span class="line">strict-order</span><br><span class="line">no-negcache</span><br><span class="line">cache-size=8192</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">local</span>-ttl=60</span><br><span class="line">no-hosts</span><br><span class="line">addn-hosts=/etc/dnsmasq-config/hosts</span><br><span class="line">resolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq-config/resolv.conf</span><br><span class="line">listen-address=192.168.127.130</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>hosts配置<code>/etc/dnsmasq-config/hosts</code></li>
-</ul>
+<p>在文件 <code>/etc/dnsmasq-config/hosts</code> 中进行 hosts 配置：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">10.94.0.67       us_zero01</span><br><span class="line">10.94.0.68       aws-nx</span><br><span class="line">10.94.0.69       awsire</span><br><span class="line">10.94.0.70       awsuk</span><br><span class="line">10.94.0.71       awsvirginia</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>resolv文件配置<code>/etc/dnsmasq-config/resolv.conf</code></li>
-</ul>
+<p>在文件 <code>/etc/dnsmasq-config/resolv.conf</code> 中进行 resolv 配置：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">nameserver 8.8.8.8</span><br><span class="line">nameserver 9.9.9.9</span><br><span class="line">nameserver 114.114.114.114</span><br><span class="line">nameserver 180.96.96.96</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>测试</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dnsmasq --<span class="built_in">test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 语法检查</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload</span><br><span class="line">systemctl restart dnsmasq</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 服务重启</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 awsvirginia +short</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 正向解析</span></span><br><span class="line">dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 -x  10.94.0.66</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 反向解析</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com</span><br><span class="line"> dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com</span><br><span class="line"> 比较两次结果中的 Query time，缓存成功的情况下，第二次的查询时间明显大幅度降低</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>接下来进行配置文件的语法检查，并做测试：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dnsmasq --<span class="built_in">test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 语法检查</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload</span><br><span class="line">systemctl restart dnsmasq</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 服务重启</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 awsvirginia +short</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 正向解析</span></span><br><span class="line">dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 -x  10.94.0.67</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 反向解析</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com</span><br><span class="line">dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 比较两次结果中的 Query time，缓存成功的情况下，第二次的查询时间明显大幅度降低</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h3 id="配置域名劫持"><a href="#配置域名劫持" class="headerlink" title="配置域名劫持"></a>配置域名劫持</h3><p>例如办公室明确规定不能访问360，我们可以将域名劫持，解析到一个不存在的内网地址。另外如果有自己独有的yum源服务器，还可以将相关域名劫持下来解析到自己的yum源服务器地址，从而达到加快速度、节省带宽的目的。</p>
 <h4 id="使用hosts配置域名劫持"><a href="#使用hosts配置域名劫持" class="headerlink" title="使用hosts配置域名劫持"></a>使用hosts配置域名劫持</h4><p>可以使用系统自带的 <code>/etc/hosts</code>，也可以自定义hosts，针对某个域名做静态指向，缺点是无法支持泛域名，下面以自定义为例</p>
 <ul>
@@ -500,7 +566,7 @@ <h3 id="泛域名配置应用"><a href="#泛域名配置应用" class="headerlin
 </ul>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">server=/taobao.com/223.5.5.5</span><br><span class="line">server=/.apple.com/223.5.5.5</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <ul>
-<li>把www.360.cn解析到特定的IP</li>
+<li>把<a href="http://www.360.cn解析到特定的IP" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.360.cn解析到特定的IP</a></li>
 </ul>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">address=/www.360.cn/10.10.10.10</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h3 id="选择最快的上游DNS服务器"><a href="#选择最快的上游DNS服务器" class="headerlink" title="选择最快的上游DNS服务器"></a>选择最快的上游DNS服务器</h3><p>经常会有这样的情景， Dnsmasq 服务器配了一堆上游服务器，转发本地的dns请求，缺省是 Dnsmasq 事实上是只挑了一个上游dns服务器来查询并转发结果，这样如果选错服务器的话会导致DNS响应变慢。</p>
@@ -521,6 +587,17 @@ <h3 id="Dnsmasq-性能优化"><a href="#Dnsmasq-性能优化" class="headerlink"
 <li>使用计划任务定时同步内容</li>
 </ul>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">*/10 * * * * cat /etc/hosts &gt; /dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="配置日志功能"><a href="#配置日志功能" class="headerlink" title="配置日志功能"></a>配置日志功能</h3><p>创建对应的目录和日志文件，修改文件的属主属组及权限：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mkdir -pv /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/dnsmasq/</span><br><span class="line">touch /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log</span><br><span class="line">chmod /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log --reference=/etc/dnsmasq.conf</span><br><span class="line">chown /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log --reference=/etc/dnsmasq.conf</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在自定义的配置文件 <code>/etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf</code> 中添加如下两行配置以开启 log 功能：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">log</span>-queries</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">log</span>-facility=/var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>重启服务，做几次解析，查看日志是否记录成功：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload    </span><br><span class="line">systemctl restart dnsmasq</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status  dnsmasq</span><br><span class="line">dig -p 53 @192.168.127.13 www.baidu.com</span><br><span class="line">tail /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果在生产环境中使用 Dnsmasq 作为 DNS 服务器，则会有大量的解析请求，并会记录大量的查询内容到日志中，所以应该做日志切割，避免 log 文件过大造成文件系统使用率不足。</p>
+<p>创建 Dnsmasq 的 logrotate 的配置文件 <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dnsmasq</code> ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">/var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/dnsmasq/*.<span class="built_in">log</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ifempty       <span class="comment"># 即使是空文件也转储，这个是默认选项</span></span><br><span class="line">    missingok     <span class="comment"># 如果日志丢失, 不报错</span></span><br><span class="line">    notifempty    <span class="comment"># 如果是空文件的话，不转储</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># daily         # 指定转储周期为每天</span></span><br><span class="line">    hourly        <span class="comment"># 指定转储周期为每小时</span></span><br><span class="line">    dateext       <span class="comment"># 日志文件会附加上一个短横线和YYYYMMDD格式的日期</span></span><br><span class="line">    rotate 20</span><br><span class="line">    sharedscripts <span class="comment"># 共享脚本,下面的 postrotate &lt;s&gt; endscript 中的脚本只执行一次即可</span></span><br><span class="line">    postrotate</span><br><span class="line">        [ ! -f /var/run/dnsmasq.pid ] || <span class="built_in">kill</span> -USR2 $(cat /var/run/dnsmasq.pid)</span><br><span class="line">    endscript</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>执行 logrotate ，确保配置正确（没有报错）</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">/usr/sbin/logrotate -vf /etc/logrotate.conf</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="DHCP配置参数说明"><a href="#DHCP配置参数说明" class="headerlink" title="DHCP配置参数说明"></a>DHCP配置参数说明</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 选定需要监听的网卡</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Only listen to routers' LAN NIC.  Doing so opens up tcp/udp port 53 to</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># localhost and udp port 67 to world:</span></span><br><span class="line">interface=&lt;LAN-NIC&gt;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dnsmasq will open tcp/udp port 53 and udp port 67 to world to help with</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dynamic interfaces (assigning dynamic ips). Dnsmasq will discard world</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># requests to them, but the paranoid might like to close them and let the </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># kernel handle them:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">bind</span>-interfaces</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">设定可分配的ip地址段和租约时间</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Dynamic range of IPs to make available to LAN pc</span></span><br><span class="line">dhcp-range=192.168.111.50,192.168.111.150,12h</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 同上，不过给出了掩码</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-range=192.168.8.50,192.168.8.150,255.255.255.0,12h</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#绑定某些机器的ip-mac地址对，使其具有固定的ip地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># If you’d like to have dnsmasq assign static IPs, bind the LAN computer's</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># NIC MAC address:</span></span><br><span class="line">dhcp-host=aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff,192.168.1.50</span><br><span class="line">dhcp-host=00:0e:7b:ca:1c:6e,daunbook,192.168.0.12</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 为192.168.0.12设置主机名：dannbook</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dhcp服务的静态绑定</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201,infinite 无限租期</span></span><br><span class="line">dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201,db2</span><br><span class="line">dhcp-host=08:00:27:D6:F0:9F,192.168.8.202,db3</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 注意:当为某一MAC地址同时静态分配主机名和IP时，如果写到两条dhcp-host选项里（如下所示），则只会生效后面的一条。正确的选项写法如上配置。</span></span><br><span class="line">dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201 dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,db2</span><br><span class="line">dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201</span><br><span class="line">dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,db2</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 重新启动客户端网卡。由于之前测试中客户端网卡已经申请了DHCP租期。所以这里需要修改租期文件，让客户端重新获得IP和hostname。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置默认租期</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Set the limit on DHCP leases, the default is 150</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-lease-max=150</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 租期保存文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.leases</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 通过/etc/hosts来分配对应的hostname</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-host=judge</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 忽略下面MAC地址的DHCP请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,ignore</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dhcp所在的domain</span></span><br><span class="line">domain=freeoa.net</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置默认路由出口</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dhcp-option遵循RFC 2132（Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions),可以通过dnsmasq --help dhcp来查看具体的配置</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 很多高级的配置，如iSCSI连接配置等同样可以由RFC 2132定义的dhcp-option中给出。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># option 3为default route</span></span><br><span class="line">dhcp-option=3,192.168.8.1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置NTP Server.这是使用option name而非选项名来进行设置</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#dhcp-option=option:ntp-server,192.168.8.4,10.10.0.5</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">               </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#当dnsmasq绝对是网络上唯一的DHCP服务器时应该设置。对于DHCPv4，它将从严格的RFC合规性中更改行为，以便不会忽略来自未知主机的未知租约的DHCP请求。这使得新主机在任何情况下都可以获得租约，而不会出现繁琐的超时。如果数据库丢失，它也允许dnsmasq重建其租赁数据库，而不需要每个客户端重新获得租约。对于DHCPv6，它将响应中的优先级设置为255（最大值），而不是0（最小值）。</span></span><br><span class="line">dhcp-authoritative</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="DHCP配置实例"><a href="#DHCP配置实例" class="headerlink" title="DHCP配置实例"></a>DHCP配置实例</h2><p>公司使用了三台Linux服务器作为网关为局域网中的其他设备提供IP和路由，以下是其中一个范例 <code>dhcp.conf</code></p>
 <ul>
@@ -536,10 +613,14 @@ <h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考
 <li><a href="http://www.freeoa.net/osuport/servap/dnsmasq-use-intro-refer_2480.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.freeoa.net/osuport/servap/dnsmasq-use-intro-refer_2480.html</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dnsmasq_%28%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dnsmasq_%28%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%29</a></li>
 <li><a href="http://www.yunweipai.com/archives/8664.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.yunweipai.com/archives/8664.html</a></li>
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+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -909,25 +1012,29 @@ <h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dnsmasq-的应用"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dnsmasq 的应用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dnsmasq-基本的工作原理"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dnsmasq 基本的工作原理</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装-Dnsmasq"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装 Dnsmasq</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置-Dnsmasq"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置 Dnsmasq</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DNS-配置参数说明"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">DNS 配置参数说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DNS配置实例"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">DNS配置实例</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本配置"><span class="nav-number">4.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置DNS（缓存）服务器"><span class="nav-number">4.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置DNS（缓存）服务器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置域名劫持"><span class="nav-number">4.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置域名劫持</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用hosts配置域名劫持"><span class="nav-number">4.2.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用hosts配置域名劫持</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用address配置域名劫持"><span class="nav-number">4.2.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用address配置域名劫持</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#生产环境中的DNS拦截使用"><span class="nav-number">4.2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">生产环境中的DNS拦截使用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#泛域名配置应用"><span class="nav-number">4.2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">泛域名配置应用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#选择最快的上游DNS服务器"><span class="nav-number">4.2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">选择最快的上游DNS服务器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dnsmasq-性能优化"><span class="nav-number">4.2.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dnsmasq 性能优化</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DHCP配置参数说明"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">DHCP配置参数说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DHCP配置实例"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">DHCP配置实例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#web端的配置"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">web端的配置</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#dnsmasq命令选项说明"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">dnsmasq命令选项说明</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#参考链接"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">参考链接</span></a></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dnsmasq-的应用"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dnsmasq 的应用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dnsmasq-基本的工作原理"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dnsmasq 基本的工作原理</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装-Dnsmasq"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装 Dnsmasq</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置-Dnsmasq"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置 Dnsmasq</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DNS-配置参数说明"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">DNS 配置参数说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DNS配置实例"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">DNS配置实例</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本配置"><span class="nav-number">4.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置DNS（缓存）服务器"><span class="nav-number">4.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置DNS（缓存）服务器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置域名劫持"><span class="nav-number">4.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置域名劫持</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用hosts配置域名劫持"><span class="nav-number">4.2.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用hosts配置域名劫持</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用address配置域名劫持"><span class="nav-number">4.2.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用address配置域名劫持</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#生产环境中的DNS拦截使用"><span class="nav-number">4.2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">生产环境中的DNS拦截使用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#泛域名配置应用"><span class="nav-number">4.2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">泛域名配置应用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#选择最快的上游DNS服务器"><span class="nav-number">4.2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">选择最快的上游DNS服务器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dnsmasq-性能优化"><span class="nav-number">4.2.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dnsmasq 性能优化</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置日志功能"><span class="nav-number">4.2.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置日志功能</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DHCP配置参数说明"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">DHCP配置参数说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#DHCP配置实例"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">DHCP配置实例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#web端的配置"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">web端的配置</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#dnsmasq命令选项说明"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">dnsmasq命令选项说明</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#参考链接"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">参考链接</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -935,6 +1042,7 @@ <h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -943,24 +1051,59 @@ <h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -976,14 +1119,21 @@ <h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
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-
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
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@@ -1342,9 +1471,9 @@ <h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1414,25 +1543,67 @@ <h1 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考
   
 
   
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS\344\270\255resolv.conf\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\256\236\351\252\214/index.html" "b/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS\344\270\255resolv.conf\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\256\236\351\252\214/index.html"
index 94e21f46..1a09fa18 100644
--- "a/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS\344\270\255resolv.conf\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\256\236\351\252\214/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS\344\270\255resolv.conf\347\232\204\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\256\236\351\252\214/index.html"
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="DNS," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="通常情况下，在 Linux 中可以用来配置 DNS 地址的文件有两个：  解析配置文件 /etc/resolv.conf，文件中的注释行可以采用 # 或者 ; 开头 网卡 ifcfg 配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*  resolv.conf 的配置参数通过查">
+  <meta name="description" content="通常情况下，在 Linux 中可以用来配置 DNS 地址的文件有两个：  解析配置文件 /etc/resolv.conf，文件中的注释行可以采用 # 或者 ; 开头 网卡 ifcfg 配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*  resolv.conf 的配置参数通过查看 man手册页，会看到有很多相关的参数，这里只说比较常用的几个 nameser">
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 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/a.png">
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@@ -99,51 +119,64 @@
 
 
 
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-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -152,28 +185,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -181,59 +211,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -245,9 +296,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -261,12 +310,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,20 +343,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -301,70 +367,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00">
-                2016-04-11
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-11 11:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00">2016-04-11</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:29:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:29:50+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  13,115
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  70
-                </span>
-              
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@@ -651,6 +722,9 @@ <h1 id="DNS配置优化"><a href="#DNS配置优化" class="headerlink" title="DN
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -658,30 +732,37 @@ <h1 id="DNS配置优化"><a href="#DNS配置优化" class="headerlink" title="DN
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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@@ -689,27 +770,12 @@ <h1 id="DNS配置优化"><a href="#DNS配置优化" class="headerlink" title="DN
     
 
     
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+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
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@@ -1248,6 +1367,8 @@ <h1 id="DNS配置优化"><a href="#DNS配置优化" class="headerlink" title="DN
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1281,8 +1402,9 @@ <h1 id="DNS配置优化"><a href="#DNS配置优化" class="headerlink" title="DN
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html" "b/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
index a48deb96..71fde7f5 100644
--- "a/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
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-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="DHCPDHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机配置协议）是一个局域网的网络协议，使用UDP协议工作。主要有两个用途：给内部网络或网络服务供应商自动分配IP地址。 DHCP有3个端口，其中 UDP 67 和 UDP 68 为正常的DHCP服务端口，分别作为DHCP Se">
+  <meta name="description" content="DHCPDHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机配置协议）是一个局域网的网络协议，使用UDP协议工作。主要有两个用途：给内部网络或网络服务供应商自动分配IP地址。 DHCP有3个端口，其中 UDP 67 和 UDP 68 为正常的DHCP服务端口，分别作为DHCP Server和DHCP Client的服务端口；546 端口用于DHCPv6 Cli">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Service">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="DHCP 服务">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="DHCPDHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机配置协议）是一个局域网的网络协议，使用UDP协议工作。主要有两个用途：给内部网络或网络服务供应商自动分配IP地址。 DHCP有3个端口，其中 UDP 67 和 UDP 68 为正常的DHCP服务端口，分别作为DHCP Server和DHCP Client的服务端口；546 端口用于DHCPv6 Cli">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/dhcp.jpg">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:31:53.558Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
@@ -98,51 +118,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
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-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>DHCP 服务 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>DHCP 服务 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -151,28 +184,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -180,59 +210,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -244,9 +295,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -260,12 +309,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -278,20 +342,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -300,70 +366,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">DHCP 服务</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">DHCP 服务
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00">
-                2016-04-15
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-15 09:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00">2016-04-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:31:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:31:53+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,177
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
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-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -1012,6 +1131,8 @@ <h1 id="安装配置"><a href="#安装配置" class="headerlink" title="安装
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1045,8 +1166,9 @@ <h1 id="安装配置"><a href="#安装配置" class="headerlink" title="安装
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1215,9 +1337,9 @@ <h1 id="安装配置"><a href="#安装配置" class="headerlink" title="安装
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1287,25 +1409,67 @@ <h1 id="安装配置"><a href="#安装配置" class="headerlink" title="安装
   
 
   
-<script>
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/04/19/094135-FTP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html" "b/2016/04/19/094135-FTP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
index 209827e3..0c985345 100644
--- "a/2016/04/19/094135-FTP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/04/19/094135-FTP\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="FTPFTP 是File Transfer Protocol（文件传输协议）的英文简称，用于Internet上的控制文件的双向传输。基于不同的操作系统有不同的FTP应用程序，而所有这些应用程序都遵守同一种协议以传输文件。 在FTP的使用当中，用户经常遇到两个概念：”下载”（Download）和”上传”（Upload）。">
+  <meta name="description" content="FTPFTP 是File Transfer Protocol（文件传输协议）的英文简称，用于Internet上的控制文件的双向传输。基于不同的操作系统有不同的FTP应用程序，而所有这些应用程序都遵守同一种协议以传输文件。 在FTP的使用当中，用户经常遇到两个概念：”下载”（Download）和”上传”（Upload）。”下载”文件就是从远程主机拷贝文件至自己的计算机上；”上传”文件就是将文件从自己">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Service">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="FTP服务">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="FTPFTP 是File Transfer Protocol（文件传输协议）的英文简称，用于Internet上的控制文件的双向传输。基于不同的操作系统有不同的FTP应用程序，而所有这些应用程序都遵守同一种协议以传输文件。 在FTP的使用当中，用户经常遇到两个概念：”下载”（Download）和”上传”（Upload）。”下载”文件就是从远程主机拷贝文件至自己的计算机上；”上传”文件就是将文件从自己">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/ftp.jpg">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:37:50.134Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
@@ -98,51 +118,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
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-    scheme: 'Muse',
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      author: '博主'
-    },
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-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>FTP服务 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>FTP服务 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -151,28 +184,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -180,59 +210,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -244,9 +295,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -260,12 +309,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -278,20 +342,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -300,70 +366,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">FTP服务</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">FTP服务
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00">
-                2016-04-19
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-19 09:41:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00">2016-04-19</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:37:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:37:50+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,529
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
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-
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-        <img id="alipay_qr" src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝"/>
+      
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+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
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@@ -547,27 +628,12 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
     
 
     
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-  <li class="post-copyright-author">
-    <strong>本文作者：</strong>
-    Silence
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
-    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" title="FTP服务">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/</a>
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-license">
-    <strong>版权声明： </strong>
-    本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！
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-</ul>
-
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-    
 
     <footer class="post-footer">
       
+        
+          
+        
         <div class="post-tags">
           
             <a href="/tags/Service/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> Service</a>
@@ -611,59 +677,16 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
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-
-          
   
 
 
+
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@@ -677,9 +700,6 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
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+                    
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@@ -876,25 +972,29 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
           
 
           
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-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#FTP"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">FTP</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#两种连接"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">两种连接</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#控制连接"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">控制连接</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#数据连接"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">数据连接</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#文件说明"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">文件说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#用户类型"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">用户类型</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#参数配置"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">参数配置</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#被动模式设置"><span class="nav-number">5.0.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">被动模式设置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他配置"><span class="nav-number">5.0.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他配置</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#FTP"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">FTP</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#两种连接"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">两种连接</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#控制连接"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">控制连接</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#数据连接"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">数据连接</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#文件说明"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">文件说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#用户类型"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">用户类型</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#参数配置"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">参数配置</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#被动模式设置"><span class="nav-number">5.0.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">被动模式设置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他配置"><span class="nav-number">5.0.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他配置</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
             
 
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-        </section>
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       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -902,6 +1002,7 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
 
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@@ -910,24 +1011,59 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
 
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -943,14 +1079,21 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -964,10 +1107,8 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -979,85 +1120,63 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1106,6 +1225,8 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1139,8 +1260,9 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1309,9 +1431,9 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1381,25 +1503,67 @@ <h3 id="其他配置"><a href="#其他配置" class="headerlink" title="其他
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/04/23/214135-Samba\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html" "b/2016/04/23/214135-Samba\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
index cf50e3c7..dc0f90d3 100644
--- "a/2016/04/23/214135-Samba\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/04/23/214135-Samba\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="SambaSamba 是 SMB/CIFS 网络协议的重新实现, 它作为 NFS 的补充使得在 Linux 和 Windows 系统中进行文件共享、打印机共享更容易实现。它是在 Linux 和 UNIX 系统上实现 SMB 协议的一个免费软件，由服务器及客户端程序构成。 Samba 服务器的工作原理是：客户端向 Sam">
+  <meta name="description" content="SambaSamba 是 SMB/CIFS 网络协议的重新实现, 它作为 NFS 的补充使得在 Linux 和 Windows 系统中进行文件共享、打印机共享更容易实现。它是在 Linux 和 UNIX 系统上实现 SMB 协议的一个免费软件，由服务器及客户端程序构成。 Samba 服务器的工作原理是：客户端向 Samba 服务器发起请求，请求访问共享目录，Samba 服务器接收请求，查询 smb">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Service">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Samba服务">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="SambaSamba 是 SMB/CIFS 网络协议的重新实现, 它作为 NFS 的补充使得在 Linux 和 Windows 系统中进行文件共享、打印机共享更容易实现。它是在 Linux 和 UNIX 系统上实现 SMB 协议的一个免费软件，由服务器及客户端程序构成。 Samba 服务器的工作原理是：客户端向 Samba 服务器发起请求，请求访问共享目录，Samba 服务器接收请求，查询 smb">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:37:30.882Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Samba服务">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>Samba服务 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Samba服务 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
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@@ -394,6 +465,9 @@ <h1 id="安装配置"><a href="#安装配置" class="headerlink" title="安装
 <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加配置"></a>附加配置</h1><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [global]字段可选配置：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dos charset = GB2312</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将Windows 客户端的文字编码设置为简体中文 GB2312</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># unix charset =GB2312</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定Samba所在的CentOS服务端新建文件或目录时的编码为 GB2312</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># display charset= GB2312</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定使用SWAT（一种通过浏览器控制Samba的工具）时页面的默认文字编码</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># directory mask = 0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># force directorymode = 0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># directorysecurity mask = 0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># force directorysecurity mode = 0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定新建目录的权限</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># create mask =0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># force createmode = 0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># security mask =0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># force securitymode = 0777</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定新建文件的权限</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -761,17 +857,21 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -779,7 +879,7 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -787,6 +887,7 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -795,24 +896,59 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -828,14 +964,21 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -849,10 +992,8 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -864,85 +1005,63 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -991,6 +1110,8 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1024,8 +1145,9 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1194,9 +1316,9 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1266,25 +1388,67 @@ <h1 id="附加配置"><a href="#附加配置" class="headerlink" title="附加
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2016/04/27/194119-\345\237\272\347\241\200\351\202\256\344\273\266\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html" "b/2016/04/27/194119-\345\237\272\347\241\200\351\202\256\344\273\266\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
index 3eb16556..f34dd446 100644
--- "a/2016/04/27/194119-\345\237\272\347\241\200\351\202\256\344\273\266\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/04/27/194119-\345\237\272\347\241\200\351\202\256\344\273\266\346\234\215\345\212\241/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Service," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="概述 MUA（Mail User Agent）邮件用户代理：接收邮件所使用的邮件客户端程序，使用IMAP或POP3协议与服务器通信，它提供了阅读、发送和接收电子邮件的用户接口。常见的客户端：outlook、foxmail等  MTA（Mail Transfer Agent）邮件传送代理：通过SMTP协议负责邮件的存储、">
+  <meta name="description" content="概述 MUA（Mail User Agent）邮件用户代理：接收邮件所使用的邮件客户端程序，使用IMAP或POP3协议与服务器通信，它提供了阅读、发送和接收电子邮件的用户接口。常见的客户端：outlook、foxmail等  MTA（Mail Transfer Agent）邮件传送代理：通过SMTP协议负责邮件的存储、发送和转发。监视MUA的请求，根据电子邮件的目标地址找出对应的邮件服务器，将信件">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Service">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="基础邮件服务器">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="概述 MUA（Mail User Agent）邮件用户代理：接收邮件所使用的邮件客户端程序，使用IMAP或POP3协议与服务器通信，它提供了阅读、发送和接收电子邮件的用户接口。常见的客户端：outlook、foxmail等  MTA（Mail Transfer Agent）邮件传送代理：通过SMTP协议负责邮件的存储、发送和转发。监视MUA的请求，根据电子邮件的目标地址找出对应的邮件服务器，将信件">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/postfix_dovecot.png">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T11:53:57.654Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
@@ -98,51 +118,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>基础邮件服务器 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>基础邮件服务器 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -151,28 +184,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -180,59 +210,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
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@@ -260,12 +309,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
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@@ -278,20 +342,22 @@
   
   
 
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+  
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -300,70 +366,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">基础邮件服务器</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">基础邮件服务器
+
+              
+            
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+          
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+                
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+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:53:57" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:53:57+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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@@ -586,7 +657,7 @@ <h2 id="postfix基于客户端的访问控制"><a href="#postfix基于客户端
 <p>如果DATA命令之前的所有内容都被接受，客户端接着就可以开始传送邮件内容了。邮件内容通常由两部分组成，前半部分是标题(header)，其可以由header_check过滤，后半部分是邮件正文(body)，其可以由check_body过滤。这两项实现的是邮件“内容检查”。</p>
 <p>postfix的默认配置如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">smtpd_client_restrictions =</span><br><span class="line">smtpd_data_restrictions =</span><br><span class="line">smtpd_end_of_data_restrictions =</span><br><span class="line">smtpd_etrn_restrictions =</span><br><span class="line">smtpd_helo_restrictions =</span><br><span class="line">smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destination</span><br><span class="line">smtpd_sender_restrictions =</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这限制了只有mynetworks参数中定义的本地网络中的客户端才能通过postfix转发邮件，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 其它客户端则不被允许，从而关闭了开放式中继(open relay)的功能。</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>Postfix有多个内置的限制条件，如上面的 <code>permit_mynetworks</code> 和 <code>reject_unauth_destination</code>，但管理员也可以使用访问表(access map)来自定义限制条件。自定义访问表的条件通常使用 <code>check_client_access</code> ，<code>check_helo_access</code>， <code>check_sender_access</code>， <code>check_recipient_access</code>进行，它们后面通常跟上 <code>type:mapname</code> 格式的访问表类型和名称。其中，<code>check_sender_access</code> 和 <code>check_recipient_access</code> 用来检查客户端提供的邮件地址，因此其访问表中可以使用完整的邮件地址，如 <code>admin@test.com</code>；也可以只使用域名，<code>test.com</code>；还可以只有用户名的部分，如 <code>marion@</code>。</p>
+<p>Postfix有多个内置的限制条件，如上面的 <code>permit_mynetworks</code> 和 <code>reject_unauth_destination</code>，但管理员也可以使用访问表(access map)来自定义限制条件。自定义访问表的条件通常使用 <code>check_client_access</code> ，<code>check_helo_access</code>， <code>check_sender_access</code>， <code>check_recipient_access</code>进行，它们后面通常跟上 <code>type:mapname</code> 格式的访问表类型和名称。其中，<code>check_sender_access</code> 和 <code>check_recipient_access</code> 用来检查客户端提供的邮件地址，因此其访问表中可以使用完整的邮件地址，如 <a href="mailto:`admin@test.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">`admin@test.com</a><code>；也可以只使用域名，</code>test.com<code>；还可以只有用户名的部分，如</code>marion@`。</p>
 <p><strong>实现示例1</strong></p>
 <p>这里以禁止 172.16.100.200 这台主机通过工作在 172.16.100.1上 的 postfix 服务发送邮件为例演示说明其实现过程。访问表使用 hash 的格式。</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 首先，编辑/etc/postfix/access文件，以之作为客户端检查的控制文件，在里面定义如下一行：</span></span><br><span class="line">172.16.100.200		REJECT</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 其次，将此文件转换为hash格式</span></span><br><span class="line">postmap /etc/postfix/access</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 然后，配置postfix使用此文件对客户端进行检查</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 编辑/etc/postfix/main.cf文件，添加如下参数：</span></span><br><span class="line">smtpd_client_restrictions = check_client_access <span class="built_in">hash</span>:/etc/postfix/access</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最后，让postfix重新载入配置文件即可进行发信控制的效果测试了。</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
@@ -645,6 +716,9 @@ <h2 id="邮件发送控制"><a href="#邮件发送控制" class="headerlink" tit
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -652,30 +726,37 @@ <h2 id="邮件发送控制"><a href="#邮件发送控制" class="headerlink" tit
     
 
     
+      
+    
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-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
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+        <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝">
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-      <div>
-        <ul class="post-copyright">
-  <li class="post-copyright-author">
-    <strong>本文作者：</strong>
-    Silence
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
-    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" title="基础邮件服务器">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/</a>
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-license">
-    <strong>版权声明： </strong>
-    本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！
-  </li>
-</ul>
-
-      </div>
-    
 
     <footer class="post-footer">
       
+        
+          
+        
         <div class="post-tags">
           
             <a href="/tags/Service/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> Service</a>
@@ -747,59 +813,16 @@ <h2 id="邮件发送控制"><a href="#邮件发送控制" class="headerlink" tit
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-
-      
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   </div>
 
 
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
   
 
 
+
         </div>
         
           
@@ -813,9 +836,6 @@ <h2 id="邮件发送控制"><a href="#邮件发送控制" class="headerlink" tit
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
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-    
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@@ -831,54 +851,119 @@ <h2 id="邮件发送控制"><a href="#邮件发送控制" class="headerlink" tit
         </ul>
       
 
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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           </div>
 
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+
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+                  
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
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-
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+
           
 
           
           
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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diff --git "a/2016/05/01/092111-\345\210\235\350\257\206SElinux/index.html" "b/2016/05/01/092111-\345\210\235\350\257\206SElinux/index.html"
index 7ed775c0..d70eb2ce 100644
--- "a/2016/05/01/092111-\345\210\235\350\257\206SElinux/index.html"
+++ "b/2016/05/01/092111-\345\210\235\350\257\206SElinux/index.html"
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-<meta name="description" content="SELinux(Security-Enhanced Linux) 是美国国家安全局（NSA）对于强制访问控制的实现，是 Linux 历史上最杰出的新安全子系统。NSA 是在 Linux 社区的帮助下开发了一种访问控制体系，在这种访问控制体系的限制下，进程只能访问那些在他的任务中所需要文件。 SElinux 的用途在于增">
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+  <meta name="description" content="SELinux(Security-Enhanced Linux) 是美国国家安全局（NSA）对于强制访问控制的实现，是 Linux 历史上最杰出的新安全子系统。NSA 是在 Linux 社区的帮助下开发了一种访问控制体系，在这种访问控制体系的限制下，进程只能访问那些在他的任务中所需要文件。 SElinux 的用途在于增强系统抵御 0-Day 攻击(利用尚未公开的漏洞实现的攻击行为)的能力。所以它不">
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 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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diff --git "a/2017/03/10/094107-\345\255\246\344\271\240\344\275\277\347\224\250iptables/index.html" "b/2017/03/10/094107-\345\255\246\344\271\240\344\275\277\347\224\250iptables/index.html"
index 606518dc..43e7cff8 100644
--- "a/2017/03/10/094107-\345\255\246\344\271\240\344\275\277\347\224\250iptables/index.html"
+++ "b/2017/03/10/094107-\345\255\246\344\271\240\344\275\277\347\224\250iptables/index.html"
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-<meta name="description" content="基础知识防火墙 工作于主机或网络边缘，对于进出的报文根据事先定义的规则做检查，对被匹配到的报文作出相应处理的组件 iptables linux 的包过滤功能，即 linux 防火墙，它由 netfilter 和 iptables 两个组件组成。真正实现防火墙功能的是 netfilter，它是一个 Linux 内核模块，">
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 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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@@ -315,70 +381,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">学习使用iptables</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">学习使用iptables
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+              
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+              <time title="创建时间：2017-03-10 09:41:07" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00">2017-03-10</time>
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@@ -428,18 +499,18 @@ <h1 id="数据包的处理过程"><a href="#数据包的处理过程" class="hea
 <p>而实际上的处理过程比较复杂，数据包要经过多个 table 来处理。</p>
 <p>对于 Web 服务器来说，要想让客户端对它发送 web 请求，就得处理 filter 的 INPUT 链； 对于用作局域网路由器的 Linux 来说，就得要分析 nat 的各个链以及 filter 的 FORWARD 链才行。</p>
 <p>总而言之，各个表以及链之间是有关联的：</p>
-<p><img src="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/iptables_03.gif" alt=""></p>
+<p><img src="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/iptables3-2.png" alt=""></p>
 <p>上面的图示很复杂，不过基本上 iptables 可以控制三种数据包的流向：</p>
 <ul>
-<li><p>数据包进入 Linux 主机使用资源 (<strong>路径 A</strong>)，在路由判断后已经确定是向 Linux 主机发送请求的数据包，比如客户端向 web 服务器端发送的请求，主要会经过 filter 的 INPUT 链来进行处理；</p>
+<li><p>数据包进入 Linux 主机使用资源 (<strong>路径 A</strong>)，在路由判断后已经确定是向 Linux 主机发送请求的数据包，比如客户端向 web 服务器端发送的请求，主要会经过 filter 表的 INPUT 链来进行处理；</p>
 </li>
-<li><p>数据包的目的地不是本机，而是经过本机做转发，没有使用本机的资源，向其后端主机流动 (<strong>路径 B</strong>)： 在路由判断之前进行数据包表头的修订作业后，发现到数据包主要是要经过防火墙而去后端，此时就会经过路径 B 来跑动。 主要经过的链是 nat 的 PREROUTING， filter 的 FORWARD 以及 nat 的 POSTROUTING。</p>
+<li><p>数据包的目的地不是本机，而是经过本机做转发，没有使用本机的资源，向其后端主机流动 (<strong>路径 B</strong>)： 在路由判断之前进行数据包表头的修订作业后，发现到数据包主要是要经过防火墙而去后端，此时就会经过路径 B 来跑动。 主要经过的链是 nat 表的 PREROUTING， filter 表的 FORWARD 以及 nat表 的 POSTROUTING。</p>
 </li>
-<li><p>数据包由本机发送出去 (<strong>路径 C</strong>)： 例如服务器端要响应客户端的请求，或者是本机作为客户端向其他服务器主动发送的数据包，都是经过路径 C 来处理的。先是经过路由判断， 决定了输出的路径后，再由 filter 的 OUTPUT 链来处理，当然最终还会经过 nat 的 POSTROUTING 链。</p>
+<li><p>数据包由本机发送出去 (<strong>路径 C</strong>)： 例如服务器端要响应客户端的请求，或者是本机作为客户端向其他服务器主动发送的数据包，都是经过路径 C 来处理的。先是经过路由判断， 决定了输出的路径后，再由 filter 表的 OUTPUT 链来处理，当然最终还会经过 nat 的 POSTROUTING 链。</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-<p>由于 mangle 这个表的过滤很少被使用，将上面图里 mangle 拿掉的话，那就容易看的多了：</p>
-<p><img src="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/iptables_04.gif" alt=""></p>
+<p>事实上，不建议使用 raw 和 mangle 做包的过滤，因为他们是用来做高级操作的。在不考虑搭建隧道的情况下，将上面图简化后，那就容易看的多了：</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/iptables3-3.png" alt=""></p>
 <h1 id="iptables命令"><a href="#iptables命令" class="headerlink" title="iptables命令"></a>iptables命令</h1><p>iptables 命令用来编写规则，规则就是指向标，对不同的连接和数据包做过滤，或者允许它们去向什么地方。</p>
 <p>它的语法格式如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">iptables [-t table]  <span class="built_in">command</span> CHAIN [match] [target/jump]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
@@ -733,7 +804,7 @@ <h2 id="MASQUERADE"><a href="#MASQUERADE" class="headerlink" title="MASQUERADE">
 <p>另外，当网卡停用时 MASQUERADE 不会记住任何连接，而 SNAT 是会将连接跟踪的数据保留下来一段时间，并且 SNAT 会占用很多链接追踪的内存资源。</p>
 <p>所以当 IP 地址是动态获取而不固定时，使用 MASQUERADE，有固定的 IP 地址时最好用 SNAT。</p>
 <p>还要注意 MASQUERADE 和 SNAT 一样，只能用于 nat 表的 POSTROUTING 链。它也可以指定源端口或范围，如果是指定单个端口用 <code>--to-ports 1025</code>，指定端口范围用 <code>--to-1024-3000</code></p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 j MASQUERADE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 不管现在 eth0上获得了怎样的动态 IP，使用 MASQUERADE 都会自动读取网卡上可用 IP 然后做 SNAT 出去，这样就实现了很好的动态SNAT地址转换</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MASQUERADE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 不管现在 eth0上获得了怎样的动态 IP，使用 MASQUERADE 都会自动读取网卡上可用 IP 然后做 SNAT 出去，这样就实现了很好的动态 SNAT 地址转换</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="DNAT"><a href="#DNAT" class="headerlink" title="DNAT"></a>DNAT</h2><p>这个 target 是用来做目标 IP 地址转换的，就是重写包的目的 IP 地址。如果一个包被匹配了，那么和它属于同一个流的所有的包都会被自动转换，然后就可以被路由到正确的主机或网络。目的地址也可以是一个范围，这样的话 DNAT会为每一个流随机分配一个地址。因此可以用这个 target 做某种类型的负载均衡。为了便于理解，下面阐述为映射。</p>
 <p>注意，DNAT 必须在 POSTROUTING 之前进行，因为交给 POSTROUTING 的时候目标地址就已经确定了，此时做 DNAT 已经为时已晚。并且 DNAT 只能用在 nat 表的 PREROUTING 和 OUTPUT 链中，或者是被这两条链调用的链里。</p>
 <p><img src="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/iptables8.png" alt=""></p>
@@ -893,7 +964,7 @@ <h1 id="编写规则抵御常见攻击"><a href="#编写规则抵御常见攻击
 <p><strong>ping攻击</strong></p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type <span class="built_in">echo</span>-request -m <span class="built_in">limit</span> --<span class="built_in">limit</span> 1/m -j ACCEPT</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 限制连接速率</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="防火墙脚本"><a href="#防火墙脚本" class="headerlink" title="防火墙脚本"></a>防火墙脚本</h1><p><strong>清除规则脚本</strong></p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/usr/bin/env bash</span></span><br><span class="line">:&lt;&lt;:</span><br><span class="line">------------------------------------------------                                </span><br><span class="line">        FileName : flush-iptables-rules.sh                                      </span><br><span class="line">          Author : Silence</span><br><span class="line">         Version : 0.0.1</span><br><span class="line">     Description :</span><br><span class="line">------------------------------------------------                                </span><br><span class="line">:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Check if iptable module is loaded</span></span><br><span class="line">PROC_iptables_NAMES=/proc/net/ip_tables_names</span><br><span class="line">[ ! -e <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$PROC_iptables_NAMES</span>"</span> ] &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">exit</span> 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Get active tables</span></span><br><span class="line">NF_TABLES=$(cat <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$PROC_iptables_NAMES</span>"</span> 2&gt;/dev/null)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Check if firewall is configured (has tables)</span></span><br><span class="line">[ -z <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$NF_TABLES</span>"</span> ] &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">exit</span> 1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># only usable for root</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ <span class="variable">$EUID</span> != 0 ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -n $<span class="string">"iptables: Only usable by root."</span>; <span class="built_in">exit</span> 4</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ ! -x /sbin/iptables ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -n $<span class="string">"iptables: /sbin/iptables does not exist."</span>; warning; <span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">exit</span> 5</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Flush firewall rules and delete chains.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -n $<span class="string">"iptables: Flushing firewall rules: "</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># For all tables</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="variable">$NF_TABLES</span>; <span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Flush firewall rules.</span></span><br><span class="line">    iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -F;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Delete firewall chains.</span></span><br><span class="line">    iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -X;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Set counter to zero.</span></span><br><span class="line">    iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -Z;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Set policy for configured tables.</span></span><br><span class="line">    policy=ACCEPT</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -n <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$i</span> "</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$i</span>"</span> <span class="keyword">in</span></span><br><span class="line">        raw)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING OUTPUT;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        filter)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        nat)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        mangle)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING POSTROUTING INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        security)</span><br><span class="line">            : Ignore the security table</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        *)</span><br><span class="line">            : Do nothing</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">esac</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/usr/bin/env bash</span></span><br><span class="line">:&lt;&lt;:</span><br><span class="line">------------------------------------------------                                </span><br><span class="line">        FileName : flush-iptables-rules.sh                                      </span><br><span class="line">          Author : Silence</span><br><span class="line">         Version : 0.0.1</span><br><span class="line">     Description :</span><br><span class="line">------------------------------------------------                                </span><br><span class="line">:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Check if iptable module is loaded</span></span><br><span class="line">PROC_iptables_NAMES=/proc/net/ip_tables_names</span><br><span class="line">[ ! -e <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$PROC_iptables_NAMES</span>"</span> ] &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">exit</span> 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Get active tables</span></span><br><span class="line">NF_TABLES=$(cat <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$PROC_iptables_NAMES</span>"</span> 2&gt;/dev/null)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Check if firewall is configured (has tables)</span></span><br><span class="line">[ -z <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$NF_TABLES</span>"</span> ] &amp;&amp; <span class="built_in">exit</span> 1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># only usable for root</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ <span class="variable">$EUID</span> != 0 ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -n $<span class="string">"iptables: Only usable by root."</span>; <span class="built_in">exit</span> 4</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ ! -x /sbin/iptables ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> $<span class="string">"iptables: /sbin/iptables does not exist."</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">exit</span> 5</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Flush firewall rules and delete chains.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> -n $<span class="string">"iptables: Flushing firewall rules: "</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># For all tables</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="variable">$NF_TABLES</span>; <span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Flush firewall rules.</span></span><br><span class="line">    iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -F;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Delete firewall chains.</span></span><br><span class="line">    iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -X;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Set counter to zero.</span></span><br><span class="line">    iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -Z;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Set policy for configured tables.</span></span><br><span class="line">    policy=ACCEPT</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">echo</span> -n <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$i</span> "</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$i</span>"</span> <span class="keyword">in</span></span><br><span class="line">        raw)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING OUTPUT;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        filter)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        nat)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        mangle)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING POSTROUTING INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">                iptables -t <span class="variable">$i</span> -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> <span class="variable">$policy</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        security)</span><br><span class="line">            : Ignore the security table</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">        *)</span><br><span class="line">            : Do nothing</span><br><span class="line">            ;;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">esac</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="TCP-IP协议号"><a href="#TCP-IP协议号" class="headerlink" title="TCP/IP协议号"></a>TCP/IP协议号</h1><p><a href="https://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/cn/other/protocols.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/cn/other/protocols.txt</a></p>
 <table>
 <thead>
@@ -1590,6 +1661,9 @@ <h1 id="TCP-IP协议号"><a href="#TCP-IP协议号" class="headerlink" title="TC
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1597,30 +1671,37 @@ <h1 id="TCP-IP协议号"><a href="#TCP-IP协议号" class="headerlink" title="TC
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
-  <button id="rewardButton" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('QR'); if (qr.style.display === 'none') {qr.style.display='block';} else {qr.style.display='none'}">
-    <span>打赏</span>
+  <button id="reward-button" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(&quot;qr&quot;); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';">
+    打赏
   </button>
-  <div id="QR" style="display: none;">
+  <div id="qr" style="display: none;">
 
     
-      <div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="wechat_qr" src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
         <p>微信支付</p>
       </div>
     
-
-    
-      <div id="alipay" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="alipay_qr" src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝">
         <p>支付宝</p>
       </div>
     
 
-    
-
   </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -1628,35 +1709,20 @@ <h1 id="TCP-IP协议号"><a href="#TCP-IP协议号" class="headerlink" title="TC
     
 
     
-      <div>
-        <ul class="post-copyright">
-  <li class="post-copyright-author">
-    <strong>本文作者：</strong>
-    Silence
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
-    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/" title="学习使用iptables">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/</a>
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-license">
-    <strong>版权声明： </strong>
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@@ -1762,9 +1785,6 @@ <h1 id="TCP-IP协议号"><a href="#TCP-IP协议号" class="headerlink" title="TC
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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-<meta name="keywords" content="Network,iptables,Security">
+  <meta name="description" content="想要从内网直接去访问外网的服务器肯定是不可能的，因为互联网中的机器都是公网通信，它看到内网来源后不知道该响应给谁，这就要用到源地址转换。源地址转换实质上就是把要出去的数据包中的源地址做了修改。 Linux 上基于 iptables 可实现源地址转换，即 SNAT。一般情况下一台主机配置一个公网 IP 就可以了，但是在有些场合因为业务需要，机器上要配置多个地址，这些地址可能是连续的，不连续的，一部分">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT
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+            <a href="/tags/iptables/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> iptables</a>
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
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+  
 
 
-
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+  <script>
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@@ -980,6 +1098,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iptables实现不连续地址的
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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@@ -1013,8 +1133,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iptables实现不连续地址的
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1183,9 +1304,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iptables实现不连续地址的
               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1255,25 +1376,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">iptables实现不连续地址的
   
 
   
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+  
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+
+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2017/03/17/170119-Linux\347\232\204\347\255\226\347\225\245\350\267\257\347\224\261/index.html" "b/2017/03/17/170119-Linux\347\232\204\347\255\226\347\225\245\350\267\257\347\224\261/index.html"
index 8ecac069..d385cfd1 100644
--- "a/2017/03/17/170119-Linux\347\232\204\347\255\226\347\225\245\350\267\257\347\224\261/index.html"
+++ "b/2017/03/17/170119-Linux\347\232\204\347\255\226\347\225\245\350\267\257\347\224\261/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Network,iproute," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="刚开始学习 Linux 系统的网络时，基本都使用 ifconfig 及 route 之类的命令，工作之后发现功能更强大的 ip 命令，这个命令是由 iproute 这个软件在 RedHat 系列的 Linux 系统中是默认安装的。使用 ip -V 命令即可看到版本信息，如果由于某些原因找不到这个软件，可以在联网的情况下">
+  <meta name="description" content="刚开始学习 Linux 系统的网络时，基本都使用 ifconfig 及 route 之类的命令，工作之后发现功能更强大的 ip 命令，这个命令是由 iproute 这个软件在 RedHat 系列的 Linux 系统中是默认安装的。使用 ip -V 命令即可看到版本信息，如果由于某些原因找不到这个软件，可以在联网的情况下用 yum install iproute 命令即可顺利安装。 策略路由策略路由">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Network,iproute">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="Linux的策略路由">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="刚开始学习 Linux 系统的网络时，基本都使用 ifconfig 及 route 之类的命令，工作之后发现功能更强大的 ip 命令，这个命令是由 iproute 这个软件在 RedHat 系列的 Linux 系统中是默认安装的。使用 ip -V 命令即可看到版本信息，如果由于某些原因找不到这个软件，可以在联网的情况下用 yum install iproute 命令即可顺利安装。 策略路由策略路由">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/multi_carrier1.png">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/multi_carrier2.png">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/multi_carrier3.png">
@@ -100,51 +120,64 @@
 
 
 
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-  var CONFIG = {
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
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+  <title>Linux的策略路由 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Linux的策略路由 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
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+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -153,28 +186,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
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+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -182,59 +212,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
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+        
+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -246,9 +297,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -262,12 +311,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -280,20 +344,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -302,70 +368,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux的策略路由</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux的策略路由
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
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-
+  
 
 
   
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-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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@@ -1137,8 +1258,9 @@ <h1 id="策略路由的应用"><a href="#策略路由的应用" class="headerlin
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 var indexOfContent = [];
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1379,25 +1501,67 @@ <h1 id="策略路由的应用"><a href="#策略路由的应用" class="headerlin
   
 
   
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+  
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+  
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+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2017/03/20/212135-Linux\345\206\205\346\240\270\345\217\202\346\225\260rp_filter/index.html" "b/2017/03/20/212135-Linux\345\206\205\346\240\270\345\217\202\346\225\260rp_filter/index.html"
index 8d77e782..c060c893 100644
--- "a/2017/03/20/212135-Linux\345\206\205\346\240\270\345\217\202\346\225\260rp_filter/index.html"
+++ "b/2017/03/20/212135-Linux\345\206\205\346\240\270\345\217\202\346\225\260rp_filter/index.html"
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-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,50 +46,72 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Network,Kernel," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="说明内核的 rp_filter 参数用于控制系统是否开启对数据包源地址的校验，Linux  内核文档 中的描述： 1234567891011121314151617rp_filter - INTEGER0 - No source validation.1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3">
+  <meta name="description" content="说明内核的 rp_filter 参数用于控制系统是否开启对数据包源地址的校验，Linux  内核文档 中的描述： 1234567891011121314151617rp_filter - INTEGER0 - No source validation.1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3704 Strict Reverse Path    Each incoming">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/rp_filter1.png">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/rp_filter2.png">
-<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-29T12:54:54.529Z">
+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-08-26T08:15:43.655Z">
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 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Linux内核参数rp_filter">
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@@ -99,51 +119,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>Linux内核参数rp_filter | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Linux内核参数rp_filter | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -152,28 +185,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
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-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -181,59 +211,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -245,9 +296,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -261,12 +310,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,20 +343,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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@@ -384,16 +455,17 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux内核参数rp_filter</h1>
       
         <h1 id="说明"><a href="#说明" class="headerlink" title="说明"></a>说明</h1><p>内核的 rp_filter 参数用于控制系统是否开启对数据包源地址的校验，Linux  <a href="https://www.baidu.com/link?url=2x1snmPs3FowXF4IgsntmrWh6TbFiojKKvF3lTRYe8K5oci44n83yIJvXRGJz-0V0rXxUhmqkaeWUBT7C_7AE7u-Vq2YlwBb-PkUhodVa5C&amp;wd=&amp;eqid=a1e7ed7e0000f7730000000359a423c3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">内核文档</a> 中的描述：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">rp_filter - INTEGER</span><br><span class="line">0 - No source validation.</span><br><span class="line">1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3704 Strict Reverse Path</span><br><span class="line">    Each incoming packet is tested against the FIB and if the interface</span><br><span class="line">    is not the best reverse path the packet check will fail.</span><br><span class="line">    By default failed packets are discarded.</span><br><span class="line">2 - Loose mode as defined in RFC3704 Loose Reverse Path</span><br><span class="line">    Each incoming packet&apos;s source address is also tested against the FIB</span><br><span class="line">    and if the source address is not reachable via any interface</span><br><span class="line">    the packet check will fail.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">　　Current recommended practice in RFC3704 is to enable strict mode</span><br><span class="line">to prevent IP spoofing from DDos attacks. If using asymmetric routing</span><br><span class="line">or other complicated routing, then loose mode is recommended.</span><br><span class="line">　　The max value from conf/&#123;all,interface&#125;/rp_filter is used</span><br><span class="line">when doing source validation on the &#123;interface&#125;.</span><br><span class="line">　　Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable itin startup scripts.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>rp_filter参数有三个值：</p>
+<p>rp_filter 参数有三个值：</p>
 <ul>
 <li>0：不开启源地址校验</li>
 <li>1：开启严格的反向路径校验。对每个进来的数据包，校验其反向路径是否是最佳路径。如果反向路径不是最佳路径，则直接丢弃该数据包</li>
 <li>2：开启松散的反向路径校验。对每个进来的数据包，校验其源地址是否可达，即反向路径是否能通（通过任意网口），如果反向路径不通，则直接丢弃该数据包</li>
 </ul>
+<p><code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> 中包含 all 和 eth/lo（具体网卡）的 rp_filter 参数，取其中较大的值生效。</p>
 <h1 id="应用场景"><a href="#应用场景" class="headerlink" title="应用场景"></a>应用场景</h1><p>假设一台 Linux 服务器在提供 Web 服务的同时又充当了路由器的功能，并且该服务器有多个网卡，配置的 IP 地址也不属于同一运营商。</p>
 <p><img src="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/rp_filter1.png" alt=""></p>
 <p>如图所示，在服务器的 eth0 网卡上配置了电信 IP 125.88.177.76，在 eth1 网卡上配置了移动 IP 183.232.239.248。电信的网络质量比较好，通常配置默认网关为电信 IP 的网关。至于移动 IP 如何到达它的网关并访问互联网的，因为涉及到 Linux 的高级路由，这里不再讨论。</p>
-<p>现在来自 IP 是 211.138.190.130 的客户端，向这台机器移动 IP 的 Web 服务服务发送请求，即 eth1 上的<code>183.232.239.248:80</code>。系统 rp_filter 参数的配置为：</p>
+<p>现在来自 IP 是 211.138.190.130 的客户端，向这台机器移动 IP 的 Web 服务发送请求，即 eth1 上的<code>183.232.239.248:80</code>。系统 rp_filter 参数的配置为：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# sysctl -p --pattern &apos;rp_filter&apos;</span><br><span class="line">net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1</span><br><span class="line">net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><img src="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/rp_filter2.png" alt=""></p>
 <p>如上图红色箭头所示，客户端发送请求到服务器端的 eth1 网卡，服务器端收到请求开始进行对客户端 211.138.190.130 的响应，此时查看本机的路由表发现到客户端 211.138.190.130 是从 eth0 出去的，并且内核的参数 <code>rp_filter = 1</code>，因此系统会严格校验数据包的反向路径，请求数据包入网卡和响应数据包出网卡不是同一个网卡，这时候系统会判断该反向路径不是最佳路径，而直接丢弃该请求数据包。</p>
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+        <h1 id="说明"><a href="#说明" class="headerlink" title="说明"></a>说明</h1><p>内核的 arp_ignore 和 arp_announce 参数都和 ARP 协议相关，主要用于控制系统返回 ARP 响应和发送 ARP 请求时的动作。这两个参数很重要，特别是在 LVS 的 DR 场景下，它们的配置直接影响到 DR 转发是否正常。Linux  <a href="https://www.baidu.com/link?url=2x1snmPs3FowXF4IgsntmrWh6TbFiojKKvF3lTRYe8K5oci44n83yIJvXRGJz-0V0rXxUhmqkaeWUBT7C_7AE7u-Vq2YlwBb-PkUhodVa5C&amp;wd=&amp;eqid=a1e7ed7e0000f7730000000359a423c3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">内核文档</a> 中的描述：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">arp_ignore - INTEGER</span><br><span class="line">	Define different modes for sending replies in response to</span><br><span class="line">	received ARP requests that resolve local target IP addresses:</span><br><span class="line">	0 - (default): reply for any local target IP address, configured</span><br><span class="line">	on any interface</span><br><span class="line">	1 - reply only if the target IP address is local address</span><br><span class="line">	configured on the incoming interface</span><br><span class="line">	2 - reply only if the target IP address is local address</span><br><span class="line">	configured on the incoming interface and both with the</span><br><span class="line">	sender&apos;s IP address are part from same subnet on this interface</span><br><span class="line">	3 - do not reply for local addresses configured with scope host,</span><br><span class="line">	only resolutions for global and link addresses are replied</span><br><span class="line">	4-7 - reserved</span><br><span class="line">	8 - do not reply for all local addresses</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	The max value from conf/&#123;all,interface&#125;/arp_ignore is used</span><br><span class="line">	when ARP request is received on the &#123;interface&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>arp_ignore 参数的作用是控制系统在收到外部的 ARP 请求时，是否要返回 ARP 响应。参数常用到的有 0，1，2 三个值，3 ~ 8 较少用到：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>0：响应任意网卡上接收到的对本机IP地址的 ARP 请求（包括环回网卡上的地址），而不管该目的 IP 是否在接收网卡上。</li>
+<li>1：只响应目的IP地址为接收网卡上的本地地址的 ARP 请求。</li>
+<li>2：只响应目的IP地址为接收网卡上的本地地址的 ARP 请求，并且发送 ARP 请求的源IP必须和接收网卡同网段。</li>
+<li>3：如果 ARP 请求数据包所请求的IP地址对应的本地地址其作用域（scope）为主机（host），则不回应 ARP 响应数据包，如果作用域为全局（global）或链路（link），则回应 ARP 响应数据包。</li>
+<li>4~7：保留，未使用。</li>
+<li>8：不回应所有的 ARP 请求</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> 中包含 all 和 eth/lo（具体网卡）的 arp_ignore 参数，取其中较大的值生效。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">arp_announce - INTEGER</span><br><span class="line">	Define different restriction levels for announcing the local</span><br><span class="line">	source IP address from IP packets in ARP requests sent on</span><br><span class="line">	interface:</span><br><span class="line">	0 - (default) Use any local address, configured on any interface</span><br><span class="line">	1 - Try to avoid local addresses that are not in the target&apos;s</span><br><span class="line">	subnet for this interface. This mode is useful when target</span><br><span class="line">	hosts reachable via this interface require the source IP</span><br><span class="line">	address in ARP requests to be part of their logical network</span><br><span class="line">	configured on the receiving interface. When we generate the</span><br><span class="line">	request we will check all our subnets that include the</span><br><span class="line">	target IP and will preserve the source address if it is from</span><br><span class="line">	such subnet. If there is no such subnet we select source</span><br><span class="line">	address according to the rules for level 2.</span><br><span class="line">	2 - Always use the best local address for this target.</span><br><span class="line">	In this mode we ignore the source address in the IP packet</span><br><span class="line">	and try to select local address that we prefer for talks with</span><br><span class="line">	the target host. Such local address is selected by looking</span><br><span class="line">	for primary IP addresses on all our subnets on the outgoing</span><br><span class="line">	interface that include the target IP address. If no suitable</span><br><span class="line">	local address is found we select the first local address</span><br><span class="line">	we have on the outgoing interface or on all other interfaces,</span><br><span class="line">	with the hope we will receive reply for our request and</span><br><span class="line">	even sometimes no matter the source IP address we announce.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	The max value from conf/&#123;all,interface&#125;/arp_announce is used.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	Increasing the restriction level gives more chance for</span><br><span class="line">	receiving answer from the resolved target while decreasing</span><br><span class="line">	the level announces more valid sender&apos;s information.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>arp_announce 的作用是控制系统在对外发送 ARP 请求时，如何选择 ARP 请求数据包的源IP地址。arp_announce 参数常用的取值有 0，1，2：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>0：允许使用任意网卡上的IP地址作为 ARP 请求的源IP，通常就是使用数据包的源IP。</li>
+<li>1：尽量避免使用不属于该发送网卡子网的本地地址作为发送 ARP 请求的源IP地址。</li>
+<li>2：忽略IP数据包的源IP地址，选择该发送网卡上最合适的本地地址作为 ARP 请求的源IP地址。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> 中包含 all 和 eth/lo（具体网卡）的 arp_announce 参数，取其中较大的值生效。</p>
+<h1 id="arp-ignore-参数示例"><a href="#arp-ignore-参数示例" class="headerlink" title="arp_ignore 参数示例"></a>arp_ignore 参数示例</h1><p><img src="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/01_arp_ignore_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>当 arp_ignore 参数配置为 0 时，eth0 网卡上收到目的IP为环回网卡IP的 ARP 请求，但是 eth0 也会返回 ARP 响应，并且把自己的 MAC 地址告诉对端。</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/01_arp_ignore_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>当 arp_ignore 参数配置为 1 时，eth0 网卡上收到目的IP为环回网卡IP的 ARP 请求，发现请求的IP不是自己网卡（eth0)上的IP，就不会返回 ARP 响应。</p>
+<h1 id="arp-announce-参数示例"><a href="#arp-announce-参数示例" class="headerlink" title="arp_announce 参数示例"></a>arp_announce 参数示例</h1><p><img src="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/02_arp_announce_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>当 arp_announce 参数配置为 0 时，系统要发送的IP包源地址为 eth1 的地址，IP包目的地址根据路由表查询判断需要从 eth0 网卡发出，这时会先从 eth0 网卡发起一个 ARP 请求，用于获取目的IP地址的 MAC 地址。该 ARP 请求的源MAC 自然是 eth0 网卡的 MAC 地址，但是源 IP 地址会选择 eth1 网卡的地址。</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/02_arp_announce_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>当 arp_announce 参数配置为 2 时，eth0 网卡发起arp请求时，源IP地址会选择 eth0 网卡自身的IP地址。</p>
+<h1 id="DR-模式下的应用"><a href="#DR-模式下的应用" class="headerlink" title="DR 模式下的应用"></a>DR 模式下的应用</h1><p><strong>arp_ignore</strong></p>
+<p>因为 DR 模式下，每个真实服务器节点都要在环回网卡上绑定虚拟服务IP。这时候，如果客户端对于虚拟服务IP的 ARP 请求广播到了各个真实服务器节点，如果 arp_ignore 参数配置为 0，则各个真实服务器节点都会响应该 ARP 请求，此时客户端就无法正确获取 LVS 节点上正确的虚拟服务IP所在网卡的 MAC 地址。假如某个真实服务器节点 A 的网卡 eth1 响应了该 ARP 请求，客户端把 A 节点的 eth1 网卡的 MAC 地址误认为是 LVS 节点的虚拟服务IP所在网卡的 MAC ，从而将业务请求消息直接发到了 A 节点的 eth1 网卡。这时候虽然因为 A 节点在环回网卡上也绑定了虚拟服务IP，所以 A 节点也能正常处理请求，业务暂时不会受到影响。但时此时由于客户端请求没有发到 LVS 的虚拟服务IP上，所以 LVS 的负载均衡能力没有生效。造成的后果就是，A节点一直在单节点运行，业务量过大时可能会出现性能瓶颈。</p>
+<p>所以要求 arp_ignore 参数要求配置为1。</p>
+<p><strong>arp_announce</strong></p>
+<p>每个机器或者交换机中都有一张 ARP 表，该表用于存储对端通信节点IP地址和 MAC 地址的对应关系。当收到一个未知IP地址的 ARP 请求，就会在本机的 ARP 表中新增对端的IP和 MAC 记录；当收到一个已知IP地址（ ARP 表中已有记录的地址）的 ARP 请求，则会根据 ARP 请求中的源 MAC 刷新自己的 ARP 表。</p>
+<p>如果 arp_announce 参数配置为0，则网卡在发送 arp 请求时，可能选择的源IP地址并不是该网卡自身的IP地址，这时候收到该 ARP 请求的其他节点或者交换机上的 ARP 表中记录的该网卡IP和 MAC 的对应关系就不正确，可能会引发一些未知的网络问题，存在安全隐患。</p>
+<p>所以要求 arp_announce 参数要求配置为2。</p>
+<h1 id="配置"><a href="#配置" class="headerlink" title="配置"></a>配置</h1><p>配置 <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> ，然后使用 <code>sysctl -p</code> 刷新到内存即可立即生效：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1</span><br><span class="line">net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
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+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
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+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
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+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
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+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
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+                var searchTextCount = 0;
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+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
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+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
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+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
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+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
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+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2017/12/24/110110-\344\275\277\347\224\250\350\260\267\346\255\214\347\232\204BBR\346\213\245\345\241\236\347\256\227\346\263\225\344\270\272TCP\345\212\240\351\200\237/index.html" "b/2017/12/24/110110-\344\275\277\347\224\250\350\260\267\346\255\214\347\232\204BBR\346\213\245\345\241\236\347\256\227\346\263\225\344\270\272TCP\345\212\240\351\200\237/index.html"
index e4b1fc70..10771c78 100644
--- "a/2017/12/24/110110-\344\275\277\347\224\250\350\260\267\346\255\214\347\232\204BBR\346\213\245\345\241\236\347\256\227\346\263\225\344\270\272TCP\345\212\240\351\200\237/index.html"
+++ "b/2017/12/24/110110-\344\275\277\347\224\250\350\260\267\346\255\214\347\232\204BBR\346\213\245\345\241\236\347\256\227\346\263\225\344\270\272TCP\345\212\240\351\200\237/index.html"
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Kernel,grub2,ShellScripts,BBR,TCP/IP," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="BBR简述Google 开源了其 TCP BBR 拥塞控制算法，并提交到了 Linux 内核，从 4.9 开始，Linux 内核已经用上了该算法。 BBR 算法的目的是要尽量跑满带宽，并且尽量不要有排队的情况。它可以起到单边加速 TCP 连接的效果。 TCP BBR 致力于解决两个问题  在有一定丢包率的网络链路上充分">
-<meta name="keywords" content="Kernel,grub2,ShellScripts,BBR,TCP&#x2F;IP">
+  <meta name="description" content="BBR简述Google 开源了其 TCP BBR 拥塞控制算法，并提交到了 Linux 内核，从 4.9 开始，Linux 内核已经用上了该算法。 BBR 算法的目的是要尽量跑满带宽，并且尽量不要有排队的情况。它可以起到单边加速 TCP 连接的效果。 TCP BBR 致力于解决两个问题  在有一定丢包率的网络链路上充分利用带宽 降低网络链路上的 buffer 占用率，从而降低延迟  BBR算法的优">
+<meta name="keywords" content="grub2,Kernel,ShellScripts,TCP&#x2F;IP,BBR">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速">
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 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="BBR简述Google 开源了其 TCP BBR 拥塞控制算法，并提交到了 Linux 内核，从 4.9 开始，Linux 内核已经用上了该算法。 BBR 算法的目的是要尽量跑满带宽，并且尽量不要有排队的情况。它可以起到单边加速 TCP 连接的效果。 TCP BBR 致力于解决两个问题  在有一定丢包率的网络链路上充分利用带宽 降低网络链路上的 buffer 占用率，从而降低延迟  BBR算法的优">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-06-10T12:14:20.646Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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-  var CONFIG = {
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-    scheme: 'Muse',
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
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-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
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-  
 
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
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-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -849,14 +985,21 @@ <h1 id="参考命令"><a href="#参考命令" class="headerlink" title="参考
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -870,10 +1013,8 @@ <h1 id="参考命令"><a href="#参考命令" class="headerlink" title="参考
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -885,85 +1026,63 @@ <h1 id="参考命令"><a href="#参考命令" class="headerlink" title="参考
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
-
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1012,6 +1131,8 @@ <h1 id="参考命令"><a href="#参考命令" class="headerlink" title="参考
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1045,8 +1166,9 @@ <h1 id="参考命令"><a href="#参考命令" class="headerlink" title="参考
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1215,9 +1337,9 @@ <h1 id="参考命令"><a href="#参考命令" class="headerlink" title="参考
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1287,25 +1409,67 @@ <h1 id="参考命令"><a href="#参考命令" class="headerlink" title="参考
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2017/12/25/121210-\344\275\277\347\224\250dig\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\206\231\344\270\200\344\270\252\345\256\232\346\227\266\350\247\243\346\236\220\350\204\232\346\234\254/index.html" "b/2017/12/25/121210-\344\275\277\347\224\250dig\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\206\231\344\270\200\344\270\252\345\256\232\346\227\266\350\247\243\346\236\220\350\204\232\346\234\254/index.html"
index 1d92270f..96174025 100644
--- "a/2017/12/25/121210-\344\275\277\347\224\250dig\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\206\231\344\270\200\344\270\252\345\256\232\346\227\266\350\247\243\346\236\220\350\204\232\346\234\254/index.html"
+++ "b/2017/12/25/121210-\344\275\277\347\224\250dig\345\221\275\344\273\244\345\206\231\344\270\200\344\270\252\345\256\232\346\227\266\350\247\243\346\236\220\350\204\232\346\234\254/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="ShellScripts," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="使用 dig 命令可以很方便地解析域名，有些域名的 A 记录中 IP 地址比较固定，而有些域名的 A 记录会不定时的变动，要想收集这类域名的 A 记录就需要实时更新。因此我写了一个定时解析的 Shell 脚本，配合 Linux 的计划任务去定时解析。 要使用 dig 命令，需要确认提供该命令的软件包是否安装。如果没有安">
+  <meta name="description" content="使用 dig 命令可以很方便地解析域名，有些域名的 A 记录中 IP 地址比较固定，而有些域名的 A 记录会不定时的变动，要想收集这类域名的 A 记录就需要实时更新。因此我写了一个定时解析的 Shell 脚本，配合 Linux 的计划任务去定时解析。 要使用 dig 命令，需要确认提供该命令的软件包是否安装。如果没有安装则使用 yum 安装即可。 1rpm -qa bind-utils 下面是脚本">
 <meta name="keywords" content="ShellScripts">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
 <meta property="og:title" content="使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="使用 dig 命令可以很方便地解析域名，有些域名的 A 记录中 IP 地址比较固定，而有些域名的 A 记录会不定时的变动，要想收集这类域名的 A 记录就需要实时更新。因此我写了一个定时解析的 Shell 脚本，配合 Linux 的计划任务去定时解析。 要使用 dig 命令，需要确认提供该命令的软件包是否安装。如果没有安装则使用 yum 安装即可。 1rpm -qa bind-utils 下面是脚本">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-27T09:50:14.762Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
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@@ -748,9 +844,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用dig命令写一个定时
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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diff --git "a/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/index.html" "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="摘要隧道技术在现代网络应用中变得越来越重要，通过把不同的网络连接在一起，隧道技术可以创建虚拟私有网络，访问被防火墙拦住的端口。 隧道技术可以在网络堆栈的不同层实现；SSH 隧道在 TCP 层，而 GRE 和 IPIP 这种隧道协议则直接在 IP 层上。不但如此，还有越来越多的关注集中在 UDP 协议上。Tom Herbert 发布的 foo over UDP（FOU）补丁集，以一种通用的方式实现了">
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+        <h1 id="摘要"><a href="#摘要" class="headerlink" title="摘要"></a>摘要</h1><p>隧道技术在现代网络应用中变得越来越重要，通过把不同的网络连接在一起，隧道技术可以创建虚拟私有网络，访问被防火墙拦住的端口。</p>
+<p>隧道技术可以在网络堆栈的不同层实现；SSH 隧道在 TCP 层，而 GRE 和 IPIP 这种隧道协议则直接在 IP 层上。不但如此，还有越来越多的关注集中在 UDP 协议上。Tom Herbert 发布的 <code>foo over UDP</code>（FOU）补丁集，以一种通用的方式实现了 UDP 层的隧道技术，而且已经进入了 3.18 的 net-next tree 了。</p>
+<p>为什么选择 UDP 呢？目前几乎所有的网络接口都对 UDP 有硬件支持，并实现了检验校验和等细节操作。UDP 刚好提供了足够的信息（确切的说，就是端口）来轻松地路由数据报文封包。UDP 也可以用于接收端缩放技术（Receive Side Scaling，RSS）和等价多路径协议（ECMP），来提升性能。UDP 隧道的优越之处使很多开发者认为未来几年它将大规模普及。</p>
+<p>数据报文封包和 UDP 隧道相对来说还是比较容易理解的概念。试想一个进入隧道的 TCP 数据包：</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/fou.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>这个数据报有正常的 IP 和 TCP 头，后面是用户要发送的数据。封包的过程如下：</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/fou-encap.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>这样的话，这个数据包就是一个 UDP 数据包，里面封装的是 TCP 数据包。系统可以将像普通的 UDP 数据包一样发送；在接收端，额外的 UDP 头部被去掉后，原始的 TCP 数据包继续进入网络堆栈进行处理。</p>
+<p>这个补丁集的一些数据表明 SIT 和 IPIP 的性能有了很大提升；而 GRE 的性能则跟没有用 FOU 的情况差不多。所以，利用已有的对 UDP 收发的优化，这个特性显然能够提升速度。它不需要专门的硬件支持；当前能处理 UDP 协议的硬件就足够了。所以说这是个能工作于当前任何系统的非常简单的解决方案——而且内核 3.18 版本发布时就可以使用了。</p>
+<h1 id="搭建"><a href="#搭建" class="headerlink" title="搭建"></a>搭建</h1><p>我们准备两台主机来配置一个 FOU 隧道，分别为 <code>k1</code> 和 <code>k2</code> ，配置的 IP 地址分别为 <code>192.168.127.151</code> 和  <code>192.168.127.152</code>，系统版本都是 CentOS 7.6.1810</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/k1k2_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p><strong>环境说明</strong></p>
+<p>这两台机器都需要比较新的内核，因为从 3.18 版本的内核才支持 fou。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# uname -r</span><br><span class="line">3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>版本过低就意味着内核无法提供 fou 模块，也就无法搭建隧道。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# modinfo fou</span><br><span class="line">modinfo: ERROR: Module fou not found.</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>即便是升级了内核，加载了 <code>fou</code> 模块，还需要对 <code>ip_tunnel</code> 模块有依赖，下面的输出如果没有 <code>ip_tunnel</code> 说明环境无法满足需要。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# modinfo --field=depends fou</span><br><span class="line">ip6_udp_tunnel,udp_tunnel,ip_tunnel</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>升级内核</strong></p>
+<p>分别为 <code>k1</code> 和 <code>k2</code> 两台主机升级内核。</p>
+<p>导入 elrepo 源的公钥</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Import the public key:</span></span><br><span class="line">rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>安装 elrepo 源</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># To install ELRepo for RHEL-7, SL-7 or CentOS-7:</span></span><br><span class="line">yum install http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 yum 安装内核相关的 rpm 包</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Upgrade kernel</span></span><br><span class="line">yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml kernel-ml-devel </span><br><span class="line">rpm -qa kernel-ml</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>确认安装成功后，查看和设置内核启动顺序，最后重新生成 grub 配置</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Config for grub</span></span><br><span class="line">awk -F<span class="string">'[\047]+'</span>  <span class="string">'/^menuentry/&#123;print $2&#125;'</span> /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</span><br><span class="line">grub2-set-default 0</span><br><span class="line">grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>升级iproute</strong></p>
+<p>系统自带的 <code>ip</code> 命令是由 <code>iproute</code> 软件包提供的，要想使用 <code>fou</code> 子命令需要保证软件包的版本是新的。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# yum -y update iproute</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# rpm -qf /sbin/ip</span><br><span class="line">iproute-4.11.0-14.el7.x86_64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>装载模块</strong></p>
+<p>重启后查看两台机器的环境是否正常，并装载所需要的 <code>fou</code> 模块</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# systemctl reboot</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# uname -r</span><br><span class="line">5.1.12-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# modinfo --field=depends fou</span><br><span class="line">ip6_udp_tunnel,udp_tunnel,ip_tunnel</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# modprobe fou</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# modprobe ipip</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# lsmod | egrep &apos;ipip|fou&apos;</span><br><span class="line">ipip                   16384  0 </span><br><span class="line">tunnel4                16384  1 ipip</span><br><span class="line">fou                    28672  0 </span><br><span class="line">ip_tunnel              24576  2 fou,ipip</span><br><span class="line">ip6_udp_tunnel         16384  1 fou</span><br><span class="line">udp_tunnel             16384  1 fou</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>另一台机器的环境</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# systemctl reboot</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# uname -r</span><br><span class="line">5.1.12-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# modinfo --field=depends fou</span><br><span class="line">ip6_udp_tunnel,udp_tunnel,ip_tunnel</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# modprobe fou</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# modprobe ipip</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# lsmod | egrep &apos;ipip|fou&apos;</span><br><span class="line">ipip                   16384  0 </span><br><span class="line">tunnel4                16384  1 ipip</span><br><span class="line">fou                    28672  0 </span><br><span class="line">ip_tunnel              24576  2 fou,ipip</span><br><span class="line">ip6_udp_tunnel         16384  1 fou</span><br><span class="line">udp_tunnel             16384  1 fou</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>配置 FOU 隧道</strong></p>
+<p>配置一条 FOU 隧道需要两步。发送端 <code>k1</code> 和接收端 <code>k2</code> 分别设置，这样能允许人们随意配置它们。</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/k1k2_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>在接收端 k2 上只要设置一个端口用于接收封装好的数据报文就行了。有个新的 <code>fou</code> 子命令可用于此：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip fou add port 5555 ipproto 4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此命令在接收端 <code>k2</code> 设置了 5555 端口，指明此端口接收到的数据报的协议号是 4，也就是 IP 封包。此端口接收到的数据包会被拆解掉外面的封装；然后再放入到网络堆栈中，从而发往它的实际目的地址。想要删除这个端口则使用 <code>ip fou del port 5555 ipproto 4</code> 。</p>
+<p>在发送端 <code>k1</code> 就稍复杂了点，因为必须指定目的地址，还要能够与已有的封装协议共存。典型的命令如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip link add ftok2 type ipip remote 192.168.127.152 local 192.168.127.151 ttl 255 dev eth0 encap fou encap-sport auto encap-dport 5555</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此命令在发送端 <code>k1</code> 设置了一个新的虚拟接口（<code>ftok2</code>），用于 IPIP 封装。数据包的源端口由网络栈决定，而目的端口设置为 5555 。当然要使用这个网络接口还要选择封装协议，目前支持的协议有 IPIP，SIT（IPv4-IPv6隧道协议）和 GRE（用于虚拟专用网）。</p>
+<p>配置完成后即可使用 <code>ip tunnel</code> 命令查看隧道信息，其中 <code>tunl0</code> 是 <code>fou</code> 模块装载后系统自动生成的。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip tunnel show</span><br><span class="line">ftok2: ip/ip remote 192.168.127.152 local 192.168.127.151 dev eth0 ttl 255</span><br><span class="line">tunl0: any/ip remote any local any ttl inherit nopmtudisc</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通信是双向的，因此还需要按照上述的步骤反过来。</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/k1k2_03.png" alt=""></p>
+<p><code>k1</code> 作为接收端配置一次。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip fou add port 5555 ipproto 4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>k2</code> 作为发送端配置一次。请注意命令中的名称以及 <code>remote</code> 和 <code>local</code> 对应的地址。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip link add ftok1 type ipip remote 192.168.127.151 local 192.168.127.152 ttl 255 dev eth0 encap fou encap-sport auto encap-dport 5555   </span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip tunnel show</span><br><span class="line">ftok1: ip/ip remote 192.168.127.151 local 192.168.127.152 dev eth0 ttl 255</span><br><span class="line">tunl0: any/ip remote any local any ttl inherit nopmtudisc</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>配置接口状态</strong></p>
+<p>隧道配置完成后虚拟的接口是处于 <code>DOWN</code> 状态的，可以通过 <code>ip link show</code> 命令查看</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip link show ftok2</span><br><span class="line">4: ftok2@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ipip 192.168.127.151 peer 192.168.127.152</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以看到 <code>state DOWN</code>，说明接口没有启用</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip link show ftok1</span><br><span class="line">4: ftok1@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ipip 192.168.127.152 peer 192.168.127.151</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过 <code>ip link set</code> 命令将接口启用</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip link set ftok2 up</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip link show ftok2  </span><br><span class="line">4: ftok2@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ipip 192.168.127.151 peer 192.168.127.152</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>另外一台</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip link set ftok1 up</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip link show ftok1  </span><br><span class="line">4: ftok1@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ipip 192.168.127.152 peer 192.168.127.151</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>现在，隧道就成功地建立起来了。</p>
+<p><img src="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/k1k2_04.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>要想这两台主机成功路由（转发）数据包，还需要开启转发功能。在 <code>k1</code> 和 <code>k2</code> 上分别编辑 <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> 并加入如下配置：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Controls IP packet forwarding</span></span><br><span class="line">net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>然后执行 <code>sysctl -p</code> ，转发功能即可立即生效。</p>
+<p><strong>配置路由的下一跳IP</strong></p>
+<p>由于隧道属于虚拟接口，因此对于路由的下一跳（下一个越点）的 IP 地址只能配置在本机的虚拟接口上。此处我们称下一跳 IP 为 GWIP（网关IP）。</p>
+<p>现在我们在 <code>k1</code> 上配置 GWIP 为 <code>10.10.10.1</code>  </p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip addr add 10.10.10.1 dev ftok2</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip addr show dev ftok2</span><br><span class="line">4: ftok2@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ipip 192.168.127.151 peer 192.168.127.152</span><br><span class="line">    inet 10.10.10.1/32 scope global ftok2</span><br><span class="line">       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 <code>k2</code> 上配置 GWIP 为 <code>10.10.10.2</code>  </p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip addr add 10.10.10.2 dev ftok1</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip addr show dev ftok1</span><br><span class="line">4: ftok1@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000</span><br><span class="line">    link/ipip 192.168.127.152 peer 192.168.127.151</span><br><span class="line">    inet 10.10.10.2/32 scope global ftok1</span><br><span class="line">       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><img src="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/k1k2_05.png" alt=""></p>
+<p><strong>配置路由</strong></p>
+<p>要想实现在隧道中进行通信，就需要在两端配置静态路由。使用 <code>ip route</code> 命令可以实现在 Linux 主机添加静态路由。命令格式如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ip  route  add  to  目标网络  via  下一跳IP  dev 从本机出去的网卡名称</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>现在有了 GWIP 就可以通过隧道路由了，我们将这两个 GWIP 做通试试看。</p>
+<p>在 <code>k1</code> 上配置到 <code>k2</code>  的路由</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ip route add to 10.10.10.2 via 10.10.10.1 dev ftok2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 <code>k2</code> 上配置到 <code>k1</code>  的路由</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ip route add to 10.10.10.1 via 10.10.10.2 dev ftok1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>隧道测试</strong></p>
+<p><code>k1</code> 作为发送端</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]# ping -I 10.10.10.1 10.10.10.2 -c 3</span><br><span class="line">PING 10.10.10.2 (10.10.10.2) from 10.10.10.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.</span><br><span class="line">64 bytes from 10.10.10.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.371 ms</span><br><span class="line">64 bytes from 10.10.10.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.767 ms</span><br><span class="line">64 bytes from 10.10.10.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.762 ms</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">--- 10.10.10.2 ping statistics ---</span><br><span class="line">3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2087ms</span><br><span class="line">rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.371/0.633/0.767/0.186 ms</span><br><span class="line">[root@k1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>k2</code> 作为发送端</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# ping -I 10.10.10.2 10.10.10.1 -c 3</span><br><span class="line">PING 10.10.10.1 (10.10.10.1) from 10.10.10.2 : 56(84) bytes of data.</span><br><span class="line">64 bytes from 10.10.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.325 ms</span><br><span class="line">64 bytes from 10.10.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.929 ms</span><br><span class="line">64 bytes from 10.10.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.494 ms</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">--- 10.10.10.1 ping statistics ---</span><br><span class="line">3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2010ms</span><br><span class="line">rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.325/0.582/0.929/0.255 ms</span><br><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过抓包可以看到数据包的请求和响应过程中，接收端的端口都是 <code>5555</code></p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@k2 ~]# tcpdump -nn -i eth0 udp port 5555</span><br><span class="line">tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode</span><br><span class="line">listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes</span><br><span class="line">21:37:55.453105 IP 192.168.127.152.44213 &gt; 192.168.127.151.5555: UDP, length 84</span><br><span class="line">21:37:55.453703 IP 192.168.127.151.53964 &gt; 192.168.127.152.5555: UDP, length 84</span><br><span class="line">21:37:56.476594 IP 192.168.127.152.44213 &gt; 192.168.127.151.5555: UDP, length 84</span><br><span class="line">21:37:56.477170 IP 192.168.127.151.53964 &gt; 192.168.127.152.5555: UDP, length 84</span><br><span class="line">21:37:57.504192 IP 192.168.127.152.44213 &gt; 192.168.127.151.5555: UDP, length 84</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>做了 GWIP 的静态路由之后，两个机器的 GWIP 能互通说明隧道建立成功了，此时你就可以根据实际的情况和需求，添加公网静态路由到隧道了。</p>
+<p>参考链接：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/614348/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://lwn.net/Articles/614348/</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://www.netdevconf.org/0.1/sessions/11.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.netdevconf.org/0.1/sessions/11.html</a></li>
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+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+      <!--noindex-->
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+
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+            
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#摘要"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">摘要</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#搭建"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">搭建</span></a></li></ol></div>
+            
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      <!--/noindex-->
+      
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+  </aside>
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+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
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+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  
+
+
+  
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_01.png" "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_01.png"
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diff --git "a/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_02.png" "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_02.png"
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Binary files /dev/null and "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_02.png" differ
diff --git "a/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_03.png" "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_03.png"
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Binary files /dev/null and "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_03.png" differ
diff --git "a/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_04.png" "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_04.png"
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Binary files /dev/null and "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_04.png" differ
diff --git "a/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_05.png" "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_05.png"
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Binary files /dev/null and "b/2017/12/26/210127-\345\237\272\344\272\216UDP\345\215\217\350\256\256\346\220\255\345\273\272\351\232\247\351\201\223/k1k2_05.png" differ
diff --git "a/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0\346\272\220\347\240\201\345\214\205\347\274\226\350\257\221\345\256\211\350\243\205\345\222\214\347\247\273\346\244\215/index.html" "b/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0\346\272\220\347\240\201\345\214\205\347\274\226\350\257\221\345\256\211\350\243\205\345\222\214\347\247\273\346\244\215/index.html"
index ddaaeb16..27d25dcd 100644
--- "a/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0\346\272\220\347\240\201\345\214\205\347\274\226\350\257\221\345\256\211\350\243\205\345\222\214\347\247\273\346\244\215/index.html"
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植
+
+              
+            
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         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
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+              
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+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-19 21:48:58" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00">2018-01-19</time>
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-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-12 14:59:54" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-12T14:59:54+08:00">2019-07-12</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
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-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,245
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-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+          <br>
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@@ -405,6 +476,9 @@ <h1 id="源码包的移植"><a href="#源码包的移植" class="headerlink" tit
 
       
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+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -412,30 +486,37 @@ <h1 id="源码包的移植"><a href="#源码包的移植" class="headerlink" tit
     
 
     
+      
+    
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       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
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+      
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+        
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+      <div style="display: inline-block">
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-    
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-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
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diff --git "a/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS\347\232\204lib\345\272\223\350\257\257\346\223\215\344\275\234\345\222\214\344\277\256\345\244\215/index.html" "b/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS\347\232\204lib\345\272\223\350\257\257\346\223\215\344\275\234\345\222\214\344\277\256\345\244\215/index.html"
index 14979e33..6746de54 100644
--- "a/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS\347\232\204lib\345\272\223\350\257\257\346\223\215\344\275\234\345\222\214\344\277\256\345\244\215/index.html"
+++ "b/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS\347\232\204lib\345\272\223\350\257\257\346\223\215\344\275\234\345\222\214\344\277\256\345\244\215/index.html"
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@@ -1002,8 +1122,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">CentOS的lib库误操作和修
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2018/01/20/172607-chmod\346\235\203\351\231\220\350\242\253\346\224\271\344\270\272000\345\220\216\347\232\204\346\201\242\345\244\215/index.html" "b/2018/01/20/172607-chmod\346\235\203\351\231\220\350\242\253\346\224\271\344\270\272000\345\220\216\347\232\204\346\201\242\345\244\215/index.html"
index d38917f1..0267b2d4 100644
--- "a/2018/01/20/172607-chmod\346\235\203\351\231\220\350\242\253\346\224\271\344\270\272000\345\220\216\347\232\204\346\201\242\345\244\215/index.html"
+++ "b/2018/01/20/172607-chmod\346\235\203\351\231\220\350\242\253\346\224\271\344\270\272000\345\220\216\347\232\204\346\201\242\345\244\215/index.html"
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Maintenance," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
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+    back2top: true,
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+    lazyload: false,
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="使用库文件的管理程序 ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 调用 chmod 1/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /bin/chmod 755 /bin/chmod 使用 busybox 的 chmod 授权 1busybox chmod 755 /bin/chmod 使用 dd 生成一个 c">
+  <meta name="description" content="使用库文件的管理程序 ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 调用 chmod 1/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /bin/chmod 755 /bin/chmod 使用 busybox 的 chmod 授权 1busybox chmod 755 /bin/chmod 使用 dd 生成一个 chmod 1234567mv /bin/chmod /bin/chmod.ori">
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 <meta property="og:description" content="使用库文件的管理程序 ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 调用 chmod 1/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /bin/chmod 755 /bin/chmod 使用 busybox 的 chmod 授权 1busybox chmod 755 /bin/chmod 使用 dd 生成一个 chmod 1234567mv /bin/chmod /bin/chmod.ori">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-28T08:41:24.615Z">
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+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>chmod权限被改为000后的恢复 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>chmod权限被改为000后的恢复 | Just Do It</title>
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+  <noscript>
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
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+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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   </div>
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-<nav class="site-nav">
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+
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
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-            
-            标签
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
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       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
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+    
+  
+  
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+  
+
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+
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00">
-                2018-01-20
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-20 17:26:08" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00">2018-01-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-28 16:41:24" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-28T16:41:24+08:00">2019-05-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
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-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+          <br>
+          
 
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@@ -397,6 +468,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python -c <span class="string">'import os; os.chmod("/bin/chmod", 0755)'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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@@ -755,9 +851,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢
           
 
           
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-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -969,6 +1087,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1002,8 +1122,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1172,9 +1293,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1244,25 +1365,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">chmod权限被改为000后的恢
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
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+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart\346\227\240\344\272\272\345\200\274\345\256\210\345\256\211\350\243\205CentOS6.8/index.html" "b/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart\346\227\240\344\272\272\345\200\274\345\256\210\345\256\211\350\243\205CentOS6.8/index.html"
index e7170d9c..11d41178 100644
--- "a/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart\346\227\240\344\272\272\345\200\274\345\256\210\345\256\211\350\243\205CentOS6.8/index.html"
+++ "b/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart\346\227\240\344\272\272\345\200\274\345\256\210\345\256\211\350\243\205CentOS6.8/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,102 +46,137 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Cobbler,Kickstart," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ">
-<meta name="keywords" content="Cobbler,Kickstart">
+  <meta name="description" content="要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart 是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ks.cfg 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的">
+<meta name="keywords" content="Kickstart,Cobbler">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/index.html">
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-<meta property="og:description" content="要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ks.cfg 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的参">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:description" content="要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart 是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ks.cfg 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-10-23T05:03:33.038Z">
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 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ks.cfg 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的参">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart 是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ks.cfg 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的">
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+
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+
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+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -152,28 +185,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
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-      
+    
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   </div>
 
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -181,59 +211,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -245,9 +296,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -261,12 +310,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
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+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
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+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8
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-                2018-01-22
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+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-22 16:23:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00">2018-01-22</time>
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+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
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+                <time title="修改时间：2019-10-23 13:03:33" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-10-23T13:03:33+08:00">2019-10-23</time>
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@@ -383,91 +454,96 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Kickstart无人值守安装CentO
 
       
         <p>要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。</p>
-<p>Kickstart是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 <code>ks.cfg</code> 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 <code>ks.cfg</code> 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的参数，便会弹出对话框让安装者手工填写。所以，如果 <code>ks.cfg</code> 文件涵盖了安装过程中所有需要填写的参数，那么安装者完全可以只告诉安装程序从何处下载 <code>ks.cfg</code> 文件，然后就去忙自己的事情。等安装完毕，安装程序会根据 <code>ks.cfg</code> 中的设置重启/关闭系统，并结束安装。</p>
-<p>Cobbler 集中和简化了通过网络安装操作系统需要使用到的 DHCP、TFTP 和 DNS 服务的配置，它不仅有一个命令行界面，还提供了一个 Web 界面，大大降低了使用者的入门水平。</p>
-<p>简单地说，Cobbler 是对 Kickstart 的封装，简化安装步骤、使用流程，降低使用者的门槛</p>
+<p>Kickstart 是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 <code>ks.cfg</code> 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 <code>ks.cfg</code> 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的参数，便会弹出对话框让安装者手工填写。所以，如果 <code>ks.cfg</code> 文件涵盖了安装过程中所有需要填写的参数，那么安装者完全可以只告诉安装程序从何处下载 <code>ks.cfg</code> 文件，然后就去忙自己的事情。等安装完毕，安装程序会根据 <code>ks.cfg</code> 中的设置重启/关闭系统，并结束安装。</p>
+<p>题外话：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Cobbler 集中和简化了通过网络安装操作系统需要使用到的 DHCP、TFTP 和 DNS 服务的配置，它不仅有一个命令行界面，还提供了一个 Web 界面，大大降低了使用者的入门水平。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>简单地说，Cobbler 是对 Kickstart 的封装，简化安装步骤、使用流程，降低使用者的门槛</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
 <h1 id="PXE"><a href="#PXE" class="headerlink" title="PXE"></a>PXE</h1><h2 id="什么是PXE？"><a href="#什么是PXE？" class="headerlink" title="什么是PXE？"></a>什么是PXE？</h2><ul>
-<li>PXE(Pre-boot Execution Environment，预启动执行环境)是由Intel公司开发的最新技术，工作于Client/Server的网络模式，支持工作站通过网络从远端服务器下载映像，并由此支持通过网络启动操作系统。</li>
-<li>通过网络接口启动计算机，不依赖本地存储设备（如硬盘）或本地已安装的操作系统</li>
-<li>在启动过程中，PXE客户端会调用网际协议(IP)、用户数据报协议(UDP)、动态主机设定协议(DHCP)、小型文件传输协议(TFTP)等网络协议。</li>
-<li>终端要求服务器分配IP地址，再用TFTP（trivial file transfer protocol）或MTFTP(multicast trivial file transfer protocol)协议下载一个启动软件包到本机内存中执行，由这个启动软件包完成终端基本软件设置，从而引导预先安装在服务器中的终端操作系统。</li>
-<li>严格来说，PXE 并不是一种安装方式，而是一种引导方式。进行 PXE 安装的必要条件是在要安装的计算机中必须包含一个 PXE 支持的网卡（NIC），即网卡中必须要有 PXE Client。PXE 协议可以使计算机通过网络启动。此协议分为 Client端 和 Server 端，而PXE Client则在网卡的 ROM 中。当计算机引导时，BIOS 把 PXE Client 调入内存中执行，然后由 PXE Client 将放置在远端的文件通过网络下载到本地运行。运行 PXE 协议需要设置 DHCP 服务器和 TFTP 服务器。DHCP 服务器会给 PXE Client（将要安装系统的主机）分配一个 IP 地址，由于是给 PXE Client 分配 IP 地址，所以在配置 DHCP 服务器时需要增加相应的 PXE 设置。此外，在 PXE Client 的 ROM 中，已经存在了 TFTP Client，那么它就可以通过 TFTP 协议到 TFTP Server 上下载所需的文件了。</li>
-<li>PXE技术与RPL技术不同之处为RPL是静态路由，PXE是动态路由。RPL是根据网卡上的ID号加上其他记录组成的一个Frame（帧）向服务器发出请求。而服务器中已有这个ID数据，匹配成功则进行远程启动。PXE则是根据服务器端收到的工件站MAC地址，使用DHCP服务为这个MAC地址指定个IP地址。每次启动可能同一台工作站有与上次启动有不同的IP，即动态分配地址。</li>
+<li><p>PXE(Pre-boot Execution Environment，预启动执行环境)是由 Intel 公司开发的最新技术，工作于 Client/Serve r的网络模式，支持工作站通过网络从远端服务器下载映像，并由此支持通过网络启动操作系统。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>通过网络接口启动计算机，不依赖本地存储设备（如硬盘）或本地已安装的操作系统。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>在启动过程中，PXE 客户端会调用网际协议(IP)、用户数据报协议(UDP)、动态主机设定协议(DHCP)、小型文件传输协议(TFTP)等网络协议。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>终端要求服务器分配IP地址，再用 TFTP（trivial file transfer protocol）或 MTFTP(multicast trivial file transfer protocol) 协议下载一个启动软件包到本机内存中执行，由这个启动软件包完成终端基本软件设置，从而引导预先安装在服务器中的终端操作系统。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>严格来说，PXE 并不是一种安装方式，而是一种引导方式。进行 PXE 安装的必要条件是在要安装的计算机中必须包含一个 PXE 支持的网卡（NIC），即网卡中必须要有 PXE Client。PXE 协议可以使计算机通过网络启动。此协议分为 Client端 和 Server 端，而 PXE Client 则在网卡的 ROM 中。当计算机引导时，BIOS 把 PXE Client 调入内存中执行，然后由 PXE Client 将放置在远端的文件通过网络下载到本地运行。运行 PXE 协议需要设置 DHCP 服务器和 TFTP 服务器。DHCP 服务器会给 PXE Client（将要安装系统的主机）分配一个 IP 地址，由于是给 PXE Client 分配 IP 地址，所以在配置 DHCP 服务器时需要增加相应的 PXE 设置。此外，在 PXE Client 的 ROM 中，已经存在了 TFTP Client，那么它就可以通过 TFTP 协议到 TFTP Server 上下载所需的文件了。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>PXE 技术与 RPL 技术不同之处为 RPL 是静态路由，PXE 是动态路由。RPL 是根据网卡上的ID号加上其他记录组成的一个 Frame（帧）向服务器发出请求。而服务器中已有这个ID数据，匹配成功则进行远程启动。PXE 则是根据服务器端收到的工件站MAC地址，使用DHCP 服务为这个MAC地址指定一个IP地址。每次启动可能同一台工作站有与上次启动有不同的IP，即动态分配地址。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 <h2 id="PXE工作过程"><a href="#PXE工作过程" class="headerlink" title="PXE工作过程"></a>PXE工作过程</h2><p><img src="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/pxe1.jpg" alt=""></p>
-<ul>
-<li>1、PXE Client向DHCP发送请求</li>
-</ul>
+<p>1、PXE Client 向 DHCP 发送请求</p>
 <blockquote>
 <p>PXE Client开机后，PXE BootROM（自启动芯片）获得控制权之前执行自我测试，然后以UDP发送一个广播请求（FIND帧） ，向本网络中的DHCP服务器索取IP；</p>
 </blockquote>
-<ul>
-<li>2、DHCP服务器提供信息 </li>
-</ul>
+<p>2、DHCP服务器提供信息 </p>
 <blockquote>
 <p>DHCP 收到客户端的请求，送回DHCP响应应，包括用户端的IP地址、预设通信通道、PXE文件的放置位置(一般放在一台TFTP服务器上) 以及开机映像文件；</p>
 </blockquote>
-<ul>
-<li>3、 PXE客户端请求下载启动文件</li>
-</ul>
+<p>3、 PXE客户端请求下载启动文件</p>
 <blockquote>
 <ul>
 <li>客户端收到服务器发回的响应后则会回应一个帧，以请求传送启动所需文件，并把自己的MAC地址写到服务器端的Netnames.db文件中。</li>
 <li>启动所需文件包含：pxelinux.0、pxelinux.cfg / default、vmlinuz、initrd.img等文件。</li>
 </ul>
 </blockquote>
-<ul>
-<li>4、Boot Server响应客户端请求并传送文件 </li>
-</ul>
+<p>4、Boot Server响应客户端请求并传送文件 </p>
 <blockquote>
 <ul>
 <li>当服务器收到客户端的请求后，他们之间之后将有更多的信息在客户端与服务器之间作应答, 用以决定启动参数。</li>
 <li>BootROM基于TFTP通讯协议从Boot Server下载启动安装程序所必须的文件(pxelinux.0、pxelinux.cfg / default)。default文件下载完成后，会根据该文件中定义的引导顺序，启动Linux安装程序的引导内核。</li>
 </ul>
 </blockquote>
-<ul>
-<li>5、请求下载自动应答文件 </li>
-</ul>
+<p>5、请求下载自动应答文件 </p>
 <blockquote>
 <p>客户端通过pxelinux.cfg / default文件成功的引导Linux安装内核后，安装程序首先必须确定你通过什么安装介质来安装linux，如果是通过网络安装(NFS, FTP, HTTP)，则会在这个时候初始化网络，并定位安装源位置。接着会读取default文件中指定的自动应答文件ks.cfg所在位置，根据该位置请求下载该文件。</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote>
 <p><strong>注意：</strong> 在第2步和第5步初始化2次网络，这是由于PXE获取的是安装用的内核以及安装程序等，而安装程序要获取的是安装系统所需的二进制包以及配置文件。因此PXE模块和安装程序是相对独立的，PXE的网络配置并不能传递给安装程序，从而进行两次获取IP地址过程，但IP地址在DHCP的租期内是一样的。</p>
 </blockquote>
-<ul>
-<li>6、客户端安装操作系统 </li>
-</ul>
+<p>6、客户端安装操作系统 </p>
 <blockquote>
 <p>将ks.cfg文件下载回来后，通过该文件找到OS Server，并按照该文件的配置请求下载安装过程需要的软件包。<br>OS Server和客户端建立连接后，将开始传输软件包，客户端将开始安装操作系统。安装完成后，将提示重新引导计算机。</p>
 </blockquote>
 <h1 id="PXE-Kickstart-配置并安装系统"><a href="#PXE-Kickstart-配置并安装系统" class="headerlink" title="PXE + Kickstart 配置并安装系统"></a>PXE + Kickstart 配置并安装系统</h1><p><strong>流程图</strong></p>
-<p>系统服务器 OS Server 可以使用 http、nfs、ftp 服务器，此处使用 http 作为系统文件下载服务器</p>
+<p>系统服务器 OS Server 可以使用 http、nfs、ftp 服务器，此处使用 http 作为系统文件下载服务器。</p>
 <p><img src="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/pxe2.png" alt=""></p>
 <p><strong>系统环境</strong></p>
 <p>虚拟机：VMware® Workstation 12 Pro<br>系统：CentOS release 6.8</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">service iptables stop</span><br><span class="line">setenforce permissive</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="网络环境"><a href="#网络环境" class="headerlink" title="网络环境"></a>网络环境</h2><ul>
-<li>虚拟机NAT8模式的地址段 192.168.247.0 255.255.255.0，可以在虚拟网络编辑器自定义设定</li>
-<li>Windows的物理机将自己可以上网的网卡在属性中共享给 <code>VMware Network Adapter VMnet8</code>，确保虚拟机可以联网，以便网络yum源安装软件</li>
-<li>DHCP、TFTP、HTTP均安装在一台服务器，IP地址为 192.168.247.6，网络模式为NAT8</li>
+<li><p>虚拟机 NAT 模式的地址段 192.168.247.0 255.255.255.0，可以在虚拟网络编辑器自定义。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>DHCP、TFTP、HTTP 均安装在一台服务器，IP地址为 192.168.247.6，网络模式为 NAT</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 <p><strong>注意：</strong></p>
 <ul>
-<li>虚拟机网卡采用NAT模式，不要使用桥接模式，因为后续会搭建DHCP服务器，在同一局域网多个DHCP服务会有冲突。</li>
-<li>VMware的NAT模式的dhcp服务也关闭，避免干扰。 <ul>
+<li><p>虚拟机网卡采用NAT模式，不要使用桥接模式，因为后续会搭建DHCP服务器，在同一局域网多个DHCP服务会有冲突。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>VMware的NAT模式的dhcp服务也关闭，避免干扰。 </p>
+<ul>
 <li>“编辑” - “虚拟网络编辑器” - “使用本地DHCP服务将IP地址分配给虚拟机”，将其关闭</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-<li>基本设置完成后，Windows物理机中<code>VMware Network Adapter VMnet8</code>的网卡上的IP为192.168.247.1，netmask为255.255.255.0，此网卡作为本子网的网关</li>
+<li><p>基本设置完成后，可以在 Windows 物理机中看到 <code>VMware Network Adapter VMnet8</code> 的网卡上的IP为192.168.247.1，子网掩码是 255.255.255.0，此网卡作为本子网的网关。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<h2 id="DHCP配置"><a href="#DHCP配置" class="headerlink" title="DHCP配置"></a>DHCP配置</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install dhcp</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装DHCP</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">\cp -arf /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.?.?/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 清注意，问号区域视dhcp版本而定</span></span><br><span class="line">cp /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf&#123;,.bak&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;| /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line">ddns-update-style interim;</span><br><span class="line">ignore client-updates;</span><br><span class="line">allow booting; <span class="comment"># 定义能够PXE启动</span></span><br><span class="line">allow bootp;  <span class="comment"># 定义支持bootp</span></span><br><span class="line">subnet 192.168.247.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123;                                        </span><br><span class="line">        range 192.168.247.100 192.168.247.200; <span class="comment"># 可分配的起始IP-结束IP                                                               </span></span><br><span class="line">        option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;      <span class="comment"># 子网掩码                          </span></span><br><span class="line">        option routers 192.168.247.1; <span class="comment"># 设置路由器地址（网关）                      </span></span><br><span class="line">        default-lease-time 21600;     <span class="comment"># 设置默认的IP租用期限                         </span></span><br><span class="line">        max-lease-time 43200;         <span class="comment"># 设置最大的IP租用期限</span></span><br><span class="line">        filename <span class="string">"pxelinux.0"</span>;        <span class="comment"># 告知客户端从TFTP根目录下载pxelinux.0文件</span></span><br><span class="line">        next-server 192.168.247.6;    <span class="comment"># 告知客户端TFTP服务器的ip ，此处为本机IP  </span></span><br><span class="line">&#125; </span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 配置dchpd</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sed -i <span class="string">'s@\(DHCPDARGS=\).*@\1eth0@'</span> /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 绑定网卡</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">/etc/init.d/dhcpd start</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 服务启动</span></span><br><span class="line">chkconfig dhcpd on</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 添加开机启动</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="TFTP配置"><a href="#TFTP配置" class="headerlink" title="TFTP配置"></a>TFTP配置</h2><p>TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol,简单文件传输协议）是TCP/IP协议族中的一个用来在客户机与服务器之间进行简单文件传输的协议，提供不复杂、开销不大的文件传输服务。端口号为69。</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install tftp-server</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'sS(disable( |\t)+= ).*S\1noS'</span> /etc/xinetd.d/tftp</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将disable后的值改为no</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">/etc/init.d/xinetd restart</span><br><span class="line">chkconfig xinetd on</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 因为tftp服务是挂载在超级进程xinetd 下的，所以通过启动xinetd 来启动tftp服务。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">netstat -unlpt | grep --color  69</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="HTTP配置"><a href="#HTTP配置" class="headerlink" title="HTTP配置"></a>HTTP配置</h2><p>可以用Apache或Nginx提供HTTP服务。Python的模块web服务会有报错，不建议采用。</p>
+<h2 id="DHCP配置"><a href="#DHCP配置" class="headerlink" title="DHCP配置"></a>DHCP配置</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install dhcp</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装DHCP</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">\cp -arf /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.?.?/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 清注意，问号区域视dhcp版本而定</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cp /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf&#123;,.bak&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;| /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line">ddns-update-style interim;</span><br><span class="line">ignore client-updates;</span><br><span class="line">allow booting; <span class="comment"># 定义能够PXE启动</span></span><br><span class="line">allow bootp;  <span class="comment"># 定义支持bootp</span></span><br><span class="line">subnet 192.168.247.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123;                                        </span><br><span class="line">        range 192.168.247.100 192.168.247.200; <span class="comment"># 可分配的起始IP-结束IP                                                               </span></span><br><span class="line">        option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;      <span class="comment"># 子网掩码                          </span></span><br><span class="line">        option routers 192.168.247.1; <span class="comment"># 设置路由器地址（网关）                      </span></span><br><span class="line">        default-lease-time 21600;     <span class="comment"># 设置默认的IP租用期限                         </span></span><br><span class="line">        max-lease-time 43200;         <span class="comment"># 设置最大的IP租用期限</span></span><br><span class="line">        filename <span class="string">"pxelinux.0"</span>;        <span class="comment"># 告知客户端从TFTP根目录下载pxelinux.0文件</span></span><br><span class="line">        next-server 192.168.247.6;    <span class="comment"># 告知客户端TFTP服务器的ip ，此处为本机IP  </span></span><br><span class="line">&#125; </span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 配置dchpd</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sed -i <span class="string">'s@\(DHCPDARGS=\).*@\1eth0@'</span> /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 绑定网卡</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">/etc/init.d/dhcpd start</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 服务启动</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">chkconfig dhcpd on</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 添加开机启动</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="TFTP配置"><a href="#TFTP配置" class="headerlink" title="TFTP配置"></a>TFTP配置</h2><p>TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol,简单文件传输协议）是TCP/IP协议族中的一个用来在客户机与服务器之间进行简单文件传输的协议，提供不复杂、开销不大的文件传输服务。端口号为 69 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install tftp-server</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'s#(disable( |\t)+= ).*#\1no#'</span> /etc/xinetd.d/tftp</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将disable后的值改为no</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">/etc/init.d/xinetd restart</span><br><span class="line">chkconfig xinetd on</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 因为tftp服务是挂载在超级进程xinetd 下的，所以通过启动xinetd 来启动tftp服务。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">netstat -unlpt | grep --color  69</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="HTTP配置"><a href="#HTTP配置" class="headerlink" title="HTTP配置"></a>HTTP配置</h2><p>可以用 Apache 或 Nginx 提供 HTTP 服务。Python 的模块 web 服务会有报错，不建议采用。</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install httpd</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">/etc/init.d/httpd start</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 启动</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">chkconfig --level 2345 httpd on</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 添加开机自启</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="OS-Server"><a href="#OS-Server" class="headerlink" title="OS Server"></a>OS Server</h2><p>准备CentOS6.8的镜像，插入服务器，拷贝系统安装文件。</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">install -cdv /mnt/cdrom</span><br><span class="line">mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom</span><br><span class="line">df -h</span><br><span class="line">cp -r /mnt/cdrom /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>浏览器访问 <code>http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/</code> 检验配置是否正确</p>
-<h2 id="配置-PXE-启动程序"><a href="#配置-PXE-启动程序" class="headerlink" title="配置 PXE 启动程序"></a>配置 PXE 启动程序</h2><p>syslinux是一个功能强大的引导加载程序，而且兼容各种介质。它是一个小型的 Linux 操作系统，它的目的是简化首次安装 Linux 的时间，并建立修护或其它特殊用途的启动盘。如果没有找到 pxelinux.0 这个文件，可以安装一下。</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install syslinux</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 复制启动菜单程序文件</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/* /var/lib/tftpboot/</span><br><span class="line">ls /var/lib/tftpboot/</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg</span><br><span class="line">cp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 新建一个pxelinux.cfg目录，存放客户端的配置文件</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="OS-Server"><a href="#OS-Server" class="headerlink" title="OS Server"></a>OS Server</h2><p>准备 CentOS 6.8 的镜像，插入服务器，拷贝系统安装文件。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">install -cdv /mnt/cdrom</span><br><span class="line">mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">df -h</span><br><span class="line">cp -r /mnt/cdrom /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>浏览器访问 <code>http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/</code> 检验配置是否正确。</p>
+<h2 id="配置-PXE-启动程序"><a href="#配置-PXE-启动程序" class="headerlink" title="配置 PXE 启动程序"></a>配置 PXE 启动程序</h2><p>syslinux 是一个功能强大的引导加载程序，而且兼容各种介质。它是一个小型的 Linux 操作系统，它的目的是简化首次安装 Linux 的时间，并建立修护或其它特殊用途的启动盘。如果没有找到 pxelinux.0 这个文件，可以安装一下。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install syslinux</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 复制启动菜单程序文件</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/* /var/lib/tftpboot/</span><br><span class="line">ls /var/lib/tftpboot/</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg</span><br><span class="line">cp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 新建一个 pxelinux.cfg 目录，存放客户端的配置文件</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>pxe的配置文件default参数配置</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">vim /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>配置后的文件内容</p>
@@ -509,15 +585,15 @@ <h2 id="ks-cfg文件参数"><a href="#ks-cfg文件参数" class="headerlink" tit
 <td>告知安装程序，这是一次全新安装，而不是upgrade(升级)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>url --url=”<a href="http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/</a>“</td>
+<td><code>url --url=&quot;http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/&quot;</code></td>
 <td>通过HTTP从远程服务器上的安装树中安装。</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>url --url ftp://<username>:<password>@<server>/<dir></dir></server></password></username></td>
+<td><code>url --url ftp://&lt;username&gt;:&lt;password&gt;@&lt;server&gt;/&lt;dir&gt;</code></td>
 <td>通过FTP从远程服务器上的安装树中安装。</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>nfs --server=nfsserver.example.com --dir=/tmp/install-tree</td>
+<td><code>nfs --server=nfsserver.example.com --dir=/tmp/install-tree</code></td>
 <td>从指定的NFS服务器安装</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -662,10 +738,16 @@ <h2 id="ks-cfg文件参数"><a href="#ks-cfg文件参数" class="headerlink" tit
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<p>参考文档：<a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/zh-TW/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/zh-TW/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html</a></p>
+<p>参考文档：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/zh-TW/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/zh-TW/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html</a></li>
+</ul>
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -673,30 +755,37 @@ <h2 id="ks-cfg文件参数"><a href="#ks-cfg文件参数" class="headerlink" tit
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
-  <button id="rewardButton" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('QR'); if (qr.style.display === 'none') {qr.style.display='block';} else {qr.style.display='none'}">
-    <span>打赏</span>
+  <button id="reward-button" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(&quot;qr&quot;); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';">
+    打赏
   </button>
-  <div id="QR" style="display: none;">
+  <div id="qr" style="display: none;">
 
     
-      <div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="wechat_qr" src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
         <p>微信支付</p>
       </div>
     
-
-    
-      <div id="alipay" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="alipay_qr" src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝">
         <p>支付宝</p>
       </div>
     
 
-    
-
   </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -704,33 +793,18 @@ <h2 id="ks-cfg文件参数"><a href="#ks-cfg文件参数" class="headerlink" tit
     
 
     
-      <div>
-        <ul class="post-copyright">
-  <li class="post-copyright-author">
-    <strong>本文作者：</strong>
-    Silence
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
-    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" title="Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/</a>
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-license">
-    <strong>版权声明： </strong>
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-  </li>
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-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
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       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -263,12 +316,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
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+  
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+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
     <main id="main" class="main">
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         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
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@@ -281,20 +349,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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@@ -303,70 +373,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-23 20:52:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00">2018-01-23</time>
+            </span>
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+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-11-20 18:20:51" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-11-20T18:20:51+08:00">2019-11-20</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  5,759
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
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-                  28
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -384,7 +459,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS<
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h1><p><a href="http://cobbler.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cobbler</a> 是一个 Linux 服务器快速网络安装的服务，而且在经过调整也可以支持网络安装 windows。该工具使用 Python 开发，小巧轻便（才15k行 Python 代码），可以通过网络启动（PXE ）的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理 DHCP，DNS，TFTP、RSYNC 以及 yum 仓库、构造系统 ISO 镜像。</p>
+        <h1 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h1><p><a href="http://cobbler.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cobbler</a> 是一个 Linux 服务器快速网络安装的服务，而且在经过调整也可以支持网络安装 windows。该工具使用 Python 开发，小巧轻便（才 15k 行 Python 代码），可以通过网络启动（PXE ）的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理 DHCP，DNS，TFTP、RSYNC 以及 yum 仓库、构造系统 ISO 镜像。</p>
 <p>Cobbler 是较早前的 Kickstart 的升级版，优点是比较容易配置。它可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基于 Web 的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，还提供了 API 接口，可以方便二次开发使用。</p>
 <p>Cobbler 内置了一个轻量级配置管理系统，但它也支持和其它配置管理系统集成，如 Puppet，暂时不支持 SaltStack。Cobbler 客户端 Koan 支持虚拟机安装和操作系统重新安装，使重装系统更便捷。</p>
 <h1 id="核心组件"><a href="#核心组件" class="headerlink" title="核心组件"></a>核心组件</h1><ul>
@@ -429,44 +504,26 @@ <h1 id="集成的服务"><a href="#集成的服务" class="headerlink" title="
 <li>Apache(提供 Kickstart 的安装源，并提供定制化的 Kickstart 配置)</li>
 </ul>
 <h1 id="基本工作流程"><a href="#基本工作流程" class="headerlink" title="基本工作流程"></a>基本工作流程</h1><p><strong>服务器端</strong></p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">第一步，启动Cobbler服务</span><br><span class="line">第二步，进行Cobbler错误检查，执行cobbler check命令</span><br><span class="line">第三步，进行配置同步，执行cobbler sync命令</span><br><span class="line">第四步，复制相关启动文件文件到TFTP目录中</span><br><span class="line">第五步，启动DHCP服务，提供地址分配</span><br><span class="line">第六步，DHCP服务分配IP地址</span><br><span class="line">第七步，TFTP传输启动文件</span><br><span class="line">第八步，Server端接收安装信息</span><br><span class="line">第九步，Server端发送ISO镜像与Kickstart文件</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>1、启动 Cobbler 服务<br>2、执行 <code>cobbler check</code> 命令进行 Cobbler 错误检查<br>3、执行 <code>cobbler sync</code> 命令进行配置同步<br>4、复制相关启动文件文件到 TFTP 目录中<br>5、启动 DHCP 服务，提供地址分配<br>6、DHCP 服务分配 IP 地址<br>7、TFTP 传输启动文件<br>8、Server 端接收安装信息<br>9、Server 端发送 ISO 镜像与 Kickstart 文件</p>
 <p><strong>客户端</strong></p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">第一步，客户端以PXE模式启动</span><br><span class="line">第二步，客户端获取IP地址</span><br><span class="line">第三步，通过TFTP服务器获取启动文件</span><br><span class="line">第四步，进入Cobbler安装选择界面</span><br><span class="line">第五步，客户端确定加载信息</span><br><span class="line">第六步，根据配置信息准备安装系统</span><br><span class="line">第七步，加载Kickstart文件</span><br><span class="line">第八步，传输系统安装的其它文件</span><br><span class="line">第九步，进行安装系统</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>1、客户端以 PXE 模式启动<br>2、客户端获取 IP 地址<br>3、通过 TFTP 服务器获取启动文件<br>4、进入 Cobbler 安装选择界面<br>5、客户端确定加载信息<br>6、根据配置信息准备安装系统<br>7、加载 Kickstart 文件<br>8、传输系统安装的其它文件<br>9、开始安装系统</p>
 <h1 id="安装和配置"><a href="#安装和配置" class="headerlink" title="安装和配置"></a>安装和配置</h1><p><a href="http://cobbler.github.io/manuals/quickstart/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">官方手册</a></p>
-<p>环境说明</p>
-<ul>
-<li>虚拟机版本：VMware® Workstation 14 Pro</li>
-<li>Cobbler 服务器上需要搭建 DHCP 服务器为新安装的操作系统分配 IP 地址，但在同一局域网多个 DHCP 服务会有冲突，因此虚拟机采用 NAT 模式</li>
-<li>避免出现依赖关系上的错误，使用全新的操作系统，这里使用的是 CentOS 7.4.1708</li>
-<li>Cobbler 的 IP 地址为 <code>192.168.127.10</code></li>
-</ul>
-<p>cobbler 的安装需要依赖 epel 源，使用 yum 查看 Cobbler 的信息，可以看到 Repo 字段对应的源是 epel</p>
+<p>环境说明：整个操作过程均使用 Vmware 虚拟机进行，因为 Cobbler 服务器上需要搭建 DHCP 服务器为新安装的操作系统分配 IP 地址，但在同一局域网多个 DHCP 服务会有冲突，因此 Cobbler 虚拟机采用 NAT 模式。为了避免出现依赖关系上的错误，使用全新的操作系统，这里使用的是 CentOS 7 作为 Cobbler 服务器，并且配置的 IP 地址为 <code>192.168.127.10</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ONBOOT=yes</span><br><span class="line">IPADDR=192.168.127.10</span><br><span class="line">NETMASK=255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line">PREFIX=24</span><br><span class="line">BROADCAST=192.168.127.255</span><br><span class="line">NETWORK=192.168.127.0</span><br><span class="line">GATEWAY=192.168.127.2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>Cobbler 的安装需要依赖 epel 源，使用 yum 查看 Cobbler 的信息，可以看到 Repo 字段对应的源是 epel</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo</span><br><span class="line">yum info cobbler</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>设置语言环境、禁用 SELINUX 、停用防火墙等配置</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># install vim</span></span><br><span class="line">yum -y install vim-enhanced</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Set language</span></span><br><span class="line">langfile=<span class="string">'/etc/locale.conf'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> LANG=<span class="string">"en_US.UTF-8"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/LANG/s/=.*/="en_US.UTF-8"/'</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;langfile&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Turn off selinux</span></span><br><span class="line">setenforce 0</span><br><span class="line">fileList=(/etc/sysconfig/selinux /etc/selinux/config)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> f <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;fileList[@]&#125;</span>;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  sed -ri <span class="string">'s/(^SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/'</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;f&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Disable the DNS function of sshd</span></span><br><span class="line">egrep -q <span class="string">'^UseDNS no'</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config || \</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/#UseDNS /aUseDNS no'</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Turn off some services</span></span><br><span class="line">/usr/bin/systemctl stop firewalld.service;</span><br><span class="line">/usr/bin/systemctl <span class="built_in">disable</span> firewalld.service;</span><br><span class="line">/usr/bin/systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Add firewall policy</span></span><br><span class="line">IPT=<span class="string">'/sbin/iptables'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -t filter -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span>  ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -t nat -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING INPUT FORWARD OUTPUT POSTROUTING;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -t mangle -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> table <span class="keyword">in</span> filter nat mangle;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -F -t <span class="variable">$&#123;table&#125;</span>   &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -X -t <span class="variable">$&#123;table&#125;</span>   &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># install vim</span></span><br><span class="line">yum -y install vim-enhanced</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Set language</span></span><br><span class="line">localectl <span class="built_in">set</span>-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Turn off selinux</span></span><br><span class="line">setenforce 0</span><br><span class="line">fileList=(/etc/sysconfig/selinux /etc/selinux/config)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> f <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;fileList[@]&#125;</span>;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  sed -ri <span class="string">'s/(^SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/'</span> <span class="variable">$&#123;f&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Disable the DNS function of sshd</span></span><br><span class="line">egrep -q <span class="string">'^UseDNS no'</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sed -ri <span class="string">'/#UseDNS /aUseDNS no'</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Turn off some services</span></span><br><span class="line">/usr/bin/systemctl <span class="built_in">disable</span> --now  firewalld.service;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Add firewall policy</span></span><br><span class="line">IPT=<span class="string">'/sbin/iptables'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -t filter -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span>  ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -t nat -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> chain <span class="keyword">in</span> PREROUTING INPUT FORWARD OUTPUT POSTROUTING;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -t mangle -P <span class="variable">$&#123;chain&#125;</span> ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unset</span> chain</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ---------------------------------------</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> table <span class="keyword">in</span> filter nat mangle;<span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -F -t <span class="variable">$&#123;table&#125;</span>   &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="variable">$&#123;IPT&#125;</span> -X -t <span class="variable">$&#123;table&#125;</span>   &amp;&gt;/dev/null</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>添加了 epel 源后直接 yum 安装</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart httpd dhcp tftp-server</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># cobbler            # cobbler程序包</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># cobbler-web        # cobbler的web端程序包</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># pykickstart        # 用于cobbler检查kickstart语法错误</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># httpd              # Apache的web服务</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dhcp               # dhcp服务程序包，也可以使用dnsmasq配置成DHCP服务器</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># tftp-server        # tftp服务</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>查看包中生成了哪些文件</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@cobbler ~]# rpm -ql cobbler  # 查看安装的文件，下面列出部分。</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler                  # 配置文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/settings         # cobbler主配置文件，yaml格式，cobbler是python写的程序。</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template    # dhcp服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template   # tftp服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/rsync.template   # rsync服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/iso              # iso模板配置文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/pxe              # pxe模板文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/power            # 电源的配置文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/users.conf       # web服务授权配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/users.digest     # web访问的用户名密码配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/modules.conf     # cobbler模块配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler              # cobbler数据目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler/config       # 配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts   # 默认存放kickstart文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler/loaders      # 存放的各种引导程序</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler              # 系统安装镜像目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror    # 导入的系统镜像列表</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler/images       # 导入的系统镜像启动文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror  # yum源存储目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/log/cobbler              # 日志目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/log/cobbler/install.log  # 客户端系统安装日志</span><br><span class="line">/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log  # cobbler日志</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>依赖关系说明</p>
-<ul>
-<li><p>Cobbler的运行依赖于dhcp、tftp、rsync 及 dns 服务</p>
-<ul>
-<li>dhcp 可由 dhcpd（isc）提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供；</li>
-<li>tftp 可由 tftp-server 程序包提供，也可由 cobbler 功能提供；</li>
-<li>rsync 由 rsync 程序包提供，dns 可由 bind 提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供；</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><p>Cobbler 可自行管理这些服务中的部分甚至是全部，但需要配置文件 <code>/etc/cobbler/settings</code> 中的<code>manange_dhcp</code>、<code>manager_tftpd</code>、<code>manager_rsync</code>、<code>manager_dns</code> 分别来进行定义</p>
-</li>
-<li>由于各种服务都有着不同的实现方式，如若需要进行自定义，需要通过修改<code>/etc/cobbler/modules.conf</code>配置文件中各服务的模块参数的值来实现。</li>
-</ul>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@cobbler ~]# rpm -ql cobbler  # 查看安装的文件，下面列出其中一部分。</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler                  # 配置文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/settings         # cobbler主配置文件，yaml格式，cobbler是python写的程序。</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template    # dhcp服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template   # tftp服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/rsync.template   # rsync服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/iso              # iso模板配置文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/pxe              # pxe模板文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/power            # 电源的配置文件目录</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/users.conf       # web服务授权配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/users.digest     # web访问的用户名密码配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板</span><br><span class="line">/etc/cobbler/modules.conf     # cobbler模块配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler              # cobbler数据目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler/config       # 配置文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts   # 默认存放kickstart文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/lib/cobbler/loaders      # 存放的各种引导程序</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler              # 系统安装镜像目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror    # 导入的系统镜像列表</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler/images       # 导入的系统镜像启动文件</span><br><span class="line">/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror  # yum源存储目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/log/cobbler              # 日志目录</span><br><span class="line">/var/log/cobbler/install.log  # 客户端系统安装日志</span><br><span class="line">/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log  # cobbler日志</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>依赖关系说明：</p>
+<p>Cobbler 的运行依赖于 dhcp、tftp、rsync 及 dns 服务。其中，dhcp 可由 dhcpd（isc）提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供；tftp 可由 tftp-server 程序包提供，也可由 cobbler 功能提供；rsync 由 rsync 程序包提供，dns 可由 bind 提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供。</p>
+<p>Cobbler 可自行管理这些服务中的部分甚至是全部，但需要配置文件 <code>/etc/cobbler/settings</code> 中的<code>manange_dhcp</code>、<code>manager_tftpd</code>、<code>manager_rsync</code>、<code>manager_dns</code> 分别来进行定义。</p>
+<p>由于各种服务都有着不同的实现方式，如若需要进行自定义，需要通过修改 <code>/etc/cobbler/modules.conf</code> 配置文件中各服务的模块参数的值来实现。</p>
 <p>将 httpd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> httpd --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl is-enabled httpd</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status httpd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>修改 cobbler 的 dhcp 模版文件 <code>/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template</code>，此模板会覆盖 dhcp 本身的配置文件，所以在此之前 <strong>确保没有启动dhcp服务也没有修改dhcp的配置文件</strong></p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">subnet 192.168.127.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">     option routers             192.168.127.2;</span><br><span class="line">     option domain-name-servers 192.168.127.2;</span><br><span class="line">     option subnet-mask         255.255.255.0;</span><br><span class="line">     range dynamic-bootp        192.168.127.130 192.168.127.230;</span><br><span class="line">     default-lease-time         21600;</span><br><span class="line">     max-lease-time             43200;</span><br><span class="line">     next-server                <span class="variable">$next_server</span>;</span><br><span class="line">     class <span class="string">"pxeclients"</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          match <span class="keyword">if</span> substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = <span class="string">"PXEClient"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:02 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"ia64/elilo.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:06 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"grub/grub-x86.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:07 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"grub/grub-x86_64.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:09 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"grub/grub-x86_64.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"pxelinux.0"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125;</span><br><span class="line">     &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>如果是多网卡环境还需要指定 dhcp 使用的网卡，修改 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service</code> 文件中 <code>ExecStart</code> 最后面加上网卡名称，然后重载 systemctl，将 dhcpd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload</span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> dhcpd --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl is-enabled dhcpd</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status dhcpd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>将 cobblerd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> cobblerd --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl is-enabled cobblerd</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status cobblerd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="配置检查"><a href="#配置检查" class="headerlink" title="配置检查"></a>配置检查</h1><p>使用 Cobbler 的检查工具检查配置存在的问题并依次解决</p>
@@ -476,29 +533,35 @@ <h1 id="配置检查"><a href="#配置检查" class="headerlink" title="配置
 <p>修改 <code>/etc/cobbler/settings</code> 文件中的 <code>next_server</code> 参数的值为提供 PXE 服务的主机相应的IP地址，如<code>next_server: 192.168.127.10</code>。server，pxe服务器的IP由于这里使用的是同一台机器，所以填 Cobbler 服务器的 IP 即可</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'s#^next_server: 127.0.0.1#next_server: 192.168.127.10#'</span> /etc/cobbler/settings</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>修改 <code>/etc/xinetd.d/tftp</code> 文件中的 disable 参数修改为 <code>disable = no</code></p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cp /etc/xinetd.d/tftp&#123;,.bak&#125;</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/disable(\t| )*=/s#yes#no#g'</span> /etc/xinetd.d/tftp</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> tftp.socket --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status  tftp.socket</span><br><span class="line">chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local </span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'systemctl enable tftp.socket --now'</span> &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.d/rc.local</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> tftp.service --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status  tftp.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cp /etc/xinetd.d/tftp&#123;,.bak&#125;</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/disable(\t| )*=/s#yes#no#g'</span> /etc/xinetd.d/tftp</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> tftp.socket tftp.service --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status  tftp.socket tftp.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>根据提示执行 <code>cobbler get-lders</code> 命令，最后提示 <code>*** TASK COMPLETE ***</code> 表示成功</p>
 <p>将 rsyncd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> rsyncd.service --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl is-enabled  rsyncd.service</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status rsyncd.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>使用 yum 安装 debmirror</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install debmirror</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/^(@dists=|@arches).*/s/^/#/g'</span> /etc/debmirror.conf</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>生成自定义密码密码来取代默认的密码，为了更安全，建议使用复杂度较高的密码</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl passwd -1 -salt litingjie 123456</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$1</span><span class="variable">$litingji</span><span class="variable">$qUWL9htxlLybWLhSuyL8g</span>/</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'s#^(default_password_crypted:).*#\1 "$1$litingji$qUWL9htxlLybWLhSuyL8g/"#'</span> /etc/cobbler/settings</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl passwd -1 -salt AbCdE 123456</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$1</span><span class="variable">$AbCdE</span><span class="variable">$hu5kOjLA9s7z3NR</span>.4cqmU/</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'s#^(default_password_crypted:).*#\1 "$1$AbCdE$hu5kOjLA9s7z3NR.4cqmU/"#'</span> /etc/cobbler/settings</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>使用 yum 安装 cman fence-agents</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install cman fence-agents</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>配置使用用 cobbler 管理DHCP</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'s#^(manage_dhcp:).*#\1 1#g'</span> /etc/cobbler/settings</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>修改 Cobbler 的 dhcp 模版文件 <code>/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template</code>，此模板会覆盖 dhcp 本身的配置文件，所以在此之前 <strong>确保没有启动dhcp服务也没有修改dhcp的配置文件</strong></p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">subnet 192.168.127.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">     option routers             192.168.127.2;</span><br><span class="line">     option domain-name-servers 192.168.127.2;</span><br><span class="line">     option subnet-mask         255.255.255.0;</span><br><span class="line">     range dynamic-bootp        192.168.127.130 192.168.127.230;</span><br><span class="line">     default-lease-time         21600;</span><br><span class="line">     max-lease-time             43200;</span><br><span class="line">     next-server                <span class="variable">$next_server</span>;</span><br><span class="line">     class <span class="string">"pxeclients"</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">          match <span class="keyword">if</span> substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = <span class="string">"PXEClient"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:02 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"ia64/elilo.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:06 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"grub/grub-x86.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:07 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"grub/grub-x86_64.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> option pxe-system-type = 00:09 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"grub/grub-x86_64.efi"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                  filename <span class="string">"pxelinux.0"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">          &#125;</span><br><span class="line">     &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果 Cobbler 是多网卡环境还需要指定 dhcp 使用的网卡，修改 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service</code> 文件中 <code>ExecStart</code> 最后面加上网卡名称</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -user dhcpd -group dhcpd --no-pid &lt;your_interface_name(s)&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>为防止循环装系统，适用于服务器第一启动项是PXE启动</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/^pxe_just_once:.*/s#0#1#g'</span> /etc/cobbler/settings</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>重启 cobblerd 服务，再次检查</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl restart cobblerd.service</span><br><span class="line">[root@Cobbler ~]# cobbler check</span><br><span class="line">No configuration problems found.  All systems go.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload</span><br><span class="line">systemctl restart cobblerd.service</span><br><span class="line">cobbler check</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>同步 cobbler 的配置，可以看到同步做了哪些操作</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler sync</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>然后将 dhcpd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload</span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> dhcpd --now</span><br><span class="line">systemctl is-enabled dhcpd</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status dhcpd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>获取 Usage</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler</span><br><span class="line">cobbler --<span class="built_in">help</span></span><br><span class="line">cobbler distro --<span class="built_in">help</span></span><br><span class="line">cobbler profile --<span class="built_in">help</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>选项说明</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler check    核对当前设置是否有问题</span><br><span class="line">cobbler list     列出所有的cobbler元素cobbler </span><br><span class="line">report           列出元素的详细信息</span><br><span class="line">cobbler sync     同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下</span><br><span class="line">cobbler reposync 同步yum仓库</span><br><span class="line">cobbler distro   查看导入的发行版系统信息</span><br><span class="line">cobbler system   查看添加的系统信息cobbler </span><br><span class="line">profile          查看配置信息</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="安装CentOS6-9"><a href="#安装CentOS6-9" class="headerlink" title="安装CentOS6.9"></a>安装CentOS6.9</h1><p>Cobbler基本配置做好之后便可以创建多个 distro (发行版)来安装不同版本系统了</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler check    核对当前设置是否有问题</span><br><span class="line">cobbler list     列出所有的cobbler元素cobbler </span><br><span class="line">cobbler report           列出元素的详细信息</span><br><span class="line">cobbler sync     同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下</span><br><span class="line">cobbler reposync 同步yum仓库</span><br><span class="line">cobbler distro   查看导入的发行版系统信息</span><br><span class="line">cobbler system   查看添加的系统信息cobbler </span><br><span class="line">profile          查看配置信息</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="安装-CentOS-6-9"><a href="#安装-CentOS-6-9" class="headerlink" title="安装 CentOS 6.9"></a>安装 CentOS 6.9</h1><p>Cobbler基本配置做好之后便可以创建多个 distro (发行版)来安装不同版本系统了</p>
 <p>挂载 CentOS 6.9 镜像</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/</span><br><span class="line">ls /mnt/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>创建ks(ksckstart)文件</p>
@@ -511,50 +574,61 @@ <h1 id="安装CentOS6-9"><a href="#安装CentOS6-9" class="headerlink" title="
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler distro report  --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64</span><br><span class="line">cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果不想要这个 distro 了，则按照下面的方法删除</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler profile remove --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64</span><br><span class="line">cobbler distro remove --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>客户机引导时出现选择页面，<code>local</code> 和<code>CentOS-6.9-x86_64</code>，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 <code>/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</code>，修改 <code>TIMEOUT</code> 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 <code>ONTIMEOUT</code> 为对应的 Label <code>CentOS-6.9-x86_64</code> ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。重启服务 <code>systemctl restart cobblerd</code>，需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 <code>cobbler sync</code> 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。</p>
-<h1 id="安装CentOS7-4"><a href="#安装CentOS7-4" class="headerlink" title="安装CentOS7.4"></a>安装CentOS7.4</h1><p>挂载 CentOS 7.4 镜像</p>
+<p>客户机引导时出现选择页面，<code>local</code> 和 <code>CentOS-6.9-x86_64</code>，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 <code>/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</code>，修改 <code>TIMEOUT</code> 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 <code>ONTIMEOUT</code> 为对应的 Label <code>CentOS-6.9-x86_64</code> ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。重启服务 <code>systemctl restart cobblerd</code>，需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 <code>cobbler sync</code> 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。</p>
+<h1 id="安装-CentOS-7-7"><a href="#安装-CentOS-7-7" class="headerlink" title="安装 CentOS 7.7"></a>安装 CentOS 7.7</h1><p>挂载 CentOS 7.7 镜像</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">umount /dev/cdrom</span><br><span class="line">mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/</span><br><span class="line">ls /mnt/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>创建ks(ksckstart)文件</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cp /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.4.cfg</span><br><span class="line">vim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.4.cfg</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>创建 ks(ksckstart) 文件</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cp /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.7.cfg</span><br><span class="line">vim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.7.cfg</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>配置后的文件内容</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br><span class="line">107</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># This kickstart file should only be used with EL &gt; 5 and/or Fedora &gt; 7.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># For older versions please use the sample.ks kickstart file.</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System authorization information</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#auth  --useshadow  --enablemd5</span></span><br><span class="line">authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System bootloader configuration</span></span><br><span class="line">bootloader --location=mbr</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Partition clearing information</span></span><br><span class="line">clearpart --all --initlabel</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Use text mode install</span></span><br><span class="line">text</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Firewall configuration</span></span><br><span class="line">firewall --disabled</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Run the Setup Agent on first boot</span></span><br><span class="line">firstboot --<span class="built_in">disable</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System keyboard</span></span><br><span class="line">keyboard us</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System language</span></span><br><span class="line">lang en_US.UTF-8</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Use network installation</span></span><br><span class="line">url --url=<span class="variable">$tree</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$yum_repo_stanza</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Network information</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'network_config'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Reboot after installation</span></span><br><span class="line">reboot</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Installation logging level</span></span><br><span class="line">logging --level=info</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#Root password</span></span><br><span class="line">rootpw --iscrypted <span class="variable">$default_password_crypted</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System services</span></span><br><span class="line">services --disabled=<span class="string">"NetworkManager"</span></span><br><span class="line">services --disabled=<span class="string">"postfix"</span></span><br><span class="line">services --disabled=<span class="string">"firewalld"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># SELinux configuration</span></span><br><span class="line">selinux --disabled</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Do not configure the X Window System</span></span><br><span class="line">skipx</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System timezone</span></span><br><span class="line">timezone  Asia/Shanghai</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Install OS instead of upgrade</span></span><br><span class="line">install</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Clear the Master Boot Record</span></span><br><span class="line">zerombr</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Allow anaconda to partition the system as needed</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#autopart</span></span><br><span class="line">part /boot --fstype=<span class="string">"xfs"</span> --asprimary --size=200</span><br><span class="line">part swap --fstype=<span class="string">"swap"</span> --asprimary --size=2000</span><br><span class="line">part / --fstype=<span class="string">"xfs"</span> --asprimary --size=1 --grow</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%pre</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'log_ks_pre'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'kickstart_start'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'pre_install_network_config'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Enable installation monitoring</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'pre_anamon'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%packages</span><br><span class="line">@^minimal</span><br><span class="line">@compat-libraries</span><br><span class="line">@core</span><br><span class="line">@development</span><br><span class="line">bash-completion</span><br><span class="line">kexec-tools</span><br><span class="line">tree</span><br><span class="line">wget</span><br><span class="line">openssh-clients</span><br><span class="line">glibc</span><br><span class="line">gmp</span><br><span class="line">bzip2</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">bind</span>-utils</span><br><span class="line">net-tools</span><br><span class="line">mtr </span><br><span class="line">lrzsz</span><br><span class="line">nmap</span><br><span class="line">tcpdump</span><br><span class="line">dos2unix</span><br><span class="line">vim-enhanced</span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%post --nochroot</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'log_ks_post_nochroot'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%post</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'log_ks_post'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Start yum configuration</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$yum_config_stanza</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># End yum configuration</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'post_install_kernel_options'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'post_install_network_config'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'func_register_if_enabled'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'download_config_files'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'koan_environment'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'redhat_register'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'cobbler_register'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Enable post-install boot notification</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'post_anamon'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Start final steps</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'kickstart_done'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># End final steps</span></span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br><span class="line">107</span><br><span class="line">108</span><br><span class="line">109</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># This kickstart file should only be used with EL &gt; 5 and/or Fedora &gt; 7.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># For older versions please use the sample.ks kickstart file.</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System authorization information</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#auth  --useshadow  --enablemd5</span></span><br><span class="line">authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System bootloader configuration</span></span><br><span class="line">bootloader --location=mbr</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Partition clearing information</span></span><br><span class="line">clearpart --all --initlabel</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Use text mode install</span></span><br><span class="line">text</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Firewall configuration</span></span><br><span class="line">firewall --disabled</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Run the Setup Agent on first boot</span></span><br><span class="line">firstboot --<span class="built_in">disable</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System keyboard</span></span><br><span class="line">keyboard us</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System language</span></span><br><span class="line">lang en_US.UTF-8</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Use network installation</span></span><br><span class="line">url --url=<span class="variable">$tree</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$yum_repo_stanza</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Network information</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'network_config'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Reboot after installation</span></span><br><span class="line">reboot</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Installation logging level</span></span><br><span class="line">logging --level=info</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#Root password</span></span><br><span class="line">rootpw --iscrypted <span class="variable">$default_password_crypted</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System services</span></span><br><span class="line">services --disabled=<span class="string">"NetworkManager"</span></span><br><span class="line">services --disabled=<span class="string">"postfix"</span></span><br><span class="line">services --disabled=<span class="string">"firewalld"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># SELinux configuration</span></span><br><span class="line">selinux --disabled</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Do not configure the X Window System</span></span><br><span class="line">skipx</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># System timezone</span></span><br><span class="line">timezone  Asia/Shanghai</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Install OS instead of upgrade</span></span><br><span class="line">install</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Clear the Master Boot Record</span></span><br><span class="line">zerombr</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Allow anaconda to partition the system as needed</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#autopart</span></span><br><span class="line">part /boot --fstype=<span class="string">"xfs"</span> --asprimary --size=200</span><br><span class="line">part swap --fstype=<span class="string">"swap"</span> --asprimary --size=2000</span><br><span class="line">part / --fstype=<span class="string">"xfs"</span> --asprimary --size=1 --grow</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%pre</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'log_ks_pre'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'kickstart_start'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'pre_install_network_config'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Enable installation monitoring</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'pre_anamon'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%packages</span><br><span class="line">@^minimal</span><br><span class="line">@compat-libraries</span><br><span class="line">@core</span><br><span class="line">@development</span><br><span class="line">bash-completion</span><br><span class="line">kexec-tools</span><br><span class="line">tree</span><br><span class="line">wget</span><br><span class="line">openssh-clients</span><br><span class="line">glibc</span><br><span class="line">gmp</span><br><span class="line">bzip2</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">bind</span>-utils</span><br><span class="line">net-tools</span><br><span class="line">mtr </span><br><span class="line">lrzsz</span><br><span class="line">nmap</span><br><span class="line">tcpdump</span><br><span class="line">dos2unix</span><br><span class="line">vim-enhanced</span><br><span class="line">lsof</span><br><span class="line">bash-completion</span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%post --nochroot</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'log_ks_post_nochroot'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">%post</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'log_ks_post'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Start yum configuration</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$yum_config_stanza</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># End yum configuration</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'post_install_kernel_options'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'post_install_network_config'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'func_register_if_enabled'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'download_config_files'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'koan_environment'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'redhat_register'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'cobbler_register'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Enable post-install boot notification</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'post_anamon'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Start final steps</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">$SNIPPET</span>(<span class="string">'kickstart_done'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># End final steps</span></span><br><span class="line">%end</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>将镜像中的文件导入Cobbler，创建 distro</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler import --<span class="built_in">help</span></span><br><span class="line">cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=<span class="string">"CentOS-7.4-x86_64"</span> --arch=x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.4.cfg </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># --path 镜像路径</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># --name 为安装源定义一个名字</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS_7.4.1708_x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 导入完成后的文件存放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/下以name命名的目录下</span></span><br><span class="line">ls /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看元素，同步数据</span></span><br><span class="line">cobbler list</span><br><span class="line">cobbler sync</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 同步完成后会生成 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>修改安装系统的内核参数：在 CentOS7 系统有一个地方变了，就是网卡名变成 <code>eno*****</code> 这种形式，为了运维标准化，我们需要将它变成我们常用的 <code>eth0</code></p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64 --kopts=<span class="string">'net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'</span></span><br><span class="line">cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 可以看到Kickstart那里的配置cfg文件地址被改变了</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>信息查看</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler distro report  --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64</span><br><span class="line">cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>客户机引导时出现选择页面，<code>local</code> 和 <code>CentOS-6.9-x86_64</code> 和 <code>CentOS-7.4-x86_64</code>，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 <code>/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</code>，修改 <code>TIMEOUT</code> 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 <code>ONTIMEOUT</code> 为对应的 Label <code>CentOS-7.4-x86_64</code> ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。重启服务 <code>systemctl restart cobblerd</code>，需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 <code>cobbler sync</code> 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。</p>
-<p>开机画面显示的修改，需要编辑 <code>/etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template</code></p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler import --<span class="built_in">help</span></span><br><span class="line">cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=<span class="string">'CentOS-7.7'</span> --arch=x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.7.cfg</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># --path 镜像路径</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># --name 为安装源定义一个名字</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>安装源的唯一标示就是根据 name 参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-7.7-x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。导入完成后的文件存放在 <code>/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/</code> 下以 name 和 arch 命名的目录下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ls /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/</span></span><br><span class="line">CentOS-7.7-x86_64  config</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看元素，同步数据，同步完成后会生成 <code>/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</code></p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler list</span><br><span class="line">cobbler sync</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>修改安装系统的内核参数：在 CentOS7 系统有一个地方变了，就是网卡名变成 <code>eno*****</code> 这种形式，为了运维标准化，我们需要将它变成我们常用的 <code>eth0</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.7-x86_64 --kopts=<span class="string">'net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>信息查看，可以看到 Kickstart 那里的配置 cfg 文件地址被改变了：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.7-x86_64</span><br><span class="line">cobbler distro report  --name=CentOS-7.7-x86_64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>开机画面显示的修改，需要编辑 <code>/etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template</code>：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">MENU TITLE Cobbler | http://cobbler.github.io/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 改为自定义title，如下</span></span><br><span class="line">MENU TITLE Cobbler | Cobbler Install</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="使用web安装CentOS6-8"><a href="#使用web安装CentOS6-8" class="headerlink" title="使用web安装CentOS6.8"></a>使用web安装CentOS6.8</h1><p>在进行 web 端使用时，我们保持默认直接访问 web 页面即可，账号密码默认均为 cobbler，而且 CentOS7 中 cobbler 只支持 https 访问，浏览器访问 <code>https://192.168.127.10/cobbler_web/</code></p>
-<p>挂载CentOS6.8镜像</p>
+<p>然后执行 <code>cobbler sync</code> 重新生成 defatul 文件。客户机引导时出现选择页面，<code>local</code> 和 <code>CentOS-7.7-x86_64</code> ，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 <code>/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</code>，修改 <code>TIMEOUT</code> 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 <code>ONTIMEOUT</code> 为对应的 Label <code>CentOS-7.7-x86_64</code> ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。</p>
+<p>然后重启服务。需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 <code>cobbler sync</code> 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl restart cobblerd.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="使用-web-安装-CentOS-8"><a href="#使用-web-安装-CentOS-8" class="headerlink" title="使用 web 安装 CentOS 8"></a>使用 web 安装 CentOS 8</h1><p>在进行 web 端使用时，我们保持默认直接访问 web 页面即可，账号密码默认均为 cobbler，而且 CentOS7 中 cobbler 只支持 https 访问，浏览器访问 <code>https://192.168.127.10/cobbler_web/</code></p>
+<p>挂载 CentOS 8.0 镜像</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/</span><br><span class="line">ls /mnt/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>导入镜像</p>
-<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/01dedimport.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>导入过程使用rsync进行导入，三个进程消失表示导入完毕</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@Cobbler ~]# pgrep -af rsync</span><br><span class="line">504 /usr/bin/rsync --daemon --no-detach</span><br><span class="line">1177 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.8-x86_64 --progress</span><br><span class="line">1178 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.8-x86_64 --progress</span><br><span class="line">1179 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.8-x86_64 --progress</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>web 界面也可以看到相关的日志，running 代表正在运行，complete 代表已完成</p>
-<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/02events.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>创建ks文件</p>
-<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/03createks.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>编写文件，参照本站的 6.9 系统 ks 文件，编写好后点击 <code>Save</code> 即可保存</p>
-<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/04editks.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>为 Profile 选择对应的 ks 文件：依次点击 <code>Profiles</code> =&gt; <code>profile名字</code> =&gt; <code>Kickstart</code> 选择对应的 ks 文件</p>
-<p>其他选项：如果是要安装 CentOS7 及以上的系统，不想使用原有的网卡名称而是想统一成 <code>eth*</code> 格式，需要修改内核参数</p>
-<p>方式一：命令行修改</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.5-x86_64 --kopts=<span class="string">'net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>方式二：web页面修改</p>
-<p>依次点击 <code>Profiles</code> =&gt; <code>profile名字</code> =&gt; <code>Kernel Options</code> =&gt; 填写 <code>biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0</code> =&gt; <code>Save</code></p>
-<p>查看导入完成的文件并新开机器安装系统进行验证</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/01_importdvd.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>导入过程使用 rsync 进行导入，三个进程消失表示导入完毕</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@Cobbler ~]# pgrep -af rsync</span><br><span class="line">595 /usr/bin/rsync --daemon --no-detach</span><br><span class="line">1691 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --progress</span><br><span class="line">1692 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --progress</span><br><span class="line">1693 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --progress</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 web 界面也可以看到相关的日志，running 代表正在进行，complete 代表已完成</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/02_events.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>创建 ks 文件</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/03_create_ks.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>编写文件，参照 7.7 系统 ks 文件，编写好后点击 <code>Save</code> 即可保存。要注意 CentOS 8.x 开始已经用 NetworkMana个人 淘汰掉 network 服务了，因此请不要在 ks 文件中禁用 NetworkManager 服务。</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/04_1_edit_ks.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>最好不要在 ks 文件中选择要安装的包组、包等，否则可能在安装过程中会出现下面的问题：</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/04_2_boot_questions.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>为相应的 Profile 选择指定的 ks 文件：</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/05_edit_profiles.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>如果不想使用原有的网卡名称而是想统一成 <code>eth*</code> 格式，可以加入内核参数</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/06_choose_ks.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>除了在 web 界面添加，还可以使用命令行修改：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --kopts=<span class="string">'net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>完成之后，查看菜单文件可以看到新的菜单生成：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cat /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="web端的用户认证方式"><a href="#web端的用户认证方式" class="headerlink" title="web端的用户认证方式"></a>web端的用户认证方式</h1><p>cobbler_web 支持多种认证方式，如 authn_configfile、authn_ldap 或 authn_pam 等，查看 <code>/etc/cobbler/modules.conf</code> 中 <code>[authentication]</code> 段的 <code>module</code> 参数及其注释说明，可以知道值默认为<code>authn_denyall</code>，即拒绝所有用户登录。如果需要自定义认证功能，请根据下面两种能认证用户登录 cobbler_web 的方式。</p>
+<p>这个文件被同步更新后会导致一些选项恢复默认，此时请根据实际需要再次进行人为修改，比如 <code>TIMEOUT</code> 和 <code>ONTIMEOUT</code> 选项的值的更改。</p>
+<p>这一列操作完成后就可以新开机器测试了。</p>
+<p><img src="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/07_boot_test.png" alt=""></p>
+<h1 id="web端的用户认证方式"><a href="#web端的用户认证方式" class="headerlink" title="web端的用户认证方式"></a>web端的用户认证方式</h1><p>cobbler_web 支持多种认证方式，如 authn_configfile、authn_ldap 或 authn_pam 等，查看 <code>/etc/cobbler/modules.conf</code> 中 <code>[authentication]</code> 段的 <code>module</code> 参数及其注释说明，可以知道值默认为 <code>authn_denyall</code>，即拒绝所有用户登录。如果需要自定义认证功能，请根据下面两种能认证用户登录 cobbler_web 的方式。</p>
 <p><strong>使用authn_pam模块认证cobbler_web用户</strong></p>
 <p>首先修改 <code>/etc/cobbler/modules.conf</code> 中 <code>[authentication]</code> 段的 <code>module</code> 参数的值为 <code>authn_pam</code>，接着添加系统用户，用户名和密码按需设定即可</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">useradd cblradmin</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'cblrpass'</span> | passwd --stdin cblradmin</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>而后将 <code>cblradmin</code> 用户添加至 <code>cobbler_web</code> 的 admin 组中。修改 <code>/etc/cobbler/users.conf</code> 文件，将 <code>cblradmin</code> 用户名添加为 admin 参数的值即可</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[admins]</span><br><span class="line">admin = <span class="string">"cblradmin"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>最后重启cobblerd服务，通过 <code>http://YOUR_COBBLERD_IP/cobbler_web</code> 访问即可</p>
+<p>最后重启 cobblerd 服务，通过 <code>http://YOUR_COBBLERD_IP/cobbler_web</code> 访问即可</p>
 <p><strong>使用authn_configfile模块认证cobbler_web用户</strong></p>
 <p>首先修改 <code>/etc/cobbler/modules.conf</code> 中 <code>[authentication]</code> 段的 <code>module</code> 参数的值为 <code>authn_configfile</code></p>
 <p>接着创建其认证文件 <code>/etc/cobbler/users.digest</code>，并添加所需的用户即可。需要注意的是，添加第一个用户时，需要为 <code>htdigest</code> 命令使用 <code>-c</code> 选项，后续添加其他用户时不能再使用 <code>-c</code>；另外，cobbler_web 的 <code>realm</code> 只能为 <code>Cobbler</code>。如下所示。</p>
@@ -567,10 +641,13 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
 <p> 参考链接：<a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/23/html/Installation_Guide/pxe-tftpd.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/23/html/Installation_Guide/pxe-tftpd.html</a></p>
 <p><strong>No space left on device</strong></p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">umount: /run/initramfs/squashfs: not mounted</span><br><span class="line">/sbin/dmsquash-live-root: line 273: <span class="built_in">printf</span>: write error: No space left on device</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>出现这个错误的原因是内存不足2G，将内存调为2G或以上即可</p>
+<p>出现这个错误的原因是内存不足 2G，将内存调为2G或以上即可</p>
 
       
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+      
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-      <div id="alipay" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="alipay_qr" src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
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+        <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝">
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@@ -609,33 +693,18 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
     
 
     
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-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" title="Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/</a>
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-  </li>
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-    
 
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-        <div class="post-tags">
+        
           
-            <a href="/tags/Cobbler/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> Cobbler</a>
+        
+        <div class="post-tags">
           
             <a href="/tags/Kickstart/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> Kickstart</a>
           
+            <a href="/tags/Cobbler/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> Cobbler</a>
+          
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@@ -675,59 +744,16 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -817,122 +905,133 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -940,25 +1039,29 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#简介"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">简介</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#核心组件"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">核心组件</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#集成的服务"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">集成的服务</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本工作流程"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本工作流程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装和配置"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装和配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置检查"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置检查</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装CentOS6-9"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装CentOS6.9</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装CentOS7-4"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装CentOS7.4</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用web安装CentOS6-8"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用web安装CentOS6.8</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#web端的用户认证方式"><span class="nav-number">10.</span> <span class="nav-text">web端的用户认证方式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#常见错误"><span class="nav-number">11.</span> <span class="nav-text">常见错误</span></a></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#简介"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">简介</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#核心组件"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">核心组件</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#集成的服务"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">集成的服务</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本工作流程"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本工作流程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装和配置"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装和配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置检查"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置检查</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装-CentOS-6-9"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装 CentOS 6.9</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装-CentOS-7-7"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装 CentOS 7.7</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用-web-安装-CentOS-8"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用 web 安装 CentOS 8</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#web端的用户认证方式"><span class="nav-number">10.</span> <span class="nav-text">web端的用户认证方式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#常见错误"><span class="nav-number">11.</span> <span class="nav-text">常见错误</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -966,6 +1069,7 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -974,24 +1078,59 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -1007,14 +1146,21 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
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@@ -1028,10 +1174,8 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -1043,85 +1187,63 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
 
 
 
-  
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-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
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-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -1170,6 +1292,8 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
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@@ -1203,8 +1327,9 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1373,9 +1498,9 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1445,25 +1570,67 @@ <h1 id="常见错误"><a href="#常见错误" class="headerlink" title="常见
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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-<meta name="description" content="简介 HAProxy  提供高可用性、负载均衡以及基于 TCP 和 HTTP 应用的代理，支持 http 的虚拟主机，它是免费、快速并且可靠的一种解决方案。HAProxy 特别适用于那些负载特大的 web 站点，这些站点通常又需要会话保持或七层处理 HAProxy 运行在时下的硬件上，完全可以支持数以万计的并发连接。并">
+  <meta name="description" content="简介 HAProxy  提供高可用性、负载均衡以及基于 TCP 和 HTTP 应用的代理，支持 http 的虚拟主机，它是免费、快速并且可靠的一种解决方案。HAProxy 特别适用于那些负载特大的 web 站点，这些站点通常又需要会话保持或七层处理 HAProxy 运行在时下的硬件上，完全可以支持数以万计的并发连接。并且它的运行模式使得它可以很简单安全的整合进您当前的架构中， 同时可以保护你的 W">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
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- </div>
+  
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Haproxy及安装配置</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Haproxy及安装配置
+
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+
+          
+          
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-28 21:37:27" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-28T21:37:27+08:00">2019-05-28</time>
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+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
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+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\217\202\346\225\260\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html" "b/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\217\202\346\225\260\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html"
index d6671ba3..862d7f18 100644
--- "a/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\217\202\346\225\260\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html"
+++ "b/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy\351\205\215\347\275\256\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\217\202\346\225\260\350\257\264\346\230\216/index.html"
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Load Balance,Haproxy," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="Haproxy 的配置处理 3 类来主要参数来源：  最优先处理的命令行参数； global 配置段，用于设定全局配置参数； proxy相关配置段，如defaults、listen、frontend和backend；  时间格式一些包含了值的参数表示时间，如超时时长。这些值一般以毫秒为单位，但也可以使用其它的时间单位后">
+  <meta name="description" content="Haproxy 的配置处理 3 类来主要参数来源：  最优先处理的命令行参数； global 配置段，用于设定全局配置参数； proxy相关配置段，如defaults、listen、frontend和backend；  时间格式一些包含了值的参数表示时间，如超时时长。这些值一般以毫秒为单位，但也可以使用其它的时间单位后缀。  us: 微秒(microseconds)，即1/1000000秒； ms">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Load Balance,Haproxy">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-27T13:57:41.795Z">
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 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Haproxy配置文件参数说明">
@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>Haproxy配置文件参数说明 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Haproxy配置文件参数说明 | Just Do It</title>
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
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+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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-      
+    
+    
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
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@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Haproxy配置文件参数说明
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00">
-                2018-03-02
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-03-02 15:21:15" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00">2018-03-02</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-27 21:57:41" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-27T21:57:41+08:00">2019-05-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
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-                
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+          <br>
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@@ -785,6 +856,9 @@ <h3 id="hdr-end"><a href="#hdr-end" class="headerlink" title="hdr_end"></a>hdr_e
 
       
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+
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+
     
     
     
@@ -792,30 +866,37 @@ <h3 id="hdr-end"><a href="#hdr-end" class="headerlink" title="hdr_end"></a>hdr_e
     
 
     
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-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
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-
-    
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
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-    
-
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy\347\232\204\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html" "b/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy\347\232\204\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html"
index eb1287ba..dfe9e59e 100644
--- "a/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy\347\232\204\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy\347\232\204\345\272\224\347\224\250/index.html"
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-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
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-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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-  
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,51 +46,73 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Load Balance,Haproxy," />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
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+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="多次代理 如上图所示，在 192.168.1.0/24 这个网段的客户端想要访问在 172.20.0.0/20 网段内的服务器，所有的通信又不想暴露在互联网上，因此可以在这两个网段内分别都放一台 Haproxy 服务器，并将两台 Haproxy 直连，10.94.0.73 到 10.94.0.72 互通，然后做两次代理">
+  <meta name="description" content="多次代理 如上图所示，在 192.168.1.0/24 这个网段的客户端想要访问在 172.20.0.0/20 网段内的服务器，所有的通信又不想暴露在互联网上，因此可以在这两个网段内分别都放一台 Haproxy 服务器，并将两台 Haproxy 直连，10.94.0.73 到 10.94.0.72 互通，然后做两次代理即可。 Haproxy1 应该监听在 192.168.1.105 上以供 192">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Load Balance,Haproxy">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/Haproxy1.png">
 <meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/Haproxy2.png">
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-<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-05-28T13:44:00.044Z">
+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-06-13T09:38:16.191Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="Haproxy的应用">
 <meta name="twitter:description" content="多次代理 如上图所示，在 192.168.1.0/24 这个网段的客户端想要访问在 172.20.0.0/20 网段内的服务器，所有的通信又不想暴露在互联网上，因此可以在这两个网段内分别都放一台 Haproxy 服务器，并将两台 Haproxy 直连，10.94.0.73 到 10.94.0.72 互通，然后做两次代理即可。 Haproxy1 应该监听在 192.168.1.105 上以供 192">
@@ -100,51 +120,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
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-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
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-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
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+  <title>Haproxy的应用 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>Haproxy的应用 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -153,28 +186,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -182,59 +212,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -246,9 +297,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -262,12 +311,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -280,20 +344,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -302,70 +368,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Haproxy的应用</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Haproxy的应用
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00">
-                2018-03-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-03-03 11:21:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00">2018-03-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-13 17:38:16" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-13T17:38:16+08:00">2019-06-13</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,585
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-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
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-              
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@@ -436,6 +507,9 @@ <h1 id="记录日志"><a href="#记录日志" class="headerlink" title="记录
 
       
     </div>
+
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+
     
     
     
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+  <meta name="description" content="Linux下常用的系统监控软件有 Nagios、Cacti、Zabbix、Monit 等，这些开源的软件可以帮助我们更好的管理机器，在第一时间内发现问题，并及时发送告警，通知系统维护人员 Zabbix简介Alexei Vladishev创建了Zabbix项目，当前处于活跃开发状态，Zabbix SIA提供支持  Zabbix是一个企业级的、开源的、分布式的监控套件  Zabbix可以监控网络和服务">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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@@ -322,12 +371,27 @@
 
 
 
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+
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@@ -340,20 +404,22 @@
   
   
 
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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@@ -362,70 +428,75 @@
 
         
         
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+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Zabbix3.4入门教程
+
+              
+            
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+
+          
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+          
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               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00">
-                2018-05-16
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+              
+                
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+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-05-16 08:22:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00">2018-05-16</time>
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+          
+
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-04 18:38:03" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-04T18:38:03+08:00">2019-06-04</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
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+            <span class="post-meta-item">
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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diff --git "a/2019/03/01/083210-\347\274\226\347\250\213\350\257\255\350\250\200\347\256\200\344\273\213/index.html" "b/2019/03/01/083210-\347\274\226\347\250\213\350\257\255\350\250\200\347\256\200\344\273\213/index.html"
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+++ "b/2019/03/01/083210-\347\274\226\347\250\213\350\257\255\350\250\200\347\256\200\344\273\213/index.html"
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+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">编程语言简介</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">编程语言简介
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
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+          
+          
+          
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+          
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-01 08:32:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00">2019-03-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-09-27 12:15:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-09-27T12:15:53+08:00">2019-09-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
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+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-                
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-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
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@@ -381,104 +452,44 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">编程语言简介</h1>
       
         <h1 id="编程语言"><a href="#编程语言" class="headerlink" title="编程语言"></a>编程语言</h1><p><strong>编程语言</strong>（programming language），是用来定义计算机程序的形式语言。它是一种被标准化的交流技巧，用来向计算机发出指令。一种计算机语言让程序员能够准确地定义计算机所需要使用的数据，并精确地定义在不同情况下所应当采取的行动</p>
 <h1 id="编程语言的分类"><a href="#编程语言的分类" class="headerlink" title="编程语言的分类"></a>编程语言的分类</h1><p>编程语言主要从以下几个角度为进行分类</p>
-<h2 id="编译型和解释型"><a href="#编译型和解释型" class="headerlink" title="编译型和解释型"></a>编译型和解释型</h2><ul>
-<li><strong>编译型</strong>，其实它和汇编语言是一样的：也是有一个负责翻译的程序来对我们的源代码进行转换，生成相对应的可执行代码。这个过程说得专业一点，就称为编译（Compile），而负责编译的程序自然就称为编译器（Compiler）。如果我们写的程序代码都包含在一个源文件中，那么通常编译之后就会直接生成一个可执行文件，我们就可以直接运行了。但对于一个比较复杂的项目，为了方便管理，我们通常把代码分散在各个源文件中，作为不同的模块来组织。这时编译各个文件时就会生成目标文件（Object   file）而不是前面说的可执行文件。一般一个源文件的编译都会对应一个目标文件。这些目标文件里的内容基本上已经是可执行代码了，但由于只是整个项目的一部分，所以我们还不能直接运行。待所有的源文件的编译都大功告成，我们就可以最后把这些半成品的目标文件“打包”成一个可执行文件了，这个工作由另一个程序负责完成，由于此过程好像是把包含可执行代码的目标文件连接装配起来，所以又称为链接（Link），而负责链接的程序就叫链接程序（Linker）。链接程序除了链接目标文件外，可能还有各种资源，例如图标文件、声音文件等等，还要负责去除目标文件之间的冗余重复代码，等等。链接完成之后，一般就可以得到我们想要的可执行文件了。 </li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="编译型和解释型"><a href="#编译型和解释型" class="headerlink" title="编译型和解释型"></a>编译型和解释型</h2><p><strong>编译型</strong> 和汇编语言是一样的，也有一个负责翻译的程序来对我们的源代码进行转换，生成相对应的可执行代码。这个过程说得专业一点，就称为编译（Compile），而负责编译的程序自然就称为编译器（Compiler）。如果我们写的程序代码都包含在一个源文件中，那么通常编译之后就会直接生成一个可执行文件，我们就可以直接运行了。但对于一个比较复杂的项目，为了方便管理，我们通常把代码分散在各个源文件中，作为不同的模块来组织。这时编译各个文件时就会生成目标文件（Object file）而不是前面说的可执行文件。一般一个源文件的编译都会对应一个目标文件。这些目标文件里的内容基本上已经是可执行代码了，但由于只是整个项目的一部分，所以我们还不能直接运行。待所有的源文件的编译都大功告成，我们就可以最后把这些半成品的目标文件“打包”成一个可执行文件了，这个工作由另一个程序负责完成，由于此过程好像是把包含可执行代码的目标文件连接装配起来，所以又称为链接（Link），而负责链接的程序就叫链接程序（Linker）。链接程序除了链接目标文件外，可能还有各种资源，例如图标文件、声音文件等等，还要负责去除目标文件之间的冗余重复代码，等等。链接完成之后，一般就可以得到我们想要的可执行文件了。 </p>
+<p><strong>解释型</strong>，从字面上看，“编译” 和 “解释” 的确都有 “翻译” 的意思，它们的区别则在于翻译的时机安排不大一样。打个比方：假如你打算阅读一本外文书，而你不知道这门外语，那么你可以找一名翻译，给他足够的时间让他从头到尾把整本书翻译好，然后把书的母语版交给你阅读；或者你也立刻让这名翻译辅助你阅读，让他一句一句给你翻译，如果你想往回看某个章节，他也得重新给你翻译。 </p>
+<p>这两种方式，前者就相当于我们刚才所说的编译型：一次把所有的代码转换成机器语言，然后写成可执行文件；而后者就相当于我们要说的解释型：在程序运行的前一刻，还只有源程序而没有可执行程序；而程序每执行到源程序的某一条指令，则会有一个称之为解释器的外壳程序将源代码转换成二进制代码以供执行，总言之，就是不断地解释、执行、解释、执行……所以，解释型程序是离不开解释器的。像早期的BASIC就是一门经典的解释型语言，要执行 BASIC 程序，就得进入 BASIC 环境，然后才能加载程序源文件、运行。解释型程序中，由于程序总是以源代码的形式出现，因此只要有相应的解释器，移植几乎不成问题。编译型程序虽然源代码也可以移植，但前提是必须针对不同的系统分别进行编译，对于复杂的工程来说，的确是一件不小的时间消耗，况且很可能一些细节的地方还是要修改源代码。而且，解释型程序省却了编译的步骤，修改调试也非常方便，编辑完毕之后即可立即运行，不必像编译型程序一样每次进行小小改动都要耐心等待漫长的 Compiling…Linking…这样的编译链接过程。不过凡事有利有弊，由于解释型程序是将编译的过程放到执行过程中，这就决定了解释型程序注定要比编译型慢上一大截，像几百倍的速度差距也是不足为奇的。 </p>
+<p>编译型与解释型，两者各有利弊。前者由于程序执行速度快，同等条件下对系统要求较低，因此像开发操作系统、大型应用程序、数据库系统等时都采用它，像 C/C++、Pascal/Object   Pascal（Delphi）、VB 等基本都可视为编译语言，而一些网页脚本、服务器脚本及辅助开发接口这样的对速度要求不高、对不同系统平台间的兼容性有一定要求的程序则通常使用解释性语言，如 JavaScript、VBScript、Perl、Python 等等。 </p>
+<p>既然编译型与解释型各有优缺点又相互对立，所以一批新兴的语言都有把两者折衷起来的趋势，例如</p>
 <ul>
-<li><strong>解释型</strong>，从字面上看，“编译”和“解释”的确都有“翻译”的意思，它们的区别则在于翻译的时机安排不大一样。打个比方：假如你打算阅读一本外文书，而你不知道这门外语，那么你可以找一名翻译，给他足够的时间让他从头到尾把整本书翻译好，然后把书的母语版交给你阅读；或者你也立刻让这名翻译辅助你阅读，让他一句一句给你翻译，如果你想往回看某个章节，他也得重新给你翻译。 </li>
-</ul>
-<p>两种方式，前者就相当于我们刚才所说的编译型：一次把所有的代码转换成机器语言，然后写成可执行文件；而后者就相当于我们要说的解释型：在程序运行的前一刻，还只有源程序而没有可执行程序；而程序每执行到源程序的某一条指令，则会有一个称之为解释程序的外壳程序将源代码转换成二进制代码以供执行，总言之，就是不断地解释、执行、解释、执行……所以，解释型程序是离不开解释程序的。像早期的BASIC就是一门经典的解释型语言，要执行BASIC程序，就得进入BASIC环境，然后才能加载程序源文件、运行。解释型程序中，由于程序总是以源代码的形式出现，因此只要有相应的解释器，移植几乎不成问题。编译型程序虽然源代码也可以移植，但前提是必须针对不同的系统分别进行编译，对于复杂的工程来说，的确是一件不小的时间消耗，况且很可能一些细节的地方还是要修改源代码。而且，解释型程序省却了编译的步骤，修改调试也非常方便，编辑完毕之后即可立即运行，不必像编译型程序一样每次进行小小改动都要耐心等待漫长的Compiling…Linking…这样的编译链接过程。不过凡事有利有弊，由于解释型程序是将编译的过程放到执行过程中，这就决定了解释型程序注定要比编译型慢上一大截，像几百倍的速度差距也是不足为奇的。 </p>
-<p>编译型与解释型，两者各有利弊。前者由于程序执行速度快，同等条件下对系统要求较低，因此像开发操作系统、大型应用程序、数据库系统等时都采用它，像C/C++、Pascal/Object   Pascal（Delphi）、VB等基本都可视为编译语言，而一些网页脚本、服务器脚本及辅助开发接口这样的对速度要求不高、对不同系统平台间的兼容性有一定要求的程序则通常使用解释性语言，如Java、JavaScript、VBScript、Perl、Python等等。 </p>
-<p>但既然编译型与解释型各有优缺点又相互对立，所以一批新兴的语言都有把两者折衷起来的趋势，例如</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Java语言虽然比较接近解释型语言的特征，但在执行之前已经预先进行一次预编译，生成的代码是介于机器码和Java源代码之间的中介代码，运行的时候则由JVM（Java的虚拟机平台，可视为解释器）解释执行。它既保留了源代码的高抽象、可移植的特点，又已经完成了对源代码的大部分预编译工作，所以执行起来比“纯解释型”程序要快许多。</li>
-<li>而像VB6（或者以前版本）、C#这样的语言，虽然表面上看生成的是.exe可执行程序文件，但VB6编译之后实际生成的也是一种中介码，只不过编译器在前面安插了一段自动调用某个外部解释器的代码（该解释程序独立于用户编写的程序，存放于系统的某个DLL文件中，所有以VB6编译生成的可执行程序都要用到它），以解释执行实际的程序体。</li>
-<li>C#（以及其它.net的语言编译器）则是生成.net目标代码，实际执行时则由.net解释系统（就像JVM一样，也是一个虚拟机平台）进行执行。当然.net目标代码已经相当“低级”，比较接近机器语言了，所以仍将其视为编译语言，而且其可移植程度也没有Java号称的这么强大，Java号称是“一次编译，到处执行”，而.net则是“一次编码，到处编译”。当然这些都是题外话了。总之随着设计技术与硬件的不断发展，编译型与解释型两种方式的界限正在不断变得模糊。</li>
-</ul>
-<table>
-<thead>
-<tr>
-<th>编译型</th>
-<th>解释型</th>
-<th>混合型</th>
-<th></th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>C</td>
-<td>JavaScript</td>
-<td>Java</td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>C++</td>
-<td>Python</td>
-<td>C#</td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>GO</td>
-<td>Ruby</td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>Swift</td>
-<td>PHP</td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>Object-C</td>
-<td>Perl</td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>Pascal</td>
-<td>Erlang</td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<h3 id="编译器和解释器的区别"><a href="#编译器和解释器的区别" class="headerlink" title="编译器和解释器的区别"></a>编译器和解释器的区别</h3><ul>
-<li><strong>编译器</strong>是把源程序的每一条语句都编译成机器语言，并保存成二进制文件，这样运行时计算机可以直接以机器语言来运行此程序，速度很快</li>
+<li>Java 语言虽然比较接近解释型语言的特征，但在执行之前已经预先进行一次预编译，生成的代码是介于机器码和 Java 源代码之间的中介代码，运行的时候则由 JVM（ Java 的虚拟机平台，可视为解释器）解释执行。它既保留了源代码的高抽象、可移植的特点，又已经完成了对源代码的大部分预编译工作，所以执行起来比“纯解释型”程序要快许多。</li>
+<li>而像 VB6（或者以前版本）、C# 这样的语言，虽然表面上看生成的是 .exe 可执行程序文件，但 VB6 编译之后实际生成的也是一种中介码，只不过编译器在前面安插了一段自动调用某个外部解释器的代码（该解释程序独立于用户编写的程序，存放于系统的某个 DLL 文件中，所有以 VB6 编译生成的可执行程序都要用到它），以解释执行实际的程序体。</li>
+<li>C#（以及其它.net的语言编译器）则是生成 .net 目标代码，实际执行时则由 .net 解释系统（就像 JVM 一样，也是一个虚拟机平台）进行执行。当然 .net 目标代码已经相当“低级”，比较接近机器语言了，所以仍将其视为编译语言，而且其可移植程度也没有 Java 号称的这么强大， Java 号称是“一次编译，到处执行”，而 .net 则是“一次编码，到处编译”。随着设计技术与硬件的不断发展，编译型与解释型两种方式的界限正在不断变得模糊。</li>
 </ul>
-<ul>
-<li><strong>解释器</strong>则是只在执行程序时，才一条一条的解释成机器语言给计算机来执行，所以运行速度是不如编译后的程序运行的快的，这是因为计算机不能直接认识并执行我们写的语句，它只能认识机器语言(二进制的形式)</li>
-</ul>
-<h3 id="编译型和解释型的优缺点"><a href="#编译型和解释型的优缺点" class="headerlink" title="编译型和解释型的优缺点"></a>编译型和解释型的优缺点</h3><ul>
-<li><p><strong>编译型</strong></p>
+<h3 id="编译器和解释器的区别"><a href="#编译器和解释器的区别" class="headerlink" title="编译器和解释器的区别"></a>编译器和解释器的区别</h3><p><strong>编译器</strong> 是把源程序的每一条语句都编译成机器语言，并保存成二进制文件，这样运行时计算机可以直接以机器语言来运行此程序，速度很快。</p>
+<p><strong>解释器</strong> 只在执行程序时，才一条一条的解释成机器语言给计算机来执行，所以运行速度不如编译后的程序运行快，这是因为计算机不能直接认识并执行我们写的语句，它只能认识机器语言(二进制的形式)。</p>
+<h3 id="编译型和解释型的优缺点"><a href="#编译型和解释型的优缺点" class="headerlink" title="编译型和解释型的优缺点"></a>编译型和解释型的优缺点</h3><p><strong>编译型</strong></p>
 <ul>
 <li><p>优点：编译器一般会有预编译的过程对代码进行优化。因为编译只做一次，运行时不需要编译，所以编译型语言的程序执行效率高。可以脱离语言环境独立运行。</p>
 </li>
 <li><p>缺点：编译之后如果需要修改就需要整个模块重新编译。编译的时候根据对应的运行环境生成机器码，不同的操作系统之间移植就会有问题，需要根据运行的操作系统环境编译不同的可执行文件。</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-</li>
-<li><p><strong>解释型</strong></p>
+<p><strong>解释型</strong></p>
 <ul>
 <li><p>优点：有良好的平台兼容性，在任何环境中都可以运行，前提是安装了解释器（虚拟机）。灵活，修改代码的时候直接修改就可以，可以快速部署，不用停机维护。</p>
 </li>
 <li><p>缺点：每次运行的时候都要解释一遍，性能上不如编译型语言。</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
 <h2 id="静态语言和动态语言"><a href="#静态语言和动态语言" class="headerlink" title="静态语言和动态语言"></a>静态语言和动态语言</h2><p>通常我们所说的动态语言、静态语言是指动态类型语言和静态类型语言</p>
-<ul>
-<li><strong>动态类型语言</strong>：动态类型语言是指在运行期间才去做数据类型检查的语言，也就是说，在用动态类型的语言编程时，永远也不用给任何变量指定数据类型，该语言会在你第一次赋值给变量时，在内部将数据类型记录下来。Python和Ruby就是一种典型的动态类型语言，其他的各种脚本语言如VBScript也多少属于动态类型语言。</li>
-<li><strong>静态类型语言</strong>：静态类型语言与动态类型语言刚好相反，它的数据类型是在编译其间检查的，也就是说在写程序时要声明所有变量的数据类型，C/C++是静态类型语言的典型代表，其他的静态类型语言还有C#、JAVA等。</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言"><a href="#强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言" class="headerlink" title="强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言"></a>强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言</h2><ul>
-<li><strong>强类型定义语言</strong>：强制数据类型定义的语言。也就是说一旦一个变量被指定了某个数据类型，如果不经过强制转换，那么它就永远是这个数据类型了。举个例子：如果你定义了一个整型变量a，那么程序根本不可能将a当作字符串类型处理。强类型定义语言是类型安全的语言。</li>
-<li><strong>弱类型定义语言</strong>：数据类型可以被忽略的语言。它与强类型定义语言相反，一个变量可以赋不同数据类型的值。</li>
-</ul>
-<p>强类型定义语言在速度上可能略逊色于弱类型定义语言，但是强类型定义语言带来的严谨性能够有效的避免许多错误。另外，“这门语言是不是动态语言”与“这门语言是否类型安全”之间是完全没有联系的！例如：Python是动态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）; VBScript是动态语言，是弱类型定义语言（类型不安全的语言）; JAVA是静态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）。</p>
+<p><strong>动态类型语言</strong> 是指在运行期间才去做数据类型检查的语言，也就是说，在用动态类型的语言编程时，永远也不用给任何变量指定数据类型，该语言会在你第一次赋值给变量时，在内部将数据类型记录下来。Python 和 Ruby 就是一种典型的动态类型语言，其他的各种脚本语言如 VBScript 也多少属于动态类型语言。</p>
+<p><strong>静态类型语言</strong> 与动态类型语言刚好相反，它的数据类型是在编译其间检查的，也就是说在写程序时要声明所有变量的数据类型，C/C++ 是静态类型语言的典型代表，其他的静态类型语言还有 C#、JAVA 等。</p>
+<h2 id="强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言"><a href="#强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言" class="headerlink" title="强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言"></a>强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言</h2><p><strong>强类型定义语言</strong>：强制数据类型定义的语言。也就是说一旦一个变量被指定了某个数据类型，如果不经过强制转换，那么它就永远是这个数据类型了。举个例子：如果你定义了一个整型变量 a，那么程序根本不可能将 a 当作字符串类型处理。强类型定义语言是类型安全的语言。</p>
+<p><strong>弱类型定义语言</strong>：数据类型可以被忽略的语言。它与强类型定义语言相反，一个变量可以赋不同数据类型的值。</p>
+<p>强类型定义语言在速度上可能略逊色于弱类型定义语言，但是强类型定义语言带来的严谨性能够有效的避免许多错误。另外，“这门语言是不是动态语言” 与 “这门语言是否类型安全” 之间是完全没有联系的！例如：Python 是动态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）; VBScript 是动态语言，是弱类型定义语言（类型不安全的语言）; JAVA 是静态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）。</p>
 
       
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@@ -300,70 +366,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python初识</h1>
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@@ -381,13 +452,13 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python初识</h1>
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="Python介绍"><a href="#Python介绍" class="headerlink" title="Python介绍"></a>Python介绍</h1><p>Python的创始人为吉多·范罗苏姆（Guido van Rossum）。1989年荷兰的圣诞节期间，吉多·范罗苏姆为了在阿姆斯特丹打发时间，决心开发一个新的脚本解释程序，作为ABC语言的一种继承。  </p>
+        <p>Python 的创始人为吉多·范罗苏姆（Guido van Rossum），在 1989 年荷兰的圣诞节期间，吉多·范罗苏姆为了在阿姆斯特丹打发时间，决心开发一个新的脚本解释程序，作为 ABC 语言的一种继承。  </p>
 <p>最新的 <a href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TIOBE排行榜</a>，Python 赶超 PHP 占据第三， Python 崇尚优美、清晰、简单，是一个优秀并广泛使用的语言。</p>
-<h1 id="Python的应用"><a href="#Python的应用" class="headerlink" title="Python的应用"></a>Python的应用</h1><p>Python可以应用于众多领域，如：数据分析、组件集成、网络服务、图像处理、数值计算和科学计算等众多领域。目前业内几乎所有大中型互联网企业都在使用Python，如：Youtube、Dropbox、BT、Quora（中国知乎）、豆瓣、知乎、Google、Yahoo!、Facebook、NASA、百度、腾讯、汽车之家、美团等。</p>
+<h1 id="Python的应用"><a href="#Python的应用" class="headerlink" title="Python的应用"></a>Python的应用</h1><p>Python 可以应用于众多领域，如：数据分析、组件集成、网络服务、图像处理、数值计算和科学计算等众多领域。</p>
 <p><strong>Python目前主要应用领域</strong></p>
 <ul>
-<li><strong>云计算</strong>: 云计算最火的语言， 典型应用OpenStack</li>
-<li><strong>WEB开发</strong>: 众多优秀的WEB框架，众多大型网站均为Python开发，Youtube，Dropbox，豆瓣， 典型WEB框架有Django</li>
+<li><strong>云计算</strong>: 云计算最火的语言， 典型应用 OpenStack</li>
+<li><strong>WEB开发</strong>: 众多优秀的WEB框架，众多大型网站均为 Python 开发，Youtube，Dropbox，豆瓣， 典型WEB框架有 Django</li>
 <li><strong>科学运算、人工智能</strong>: 典型库 NumPy，SciPy，Matplotlib，Enthought librarys，pandas</li>
 <li><strong>系统运维</strong>: 运维人员必备语言</li>
 <li><strong>金融</strong>：量化交易，金融分析，在金融工程领域，Python 不但在用，且用的最多，而且重要性逐年提高。原因：作为动态语言的 Python，语言结构清晰简单，库丰富，成熟稳定，科学计算和统计分析都很出色，生产效率远远高于c，c++，java，尤其擅长策略回测</li>
@@ -396,61 +467,60 @@ <h1 id="Python的应用"><a href="#Python的应用" class="headerlink" title="Py
 <p><strong>Python在公司的应用</strong></p>
 <ul>
 <li>谷歌：Google App Engine 、code.google.com 、Google earth 、谷歌爬虫、Google广告等项目都在大量使用Python开发</li>
-<li>CIA: 美国中情局网站就是用Python开发的</li>
+<li>CIA: 美国中情局网站就是用 Python 开发的</li>
 <li>NASA: 美国航天局(NASA)大量使用Python进行数据分析和运算</li>
 <li>YouTube:世界上最大的视频网站YouTube就是用Python开发的</li>
 <li>Dropbox:美国最大的在线云存储网站，全部用Python实现，每天网站处理10亿个文件的上传和下载</li>
 <li>Instagram:美国最大的图片分享社交网站，每天超过3千万张照片被分享，全部用python开发</li>
 <li>Facebook:大量的基础库均通过Python实现的</li>
-<li>Redhat: 世界上最流行的Linux发行版本中的yum包管理工具就是用python开发的</li>
-<li>豆瓣: 公司几乎所有的业务均是通过Python开发的</li>
-<li>知乎: 国内最大的问答社区，通过Python开发(国外Quora)</li>
-<li>春雨医生：国内知名的在线医疗网站是用Python开发的</li>
-<li>除上面之外，还有搜狐、金山、腾讯、盛大、网易、百度、阿里、淘宝 、土豆、新浪、果壳等公司都在使用Python完成各种各样的任务。 </li>
+<li>Redhat: 世界上最流行的 Linux 发行版本中的 yum 包管理工具就是用 Python 开发的</li>
 </ul>
-<h1 id="Python是什么样的语言？"><a href="#Python是什么样的语言？" class="headerlink" title="Python是什么样的语言？"></a>Python是什么样的语言？</h1><p>经过上节的阅读，了解编程语言及分类之后我们便知道，Python是一门动态解释性的强类型定义语言。</p>
+<h1 id="Python是什么样的语言？"><a href="#Python是什么样的语言？" class="headerlink" title="Python是什么样的语言？"></a>Python是什么样的语言？</h1><p>经过上节的阅读，了解编程语言及分类之后我们便知道，Python 是一门动态解释性的强类型定义语言。</p>
 <h1 id="Python的优缺点"><a href="#Python的优缺点" class="headerlink" title="Python的优缺点"></a>Python的优缺点</h1><ul>
 <li>优点<ul>
-<li><strong>简单易学、功能强大</strong> python的定位时“优雅”、“明确”、“简单”，但是功能却很强大；</li>
-<li><strong>丰富的库、开发效率高</strong> python有非常强大的第三方库，基本上你想通过计算机实现的任何功能，python官方库里都有相应的模块进行支持；在基础库的基础上进行开发，大大降低开发周期，提高了开发效率；</li>
-<li><strong>高级语言、抽象程度高</strong> 用Python编写程序的时候无需考虑过多底层细节，如如何管理程序使用的内存等；</li>
-<li><strong>面向过程、面向对象</strong> Python及支持面向过程编程，也支持面向对象编程；在面向过程的语言中，程序是由过程或仅仅是可重用代码的函数构建起来的；而在面向对象的语言中，程序数据（属性）和功能（函数/方法）组合而成的对象构建起来的；</li>
-<li><strong>可移植性</strong> 由于它开源的本质、Python已经被移植在许多平台上（经过改动使它能够工作在不同平台上）；如果你小心的避免使用依赖于特定系统的特性，那么你的python程序无需修改就可以在几乎所有的系统平台上运行；</li>
-<li><strong>可扩展性</strong> 如果需要一段关键代码运行得更快或者希望某些算法不公开，可以将这部分程序用C/C++编写，然后再Python中调用。</li>
+<li><strong>简单易学、功能强大</strong> Python 的定位时“优雅”、“明确”、“简单”，但是功能却很强大；</li>
+<li><strong>丰富的库、开发效率高</strong> Python 有非常强大的第三方库，基本上你想通过计算机实现的任何功能，Python 官方库里都有相应的模块进行支持；在基础库的基础上进行开发，大大降低开发周期，提高了开发效率；</li>
+<li><strong>高级语言、抽象程度高</strong> 用 Python 编写程序的时候无需考虑过多底层细节，如如何管理程序使用的内存等；</li>
+<li><strong>面向过程、面向对象</strong> Python 及支持面向过程编程，也支持面向对象编程；在面向过程的语言中，程序是由过程或仅仅是可重用代码的函数构建起来的；而在面向对象的语言中，程序数据（属性）和功能（函数/方法）组合而成的对象构建起来的；</li>
+<li><strong>可移植性</strong> 由于它开源的本质、Python 已经被移植在许多平台上（经过改动使它能够工作在不同平台上）；如果你小心的避免使用依赖于特定系统的特性，那么你的 Python 程序无需修改就可以在几乎所有的系统平台上运行；</li>
+<li><strong>可扩展性</strong> 如果需要一段关键代码运行得更快或者希望某些算法不公开，可以将这部分程序用 C/C++ 编写，然后在 Python 中调用。</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <ul>
 <li><p>缺点：</p>
 <ul>
-<li><strong>线程不能利用多CPU</strong> 这是Python被人诟病最多的一个缺点。Python的线程是操作系统的原生线程，在Linux上为pthread，在Windows上为Win thread，完全由操作系统调度线程执行。一个Python解释器进程内有一条主线程，以及多条用户程序的执行子线程。由于GIL（Global Interpreter Lock，全局解释器锁，它是计算机程序设计语言解释器用于同步线程的工具，使得任何时刻仅有一个线程在执行）的存在，使得即使在多核CPU平台上，还是会禁止多线程的并行执行。</li>
-<li><strong>代码不能加密</strong> 由于Python是一个解释型语言，其源代码都是以明文存在的。</li>
-<li><strong>执行速度慢</strong> 这里是指与C和C++相比，Python确实要慢很多，这是由语言特性确定的；另外Python比Java也会慢一点，JVM比PVM的实现更底层一些，因此JVM在将字节码翻译为机器码的速度也就更快一些。</li>
-<li><strong>多行语句与命令行输出问题</strong> 由于Python规定用缩进来表示代码结构，而不支持分号分割，因此在大多数情况下不能将多条程序语句写成一行；如果在shell下要使用多条python语句来完成一个功能时，必须将程序写入.py文件中。</li>
+<li><strong>线程不能利用多CPU</strong> 这是 Python 被人诟病最多的一个缺点。Python 的线程是操作系统的原生线程，在Linux上为 pthread ，在 Windows 上为 Win thread ，完全由操作系统调度线程执行。一个 Python 解释器进程内有一条主线程，以及多条用户程序的执行子线程。由于 GIL（Global Interpreter Lock，全局解释器锁，它是计算机程序设计语言解释器用于同步线程的工具，使得任何时刻仅有一个线程在执行）的存在，使得即使在多核 CPU 平台上，还是会禁止多线程的并行执行。</li>
+<li><strong>代码不能加密</strong> 由于 Python 是一个解释型语言，其源代码都是以明文存在的。</li>
+<li><strong>执行速度慢</strong> 与 C 和 C++ 相比，Python 确实要慢很多，这是由语言特性确定的；另外 Python 比 Java 也会慢一点，JVM 比 PVM 的实现更底层一些，因此 JVM 在将字节码翻译为机器码的速度也就更快一些。</li>
+<li><strong>多行语句与命令行输出问题</strong> 由于 Python 规定用缩进来表示代码结构，而不支持分号分割，因此在大多数情况下不能将多条程序语句写成一行；如果在 shell 下要使用多条 Python 语句来完成一个功能时，必须将程序写入 <code>.py</code> 文件中。</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>任何一门语言都不是完美的，都有擅长和不擅长做的事情，所以不建议拿一个语言的劣势去跟另一个语言的优势来去比较，语言只是一个工具，是实现程序设计师思想的工具，就像我们之前中学学几何时，有的时候需要要圆规，有的时候需要用三角尺一样，拿相应的工具去做它最擅长的事才是正确的选择。</p>
-<h1 id="Python的运行过程"><a href="#Python的运行过程" class="headerlink" title="Python的运行过程"></a>Python的运行过程</h1><p>Python 和 Java/C# 一样，也是一门基于虚拟机的语言，我们先从表面上简单地了解一下 Python 程序的运行过程。</p>
+<h1 id="Python程序的运行过程"><a href="#Python程序的运行过程" class="headerlink" title="Python程序的运行过程"></a>Python程序的运行过程</h1><p>Python 和 Java/C# 一样，也是一门基于虚拟机的语言，我们先从表面上简单地了解一下 Python 程序的运行过程。</p>
 <p>当我们在命令行中输入 <code>python hello.py</code> 时，其实是激活了 Python 的 “解释器”，告诉 “解释器”：你要开始工作了。可是在“解释”之前，其实执行的第一项工作和 Java 一样，是编译。</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/pyc.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>所以我们应该这样来描述Python，Python是一门先编译后解释的语言。</p>
-<h2 id="PyCodeObject和pyc文件"><a href="#PyCodeObject和pyc文件" class="headerlink" title="PyCodeObject和pyc文件"></a>PyCodeObject和pyc文件</h2><p>当 python 程序运行时，编译的结果则是保存在位于内存中的 PyCodeObject （Python编译器真正编译成的结果）中，当 Python 程序运行结束时，Python 解释器则将 PyCodeObject 写回到pyc文件中。</p>
+<p>所以我们应该这样来描述 Python 语言：Python 是一门先编译后解释的语言。</p>
+<h2 id="PyCodeObject和pyc文件"><a href="#PyCodeObject和pyc文件" class="headerlink" title="PyCodeObject和pyc文件"></a>PyCodeObject和pyc文件</h2><p>当 Python 程序运行时，编译的结果则是保存在位于内存中的 PyCodeObject （Python编译器真正编译成的结果）中，当 Python 程序运行结束时，Python 解释器则将 PyCodeObject 写回到 pyc 文件中。</p>
 <p>当 python 程序第二次运行时，首先程序会在硬盘中寻找 pyc 文件，如果找到则直接载入，否则就重复上图的过程。</p>
 <p>所以我们应该这样来定位 PyCodeObject 和 pyc 文件，我们说 pyc 文件其实是 PyCodeObject 的一种持久化保存方式。</p>
 <h1 id="Python解释器的分类"><a href="#Python解释器的分类" class="headerlink" title="Python解释器的分类"></a>Python解释器的分类</h1><p>当我们编写 Python 代码时，我们得到的是一个包含Python代码的以 <code>.py</code> 为扩展名的文本文件。要运行代码，就需要 Python 解释器去执行 <code>.py</code> 文件。</p>
 <p>由于整个 Python 语言从规范到解释器都是开源的，所以理论上，只要水平够高，任何人都可以编写 Python 解释器来执行 Python 代码（当然难度很大）。事实上，确实存在多种 Python 解释器。</p>
 <h2 id="CPython"><a href="#CPython" class="headerlink" title="CPython"></a>CPython</h2><p>当我们从 <a href="https://www.python.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Python官方网站</a> 下载并安装好 Python 3.7 后，就直接获得了一个官方版本的解释器：CPython。这个解释器是用C语言开发的，所以叫 CPython。在命令行下运行 <code>python</code> 就是启动 CPython 解释器。CPython 是使用最广的 Python 解释器</p>
 <h2 id="IPython"><a href="#IPython" class="headerlink" title="IPython"></a>IPython</h2><p>IPython 是基于 CPython 之上的一个交互式解释器，也就是说 IPython 只是在交互方式上有所增强，但是执行 Python 代码的功能和 CPython 是完全一样的。好比很多国产浏览器虽然外观不同，但内核其实都是调用了IE。</p>
-<p>CPython用 <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> 作为提示符，而IPython用 <code>In [``序号``]:</code> 作为提示符。</p>
-<h2 id="PyPy"><a href="#PyPy" class="headerlink" title="PyPy"></a>PyPy</h2><p>PyPy 是另一个 Python 解释器，它的目标是执行速度。PyPy 采用 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JIT技术</a> ，对 Python 代码进行动态编译（注意不是解释），所以可以显著提高Python代码的执行速度。</p>
-<p>绝大部分 Python 代码都可以在 PyPy下 运行，但是 PyPy 和 CPython 有一些是不同的，这就导致相同的 Python 代码在两种解释器下执行可能会有不同的结果。如果你的代码要放到 PyPy 下执行，就需要了解 <a href="http://pypy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/cpython_differences.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PyPy和CPython的不同点</a>。</p>
+<p>CPython用 <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> 作为提示符，而 IPython用 <code>In [</code> <code>序号</code> <code>]:</code> 作为提示符。</p>
+<h2 id="PyPy"><a href="#PyPy" class="headerlink" title="PyPy"></a>PyPy</h2><p>PyPy 是另一个 Python 解释器，它的目标是执行速度。PyPy 采用 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JIT技术</a> ，对 Python 代码进行动态编译（注意不是解释），所以可以显著提高 Python 代码的执行速度。</p>
+<p>绝大部分 Python 代码都可以在 PyPy下 运行，但是 PyPy 和 CPython 有一些是不同的，这就导致相同的 Python 代码在两种解释器下执行可能会有不同的结果。如果你的代码要放到 PyPy 下执行，就需要了解 <a href="http://pypy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/cpython_differences.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PyPy 和 CPython 的不同点</a>。</p>
 <h2 id="Jython"><a href="#Jython" class="headerlink" title="Jython"></a>Jython</h2><p>Jython 是运行在 Java 平台上的 Python 解释器，可以直接把 Python 代码编译成 Java 字节码执行。</p>
-<h2 id="IronPython"><a href="#IronPython" class="headerlink" title="IronPython"></a>IronPython</h2><p>IronPython和 Jython 类似，只不过 IronPython 是运行在微软 .Net 平台上的 Python 解释器，可以直接把 Python 代码编译成 .Net 的字节码。</p>
+<h2 id="IronPython"><a href="#IronPython" class="headerlink" title="IronPython"></a>IronPython</h2><p>IronPython 和 Jython 类似，只不过 IronPython 是运行在微软 .Net 平台上的 Python 解释器，可以直接把 Python 代码编译成 .Net 的字节码。</p>
 <h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p>Python 的解释器很多，但使用最广泛的还是 CPython。如果要和 Java 或 .Net 平台交互，最好的办法不是用 Jython 或 IronPython ，而是通过网络调用来交互，确保各程序之间的独立性。</p>
 
       
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@@ -818,25 +910,29 @@ <h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python介绍"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python介绍</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python的应用"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python的应用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python是什么样的语言？"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python是什么样的语言？</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python的优缺点"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python的优缺点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python的运行过程"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python的运行过程</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#PyCodeObject和pyc文件"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">PyCodeObject和pyc文件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python解释器的分类"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python解释器的分类</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#CPython"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">CPython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#IPython"><span class="nav-number">6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">IPython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#PyPy"><span class="nav-number">6.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">PyPy</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Jython"><span class="nav-number">6.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Jython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#IronPython"><span class="nav-number">6.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">IronPython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">6.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python的应用"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python的应用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python是什么样的语言？"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python是什么样的语言？</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python的优缺点"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python的优缺点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python程序的运行过程"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python程序的运行过程</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#PyCodeObject和pyc文件"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">PyCodeObject和pyc文件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python解释器的分类"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python解释器的分类</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#CPython"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">CPython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#IPython"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">IPython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#PyPy"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">PyPy</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Jython"><span class="nav-number">5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Jython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#IronPython"><span class="nav-number">5.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">IronPython</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">5.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -844,6 +940,7 @@ <h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
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   </aside>
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@@ -852,24 +949,59 @@ <h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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       <div class="back-to-top">
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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+        <p>目前在 Redhat 系列系统上，默认装的是 python2，在 RHEL8 及以上系统可以使用 yum 命令直接进行 rpm 包的安装。为了能够在 CentOS 上进行 Python 解释器多版本共存，就需要编译安装了。这里我结合了自身的经验，总结了一下 Python3 的编译安装。</p>
+<p>首先要解决依赖关系。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install zlib zlib-devel  bzip2 bzip2-devel  ncurses ncurses-devel  readline readline-devel  openssl openssl-devel  openssl-static xz lzma xz-devel sqlite sqlite-devel  gdbm gdbm-devel  tk tk-devel libffi-devel</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>下载源码包解压并安装。为了方便以后能将编译好的解释器程序移植到其他机器，我的编译安装目录选择在 <code>opt</code> 下。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> /opt/</span><br><span class="line">wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.3/Python-3.7.3.tgz</span><br><span class="line">tar xf Python-3.7.3.tgz  -C /tmp/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> /tmp/Python-3.7.3/</span><br><span class="line">./configure --prefix=/opt/Python-3.7.3/</span><br><span class="line">make &amp;&amp; make install</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用绝对路径执行 <code>python3</code> 有可能会提示无法加载动态库，这是因为上面指定了安装目录，编译后的库也在安装目录下而不是系统的库目录。手动创建一个动态库加载路径的配置文件即可。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# echo /opt/Python-3.7.3/lib/ &gt; /etc/ld.so.conf.d/python-3.7.3.conf</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# ldconfig </span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# /opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3 -V                           </span><br><span class="line">Python 3.7.3</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>每次执行 <code>python3</code> 都用绝对路径会非常不人性化，因此做个软连接。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# ln -sv /opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3</span><br><span class="line">‘/usr/bin/python3’ -&gt; ‘/opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3’</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# python3 -V</span><br><span class="line">Python 3.7.3</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果要查看 <code>man</code> 文档，需要使用 <code>man</code> 命令及其 <code>-M</code> 选项指定 <code>manpath</code>。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# man -M /opt/Python-3.7.3/share/man/ python3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果你不想这样做，也可以通过修改 <code>/etc/man_db.conf</code> 或者拷贝安装目录中的 <code>man</code>  文件到系统的 <code>man</code> 目录下。</p>
+<p>在 <code>m1</code> 机器上编译安装一次之后，在其他机器（例如 <code>m2</code> 机器）就不需要再次编译安装了，在 <code>m1</code> 上把编译好的文件压缩打包，直接拷贝到 <code>m2</code> 上然后做几步配置即可。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m1 ~]# cd /opt/</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 opt]# tar -jcf Python-3.7.3-MakeInstall.tar.bz2 Python-3.7.3</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 opt]# scp Python-3.7.3-MakeInstall.tar.bz2 192.168.127.132:/opt/</span><br><span class="line">[root@m1 opt]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 <code>m2</code> 机器上的安装</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@m2 ~]# cd /opt/</span><br><span class="line">[root@m2 opt]# tar xf Python-3.7.3-MakeInstall.tar.bz2 </span><br><span class="line">[root@m2 opt]# echo /opt/Python-3.7.3/lib/ &gt; /etc/ld.so.conf.d/python-3.7.3.conf</span><br><span class="line">[root@m2 opt]# ldconfig</span><br><span class="line">[root@m2 opt]# ln -sv /opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3</span><br><span class="line">‘/usr/bin/python3’ -&gt; ‘/opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3’</span><br><span class="line">[root@m2 opt]# python3 -V</span><br><span class="line">Python 3.7.3</span><br><span class="line">[root@m2 opt]#</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果在后期出现了更新的版本，我们可以在 <code>m1</code> 上按照上述方法再次进行新版本的编译安装，这样就可以达到多版本共存的效果了。</p>
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
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+                    
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+                      
+                    
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+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
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+        </div>
+      </div>
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+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
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+    // monitor main search box;
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+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
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+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
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+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
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+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
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+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
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+    // search function;
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+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
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+                // show search results
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+                if (isMatch) {
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+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
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+                      // move to next position of hit
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+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
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+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
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+                        } else {
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+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
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+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
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+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
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+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
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+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
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+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
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+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  }
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+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
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+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
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+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
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+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
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+            } else {
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+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
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+
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+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
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+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
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+
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diff --git "a/2019/03/02/200410-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\347\254\246\347\274\226\347\240\201/01_fire1.png" "b/2019/03/02/200410-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\347\254\246\347\274\226\347\240\201/01_fire1.png"
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@@ -301,70 +376,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字符编码</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字符编码
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@@ -382,46 +462,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字符编码</h1>
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="二进制与数字"><a href="#二进制与数字" class="headerlink" title="二进制与数字"></a>二进制与数字</h1><p>通过烽火戏诸侯的历史典故，我们能知道在古代的曾经使用的通信方式是使用烽火台，如果出现战事有敌人来了则会点燃烽火用烟来传递信息。光信号的传递速度很快，所以古代的这种信息传递方式是非常高效的。 假设长城足够长的话，通过烽火依次传递消息，能很快的传递信息给盟友。点火代就表敌人来了，不点火则代表没有敌人。</p>
-<p>但是这种信息传递方式有一个缺点，那就是无法精确的传递敌人的规模。假设敌人有十万大军，我们该怎样向盟军传递信息呢？显然，我们用一根烟代表一个敌人没有办法在短时间内表示十万。于是我们可以使用这种方法：点燃第一根则代表敌人规模是1-100，点燃第二根则代表敌人规模是101-1000，以此类推</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1-100	  101-1000 		1001-5000</span><br><span class="line">第一根		第二根   		第三根</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果我们需要精确的传递敌人的个数，这种方法就不可行了</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>烟只有两种状态，那么如何才能表示精确的数字呢？一根烟可以表示两个状态，两根烟便可以表示四个状态。那么我们就可以约定，第一根烟代表1，第二根代表2，第三根代表4…..</p>
-<ul>
-<li>来了一个敌人</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从左往右表示</span></span><br><span class="line">0 1   <span class="comment"># 代表的敌人：0+1=1</span></span><br><span class="line">-----------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">0 1   <span class="comment"># 第一根亮，第二根灭</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>来了两个敌人</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从左往右表示</span></span><br><span class="line">2 0   <span class="comment"># 代表的敌人：2+0=2</span></span><br><span class="line">-----------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">1 0   <span class="comment"># 第一根灭，第二根亮</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>来了三个敌人</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从左往右表示</span></span><br><span class="line">2 1   <span class="comment"># 代表的敌人：2+1=3</span></span><br><span class="line">-----------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">1 1   <span class="comment"># 第一根亮，第二根亮</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>来了四个敌人</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从左往右表示</span></span><br><span class="line">4 0 0   <span class="comment"># 代表的敌人：4+0=4</span></span><br><span class="line">-----------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">1 0 0   <span class="comment"># 第三根亮，第二根第一根都灭</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>来了五个敌人</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从左往右表示</span></span><br><span class="line">4 0 1   <span class="comment"># 代表的敌人：4+1=5</span></span><br><span class="line">-----------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">1 0 1   <span class="comment"># 第三根亮，第二根灭，第一根亮</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>借位<ul>
-<li>利用前三位我们可以表示的数字有1、2、3、4、5、6、7，最多能表示7</li>
-<li>如果想要表示8，我们可以借一位，用这个位加上前面的三个位最大表示8</li>
-<li>每一个位最大能表示的数都是前面的位所能表示的最大数的和加1，并且依次是2的0次幂、1次幂、…..</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 从左往右表示</span></span><br><span class="line">16  8   4   2   1   </span><br><span class="line">1   1   1   1   1</span><br><span class="line">-----------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">16 = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 +1</span><br><span class="line">8 = 4 + 2 + 1 +1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>利用这种表示方法，我们就可以根据使用0和1的不同序列来表示不同的数字。</p>
-<p>计算机必须在通电情况下工作，它在物理层面上只能表示两种状态：低电压和高电压，或者我们可以简单的理解为电路的通电和不通电。通电用1表示，不同电则用0表示。</p>
-<p>在拆开的硬盘盘片上我们看不到所谓的 0 和 1 ，但是如果使用足够大的放大镜能看到磁盘的表面有着无数的凹凸不平的元件，凹下去的代表0，凸出的代表1，这就是计算机用来表现二进制的方式。计算机中的所有数据，不论是文字、图片、视频、还是音频文件，本质上最终都是按照类似 <code>01010101</code> 的二进制存储的。</p>
-<h1 id="ASCII码"><a href="#ASCII码" class="headerlink" title="ASCII码"></a>ASCII码</h1><p>通过二进制的1和0的不同序列边可以表示我们平常说的十进制数字了，但是每个国家都有各自的语言，相比在计算机上去读很难读懂的不同序列的0101二进制，我们更愿意在计算机上使用人类自己的语言。</p>
-<p>计算机诞生在美国，为了让计算机表示不同的英文字母、数字和特殊符号，美国人便在计算机上使用了字符编码。字符编码是如何让二进制来表示字母的呢？字符编码规定了哪些数字表示哪些字母，只要计算机用二进制能表示出这些数字，便可以通过编码来表示字母了。最早的编码便是ASCII码对照表，全称是American Standard Code for Information Interchange , 美国信息交换标准代码。</p>
-<p>ASCII 码使用指定的 7 位或 8 位二进制数组合来表示128 或 256 种可能的字符，但是最早的时候只用了 7 位二进制，已经完全能够来表示所有的大写和小写字母，数字0 到9、标点符号， 以及在美式英语中使用的特殊控制字符。</p>
-<p>后来为了将拉丁文也编码进了ASCII表，将最高位也占用了，这就是扩展ASCII码。</p>
+        <h1 id="二进制与数字"><a href="#二进制与数字" class="headerlink" title="二进制与数字"></a>二进制与数字</h1><p>在古代，曾经使用的通信方式是使用烽火台，一旦出现战事，有敌人发起攻击，则会点燃烽火用烟来传递信息。因为光信号的传递速度很快，所以古代的这种信息传递方式是非常高效的。假设长城足够长的话，通过烽火依次传递消息，能很快的传递信息给盟友。点火代就表敌人来了，不点火则代表没有敌人。但是这种信息传递方式有一个缺点，那就是无法精确传递敌人的规模。</p>
+<p>假设敌人有十万大军，这时候应该怎样向盟军传递信息呢？如果点燃一根火把来代表一个敌人，则没有办法在短时间内表示十万；于是可以点燃一根火把来代表敌人规模是 1~100，再点燃第二根则代表敌人规模是 101~1000，点燃第三根则代表敌人规模是 1001~5000 。以此类推：</p>
+<p>如果需要精确传递敌人的个数，这种方法就不可行了。火把只有亮和灭两种状态，那么如何才能表示精确的数字呢？</p>
+<p>既然一根火把可以表示两个状态，那么两根火把便可以表示四个状态。三根火把便可以表示八个状态。因此我们就可以约定，第一根火把亮了代表 1（2 的 0 次幂），第二根火把亮了代表2（2 的 1 次幂），第三根火把亮了代表 4（2 的 2 次幂），不亮的位置代表的就是 0 。那么对于位置 n 的火把，他亮了就代表 <code>2^(n-1)</code> 。因此，可以通过以下的方式来表示精确数值：</p>
+<p>从右向左，第一根火把亮代表 <code>2^(1-1)=1</code>，第二根火把灭代表 <code>0</code>，那么代表的敌人数量就是 <code>2^(1-1)  + 0  = 1</code> ：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire1.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>从右向左，第一根火把灭代表 <code>0</code> ，第二根火把亮代表 <code>2^(2-1)=2</code>，那么代表的敌人数量就是 <code>0 + 2^(2-1) = 2</code> ：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire2.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>从右向左，第一根火把亮代表 <code>2^(1-1)=1</code>，第二根火把亮代表 <code>2^(2-1)=2</code>，那么代表的敌人数量就是 <code>2^(1-1) + 2^(2-1) = 3</code> ：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire3.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>从右向左，第一、二根火把灭都代表 <code>0</code> ，第三根火把亮代表 <code>2^(3-1)=4</code>，那么代表的敌人数量就是 <code>0 + 0 + 2^(3-1) =  4</code> ：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire4.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>从右向左，第一根火把亮代表 <code>2^(1-1)=1</code>，第二根火把灭代表 <code>0</code>，第三根火把亮代表 <code>2^(3-1)=4</code>，那么代表的敌人数量就是 <code>2^(1-1) + 0 + 2^(3-1) = 5</code> ：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire5.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>按照这样的方式来表示，我们发现利用前三位可以表示的数字有 0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7，最多能表示 7 。如果想要表示 8，我们可以再借一个位置，即第四个位，用这个位加上前面的三个位来表示 8 ： <code>0 + 0 + 0 + 2^(4-1)  = 8</code> ：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire6.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>利用这种表示方法，我们就可以使用 <code>0</code> 代表火把灭，使用 <code>1</code> 代表火把亮，从而就会有不同序列，来表示不同的数字：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire7.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>上图中用  <code>0</code> 和 <code>1</code> 表示出来的序列就是 <code>1010110</code>，那么他所表示的数字就是 <code>0 + 2^1 + 2^2 + 0 + 2^4 + 0 + 2^6</code> 即 <code>0 + 2 + 4 + 0+ 16 + 0 + 64 = 86</code>。</p>
+<p>计算机必须在通电情况下工作，它在物理层面上只能表示两种状态：低电压和高电压，或者可以简单地理解为电路的通电和不通电。通电用 1 表示，不通电则用 0 表示。在拆开的硬盘盘片上我们看不到所谓的 0 和 1 ，但是如果使用足够大的放大镜，则能看到磁盘的表面有着无数的凹凸不平的元件，凹下去的代表 0 ，凸出的代表 1，这就是计算机用来表现二进制的方式。计算机中的所有数据，不论是文字、图片、视频、还是音频文件，本质上最终都是按照类似 <code>01010101</code> 的二进制存储的。</p>
+<h1 id="ASCII码"><a href="#ASCII码" class="headerlink" title="ASCII码"></a>ASCII码</h1><p>通过二进制的 1 和 0 的不同序列边就可以表示平常所说的十进制数字了，但是每个国家都有各自的语言，相比在计算机上去读很难读懂的不同序列的 0101 二进制，我们更愿意在计算机上使用人类自己的语言。</p>
+<p>计算机诞生在美国，为了让计算机表示不同的英文字母、数字和特殊符号，美国人便在计算机上使用了字符编码。字符编码是如何让二进制来表示字母的呢？字符编码专门规定了哪些数字表示哪些字母，只要计算机用二进制能表示出这些数字，便可以通过编码来表示字母了。</p>
+<p>比如计算机中是用二进制 <code>01000001</code> 表示的十进制数字是 65，那么人就规定数字 65 代表大写字母 <code>A</code>：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/01_fire8.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>以此类推，所有的人为规定就形成了一张对照表，最早的编码便是 ASCII 码对照表，全称是 American Standard Code for Information Interchange , 美国信息交换标准代码。ASCII 码使用指定的 7 位或 8 位二进制数组合来表示128 或 256 种可能的字符，但是最早的时候只用了 7 位二进制，已经完全能够来表示所有的大写和小写字母，数字 0 到 9、标点符号， 以及在美式英语中使用的特殊控制字符。后来为了将拉丁文也编码进了 ASCII 表，将最高位也占用了，这就是扩展 ASCII 码。</p>
 <table>
 <thead>
 <tr>
@@ -558,7 +623,7 @@ <h1 id="ASCII码"><a href="#ASCII码" class="headerlink" title="ASCII码"></a>AS
 <td>BS</td>
 <td>00101000</td>
 <td>40</td>
-<td>(</td>
+<td><code>(</code></td>
 <td>01001000</td>
 <td>72</td>
 <td>H</td>
@@ -572,7 +637,7 @@ <h1 id="ASCII码"><a href="#ASCII码" class="headerlink" title="ASCII码"></a>AS
 <td>HT</td>
 <td>00101001</td>
 <td>41</td>
-<td>)</td>
+<td><code>)</code></td>
 <td>01001001</td>
 <td>73</td>
 <td>I</td>
@@ -586,7 +651,7 @@ <h1 id="ASCII码"><a href="#ASCII码" class="headerlink" title="ASCII码"></a>AS
 <td>LF</td>
 <td>00101010</td>
 <td>42</td>
-<td>*</td>
+<td><code>*</code></td>
 <td>01001010</td>
 <td>74</td>
 <td>J</td>
@@ -600,7 +665,7 @@ <h1 id="ASCII码"><a href="#ASCII码" class="headerlink" title="ASCII码"></a>AS
 <td>VT</td>
 <td>00101011</td>
 <td>43</td>
-<td>+</td>
+<td><code>+</code></td>
 <td>01001011</td>
 <td>75</td>
 <td>K</td>
@@ -890,15 +955,14 @@ <h1 id="ASCII码"><a href="#ASCII码" class="headerlink" title="ASCII码"></a>AS
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<h1 id="字符编码的发展史"><a href="#字符编码的发展史" class="headerlink" title="字符编码的发展史"></a>字符编码的发展史</h1><p>计算机开始普遍在其他国家开始使用，但是ASCII只能表示英文，无法表示中文、日文、韩文等。一个字节是8个比特，这意味着1个比特并没有被使用，也就是从128到255的编码并没有被制定ASCII标准的人所规定。其它国家的人趁这个机会开始使用128到255范围内的编码来表达自己语言中的字符。例如，144在阿拉伯人的ASCII码中是گ，而在俄罗斯的ASCII码中是ђ。ASCII码的问题在于尽管所有人都在0-127号字符的使用上达成了一致，但对于128-255号字符却有很多很多不同的解释。你必须告诉计算机使用哪种风格的ASCII码才能正确显示128-255号的字符。</p>
-<h2 id="关于中文"><a href="#关于中文" class="headerlink" title="关于中文"></a>关于中文</h2><p>为了处理汉字，程序员设计了用于简体中文的GB2312和用于繁体中文的big5</p>
-<p>GB2312(1980年)一共收录了7445个字符，包括6763个汉字和682个其它符号。</p>
-<p>GB2312 支持的汉字太少。1995年的汉字扩展规范GBK1.0收录了21886个符号，它分为汉字区和图形符号区。汉字区包括21003个字符。2000年的 GB18030 是取代GBK1.0的正式国家标准。该标准收录了27484个汉字，同时还收录了藏文、蒙文、维吾尔文等主要的少数民族文字。现在的PC平台必须支持 GB18030，对嵌入式产品暂不作要求。所以手机、MP3一般只支持GB2312。</p>
-<p>从ASCII、GB2312、GBK 到 GB18030，这些编码方法是向下兼容的，即同一个字符在这些方案中总是有相同的编码，后面的标准支持更多的字符。在这些编码中，英文和中文可以统一地处理。区分中文编码的方法是高字节的最高位不为0。按照程序员的称呼，GB2312、GBK到GB18030都属于双字节字符集 (DBCS)。</p>
-<p>有的中文Windows的缺省内码还是GBK，可以通过GB18030升级包升级到GB18030。不过GB18030相对GBK增加的字符，普通人是很难用到的，通常我们还是用GBK指代中文Windows内码。</p>
-<h2 id="unicode"><a href="#unicode" class="headerlink" title="unicode"></a>unicode</h2><p>全世界有上百种语言，日本把日文编到Shift_JIS里，韩国把韩文编到Euc-kr里，各国有各国的标准，就会不可避免地出现冲突，结果就是，在多语言混合的文本中，显示出来会有乱码。比如如果中国的软件出口到美国，在美国人的电脑上就会显示乱码，因为他们没有gbk编码。</p>
-<p>因此，Unicode（统一码、万国码、单一码）应运而生。Unicode把所有语言都统一到一套编码里，这样就不会再有乱码问题了。规定所有的字符和符号统一最少由 16 位(2Bytes)代表一个字符，2**16-1=65535，可代表6万多个字符，因而兼容万国语言。</p>
-<h2 id="utf-8"><a href="#utf-8" class="headerlink" title="utf-8"></a>utf-8</h2><p>但对于通篇都是英文的文本来说，本来用一个字节就可以表示的内容，用unicode这种编码方式无疑是多了一倍的存储空间。本着节约的精神，于是产生了UTF-8，对英文字符只用1Bytes表示，对中文字符用3Bytes。如果你要传输的文本包含大量英文字符，用UTF-8编码就能节省空间：</p>
+<h1 id="字符编码的发展史"><a href="#字符编码的发展史" class="headerlink" title="字符编码的发展史"></a>字符编码的发展史</h1><p>计算机开始普遍在其他国家开始使用，但是 ASCII 只能表示英文，无法表示中文、日文、韩文等。一个字节是 8 个比特，这意味着 1 个比特并没有被使用，也就是从 128 到 255 的编码并没有被制定 ASCII 标准的人所规定。其它国家的人趁这个机会开始使用 128 到 255 范围内的编码来表达自己语言中的字符。例如，144 在阿拉伯人的 ASCII 码中是 <code>گ</code>，而在俄罗斯的 ASCII 码中是 <code>ђ</code>。ASCII 码的问题在于尽管所有人都在 0-127 号字符的使用上达成了一致，但对于 128-255 号字符却有很多很多不同的解释。你必须告诉计算机使用哪种风格的 ASCII 码才能正确显示 128-255 号的字符。</p>
+<h2 id="中文编码"><a href="#中文编码" class="headerlink" title="中文编码"></a>中文编码</h2><p>为了处理汉字，程序员设计了用于简体中文的 GB2312 和用于繁体中文的 big5 。GB2312(1980年)一共收录了7445个字符，包括6763个汉字和682个其它符号。</p>
+<p>GB2312 支持的汉字太少。1995年的汉字扩展规范 GBK1.0 收录了 21886 个符号，它分为汉字区和图形符号区。汉字区包括 21003 个字符。2000年的 GB18030 是取代 GBK1.0 的正式国家标准。该标准收录了 27484 个汉字，同时还收录了藏文、蒙文、维吾尔文等主要的少数民族文字。现在的 PC 平台必须支持 GB18030，对嵌入式产品暂不作要求。所以手机、MP3 一般只支持 GB2312。</p>
+<p>从 ASCII、GB2312、GBK 到 GB18030，这些编码方法是向下兼容的，即同一个字符在这些方案中总是有相同的编码，后面的标准支持更多的字符。在这些编码中，英文和中文可以统一地处理。区分中文编码的方法是高字节的最高位不为0。按照程序员的称呼，GB2312、GBK 到 GB18030 都属于双字节字符集 (DBCS)。</p>
+<p>有的中文 Windows 的缺省内码还是 GBK，可以通过 GB18030 升级包升级到 GB18030。不过 GB18030 相对 GBK 增加的字符，普通人是很难用到的，通常我们还是用 GBK 作为中文 Windows 系统的缺省编码。</p>
+<h2 id="Unicode"><a href="#Unicode" class="headerlink" title="Unicode"></a>Unicode</h2><p>全世界有上百种语言，日本把日文编到 Shift_JIS 里，韩国把韩文编到 Euc-kr 里，各国有各国的标准，就会不可避免地出现冲突，结果就是，在多语言混合的文本中，显示出来会有乱码。比如如果中国的软件出口到美国，在美国人的电脑上就会显示乱码，因为他们没有 GBK 编码。</p>
+<p>因此，Unicode（统一码、万国码、单一码）应运而生。Unicode 把所有语言都统一到一套编码里，这样就不会再有乱码问题了。规定所有的字符和符号统一最少由 16 位(2Bytes)代表一个字符，2**16-1=65535，可代表6万多个字符，因而兼容万国语言。</p>
+<h2 id="UTF-8"><a href="#UTF-8" class="headerlink" title="UTF-8"></a>UTF-8</h2><p>但对于通篇都是英文的文本来说，本来用一个字节就可以表示的内容，用 Unicode 这种编码方式无疑是多了一倍的存储空间。本着节约的精神，于是产生了 UTF-8，对英文字符只用 1Bytes 表示，对中文字符用 3Bytes 。如果要传输的文本包含大量英文字符，用 UTF-8 编码就能节省空间：</p>
 <table>
 <thead>
 <tr>
@@ -910,110 +974,96 @@ <h2 id="utf-8"><a href="#utf-8" class="headerlink" title="utf-8"></a>utf-8</h2><
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
-<td>A</td>
+<td>‘A’</td>
 <td>01000001</td>
 <td>00000000 01000001</td>
 <td>01000001</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>中</td>
+<td>‘中’</td>
 <td>无法表示</td>
 <td>01001110 00101101</td>
 <td>11100100 10111000 10101101</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><blockquote>
-<p>为了处理英文字符，产生了ASCII码<br>为了处理中文字符，产生了GB2312<br>为了处理各国字符，产生了Unicode<br>为了提高Unicode存储和传输性能，产生了UTF-8，它是Unicode的一种实现形式</p>
-</blockquote>
-<ul>
-<li><p>unicode</p>
-<ul>
-<li>所有字符都是2Bytes，兼容所有语言字符，优点是字符-&gt;数字的转换速度快，缺点是占用空间大</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><p>utf-8</p>
-<ul>
-<li>精准，对不同的字符用不同的长度表示，优点是节省空间，缺点是：字符-&gt;数字的转换速度慢，因为每次都需要计算出字符需要多长的Bytes才能够准确表示</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><p>内存中使用的编码是unicode</p>
-<ul>
-<li>用空间换时间（程序都需要加载到内存才能运行，因而内存应该是尽可能的保证快）</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>硬盘中或者网络传输用 utf-8<ul>
-<li>网络I/O延迟或磁盘I/O延迟要远大与utf-8的转换延迟，而且I/O应该是尽可能地节省带宽，保证数据传输的稳定性。</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="总结："><a href="#总结：" class="headerlink" title="总结："></a>总结：</h2><p>为了处理英文字符，产生了 ASCII 码。为了处理中文字符，产生了 GB2312。</p>
+<p>为了处理各国字符，产生了 Unicode 。在 Unicode 中所有字符都是 2Bytes，兼容所有语言字符，优点是字符 =&gt; 数字的转换速度快，缺点是占用空间大。</p>
+<p>为了提高 Unicode 存储和传输性能，产生了 UTF-8，它是 Unicode 的一种实现形式，对于不同的字符用不同的长度表示，优点是节省空间，缺点是：字符 =&gt; 数字的转换速度慢，因为每次都需要计算出字符需要多长的 Bytes 才能够准确表示。</p>
+<p><strong>内存中使用的编码是 Unicode</strong>：用空间换时间（程序都需要加载到内存才能运行，因而内存应该是尽可能的保证快）。</p>
+<p><strong>硬盘中或者网络传输用 UTF-8</strong>：网络 I/O 的延迟或磁盘 I/O 的延迟要远大与 UTF-8 的转换延迟，而且 I/O 应该是尽可能地节省带宽，保证数据传输的稳定性。</p>
 <h1 id="编码的使用"><a href="#编码的使用" class="headerlink" title="编码的使用"></a>编码的使用</h1><p>计算机中所有程序的运行都是在内存中进行的。内存 ( Memory ) 也被称为内存储器，其作用是用于暂时存放CPU中的运算数据，以及与硬盘等外部存储器交换的数据。只要计算机在运行中，CPU就会把需要运算的数据调到内存中进行运算，当运算完成后CPU再将结果传送出来。</p>
 <p>当我们在计算机上打开一个文本编辑器的时候，计算机实际上就是在内存中启动了一个相应的进程，所以我们所有编辑的内容也都在内存中存放，只有当我们点击保存的时候才会将数据写入硬盘，没有保存之前一旦断电，内存中未保存的数据就会丢失。</p>
-<p>在计算机内存中，统一使用Unicode编码，当需要保存到硬盘或者需要传输的时候，就转换为UTF-8编码。需要注意的是 <strong>文件以什么编码保存的，就以什么编码方式打开</strong></p>
-<h1 id="Python的编码"><a href="#Python的编码" class="headerlink" title="Python的编码"></a>Python的编码</h1><h2 id="存取过程"><a href="#存取过程" class="headerlink" title="存取过程"></a>存取过程</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>上面是一个在命令行使用python解释器来执行写好的 python 程序，这个过程大致可以分成三个步骤：</p>
-<ul>
-<li>启动解释器，进程运行在内存中</li>
-<li>解释器将 <code>test.py</code> 从硬盘读入内存</li>
-<li>解释器执行内存中的代码</li>
-</ul>
-<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/code1.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>python 中关于编码出现的问题:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>如果不在 python 文件指定头信息 <code>＃-*-coding:utf-8-*-</code> ，在 python2 中就默认使用 ascii 读取文件，python3 中默认使用 utf-8 读取文件。我们使用以下代码做个演示</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> sys</span><br><span class="line">print(sys.getdefaultencoding())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s=<span class="string">"你好"</span></span><br><span class="line">print(s)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>python2的运行结果</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"encode.py"</span>, line 4</span><br><span class="line">SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character <span class="string">'\xe4'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> file encode.py on line 4, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0263.html <span class="keyword">for</span> details</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>python3的运行结果</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">utf-8</span><br><span class="line">你好</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>在 python 文件中使用utf-8编码进行存取</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> sys</span><br><span class="line">print(sys.getdefaultencoding())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s=<span class="string">"你好"</span></span><br><span class="line">print(s)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>python2的运行结果</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ascii</span><br><span class="line">你好</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>python3的运行结果</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">utf-8</span><br><span class="line">你好</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="内存中的执行"><a href="#内存中的执行" class="headerlink" title="内存中的执行"></a>内存中的执行</h2><p>python 读取已经加载到内存的代码（unicode 编码的二进制），然后执行，执行过程中可能会开辟新的内存空间，比如 <code>x=&quot;hello&quot;</code></p>
-<p>内存的编码使用 unicode，不代表内存中全都是 unicode 编码的二进制，在程序执行之前，内存中确实都是 unicode 编码的二进制，比如从文件中读取了一行<code>x=&quot;hello&quot;</code>，其中的x，等号，引号，地位都一样，都是普通字符而已，都是以unicode编码的二进制形式存放与内存中的。但是程序在执行过程中，会申请内存（与程序代码所存在的内存是两个空间），可以存放任意编码格式的数据，比如<code>x=&quot;hello&quot;</code>，会被python解释器识别为字符串，会申请内存空间来存放<code>hello</code>，然后让<code>x</code>指向该内存地址，此时新申请的该内存地址保存也是unicode编码的<code>hello</code>，如果代码换成<code>x=&quot;hello&quot;.encode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)</code>，那么新申请的内存空间里存放的就是utf-8编码的字符串<code>hello</code>了.</p>
-<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/code2.png" alt=""></p>
-<h2 id="Python2与python3编码区别"><a href="#Python2与python3编码区别" class="headerlink" title="Python2与python3编码区别"></a>Python2与python3编码区别</h2><h3 id="Python2"><a href="#Python2" class="headerlink" title="Python2"></a>Python2</h3><p>在 python2 中有两种字符串类型 str 和 unicode</p>
-<ul>
-<li>str类型</li>
-</ul>
-<p>当 python 解释器执行到产生字符串的代码时（例如 <code>s = &#39;好&#39;</code>），会申请新的内存地址，然后将 <code>&#39;好&#39;</code> 编码成文件开头指定的编码格式，这已经是encode(编码)之后的结果了，所以 <code>s</code> 只能 decode(解码)。再次 encode 就会报错。</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">"好"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print s.encode("utf-8")  # 报错</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> s.decode(<span class="string">"utf-8"</span>)   <span class="comment"># 结果：好</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>在 python2 中，str 就是编码后的结果 bytes，str=bytes，所以在 python2 中，unicode 字符编码的结果是 str/bytes</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'好'</span>  <span class="comment"># 在执行时,'好'会被以conding:utf-8的形式保存到新的内存空间中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> repr(s)  <span class="comment">#'\xe5\xa5\xbd' 三个Bytes,证明确实是utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> type(s)  <span class="comment"># &lt;type 'str'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s.decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># s.encode('utf-8')  # 报错，s为编码后的结果bytes，所以只能decode</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>unicode类型</li>
-</ul>
-<p>当 python 解释器执行到产生字符串的代码时（例如 <code>s = u&#39;好&#39;</code>），会申请新的内存地址，然后将 <code>&#39;好&#39;</code> 以 unicode 的格式存放到新的内存空间中，所以 s 只能 encode ，不能 decode.</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s = <span class="string">u'好'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> repr(s)  <span class="comment"># u'\u597d'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> type(s)  <span class="comment"># &lt;type 'unicode'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># s.decode('utf-8')  # 报错，s为unicode，所以只能encode</span></span><br><span class="line">s.encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="Python3"><a href="#Python3" class="headerlink" title="Python3"></a>Python3</h3><p>在 python3 中也有两种字符串类型 str 和 bytes </p>
-<ul>
-<li>python3中，str 类型在内存中默认以 unicode 编码保存到新的内存空间中</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'好'</span>  <span class="comment"># 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># s可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式</span></span><br><span class="line">s.encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">s.encode(<span class="string">'gbk'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'str'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>bytes类型</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'好'</span>  <span class="comment"># 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># s可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式</span></span><br><span class="line">s1 = s.encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">s2 = s.encode(<span class="string">'gbk'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'str'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(s)  <span class="comment"># 好</span></span><br><span class="line">print(s1)  <span class="comment"># b'\xe6\x9e\x97' 在 python3 中，是什么就打印什么</span></span><br><span class="line">print(s2)  <span class="comment"># b'\xc1\xd6' 同上</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'str'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s1))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'bytes'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s2))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'bytes'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意事项"></a>注意事项</h1><p><strong>当数据要打印到终端时，要注意一些问题.</strong></p>
+<p>在计算机内存中，统一使用 Unicode 编码，当需要保存到硬盘或者需要传输的时候，就转换为 UTF-8 编码。需要注意的是 <strong>文件以什么编码方式保存的，就以什么编码方式打开</strong>。</p>
+<h1 id="Python的编码"><a href="#Python的编码" class="headerlink" title="Python的编码"></a>Python的编码</h1><h2 id="普通文件的编码"><a href="#普通文件的编码" class="headerlink" title="普通文件的编码"></a>普通文件的编码</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如上所示的，一个在命令行使用 Python 解释器来执行写好的 Python 程序文件，整个过程大致可以分成三个步骤：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>当程序执行时，比如: <code>x = &#39;好&#39;;print(x)</code> ，这一步是将 <code>x</code> 指向的那块新的内存空间（非代码所在的内存空间）中的内存，打印到终端，而终端仍然是运行于内存中的，所以这打印可以理解为从内存打印到内存，即内存-&gt;内存，unicode -&gt; unicode，对于 unicode 格式的数据来说，无论怎么打印都不会乱码。</li>
-<li>python3 中的字符串与 python2 中的 u’字符串’，都是 unicode，所以无论如何打印都不会乱码。</li>
-<li>在 windows 终端（终端编码为gbk，文件编码为 utf-8，乱码产生）</li>
-</ul>
-<h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><ul>
-<li>在ASCII中一个中文字符占用几个字节？答：ASCII无法表示中文字符</li>
-<li>Python2 的默认文件编码是 ascii</li>
-<li>Python3 的默认文件编码是 utf-8，所有字符串都是 unicode</li>
-<li>unicode 中一个中文占用两个字节空间，utf-8 中一个中文占用三个字节</li>
+<li>启动解释器，进程运行在内存中。</li>
+<li>解释器将 <code>test.py</code> 从硬盘读入内存，读入文件内容到内存时用的编码方式和文件保存时用到的编码是一样的。</li>
+<li>解释器执行内存中的代码。</li>
 </ul>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/02_encode1.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>当我们在 windows 创建一个记事本文件 <code>notepad.txt</code>，写入以下内容：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python是一种计算机程序设计语言。是一种面向对象的动态类型语言，最初被设计用于编写自动化脚本(shell)，随着版本的不断更新和语言新功能的添加，越来越多被用于独立的、大型项目的开发。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Python在设计上坚持了清晰划一的风格，这使得Python成为一门易读、易维护，并且被大量用户所欢迎的、用途广泛的语言。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>保存后传到一台系统编码格式为 UTF-8 的 Linux 服务器上。使用 <code>cat</code> 命令查看文件时出现了乱码，得到的是如下结果：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pythonһhell)Խ</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Pythonһthonһ</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这是因为，在 Linux 中常见例如 <code>cat</code>、<code>head</code> 、<code>vim</code> 等命令在读取硬盘中的文件、往硬盘上写入文件时默认用的是系统环境的 UTF-8 编码。而从 Windows 下拷贝过来的文件是以 gbk 编码的二进制，编码不一致导致出现乱码。</p>
+<h2 id="Python代码文件头部的编码"><a href="#Python代码文件头部的编码" class="headerlink" title="Python代码文件头部的编码"></a>Python代码文件头部的编码</h2><p>默认情况下，Python 源码文件是以 UTF-8 编码方式来处理的。在这种编码方式中，世界上绝大多数语言的字符都可以同时用于字符串字面值、变量或函数名称以及注释中。</p>
+<p>如果不使用默认编码，要对 Python 解释器声明处理源码文件时所使用的编码，文件第一行或第二行要写成特殊的注释。语法如下所示：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这一行就告诉了 Python 解释器以 utf-8 的编码处理当前文件的代码。通常情况下我们要想让 Python 脚本可以直接执行，就像 shell 脚本一样，第一行添加：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这种情况下，编码声明就要写在文件的第二行。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当我们在 Python 源码文件中用了中文字符作为字面值时，如果文件头部声明的是日文的字符编码 <code>Shift_JIS</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: Shift_JIS -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'你好'</span></span><br><span class="line">print(s)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当 Python 解释器处理代码时就会因为无法识别中文的编码就会出现编码问题：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ python3 test.py</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"test.py"</span>, line 2</span><br><span class="line">SyntaxError: encoding problem: Shift_JIS</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>为了说明问题，我们在 Python 代码中使用中文字符作为函数名、参数，如果文件头部声明的是西欧字符编码 <code>Windows-1252</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: Windows-1252 -*- </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">字符串<span class="number">1</span> = <span class="string">'你好'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> 加法<span class="params">(数字一,数字二)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'数字一 加 数字二 等于 %d'</span> %(数字一+数字二))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">加法(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当 Python 解释器处理代码时就会因为无法识别中文的编码出现乱码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ python3  test.py</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"test.py"</span>, line 4</span><br><span class="line">    å­—ç¬¦ä¸²1 = <span class="string">'ä½ å¥½'</span></span><br><span class="line">             ^</span><br><span class="line">SyntaxError: invalid character <span class="keyword">in</span> identifier</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>将源码文件中的 <code>Windows-125</code> 改为 <code>utf-8</code> 后，Python 解释器便可以成功处理代码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ python3  test.py</span><br><span class="line">数字一 加 数字二 等于 3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>由此可见，在 Python 源码文件首部的编码声明对 Python 解释器起着至关重要的作用。在 Python 标准库中只用常规的 ASCII 字符作为变量或函数名，对于编写任何可移植的代码，我们都应该遵守此约定。要正确显示这些字符，你的编辑器必须能识别 UTF-8 编码，而且必须使用能支持打开文件中所有字符的字体。</p>
+<h2 id="Python内置方法的编码"><a href="#Python内置方法的编码" class="headerlink" title="Python内置方法的编码"></a>Python内置方法的编码</h2><p>在 Python 代码中对于内置方法 <code>open()</code> 操作文件时，在文本模式下，如果 <code>encoding</code> 没有指定，则根据操作系统的平台来决定使用的编码，如果要读取和写入原始字节，请使用二进制模式并且不要指定 <code>encoding</code>。</p>
+<p>对于字符串类型的 <code>encode()</code> 方法和 bytes 类型的 <code>decode()</code> 方法，处理标准流（标准输出、标准输入、标准错误输出）等，默认都使用 UTF-8 作为编码。</p>
+<p>例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'你好'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.encode()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.encode(<span class="string">'gbk'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>).decode()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'你好'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>).decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'你好'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>请一定要注意，这里说的编码和 Python 源码文件首部的编码不是一回事，一个是内置方法用什么样的编码处理对象，而另一个说的是 Python 解释器是以什么样的编码执行代码。</p>
+<p>对于在上面说到的在 Windows 下创建的记事本文件 <code>notepad.txt</code>，如果在 Python 中使用 <code>open()</code> 方法不指定 <code>encoding</code> 则默认使用 Linux 系统的 UTF-8 作为编码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'notepad.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'rt'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">        print(line)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>执行后报错：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">UnicodeDecodeError: &apos;utf-8&apos; codec can&apos;t decode byte 0xca in position 6: invalid continuation byte</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这是因为文件 <code>notepad.txt</code> 在 Windows 中是以 GBK 编码编辑文件和保存的，到了 Linux 上用 UTF-8 无法打开 GBK 编码的文件，必须使用 GBK 才能正确打开，所以应该为 <code>open()</code> 方法指定 GBK 作为编码方式：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'notepad.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'gbk'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">        print(line)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>为了彻底解决这个乱码的问题，我们应该将正确读到的文件再以 UTF-8 的编码方式写入硬盘：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/02_encode2.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>由于不能同时对一个文件对象进行又读又写的操作，所以应将读入内存的内容重新写到另外一个新的文件，最后对文件重命名即可。具体操作代码如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> os</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'notepad.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'gbk'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> frd, \</span><br><span class="line">        open(<span class="string">'notepad2.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'wt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fwt:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">        fwt.write(line)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">os.rename(<span class="string">'notepad2.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'notepad.txt'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这时再使用 <code>cat</code> 查看文件内容就不会再有乱码了。</p>
+<p>而对于原本在 Windows 上创建的记事本文件 <code>notepad.txt</code>，在 Windows 下使用 Python 解释器来处理也是用的 utf-8 ，为什么没有出现乱码呢？ 这其实是 Windows 里的某个程序帮你处理了，而 Linux 下没有使用其他程序进行处理，所以会出现乱码问题。</p>
+<h2 id="内存中的执行"><a href="#内存中的执行" class="headerlink" title="内存中的执行"></a>内存中的执行</h2><p>Python 读取已经加载到内存的代码（unicode 编码的二进制），然后执行，在执行过程中可能会开辟新的内存空间，比如 <code>x=&quot;hello&quot;</code></p>
+<p>内存的编码使用 unicode，不代表内存中全都是 unicode 编码的二进制，在程序执行之前，内存中确实都是 unicode 编码的二进制，比如从文件中读取了一行 <code>x=&quot;hello&quot;</code> ，其中的 x，等号，引号，地位都一样，都是普通字符而已，都是以 unicode 编码的二进制形式存放于内存中的。但是程序在执行过程中，会申请内存（与程序代码所存在的内存是两个空间），可以存放任意编码格式的数据，比如 <code>x=&quot;hello&quot;</code> ，会被 Python 解释器识别为字符串，会申请内存空间来存放字符串 <code>hello</code>，然后让 <code>x</code> 指向该内存地址，此时新申请的该内存地址保存也是 unicode 编码的 <code>hello</code> ，如果代码换成 <code>x=&quot;hello&quot;.encode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)</code>，那么新申请的内存空间里存放的就是 utf-8 编码的字符串 <code>hello</code> 了.</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/02_encode3.png" alt=""></p>
+<h1 id="str-与-bytes"><a href="#str-与-bytes" class="headerlink" title="str 与 bytes"></a>str 与 bytes</h1><p>在 Python3 中有两种字符类型 str 和 bytes ，并且在 Python3 以后，这两种类型彻底分开了。</p>
+<p><strong>str 类型</strong>以字符为单位进行处理，在内存中默认以 unicode 编码保存到新的内存空间中。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'好'</span>  <span class="comment"># 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># s 可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式</span></span><br><span class="line">s.encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">s.encode(<span class="string">'gbk'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'str'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>bytes 类型</strong>是以字节为单位处理，在所有的操作和使用甚至内置方法上和字符串数据类型基本一样，也是不可变的序列对象。</p>
+<p>bytes 对象只负责以二进制字节序列的形式记录所需记录的对象，至于该对象到底表示什么（比如到底是什么字符）则由相应的编码格式解码所决定。Python3 中 bytes 通常用于网络数据传输、二进制图片和文件的保存等等。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'好'</span>  <span class="comment"># 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># s 可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式</span></span><br><span class="line">s1 = s.encode()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 等同于 s1 = s.encode(‘utf-8')，encode、decode方法默认使用 utf-8 作为编码格式</span></span><br><span class="line">s2 = s.encode(<span class="string">'gbk'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'str'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(s)  <span class="comment"># 好</span></span><br><span class="line">print(s1)  <span class="comment"># b'\xe6\x9e\x97' 用 utf-8 编码后的 bytes 类型，在 Python3 中，是什么就打印什么</span></span><br><span class="line">print(s2)  <span class="comment"># b'\xc1\xd6'  用 gbk 编码后的 bytes 类型。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'str'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s1))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'bytes'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">print(type(s2))  <span class="comment"># &lt;class 'bytes'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>我们可以通过调用内置的方法 <code>bytes()</code> 生成 bytes 实例，其值的形式为 <code>b&#39;xxxxx&#39;</code>，其中 <code>&#39;xxxxx&#39;</code> 为一到多个转义的十六进制字符串（单个 <code>x</code> 的形式为 <code>\x12</code>，其中 <code>\x</code> 为小写的十六进制转义字符，<code>12</code> 为二位十六进制数）组成的序列，每个十六进制数代表一个字节（八位二进制数，取值范围 0-255），对于同一个字符串如果采用不同的编码方式生成 bytes 对象，就会形成不同的值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">b1 = <span class="string">b''</span>  <span class="comment"># 创建一个空的 bytes</span></span><br><span class="line">b2 = bytes()  <span class="comment"># 创建一个空的 bytes</span></span><br><span class="line">b3 = <span class="string">b'hello'</span>  <span class="comment"># 直接指定字符串为 bytes 类型</span></span><br><span class="line">b4 = bytes(<span class="string">'hello'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)  <span class="comment"># 利用内置的 bytes() 方法将字符串转为指定编码类型的 bytes</span></span><br><span class="line">b5 = <span class="string">'hello'</span>.encode()  <span class="comment"># 利用字符串的 encode 方法编码成 bytes，默认使用 utf-8 编码</span></span><br><span class="line">b6 = b3.decode()  <span class="comment"># 将 bytes 对象解码成字符串，默认使用 utf-8 进行解码。</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><p>在 ASCII 中一个中文字符占用几个字节？答：ASCII无法表示中文字符。</p>
+<p>Python2 的默认文件编码是 ascii。Python3 的默认文件编码是 utf-8，所有字符串都是 unicode。unicode 中一个中文占用两个字节空间，utf-8 中一个中文占用三个字节</p>
+<p><strong>当数据要打印到终端时，要注意的问题：</strong> 当程序执行时，比如: <code>x = &#39;好&#39;;print(x)</code> ，这一步是将 <code>x</code> 指向的那块新的内存空间（非代码所在的内存空间）中的内容打印到终端，而终端仍然是运行于内存中的，所以这打印可以理解为从内存打印到内存，即内存 =&gt; 内存，unicode =&gt; unicode，对于 unicode 格式的数据来说，无论怎么打印都不会乱码。</p>
 <p>参考链接：<br><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/vipchenwei/p/6993788.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cnblogs.com/vipchenwei/p/6993788.html</a><br><a href="http://blog.csdn.net/apache0554/article/details/53889253" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://blog.csdn.net/apache0554/article/details/53889253</a></p>
 
       
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              </div>
-            
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1258,122 +1319,133 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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@@ -1381,25 +1453,29 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#二进制与数字"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">二进制与数字</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#ASCII码"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">ASCII码</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#字符编码的发展史"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">字符编码的发展史</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关于中文"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">关于中文</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#unicode"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">unicode</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#utf-8"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">utf-8</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#编码的使用"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">编码的使用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python的编码"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python的编码</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#存取过程"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">存取过程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#内存中的执行"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">内存中的执行</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python2与python3编码区别"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python2与python3编码区别</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python2"><span class="nav-number">5.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python2</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python3"><span class="nav-number">5.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python3</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#注意事项"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">注意事项</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结-1"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#二进制与数字"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">二进制与数字</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#ASCII码"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">ASCII码</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#字符编码的发展史"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">字符编码的发展史</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#中文编码"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">中文编码</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Unicode"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Unicode</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#UTF-8"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">UTF-8</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结："><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结：</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#编码的使用"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">编码的使用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python的编码"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python的编码</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#普通文件的编码"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">普通文件的编码</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python代码文件头部的编码"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python代码文件头部的编码</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Python内置方法的编码"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Python内置方法的编码</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#内存中的执行"><span class="nav-number">5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">内存中的执行</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#str-与-bytes"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">str 与 bytes</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -1407,6 +1483,7 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -1415,24 +1492,59 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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@@ -1611,6 +1706,8 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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@@ -1644,8 +1741,9 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1814,9 +1912,9 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
               })
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1886,25 +1984,67 @@ <h1 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/03/080810-\347\254\254\344\270\200\344\270\252Python\347\250\213\345\272\217/index.html" "b/2019/03/03/080810-\347\254\254\344\270\200\344\270\252Python\347\250\213\345\272\217/index.html"
index fa4449fd..b298b272 100644
--- "a/2019/03/03/080810-\347\254\254\344\270\200\344\270\252Python\347\250\213\345\272\217/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/03/080810-\347\254\254\344\270\200\344\270\252Python\347\250\213\345\272\217/index.html"
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="Python程序的文件结构Python的源程序文件通常以 .py 结尾，第一行为 shellbang，即执行脚本时通知文件内容要使用哪个解释器来解释，Python 当中一切皆对象。 Python程序可以分解成模块、语句、表达式和对象。程序由模块组成，模块包含语句，语句包含表达式，表达式建立并处理对象 查看python版">
+  <meta name="description" content="Python程序的文件结构Python的源程序文件通常以 .py 结尾，第一行为 shellbang，即执行脚本时通知文件内容要使用哪个解释器来解释，Python 当中一切皆对象。 Python程序可以分解成模块、语句、表达式和对象。程序由模块组成，模块包含语句，语句包含表达式，表达式建立并处理对象 查看python版本我们可以使用以下命令来查看我们使用的 Python 版本： 1python -">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-03-27T14:20:53.654Z">
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+
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+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -149,28 +182,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
   </div>
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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-            
-            归档
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+        
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+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
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+    
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   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
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       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">第一个Python程序</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">第一个Python程序
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-          <span class="post-time">
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+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-03
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+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-03 08:08:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00">2019-03-03</time>
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+          
+
+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-07 17:14:48" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-07T17:14:48+08:00">2019-07-07</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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@@ -384,16 +455,16 @@ <h1 id="Python程序的文件结构"><a href="#Python程序的文件结构" clas
 <h1 id="查看python版本"><a href="#查看python版本" class="headerlink" title="查看python版本"></a>查看python版本</h1><p>我们可以使用以下命令来查看我们使用的 Python 版本：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python -V</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>以上命令执行结果如下：</p>
-<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python 3.6.4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python 3.7.3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>也可以进入 Python 的交互式模式，查看版本：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>直接在命令行界面执行 Python 即可进入交互式</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python <span class="number">3.6</span><span class="number">.4</span> (v3<span class="number">.6</span><span class="number">.4</span>:d48eceb, Dec <span class="number">19</span> <span class="number">2017</span>, <span class="number">06</span>:<span class="number">04</span>:<span class="number">45</span>) [MSC v<span class="number">.1900</span> <span class="number">32</span> bit (Intel)] on win32</span><br><span class="line">Type <span class="string">"help"</span>, <span class="string">"copyright"</span>, <span class="string">"credits"</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="string">"license"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> more information.</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python <span class="number">3.7</span><span class="number">.3</span> (default, Jun <span class="number">24</span> <span class="number">2019</span>, <span class="number">15</span>:<span class="number">02</span>:<span class="number">19</span>) </span><br><span class="line">[GCC <span class="number">4.8</span><span class="number">.5</span> <span class="number">20150623</span> (Red Hat <span class="number">4.8</span><span class="number">.5</span><span class="number">-28</span>)] on linux</span><br><span class="line">Type <span class="string">"help"</span>, <span class="string">"copyright"</span>, <span class="string">"credits"</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="string">"license"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> more information.</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="编写和执行第一个Python程序"><a href="#编写和执行第一个Python程序" class="headerlink" title="编写和执行第一个Python程序"></a>编写和执行第一个Python程序</h1><p>对于大多数程序语言，第一个入门编程代码便是 <code>Hello World !</code>，可以通过以下两种方式来实现</p>
 <h2 id="交互式解释器"><a href="#交互式解释器" class="headerlink" title="交互式解释器"></a>交互式解释器</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>直接在命令行界面执行 Python 即可进入交互式</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python <span class="number">3.6</span><span class="number">.4</span> (v3<span class="number">.6</span><span class="number">.4</span>:d48eceb, Dec <span class="number">19</span> <span class="number">2017</span>, <span class="number">06</span>:<span class="number">04</span>:<span class="number">45</span>) [MSC v<span class="number">.1900</span> <span class="number">32</span> bit (Intel)] on win32</span><br><span class="line">Type <span class="string">"help"</span>, <span class="string">"copyright"</span>, <span class="string">"credits"</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="string">"license"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> more information.</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">"Hello world!"</span>)  </span><br><span class="line">Hello world!</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="python程序文件"><a href="#python程序文件" class="headerlink" title="python程序文件"></a>python程序文件</h2><p>交互模式下的程序执行完成后难以再次运行，将编写的程序保存至文件（<code>.py</code>结尾）则很方便地多次运行。Python 的此类包含了一系列预先写好的语句程序文件称作 “ 模块 ”。能够直接运行的模块文件通常称作脚本（即程序的顶层文件）</p>
+<h2 id="Python-程序文件"><a href="#Python-程序文件" class="headerlink" title="Python 程序文件"></a>Python 程序文件</h2><p>交互模式下的程序执行完成后难以再次运行，将编写的程序保存至文件（<code>.py</code>结尾）则很方便地多次运行。Python 的此类包含了一系列预先写好的语句程序文件称作 “ 模块 ”。能够直接运行的模块文件通常称作脚本（即程序的顶层文件）</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/python3</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"Hello, World!"</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>第1行为注释。在 Python 中，注释以 <code>#</code> 开始，作用范围为该行。第2行为空行，Python 会忽视空行，但空行通常有助于将大块代码分割，以便于阅读。第3行为 Python 代码，其中调用了 <code>print()</code> 函数</p>
 <p>在UNIX上，当某程序在控制台中被引用时，该文件的头两个字节先被读入。如果这两个字节是ASCII字符 <code>#!</code> ， shell 就会认为该文件将要由解释器执行，并且该文件的首行指定了要使用哪个解释器。该行称为 <code>shebang</code> ( shell 执行)行，如果存在，就必须为可执行文件的首行。<code>shebang</code> 行通常呈现为如下两种形式之一：</p>
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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-<meta name="description" content="程序代码中的注释并不是必须要写的，但是添加注释可以更方便的理解该行代码的意义。在 Python 中注释方式有两种，即 单行注释 和 多行注释 单行注释单行注释以 # 开头，例如: 12# 使用 print() 打印字符print(&quot;Hello, World!&quot;) 多行注释多行注释用三个单引号 &am">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的注释方法</h1>
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@@ -397,6 +468,9 @@ <h1 id="多行注释"><a href="#多行注释" class="headerlink" title="多行
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/python3 </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">""" Welcome to Python 3.6's help utility! """</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">''' Help on built-in function print in module builtins: '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"Hello, World!"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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@@ -499,59 +565,16 @@ <h1 id="多行注释"><a href="#多行注释" class="headerlink" title="多行
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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       <div class="back-to-top">
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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diff --git "a/2019/03/03/215059-Python\344\273\243\347\240\201\350\247\204\350\214\203\346\200\273\347\273\223/index.html" "b/2019/03/03/215059-Python\344\273\243\347\240\201\350\247\204\350\214\203\346\200\273\347\273\223/index.html"
index 68a25394..378454c3 100644
--- "a/2019/03/03/215059-Python\344\273\243\347\240\201\350\247\204\350\214\203\346\200\273\347\273\223/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/03/215059-Python\344\273\243\347\240\201\350\247\204\350\214\203\346\200\273\347\273\223/index.html"
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
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-<meta name="description" content="规范总结 每个缩进层级使用4个空格 使用UTF-8编码   使用行末反斜杠折叠长行，限制每行最大79字符  每行只写一条语句  导入包：每条 import 导入一个模块，导入放在代码顶端，导入顺序是先标准库，第三方库，本地库，每组导入之间放置1行空行，所有导入使用包的绝对路径。  类内方法空1行分隔，类外空2行分隔  ">
+  <meta name="description" content="规范总结 每个缩进层级使用4个空格 使用UTF-8编码   使用行末反斜杠折叠长行，限制每行最大79字符  每行只写一条语句  导入包：每条 import 导入一个模块，导入放在代码顶端，导入顺序是先标准库，第三方库，本地库，每组导入之间放置1行空行，所有导入使用包的绝对路径。  类内方法空1行分隔，类外空2行分隔  顶层函数或类的定义之间空两行（特别容易漏，漏的话，是报E302 expected">
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -766,17 +862,21 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              
+            
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@@ -784,7 +884,7 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
             
 
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-        </section>
+        </div>
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@@ -792,6 +892,7 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -800,24 +901,59 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
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+
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+  
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+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -833,14 +969,21 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
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@@ -854,10 +997,8 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
 
 
 
-  
 
 
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@@ -869,85 +1010,63 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
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-
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-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -996,6 +1115,8 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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@@ -1029,8 +1150,9 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1199,9 +1321,9 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1271,25 +1393,67 @@ <h1 id="规范总结"><a href="#规范总结" class="headerlink" title="规范
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm\344\270\255\350\255\246\345\221\212\344\277\241\346\201\257\346\261\207\346\200\273/index.html" "b/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm\344\270\255\350\255\246\345\221\212\344\277\241\346\201\257\346\261\207\346\200\273/index.html"
index 981f33b6..ba6db126 100644
--- "a/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm\344\270\255\350\255\246\345\221\212\344\277\241\346\201\257\346\261\207\346\200\273/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm\344\270\255\350\255\246\345\221\212\344\277\241\346\201\257\346\261\207\346\200\273/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
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+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+    tabs: true,
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="警告信息使用 Pycharm 写的代码尽可能要符合 PEP8 代码规范，养成一个良好的习惯，在编写过程中会报出很多警告，以下做了个汇总方便自己查阅 1Indent expected 期望有缩进，也就是说我们写的代码少了缩进，添加缩进即可 1Unexpected inden 不期望的缩进，这时修改成符合规范的缩进 1PE">
+  <meta name="description" content="警告信息使用 Pycharm 写的代码尽可能要符合 PEP8 代码规范，养成一个良好的习惯，在编写过程中会报出很多警告，以下做了个汇总方便自己查阅 1Indent expected 期望有缩进，也就是说我们写的代码少了缩进，添加缩进即可 1Unexpected inden 不期望的缩进，这时修改成符合规范的缩进 1PEP 8: expected 2 blank lines，found 0 期望有两">
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 <meta property="og:title" content="Pycharm中警告信息汇总.">
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.
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+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
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@@ -657,122 +742,133 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -780,17 +876,21 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -798,7 +898,7 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -806,6 +906,7 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -814,24 +915,59 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -847,14 +983,21 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -868,10 +1011,8 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -883,85 +1024,63 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -1010,6 +1129,8 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1043,8 +1164,9 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1213,9 +1335,9 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1285,25 +1407,67 @@ <h1 id="警告信息"><a href="#警告信息" class="headerlink" title="警告
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
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+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/04/081210-Python\347\232\204\346\240\207\350\257\206\347\254\246\344\270\216\345\205\263\351\224\256\345\255\227/index.html" "b/2019/03/04/081210-Python\347\232\204\346\240\207\350\257\206\347\254\246\344\270\216\345\205\263\351\224\256\345\255\227/index.html"
index 1ce25fd6..781b0a29 100644
--- "a/2019/03/04/081210-Python\347\232\204\346\240\207\350\257\206\347\254\246\344\270\216\345\205\263\351\224\256\345\255\227/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/04/081210-Python\347\232\204\346\240\207\350\257\206\347\254\246\344\270\216\345\205\263\351\224\256\345\255\227/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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-            
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@@ -665,122 +750,133 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
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+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -788,17 +884,21 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -806,7 +906,7 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -814,6 +914,7 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -822,24 +923,59 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -855,14 +991,21 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -876,10 +1019,8 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -891,85 +1032,63 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
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-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
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+  <script>
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@@ -1018,6 +1137,8 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1051,8 +1172,9 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1221,9 +1343,9 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
               })
             };
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1293,25 +1415,67 @@ <h1 id="多个变量赋值"><a href="#多个变量赋值" class="headerlink" tit
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/04/161610-Python\347\232\204\350\277\220\347\256\227\347\254\246/index.html" "b/2019/03/04/161610-Python\347\232\204\350\277\220\347\256\227\347\254\246/index.html"
index 44bb84d0..1dff1886 100644
--- "a/2019/03/04/161610-Python\347\232\204\350\277\220\347\256\227\347\254\246/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/04/161610-Python\347\232\204\350\277\220\347\256\227\347\254\246/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    tabs: true,
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+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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+    }
+  };
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+                    
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@@ -727,122 +812,133 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
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+                  
+                  
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+                  
+                  
                     
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+                  
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+                  
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+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+
           
 
           
           
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -850,17 +946,21 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -868,7 +968,7 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -876,6 +976,7 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -884,24 +985,59 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
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+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -917,14 +1053,21 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
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+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -938,10 +1081,8 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
-  
 
 
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@@ -953,85 +1094,63 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1080,6 +1199,8 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1113,8 +1234,9 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1283,9 +1405,9 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
               })
             };
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1355,25 +1477,67 @@ <h1 id="逻辑运算符"><a href="#逻辑运算符" class="headerlink" title="
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/05/083910-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204input\345\222\214print\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html" "b/2019/03/05/083910-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204input\345\222\214print\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
index bbecf172..6e83ee34 100644
--- "a/2019/03/05/083910-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204input\345\222\214print\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/05/083910-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204input\345\222\214print\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,68 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Python3," />
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python中的input和print方法</h1>
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@@ -379,38 +450,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python中的input和print方法<
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="input"><a href="#input" class="headerlink" title="input"></a>input</h1><p>很多情况下运行的 Python 程序并没有和用户交互，程序运行后就等待结果的输出。而有些程序是需要用户输入才能继续向下执行。Python 中使用 <code>input()</code> 函数可以很便捷地获取用户的输入</p>
+        <h1 id="input"><a href="#input" class="headerlink" title="input"></a>input</h1><p>很多情况下运行的 Python 程序并没有和用户交互，程序运行后就等待结果的输出。而有些程序是需要用户输入才能继续向下执行。Python 中使用 <code>input()</code> 函数可以很便捷地获取用户的输入：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name = input(<span class="string">"What's your name ? "</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"Your name is"</span>, name)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>输出结果</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">What&apos;s your name ? Tom</span><br><span class="line">Your name is Tom</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>需要注意的是， <code>input()</code> 返回的数据类型都是字符串</p>
 <h1 id="print"><a href="#print" class="headerlink" title="print"></a>print</h1><h2 id="使用帮助"><a href="#使用帮助" class="headerlink" title="使用帮助"></a>使用帮助</h2><p><code>print()</code> 函数是 Python 的内置方法，用于将指定的值打印到屏幕输出，或文件流。它的参数如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>help(<span class="keyword">print</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Help on built-<span class="keyword">in</span> function <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> module builtins:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(...)</span><br><span class="line">    print(value, ..., sep=<span class="string">' '</span>, end=<span class="string">'\n'</span>, file=sys.stdout, flush=<span class="keyword">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    Prints the values to a stream, <span class="keyword">or</span> to sys.stdout by default.</span><br><span class="line">    Optional keyword arguments:</span><br><span class="line">    file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.</span><br><span class="line">    sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.</span><br><span class="line">    end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.</span><br><span class="line">    flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="参数说明"><a href="#参数说明" class="headerlink" title="参数说明"></a>参数说明</h2><ul>
-<li><code>*values</code> : 表示要打印的值，任何多个无名参数, 各个值之间用 <code>,</code> 隔开，打印出来的各个值之间默认是以空格隔开</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="参数说明"><a href="#参数说明" class="headerlink" title="参数说明"></a>参数说明</h2><p><code>*values</code> : 表示要打印的值，任何多个无名参数, 各个值之间用 <code>,</code> 隔开，打印出来的各个值之间默认是以空格隔开</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>name = <span class="string">'Tom'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>age = <span class="string">'18'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(name, age)</span><br><span class="line">Tom <span class="number">18</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>sep=&#39; &#39;</code>： 表示当输入多个打印的值时，各个值之间分割方式， 默认是空格，也可以自定义，例如</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>sep=&#39; &#39;</code>： 表示当输入多个打印的值时，各个值之间分割方式， 默认是空格，也可以自定义，例如</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>name = <span class="string">'Tom'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>age = <span class="string">'18'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(name, age, sep = <span class="string">'---'</span> )</span><br><span class="line">Tom--<span class="number">-18</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>end=&#39;\n&#39;</code>: 控制 <code>print()</code> 中传入值输出完后的结束符号，默认是换行，也可以自定义，例如：</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>end=&#39;\n&#39;</code>: 控制 <code>print()</code> 中传入值输出完后的结束符号，默认是换行，也可以自定义，例如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>name = <span class="string">'Tom'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>age = <span class="string">'18'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(name);print(age)</span><br><span class="line">Tom</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(name, end=<span class="string">' is '</span>);print(age, end=<span class="string">' years old '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Tom <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="number">18</span> years old</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>file=sys.stdout</code>：在 Linux 中一切皆文件，包括屏幕终端输出，<code>file</code> 用来设置输出到哪里，默认是输出到屏幕(标准输出)，在 Python 中就是 <code>sys.stdout</code> 。我们可以设置 <code>file=&#39;/tmp/test.txt&#39;</code>，把内容存到该文件中</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>file=sys.stdout</code>：在 Linux 中一切皆文件，包括屏幕终端输出，<code>file</code> 用来设置输出到哪里，默认是输出到屏幕(标准输出)，在 Python 中就是 <code>sys.stdout</code> 。我们可以设置 <code>file=&#39;/tmp/test.txt&#39;</code>，把内容存到该文件中</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">f = open(<span class="string">r'/tmp/test.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'Tom is 18 years old'</span>, file=f)</span><br><span class="line">f.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>flush=False</code>：刷新内存中的缓冲区数据，是否立刻将缓冲区的数据写入硬盘中的文件，默认为 <code>False</code> 。默认情况下 <code>print()</code> 将内容输出到 <code>sys.stdout</code> ，即标准输出（屏幕）文件，比较下面两种的参数实现进度条的效果</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>flush=False</code>：刷新内存中的缓冲区数据，是否立刻将缓冲区的数据写入 <code>file=</code> 所指定的输出位置，默认为 <code>False</code> 。默认情况下 <code>print()</code> 将内容输出到 <code>sys.stdout</code> ，即标准输出（屏幕）文件，比较下面两种的参数实现进度条的效果</p>
 <p>默认情况，<code>flush=False</code>，当所有 <code>sleep</code> 完成之后才会写到屏幕输出文件</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">30</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'*'</span>, end=<span class="string">''</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(<span class="number">0.1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>人为干预，<code>flush=True</code>，每次输出都会写到屏幕输出文件</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">30</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'*'</span>, end=<span class="string">''</span>, flush=<span class="keyword">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(<span class="number">0.1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>另一种实现效果</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">101</span>, <span class="number">2</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(<span class="number">0.3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    char_num = i // <span class="number">2</span>  <span class="comment"># 打印多少个'*'</span></span><br><span class="line">    per_str = <span class="string">'\r%s%% : %s'</span> % (i, <span class="string">'*'</span> * char_num)</span><br><span class="line">    print(per_str, end=<span class="string">''</span>, flush=<span class="keyword">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">''</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># \r 可以把光标移动到行首但不换行，覆盖之前行的内容</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>请注意，如果使用了 Pycharm 在远程调试 Linux 的代码时，会给解释器添加 <code>-u</code> 选项，这样将会导致看不出来实际效果：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ssh://root@192.168.127.129:22/opt/python3-venv/bin/python3 -u /Python3/everyday/test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这时候应该在 Linux 终端执行代码查看效果。</p>
 <h2 id="格式化输出"><a href="#格式化输出" class="headerlink" title="格式化输出"></a>格式化输出</h2><p>Python 中的 <code>print</code> 继承了 C 中的 <code>printf</code>，例如</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'%s x %s = %s'</span> % (<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">5</span> * <span class="number">6</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span> x <span class="number">6</span> = <span class="number">30</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <ul>
@@ -418,7 +482,7 @@ <h2 id="格式化输出"><a href="#格式化输出" class="headerlink" title="
 <li>转换标志<ul>
 <li><code>-</code> 表示左对齐</li>
 <li><code>+</code> 表示在转换值之前要加上正负号</li>
-<li><code> </code>（空白字符）表示正数之前保留空格</li>
+<li><code></code>（空白字符）表示正数之前保留空格</li>
 <li><code>0</code> 表示转换值若位数不够则用0填充</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
@@ -433,9 +497,8 @@ <h2 id="格式化输出"><a href="#格式化输出" class="headerlink" title="
 <li>如果是 <code>*</code>，那么精度将从元组中读出</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-<li><p>字符串格式化转换类型</p>
-</li>
 </ul>
+<p>字符串格式化转换类型</p>
 <table>
 <thead>
 <tr>
@@ -498,47 +561,38 @@ <h2 id="格式化输出"><a href="#格式化输出" class="headerlink" title="
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<ul>
-<li>示例</li>
-</ul>
+<p>示例</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最小宽度为2，默认右对齐</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'%2sx%2s=%2s'</span> % (<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">5</span> * <span class="number">6</span>))</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">5</span>x <span class="number">6</span>=<span class="number">30</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最小宽度为2，左对齐</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'%-2sx%-2s=%-2s'</span> % (<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">5</span> * <span class="number">6</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span> x6 =<span class="number">30</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最小宽度为8,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'%8d'</span> % <span class="number">9</span>)</span><br><span class="line">       <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最小宽度为8，位数不够用0填充	   </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'%08d'</span> % <span class="number">9</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">00000009</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="颜色输出"><a href="#颜色输出" class="headerlink" title="颜色输出"></a>颜色输出</h2><h3 id="示例和说明"><a href="#示例和说明" class="headerlink" title="示例和说明"></a>示例和说明</h3><ul>
-<li>示例</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="颜色输出"><a href="#颜色输出" class="headerlink" title="颜色输出"></a>颜色输出</h2><p>示例</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'\033[0;31m Hello \033[0;39m'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print('\033[字背景颜色;文字颜色m 字符串\033[0m') </span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'\033[1;36;41m Something here \033[0m'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>说明</p>
 <ul>
-<li>说明<ul>
 <li><code>\</code> 代表转义</li>
 <li><code>033</code> 代表键盘的Control键</li>
 <li><code>1</code> 字体行为(高亮，闪烁，下划线等)；</li>
 <li><code>36</code> 字体颜色</li>
 <li><code>41</code> 字体背景色</li>
 </ul>
+<p>注：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号 <code>;</code></p>
 </li>
-<li>注：<ul>
-<li>字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号’;’</li>
-<li>文字颜色后面有个m </li>
-<li>字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格 </li>
-</ul>
+<li><p>文字颜色后面有个m </p>
+</li>
+<li><p>字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格 </p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-<h3 id="文字和背景颜色搭配"><a href="#文字和背景颜色搭配" class="headerlink" title="文字和背景颜色搭配"></a>文字和背景颜色搭配</h3><ul>
-<li>字体颜色范围值 30~37</li>
-</ul>
+<h3 id="文字和背景颜色搭配"><a href="#文字和背景颜色搭配" class="headerlink" title="文字和背景颜色搭配"></a>文字和背景颜色搭配</h3><p>字体颜色范围值 30~37</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[30m 黑色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[31m 红色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[32m 绿色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[33m 黄色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[34m 蓝色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[35m 紫色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[36m 天蓝字 \033[0m"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[37m 白色字 \033[0m"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>字体背景颜色范围值 40~47</li>
-</ul>
+<p>字体背景颜色范围值 40~47</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[40;37m 黑底白字 \033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[41;37m 红底白字 \033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[42;37m 绿底白字 \033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[43;37m 黄底白字 \033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[44;37m 蓝底白字 \033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[45;37m 紫底白字 \033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[46;37m 天蓝底白字 \033[0m"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"\033[47;30m 白底黑字 \033[0m"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>控制选项说明 </li>
-</ul>
+<p>控制选项说明 </p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">\033[0m <span class="comment"># 关闭所有属性 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[1m <span class="comment"># 设置高亮度 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[4m <span class="comment"># 下划线 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[5m <span class="comment"># 闪烁 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[7m <span class="comment"># 反显 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[8m <span class="comment"># 消隐 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[30m — \33[37m <span class="comment"># 设置前景色 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[40m — \33[47m <span class="comment"># 设置背景色 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[60A  <span class="comment"># 光标上移60行 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[60B  <span class="comment"># 光标下移60行 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[60C  <span class="comment"># 光标右移60行 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[60G  <span class="comment"># 光标右移60行</span></span><br><span class="line">\033[60D  <span class="comment"># 光标左移60行 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[y;xH <span class="comment"># 设置光标位置 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[2J   <span class="comment"># 清屏 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[K    <span class="comment"># 清除从光标到行尾的内容 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[s    <span class="comment"># 保存光标位置 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[u    <span class="comment"># 恢复光标位置 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[?25l <span class="comment"># 隐藏光标 </span></span><br><span class="line">\033[?25h <span class="comment"># 显示光标</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>额外说明</p>
 <ul>
-<li>额外说明<ul>
-<li>前景颜色各数字是对应背景颜色减去10</li>
-<li>结束非常规字符序列的 <code>m</code> 要紧跟前面的数字，不能有空格</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p>前景颜色各数字是对应背景颜色减去10</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>结束非常规字符序列的 <code>m</code> 要紧跟前面的数字，不能有空格</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</h1><p>输入的内容如下</p>
@@ -550,6 +604,9 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -557,30 +614,37 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
-  <button id="rewardButton" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('QR'); if (qr.style.display === 'none') {qr.style.display='block';} else {qr.style.display='none'}">
-    <span>打赏</span>
+  <button id="reward-button" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(&quot;qr&quot;); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';">
+    打赏
   </button>
-  <div id="QR" style="display: none;">
+  <div id="qr" style="display: none;">
 
     
-      <div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="wechat_qr" src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
         <p>微信支付</p>
       </div>
     
-
-    
-      <div id="alipay" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="alipay_qr" src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Silence 支付宝">
         <p>支付宝</p>
       </div>
     
 
-    
-
   </div>
 </div>
 
@@ -588,27 +652,12 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
     
 
     
-      <div>
-        <ul class="post-copyright">
-  <li class="post-copyright-author">
-    <strong>本文作者：</strong>
-    Silence
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-link">
-    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
-    <a href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" title="Python中的input和print方法">http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/</a>
-  </li>
-  <li class="post-copyright-license">
-    <strong>版权声明： </strong>
-    本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！
-  </li>
-</ul>
-
-      </div>
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
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@@ -1180,8 +1284,9 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
                 var title = data.title.trim();
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+  
 
   
 
   
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+
+  
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+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+  })
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/05/120910-Python\347\232\204\346\265\201\347\250\213\346\216\247\345\210\266/index.html" "b/2019/03/05/120910-Python\347\232\204\346\265\201\347\250\213\346\216\247\345\210\266/index.html"
index 05dbd1a4..d86ae655 100644
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+++ "b/2019/03/05/120910-Python\347\232\204\346\265\201\347\250\213\346\216\247\345\210\266/index.html"
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="说明.py 文件中的每条语句都是顺序执行的，从第一条语句开始逐行执行。实际上函数、方法调用或控制结构都可以使控制流转向，比如条件分支或循环语句。有意外产生时控制流也会被转向 布尔表达式实际上就是对某对象进行布尔运算，并可以产生一个布尔值结果( True 或 False )。在 Python 中，预定义为常量 False">
+  <meta name="description" content="说明.py 文件中的每条语句都是顺序执行的，从第一条语句开始逐行执行。实际上函数、方法调用或控制结构都可以使控制流转向，比如条件分支或循环语句。有意外产生时控制流也会被转向 布尔表达式实际上就是对某对象进行布尔运算，并可以产生一个布尔值结果( True 或 False )。在 Python 中，预定义为常量 False 的布尔表达式、特殊对象 None 、空序列或集合(比如空字符串、列表或元组)、">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-03-27T14:20:53.714Z">
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@@ -96,51 +116,64 @@
 
 
 
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+
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+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
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+
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@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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     </header>
 
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+  
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的流程控制</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的流程控制
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 12:09:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script>
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@@ -1050,6 +1169,8 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
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@@ -1083,8 +1204,9 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1253,9 +1375,9 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1325,25 +1447,67 @@ <h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/05/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\346\225\264\345\236\213\345\222\214\346\265\256\347\202\271\345\236\213/index.html" "b/2019/03/05/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\346\225\264\345\236\213\345\222\214\346\265\256\347\202\271\345\236\213/index.html"
index f9b7802e..bc16f519 100644
--- "a/2019/03/05/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\346\225\264\345\236\213\345\222\214\346\265\256\347\202\271\345\236\213/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/05/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\237\272\346\234\254\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\346\225\264\345\236\213\345\222\214\346\265\256\347\202\271\345\236\213/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+    
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,99 +46,134 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
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+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="Python提供了两种内置的 Integral 类型，即 int 与 bool 。整数与布尔型值都是固定的，但由于Python提供了增强的赋值操作符，使得这一约束极少导致实际问题。在布尔表达式中， 0 与 False 表示 False ，其他任意整数与 true 都表示 true 。在数字表达式中，True表示1，Fa">
+  <meta name="description" content="Python提供了两种内置的 Integral 类型，即 int 与 bool 。整数与布尔型值都是固定的，但由于Python提供了增强的赋值操作符，使得这一约束极少导致实际问题。在布尔表达式中， 0 与 False 表示 False ，其他任意整数与 true 都表示 true 。在数字表达式中，True表示1，False表示0。这意味着有些看起来很怪异的表达式也是有效的。 例如可以使用表达式">
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/">
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 16:46:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
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+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 16:30:11" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T16:30:11+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
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+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
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+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
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-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
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-                  1,347
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
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@@ -391,78 +462,84 @@ <h1 id="Integral-整型"><a href="#Integral-整型" class="headerlink" title="In
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
-<td>x + y</td>
+<td><code>x + y</code></td>
 <td>将数x与数y相加</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>x - y</td>
+<td><code>x - y</code></td>
 <td>从x减去y</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>x * y</td>
+<td><code>x * y</code></td>
 <td>将x与y相乘</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>x / y</td>
+<td><code>x / y</code></td>
 <td>用x除以y ,产生一个浮点值(若x或y是一个复数就产生一个复数)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>x // y</td>
+<td><code>x // y</code></td>
 <td>用x除以y ,舍弃小数部分,结果总为整数,参见round()</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>x % y</td>
+<td><code>x % y</code></td>
 <td>用 x 除以 y ,取模(余数)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>x ** y</td>
+<td><code>x ** y</code></td>
 <td>计算x的y次幂,参见pow()</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>-x</td>
+<td><code>-x</code></td>
 <td>对x取负数,若x为0不做任何操作,否则改变其符号</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>+x</td>
+<td><code>+x</code></td>
 <td>不做任何操作,有时候用于澄清代码</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>abs(x)</td>
+<td><code>abs(x)</code></td>
 <td>返回x的绝对值</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>divmod()</td>
+<td><code>divmod()</code></td>
 <td>以二元组的形式返回x除以y所得的商和余数(两个整数)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>pow(x,y)</td>
-<td>计算x的y次幂,与操作符**相同</td>
+<td><code>pow(x,y)</code></td>
+<td>计算x的y次幂,与操作符 <code>**</code> 相同</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>pow(x,y,z)</td>
-<td>(x**y)%z的另一种写法</td>
+<td><code>pow(x,y,z)</code></td>
+<td><code>(x**y)%z</code> 的另一种写法</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>round(x,n)</td>
+<td><code>round(x,n)</code></td>
 <td>返回浮点数x四舍五入后的整数(或给定n将浮点数转换为小数点后有n位)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<p>所有二元数学操作符(+、-、/、//、％与<strong>)都有相应的增强版赋值操作符(+=、 -=、/=、//=、％=与</strong>=) </p>
-<p>对象的创建可以通过给变量赋字面意义上的值，比如 <code>x=17</code>，或者将相关的数据类型作为函数进行调用，比如<code>x=int(17)</code>。使用数据类型创建对象时，有3种用例：</p>
+<p>所有二元数学操作符(<code>+</code>、<code>-</code>、<code>/</code>、<code>//</code>、<code>％</code> 与 <code>**</code> )都有相应的增强版赋值操作符(<code>+=</code>、<code>-=</code>、<code>/=</code>、<code>//=</code>、<code>％=</code> 与 <code>**=</code> )。 </p>
+<p>对象的创建可以通过给变量赋字面意义上的值，比如 <code>x=17</code>，或者将相关的数据类型作为函数进行调用，比如 <code>x=int(17)</code> 。使用数据类型创建对象时，有三种用例：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>第一种情况，不使用参数调用数据类型函数，这种情况下对象会被赋值为一个默认值，比如 <code>x=int()</code> 会创建一个值为0的整数。所有内置的数据类型都可以作为函数并不带任何参数进行调用。</li>
-<li>第二种情况，使用一个参数调用数据类型函数。若给定的参数是同样的数据类型,就将创建一个新对象，新对象是原始对象的一个浅拷贝。如果给定的参数不是同样的数据类型，就会尝试进行转换。如果给定参数支持到给定数据类型的转换，但是转换失败，就会产生一个 ValueError 异常，否则返回给定类型的对象。如果给定参数不知道到给定数据类型的转换，就会产生一个TypeError 异常。内置的 <code>float</code> 与 <code>str</code> 类型都支持到整数的转换。</li>
-<li>第三种情况，给定两个或多个参数但不是所有数据类型都支持，而对支持这一情况的数据类型，参数类型以及内涵都是变化的。对于 <code>int</code> 类型，允许给定两个参数，其中第一个参数是一个表示整数的字符串，第二个参数则是字符串表示的 <code>base</code>。 比如，<code>int(&quot;A4&quot;,16)</code> 会创建一个值为164的整数。</li>
+<li><p>第一种情况，不使用参数调用的数据类型函数，这种情况下对象会被赋值为一个默认值，比如 <code>x=int()</code> 会创建一个值为 0 的整数。所有内置的数据类型都可以作为函数并不带任何参数进行调用。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>第二种情况，使用一个有参数调用的数据类型函数。若给定的参数是同样的数据类型，就将创建一个新对象，新对象是原始对象的一个浅拷贝，例如 <code>x = [1, 2]; y = list(x)</code>。如果给定的参数不是同样的数据类型，就会尝试进行转换。如果给定参数支持到给定数据类型的转换，但是转换失败，就会产生一个 ValueError 异常，否则返回给定类型的对象。如果给定参数不知道到给定数据类型的转换，就会产生一个TypeError 异常。内置的 <code>float</code> 与 <code>str</code> 类型都支持到整数的转换。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>第三种情况，给定两个或多个参数但不是所有数据类型都支持，而对支持这一情况的数据类型，参数类型以及内涵都是变化的。对于 <code>int</code> 类型，允许给定两个参数，其中第一个参数是一个表示整数的字符串，第二个参数则是字符串表示的 <code>base</code> 。 比如，<code>int(&quot;A4&quot;,16)</code> 会创建一个值为164的整数。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<h2 id="布尔型"><a href="#布尔型" class="headerlink" title="布尔型"></a>布尔型</h2><p>有两个内置的布尔型对象：True 与 False。布尔数据类型也可以当作函数进行调用——不指定参数时将返回False，给定的是布尔型参数时，会返回该参数的一个拷贝，给定的是其他类型的参数时，则会尝试将其转换为布尔数据类型。所有内置的数据类型与标准库提供的数据类型都可以转换为一个布尔型值，为自定义数据类型提供布尔型转换也很容易。下面给出了两个布尔型赋值操作以及两个布尔表达式：</p>
+<h2 id="布尔型"><a href="#布尔型" class="headerlink" title="布尔型"></a>布尔型</h2><p>有两个内置的布尔型对象：True 与 False。布尔数据类型也可以当作函数进行调用——不指定参数时将返回 False，给定的是布尔型参数时，会返回该参数的一个拷贝，给定的是其他类型的参数时，则会尝试将其转换为布尔数据类型。所有内置的数据类型与标准库提供的数据类型都可以转换为一个布尔型值，为自定义数据类型提供布尔型转换也很容易。下面给出了两个布尔型赋值操作以及两个布尔表达式：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>t = <span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>f = <span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>t <span class="keyword">and</span> f</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>t <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a>浮点型</h1><p>浮点数也就是小数，之所以称为浮点数，是因为按照科学记数法表示时，一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的，比如，1.23x10^9和12.3x10^8是完全相等的。浮点数可以用数学写法，如1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数，就必须用科学计数法表示，把10用e替代，1.23x10^9就是1.23e9，或者12.3e8，0.000012可以写成1.2e-5等等。</p>
+<h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a>浮点型</h1><p>浮点数也就是小数，之所以称为浮点数，是因为按照科学记数法表示时，一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的，比如，<code>1.23x10^9</code> 和 <code>12.3x10^8</code> 是完全相等的。浮点数可以用数学写法，如 1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数，就必须用科学计数法表示，把 <code>10</code> 用 <code>e</code> 替代，<code>1.23x10^9</code> 就是 <code>1.23e9</code>，或者 <code>12.3e8</code>，<code>0.000012</code> 可以写成 <code>1.2e-5</code> 等等。</p>
 <p>整数和浮点数在计算机内部存储的方式是不同的，整数运算永远是精确的（除法也是精确的），而浮点数运算则可能会有四舍五入的误差。</p>
-<p>浮点数有完整的支持；整数和浮点数的混合计算中，整数会被转换为浮点数</p>
+<p>浮点数有完整的支持；整数和浮点数的混合计算中，整数会被转换为浮点数。</p>
 
       
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@@ -470,30 +547,37 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
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-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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@@ -631,9 +657,6 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
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+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -707,122 +795,133 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -830,17 +929,21 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -848,7 +951,7 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -856,6 +959,7 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -864,24 +968,59 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -897,14 +1036,21 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -918,10 +1064,8 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -933,85 +1077,63 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1060,6 +1182,8 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1093,8 +1217,9 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1263,9 +1388,9 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1335,25 +1460,67 @@ <h1 id="浮点型"><a href="#浮点型" class="headerlink" title="浮点型"></a
   
 
   
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/05/201910-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262/index.html" "b/2019/03/05/201910-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262/index.html"
index c4f142d0..1bb0dd79 100644
--- "a/2019/03/05/201910-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/05/201910-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<head>
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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@@ -48,103 +46,138 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
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@@ -302,70 +368,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-字符串
+
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-
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@@ -385,16 +456,19 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-字
       
         <h1 id="字符串"><a href="#字符串" class="headerlink" title="字符串"></a>字符串</h1><p>Python 字符串不可以被更改，它们是不可变的 。因此，赋值给字符串索引的位置会导致错误。字符串是使用固定不变的 str 数据类型表示的，其中存放 Unicode 字符序列。 str 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用，用于创建字符串对象：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>参数为空时返回一个空字符串</li>
-<li>参数为非字符串类型时返回该参数的字符串形式</li>
-<li>参数为字符串时返回该字符串的拷贝</li>
+<li><p>参数为空时返回一个空字符串，例如 <code>x = str()</code> ；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>参数为非字符串类型时返回该参数的字符串形式，例如 <code>x = str(3)</code> ；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>参数为字符串时返回该字符串的拷贝，例如 <code>x = str(&#39;Hello&#39;)</code> 。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 <p><code>str()</code> 函数也可以用作一个转换函数，此时要求第一个参数为字符串或可以转换为字符串的其他数据类型，其后跟随至多两个可选的字符串参数，其中一个用于指定要使用的编码格式，另一个用于指定如何处理编码错误。</p>
 <h2 id="引号的使用"><a href="#引号的使用" class="headerlink" title="引号的使用"></a>引号的使用</h2><p>字符串是使用引号创建的，可以使用单引号也可以使用双引号，但是字符串两端必须相同。此外还可以使用三引号包含的字符串——这是 Python 对起始端与终端都使用3个引号包含的字符串的叫法，例如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">text = <span class="string">"""A triple quoted string like this can include 'quotes' and </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"quotes" without formality. We can also escape newlines \ </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">so this particular string is actually only two lines long."""</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果需要在通常的、引号包含的字符串中使用引号，在要使用的引号与包含字符串的引号不同时，可以直接使用该引号，而不需要进行格式化处理操作，但是如果相同，就必须对其进行转义：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = <span class="string">"Single 'quotes' are fine; \"doubles\" must be escaped."</span> </span><br><span class="line">b = <span class="string">'Single \'quotes\' must be escaped; "doubles" are fine.'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="换行"><a href="#换行" class="headerlink" title="换行"></a>换行</h2><p>Python 使用换行作为其语句终结符，但是如果在圆括号、方括号、花括号内或三引号包含的字符串内则是例外。在三引号包含的字符串中，可以直接使用换行而不需要进行格式化处理操作。通过使用 <code>\n</code> 转义，也可以在任何字符串中包含换行。</p>
+<h2 id="换行"><a href="#换行" class="headerlink" title="换行"></a>换行</h2><p>Python 使用换行作为其语句终止符，但是如果在圆括号、方括号、花括号内或三引号包含的字符串内则是例外。在三引号包含的字符串中，可以直接使用换行而不需要进行格式化处理操作。通过使用 <code>\n</code> 转义，也可以在任何字符串中包含换行。</p>
 <p>有些情况下——比如编写正则表达式时, 需要创建带有大量字面意义反斜杠的字符串。由于每个反斜杠都必须进行转义处理，从而造成了不便：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line">phone1 = re.compile(<span class="string">"^((?:[(]\\d+[)])?\\s*\\d+(?:-\\d+)?)$"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>解决方法是使用原始的字符串，这种引号包含的或三引号包含的字符串的第一个引号由字面意义的 <code>r</code> 引导。在这种字符串内部，所有字符都按其字面意义理解，因此不再需要进行转义。下面给出了使用原始字符串的 phone 正则表达式：</p>
@@ -403,190 +477,136 @@ <h2 id="换行"><a href="#换行" class="headerlink" title="换行"></a>换行</
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'C:\some\name'</span>)    <span class="comment"># 这里的\n意味着换行</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">r'C:\some\name'</span>)   <span class="comment"># 在引号前使用r来引导，则\n就按照字面意义理解</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果变量中有特殊字符串，但不希望被引用，则可以使用 <code>repr()</code> 方法使用字符串原意(方便机器阅读，而不是方便人阅读)</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>line = <span class="string">'Hello Tom ! \n Hi'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(line)</span><br><span class="line">Hello Tom !</span><br><span class="line"> Hi</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(repr(line))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Hello Tom ! \n Hi'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="连接"><a href="#连接" class="headerlink" title="连接"></a>连接</h2><ul>
-<li>字符串可以由 <code>+</code> 操作符连接(粘到一起)，可以由 <code>*</code> 表示重复</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="连接"><a href="#连接" class="headerlink" title="连接"></a>连接</h2><p>字符串可以由 <code>+</code> 操作符连接(粘到一起)，可以由 <code>*</code> 表示重复</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="comment"># 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="number">3</span> * <span class="string">'un'</span> + <span class="string">'ium'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'unununium'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>相邻的两个字符串文本自动连接在一起</li>
-</ul>
+<p>相邻的两个字符串文本自动连接在一起</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'Py'</span> <span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'Py'</span><span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>  这种方法只用于两个字符串文本，不能用于字符串表达式</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix = <span class="string">'Py'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix <span class="string">'thon'</span>  <span class="comment"># # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal</span></span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    prefix <span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line">                ^</span><br><span class="line">SyntaxError: invalid syntax</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>(<span class="string">'un'</span> * <span class="number">3</span>) <span class="string">'ium'</span></span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    (<span class="string">'un'</span> * <span class="number">3</span>) <span class="string">'ium'</span></span><br><span class="line">                   ^</span><br><span class="line">SyntaxError: invalid syntax</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>使用 <code>+</code> 将多个变量连成字符串，或将一个变量和一个字符串文本连接成字符串</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix + <span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix=<span class="string">'Py'</span>;suffix=<span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix + suffix</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>使用  <code>,</code> 连接成元组</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix=<span class="string">'Py'</span>;suffix=<span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix , suffix</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'Py'</span>, <span class="string">'thon'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a= prefix , suffix</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'Py'</span>, <span class="string">'thon'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>用 <code>%</code> 连接一个字符串和一组变量，字符串中的特殊标记会被自动用右边变量组中的变量替换，功能比较强大，借鉴了 C 语言中 <code>printf</code> 函数的功能：</li>
-</ul>
+<p>这种方法只用于字面意义上的两个字符串文本，不能用于 变量 和 字符串表达式：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix = <span class="string">'Py'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix <span class="string">'thon'</span>  <span class="comment">#  can't concatenate a variable and a string literal</span></span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    prefix <span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line">                ^</span><br><span class="line">SyntaxError: invalid syntax</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>(<span class="string">'un'</span> * <span class="number">3</span>) <span class="string">'ium'</span></span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    (<span class="string">'un'</span> * <span class="number">3</span>) <span class="string">'ium'</span></span><br><span class="line">                   ^</span><br><span class="line">SyntaxError: invalid syntax</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>+</code> 将多个变量连成字符串，或将一个变量和一个字符串文本连接成字符串</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix + <span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix=<span class="string">'Py'</span>; suffix=<span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix + suffix</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用  <code>,</code> 连接成元组</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix=<span class="string">'Py'</span>; suffix=<span class="string">'thon'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>prefix , suffix</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'Py'</span>, <span class="string">'thon'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a= prefix , suffix</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'Py'</span>, <span class="string">'thon'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>用 <code>%</code> 连接一个字符串和一组变量，字符串中的特殊标记会被自动用右边变量组中的变量替换，功能比较强大，借鉴了 C 语言中 <code>printf</code> 函数的功能：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a=<span class="string">'Tom'</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b=<span class="string">'Jerry'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'%s %s %s'</span> %(a,<span class="string">'and'</span>,b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Tom and Jerry'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="较长字符串的表示方法"><a href="#较长字符串的表示方法" class="headerlink" title="较长字符串的表示方法"></a>较长字符串的表示方法</h1><p>如果需要写一个长字符串，跨越了2行或更多行，则可以使用三种方法：</p>
-<ul>
-<li>使用三引号，行尾换行符会被自动包含到字符串中，但是可以在行尾加上 <code>\</code> 来避免这个行为。下面的示例： 可以使用反斜杠作为行结尾的连续字符串，它表示下一行在逻辑上是本行的后续内容</li>
-</ul>
+<p>使用三引号，行尾换行符会被自动包含到字符串中，但是可以在行尾加上 <code>\</code> 来避免这个行为。下面的示例： 可以使用反斜杠作为行结尾的连续字符串，它表示下一行在逻辑上是本行的后续内容：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"""\</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">     -h                        Display this usage message</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">     -H hostname               Hostname to connect to \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>由 <code>+</code> 操作符连接</li>
-</ul>
+<p>由 <code>+</code> 操作符连接：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>t = <span class="string">"This is not the best way to join two long strings "</span> + \</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span><span class="string">"together since it relies on ugly newline escaping"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>t</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'This is not the best way to join two long strings together since it relies on ugly newline escaping'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>使用圆括号构成一个单独的表达式，如果不使用圆括号，就只有第一个字符串对变量进行赋值，第二个字符串则会导致 <code>IndentationError</code> 异常。建议总是使用圆括号将跨越多行的任何语句进行封装而不使用转义的换行符。</li>
-</ul>
+<p>使用圆括号构成一个单独的表达式，如果不使用圆括号，就只有第一个字符串对变量进行赋值，第二个字符串则会导致 <code>IndentationError</code> 异常。建议总是使用圆括号将跨越多行的任何语句进行封装而不使用转义的换行符。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = (<span class="string">"This is the nice way to join two long strings "</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span><span class="string">"together; it relies on string literal concatenation."</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'This is the nice way to join two long strings together; it relies on string literal concatenation.'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="操作符"><a href="#操作符" class="headerlink" title="操作符"></a>操作符</h1><p>由于字符串是固定序列，所有可用于固定序列的功能都可用于字符串，包括使用 <code>in</code> 进行成员关系测试，使用 <code>+=</code> 进行追加操作，使用 <code>*</code> 进行复制，使用 <code>*=</code> 进行增强的赋值复制等。</p>
-<ul>
-<li><code>*</code> 操作符提供了字符串复制功能</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>*</code> 操作符提供了字符串复制功能：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'#'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s*<span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'#####'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s*=<span class="number">50</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'##################################################'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>在用于字符串时，如果成员关系操作符 <code>in</code> 左边的字符串是右边字符串的一部分或者相等，就返回 <code>True</code></li>
-</ul>
+<p>在用于字符串时，如果成员关系操作符 <code>in</code> 左边的字符串是右边字符串的一部分或者相等，就返回 <code>True</code></p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'usr'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">'/usr/local/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'usr'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">'/usfr/local/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>字符串支持通常的比较操作符 <code>&lt;</code> 、<code>&lt;=</code> 、<code>=</code> 、<code>!=</code> 、<code>&gt;</code> 与 <code>&gt;=</code> ，这些操作符在内存中逐个字节对字符串进行比较</li>
-</ul>
+<p>字符串支持通常的比较操作符 <code>&lt;</code> 、<code>&lt;=</code> 、<code>=</code> 、<code>!=</code> 、<code>&gt;</code> 与 <code>&gt;=</code> ，这些操作符在内存中逐个字节对字符串进行比较</p>
 <p>作为一种策略（以便防止出错)，Python 并不进行推测字符串是哪个国家的语言字符。在字符串比较时，Python 使用的是字符串的内存字节的形式，此时的排序是基于 Unicode 编码格式的，比如对英语就是按 ASCII 顺序。对要比较的字符串进行小写或大写，会产生更贴近自然英语的排序。</p>
 <h1 id="字符串的切片与步距"><a href="#字符串的切片与步距" class="headerlink" title="字符串的切片与步距"></a>字符串的切片与步距</h1><p>字符串也可以被截取(检索)。字符串的索引位置从0开始，直至字符串长度值减去1。索引用于获得单个字符，切片则可以获得一个子字符串</p>
-<h2 id="单个字符的提取"><a href="#单个字符的提取" class="headerlink" title="单个字符的提取"></a>单个字符的提取</h2><ul>
-<li>Python 没有单独的字符类型；一个字符就是一个简单的长度为1的字符串。</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="单个字符的提取"><a href="#单个字符的提取" class="headerlink" title="单个字符的提取"></a>单个字符的提取</h2><p>Python 没有单独的字符类型；一个字符就是一个简单的长度为 1 的字符串。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word = <span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word[<span class="number">0</span>]  <span class="comment"># character in position 0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'P'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word[<span class="number">5</span>]  <span class="comment"># character in position 5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'n'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>使用负索引位置也是可以的一一此时的计数方式是从最后一个字符到第一个字符。</li>
-</ul>
+<p>使用负索引位置也是可以的一一此时的计数方式是从最后一个字符到第一个字符。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word[<span class="number">-1</span>]  <span class="comment"># last character</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'n'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word[<span class="number">-2</span>]  <span class="comment"># second-last character</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'o'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word[<span class="number">-6</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'P'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><strong>注意：</strong> -0 实际上就是 0，所以它不会导致从右边开始计算。-1 这个值总是代表字符串的最后一个字符。 存取超过范围的索引位置（或空字符串中的索引位置）会产生 IndexError 异常</p>
-<h2 id="分片操作"><a href="#分片操作" class="headerlink" title="分片操作"></a>分片操作</h2><p>分片操作符 <code>[]</code> 有3种语法格式：</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><code>seq</code> 可以是任意序列，比如列表、字符串或元组。<code>start</code> 、<code>end</code> 与 <code>step</code> 必须都是整数（或存放整数的变量)：</p>
-</blockquote>
-<ul>
-<li><code>seq [start]</code> ,从序列中提取从start开始的数据项</li>
-</ul>
+<p><strong>注意：</strong> -0 实际上就是 0，所以它不会导致从右边开始计算。-1 这个值总是代表字符串的最后一个字符。 存取超过范围的索引位置（或空字符串中的索引位置）会产生 IndexError 异常。</p>
+<h2 id="分片操作"><a href="#分片操作" class="headerlink" title="分片操作"></a>分片操作</h2><p>下面提到的 <code>seq</code> 可以是任意序列，比如列表、字符串或元组。<code>start</code> 、<code>end</code> 与 <code>step</code> 必须都是整数（或存放整数的变量)。</p>
+<p>分片操作符 <code>[]</code> 有三种语法格式：</p>
+<p><strong>语法格式一</strong>：<code>seq [start]</code> ：从序列中提取从start开始的数据项：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">"The waxwork man"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s[<span class="number">0</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'T'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'h'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>语法格式二：</strong><code>seq[start:end]</code>，一个冒号，从(包含)  <code>start</code> 开始的数据项到(不包含) <code>end</code> 结束的数据项提取一个分片。如果使用这种语法格式就可以省略任意的整数索引值。</p>
 <ul>
-<li><code>seq[start:end]</code>，一个冒号，从(包含)  <code>start</code> 开始的数据项到(不包含) <code>end</code> 结束的数据项提取一个分片。如果使用这种语法格式就可以省略任意的整数索引值。<ul>
-<li>如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0；</li>
-<li>如果省略了终点索引值，就默认为 <code>len(seq)</code>，即要切片的字符串的长度；</li>
-<li>如果省略了两个索引值，比如 <code>s[:]</code> 则与 <code>s[0:len(s)]</code> 是一样的，作用都是提取也就是复制整个序列</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p>如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>如果省略了终点索引值，就默认为 <code>len(seq)</code>，即要切片的字符串的长度；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>如果省略了两个索引值，比如 <code>s[:]</code> 则与 <code>s[0:len(s)]</code> 是一样的，作用都是提取也就是复制整个序列</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>给定赋值操作 <code>s = &quot;The waxwork man&quot;</code>，图2-2展示了字符串s的一些实例分片</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">"The waxwork man"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>len(s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">15</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = s[:<span class="number">12</span>] + <span class="string">"wo"</span> + s[<span class="number">12</span>:]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'The waxwork woman'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/2-2.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>实际上由于文本 <code>wo</code> 在原始字符串中，因此我们也可以写成 <code>s[:12] + s[7:9] + s[12:]</code> 达到同样的效果。在涉及很多字符串时，使用 <code>+</code> 进行连接、使用 <code>+=</code> 进行追加等操作并不是特别高效，如果需要连接大量的字符串，通常最好使用 <code>str.join()</code> 方法</p>
+<p>实际上由于文本 <code>wo</code> 在原始字符串中，因此我们也可以写成 <code>s[:12] + s[7:9] + s[12:]</code> 达到同样的效果。在涉及很多字符串时，使用 <code>+</code> 进行连接、使用 <code>+=</code> 进行追加等操作并不是特别高效，如果需要连接大量的字符串，通常最好使用 <code>str.join()</code> 方法。</p>
+<p><strong>语法格式三</strong>：<code>seq[start:end:step]</code>，两个冒号，与上面用法类似，区别在于不是提取每一个字符，每隔 <code>step</code> 个字符进行提取；也可以省略两个索引</p>
 <ul>
-<li><code>seq[start:end:step]</code>，两个冒号，与上面用法类似，区别在于不是提取每一个字符，每隔 <code>step</code> 个字符进行提取；也可以省略两个索引<ul>
-<li>如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0 ——<strong>除非给定的是负的step值，此时起点索引值默认为-1</strong></li>
-<li>如果省略了终点索引值，那么默认为 <code>len(seq)</code>——<strong>除非给定的是负的step值， 此时终点索引值默认为字符串起点前面</strong></li>
-<li>不能忽略 step，并且 step 不能为0。如果不需要step，那么应该使用不包含 <code>step</code> 的第二种语法（一个冒号）</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p>如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0 ——<strong>除非给定的是负的step值，此时起点索引值默认为-1</strong></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>如果省略了终点索引值，那么默认为 <code>len(seq)</code>——<strong>除非给定的是负的step值， 此时终点索引值默认为字符串起点前面</strong></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>不能忽略 <code>step</code>，并且 <code>step</code> 不能为 0。如果不需要 <code>step</code>，那么应该使用不包含 <code>step</code> 的第二种语法（一个冒号）</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-<p>给定赋值操作 <code>s = &quot;he ate camel food&quot;</code> 下图2-3展示了字符串带步距的分片的两个实例</p>
+<p>给定赋值操作 <code>s = &quot;he ate camel food&quot;</code> 下图展示了字符串带步距的分片的两个实例：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/2-3.png" alt=""></p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/2-4.png" alt=""></p>
 <p>更常见的情况下，步距是与字符串之外的序列类型一起使用的，但是也存在用于字符串的情况：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s, s[::<span class="number">-1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'The waxwork woman'</span>, <span class="string">'namow krowxaw ehT'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><code>step</code> 为 -1 意味着每个字符都将被提取，方向为从终点到起点，因此会产生反转的字符串。</p>
-<p><strong>注意：</strong> 包含起始的字符，不包含末尾的字符。这使得 <code>s[:i] + s[i:]</code> 永远等于 <code>s</code>：</p>
+<p><strong>注意：</strong> 包含起始的字符，不包含末尾的字符，这使得 <code>s[:i] + s[i:]</code> 永远等于 <code>s</code>：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word = <span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word[:<span class="number">2</span>] + word[<span class="number">2</span>:]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>word[:<span class="number">4</span>] + word[<span class="number">4</span>:]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Python'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="常用方法"><a href="#常用方法" class="headerlink" title="常用方法"></a>常用方法</h1><h2 id="大小写转换"><a href="#大小写转换" class="headerlink" title="大小写转换"></a>大小写转换</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.title()</code>：返回字符串s的副本并将每个单词的首字母变为大写，其他字母变为小写</li>
-</ul>
+<h1 id="常用方法"><a href="#常用方法" class="headerlink" title="常用方法"></a>常用方法</h1><h2 id="大小写转换"><a href="#大小写转换" class="headerlink" title="大小写转换"></a>大小写转换</h2><p><code>s.title()</code>：返回字符串s的副本并将每个单词的首字母变为大写，其他字母变为小写</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'hello world'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.title()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Hello World'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>s.capitalize()</code>：返回字符串s的副本并将首字母变为大写</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>s.capitalize()</code>：返回字符串s的副本并将首字母变为大写</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'jerry'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.capitalize()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Jerry'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>s.lower()</code>：将字符串转为小写</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>s.lower()</code>：将字符串转为小写</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'Jerry'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.lower()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'jerry'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>s.upper()</code>：将字符串转为大写</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>s.upper()</code>：将字符串转为大写</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'hwaddr=00:0c:29:85:60:ee'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.upper()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'HWADDR=00:0C:29:85:60:EE'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>s.swapcase()</code>：交换大小写，返回s的副本并将其中大写字符变为小写，小写字符变为大写</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>s.swapcase()</code>：交换大小写，返回s的副本并将其中大写字符变为小写，小写字符变为大写</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'hwaddr=00:0C:29:85:60:EE'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.swapcase()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'HWADDR=00:0c:29:85:60:ee'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="剔除字符串"><a href="#剔除字符串" class="headerlink" title="剔除字符串"></a>剔除字符串</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.strip(chars)</code>：返回s的副本，并将两边(<em>开头</em>和<em>结尾</em>)的空白字符（或字符串为 <code>chars</code> 的字符）移除</li>
-<li><code>s.lstrip(chars)</code>：返回s的副本，并将左边(<em>开头</em>)的空白字符（或字符串为 <code>chars</code> 的字符）移除</li>
-<li><code>s.rstrip(chars)</code>：返回s的副本，并将右边(<em>结尾</em>)的空白字符（或字符串为 <code>chars</code> 的字符）移除</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="剔除字符串"><a href="#剔除字符串" class="headerlink" title="剔除字符串"></a>剔除字符串</h2><p><code>s.strip(chars)</code>：返回s的副本，并将两边(<em>开头</em>和<em>结尾</em>)的空白字符（或字符串为 <code>chars</code> 的字符）移除。</p>
+<p><code>s.lstrip(chars)</code>：返回s的副本，并将左边(<em>开头</em>)的空白字符（或字符串为 <code>chars</code> 的字符）移除。</p>
+<p><code>s.rstrip(chars)</code>：返回s的副本，并将右边(<em>结尾</em>)的空白字符（或字符串为 <code>chars</code> 的字符）移除。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">"        \n\nMy name is Linux. \n I'm 18 years old.\n\n    "</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">My name <span class="keyword">is</span> Linux.</span><br><span class="line"> I<span class="string">'m 18 years old.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.strip())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">My name is Linux.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> I'</span>m <span class="number">18</span> years old.</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s.lstrip())</span><br><span class="line">My name <span class="keyword">is</span> Linux.</span><br><span class="line"> I<span class="string">'m 18 years old.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.rstrip())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">My name is Linux.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> I'</span>m <span class="number">18</span> years old.</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span> <span class="string">"&lt;[unbracketed]&gt;"</span>.strip(<span class="string">"[]()&#123;&#125;&lt;&gt;"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span> <span class="string">'unbracketed'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="填充字符串"><a href="#填充字符串" class="headerlink" title="填充字符串"></a>填充字符串</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.center(width,char)</code>：返回一个长度为 <code>width</code> 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 <em>居中</em> 位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 <code>char</code> (长度为1的字符串)进行填充</li>
-<li><code>s.ljust(width,char)</code>： 返回一个长度为 <code>width</code> 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 <em>左</em> 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 <code>char</code> (长度为1的字符串)进行填充</li>
-<li><code>s.rjust(width,char)</code>： 返回一个长度为 <code>width</code> 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于<em>右</em> 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 <code>char</code> (长度为1的字符串)进行填充</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="填充字符串"><a href="#填充字符串" class="headerlink" title="填充字符串"></a>填充字符串</h2><p><code>s.center(width,char)</code>：返回一个长度为 <code>width</code> 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 <em>居中</em> 位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 <code>char</code> (长度为1的字符串)进行填充。</p>
+<p><code>s.ljust(width,char)</code>： 返回一个长度为 <code>width</code> 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 <em>左</em> 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 <code>char</code> (长度为1的字符串)进行填充。</p>
+<p><code>s.rjust(width,char)</code>： 返回一个长度为 <code>width</code> 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于<em>右</em> 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 <code>char</code> (长度为1的字符串)进行填充。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'Shopping list'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.center(<span class="number">50</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'                  Shopping list                   '</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.center(<span class="number">50</span>,<span class="string">'='</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'==================Shopping list==================='</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.ljust(<span class="number">50</span>,<span class="string">'='</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Shopping list====================================='</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rjust(<span class="number">50</span>,<span class="string">'='</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'=====================================Shopping list'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>s.zfill(w)</code>：返回s的副本，如果 s 的长度比 <code>w</code> 短，就在开头使用 0 填充，使其长度为 <code>w</code> ，其中 <code>w</code> 必须为整数</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>s.zfill(w)</code>：返回s的副本，如果 s 的长度比 <code>w</code> 短，就在开头使用 0 填充，使其长度为 <code>w</code> ，其中 <code>w</code> 必须为整数：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'10'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.zfill(<span class="number">8</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'00000010'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="统计字符串次数"><a href="#统计字符串次数" class="headerlink" title="统计字符串次数"></a>统计字符串次数</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.count(t,start,end)</code>：返回字符串 s 中(或在 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 切片中)字符串 <code>t</code> 出现的次数</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="统计字符串次数"><a href="#统计字符串次数" class="headerlink" title="统计字符串次数"></a>统计字符串次数</h2><p><code>s.count(t,start,end)</code>：返回字符串 s 中(或在 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 切片中)字符串 <code>t</code> 出现的次数</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">"You're so You're so... sexy sexy sexy I need your love"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.count(<span class="string">'sexy'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.count(<span class="string">'so'</span>,<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">15</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.count(<span class="string">'so'</span>,<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">20</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="匹配开头和结尾"><a href="#匹配开头和结尾" class="headerlink" title="匹配开头和结尾"></a>匹配开头和结尾</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.startswith(x,start,end)</code>：如果 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片)以字符串 <code>x</code> (或以元组 <code>x</code> 中的任意字符串)开始，就返回 <code>True</code> ，否则返回 <code>False</code></li>
-<li><code>s.endswith(x,start,end)</code>：如果 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片)以字符串 <code>x</code> (或以元组 <code>x</code> 中的任意字符串)结尾，就返回 <code>True</code> ，否则返回 <code>False</code></li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="匹配开头和结尾"><a href="#匹配开头和结尾" class="headerlink" title="匹配开头和结尾"></a>匹配开头和结尾</h2><p><code>s.startswith(x,start,end)</code>：如果 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片)以字符串 <code>x</code> (或以元组 <code>x</code> 中的任意字符串)开始，就返回 <code>True</code> ，否则返回 <code>False</code>。</p>
+<p><code>s.endswith(x,start,end)</code>：如果 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片)以字符串 <code>x</code> (或以元组 <code>x</code> 中的任意字符串)结尾，就返回 <code>True</code> ，否则返回 <code>False</code>。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'jerry and tom'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.startswith(<span class="string">'jerry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.endswith(<span class="string">'jerry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.endswith(<span class="string">'tom'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="分隔"><a href="#分隔" class="headerlink" title="分隔"></a>分隔</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.split(t,n)</code>：以 <code>t</code> 作为分隔符，分隔 <code>n</code> 次，并返回结果。如果 <code>t</code> 未指定则默认以空白符作为分隔，如果 <code>n</code> 未指定则尽可能多地分隔。使用 <code>s.rsplit(t,n)</code> 可以从右往左进行分割——只有在指定了 <code>n</code> 并且 <code>n</code> 小于可能分割的最大次数是才能起作用</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="分隔"><a href="#分隔" class="headerlink" title="分隔"></a>分隔</h2><p><code>s.split(t,n)</code>：以 <code>t</code> 作为分隔符，分隔 <code>n</code> 次，并返回结果。如果 <code>t</code> 未指定则默认以空白符作为分隔，如果 <code>n</code> 未指定则尽可能多地分隔。使用 <code>s.rsplit(t,n)</code> 可以从右往左进行分割——只有在指定了 <code>n</code> 并且 <code>n</code> 小于可能分割的最大次数是才能起作用。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.split(<span class="string">':'</span>,<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'/usr/local/sbin'</span>, <span class="string">'/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.split(<span class="string">':'</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'/usr/local/sbin'</span>, <span class="string">'/usr/local/bin'</span>, <span class="string">'/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rsplit(<span class="string">'/'</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:'</span>, <span class="string">'root'</span>, <span class="string">'bin'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li><code>s.partition(t)</code>：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从左往右 第一个 <code>t</code> 的左边的部分，<code>t</code> ， 从左往右 第一个 <code>t</code> 右边的部分。如果 <code>t</code> 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。</li>
-<li><code>s.rpartition(t)</code> ：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从右往左 第一个 <code>t</code> 的左边的部分，<code>t</code> ， 从右往左 第一个 <code>t</code> 右边的部分。如果 <code>t</code> 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>s.partition(t)</code>：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从左往右 第一个 <code>t</code> 的左边的部分，<code>t</code> ， 从左往右 第一个 <code>t</code> 右边的部分。如果 <code>t</code> 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。</p>
+<p><code>s.rpartition(t)</code> ：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从右往左 第一个 <code>t</code> 的左边的部分，<code>t</code> ， 从右往左 第一个 <code>t</code> 右边的部分。如果 <code>t</code> 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'/usr/local/bin/firefox'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.partition(<span class="string">'/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'/'</span>, <span class="string">'usr/local/bin/firefox'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rpartition(<span class="string">'/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'/usr/local/bin'</span>, <span class="string">'/'</span>, <span class="string">'firefox'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.partition(<span class="string">'fdas'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'/usr/local/bin/firefox'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">''</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rpartition(<span class="string">'fdas'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'/usr/local/bin/firefox'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="位置检索"><a href="#位置检索" class="headerlink" title="位置检索"></a>位置检索</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.index(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从左往右</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最左边</em> 的 <code>t</code> 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 <code>ValueError</code> 异常；</li>
-<li><code>s.rindex(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从右往左</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最右边</em> 的 <code>t</code> 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 <code>ValueError</code> 异常；</li>
-<li><code>s.find(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从左往右</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最左边</em> 的<code>t</code>的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1；</li>
-<li><code>s.rfind(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从右往左</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最右边</em> 的 <code>t</code> 的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1；</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.index(<span class="string">'local'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rindex(<span class="string">'local'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">21</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.index(<span class="string">'localsf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">ValueError: substring <span class="keyword">not</span> found</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rindex(<span class="string">'localsf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">ValueError: substring <span class="keyword">not</span> found</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.find(<span class="string">'usr'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rfind(<span class="string">'usr'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">42</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rfind(<span class="string">'usrf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">-1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rfind(<span class="string">'usrf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">-1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="替换"><a href="#替换" class="headerlink" title="替换"></a>替换</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.replace(t,u,n)</code>：返回 s 的副本，其中每个(或最多 n 个，若指定了n)字符串 <code>t</code> 使用 <code>u</code> 进行替换</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="位置检索"><a href="#位置检索" class="headerlink" title="位置检索"></a>位置检索</h2><p><code>s.index(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从左往右</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最左边</em> 的 <code>t</code> 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 <code>ValueError</code> 异常；</p>
+<p><code>s.rindex(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从右往左</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最右边</em> 的 <code>t</code> 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 <code>ValueError</code> 异常；</p>
+<p><code>s.find(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从左往右</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最左边</em> 的<code>t</code>的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1；</p>
+<p><code>s.rfind(t,start,end)</code>：如果在 s (或 s 的 <code>start:end</code> 分片 )中 <em>从右往左</em> 能找到字符串 <code>t</code> ，则返回 <em>最右边</em> 的 <code>t</code> 的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1；</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.index(<span class="string">'local'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rindex(<span class="string">'local'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">21</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.index(<span class="string">'localsf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">ValueError: substring <span class="keyword">not</span> found</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rindex(<span class="string">'localsf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">ValueError: substring <span class="keyword">not</span> found</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.find(<span class="string">'usr'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rfind(<span class="string">'usr'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">42</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rfind(<span class="string">'usrf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">-1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.rfind(<span class="string">'usrf'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">-1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="替换"><a href="#替换" class="headerlink" title="替换"></a>替换</h2><p><code>s.replace(t,u,n)</code>：返回 s 的副本，其中每个(或最多 n 个，若指定了n)字符串 <code>t</code> 使用 <code>u</code> 进行替换。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">"You're so You're so... sex sex sex I need your love"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.replace(<span class="string">'sex'</span>,<span class="string">'sexy'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"You're so You're so... sexy sexy sexy I need your love"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.replace(<span class="string">'sex'</span>,<span class="string">'sexy'</span>,<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"You're so You're so... sex sex sex I need your love"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.replace(<span class="string">'sex'</span>,<span class="string">'sexy'</span>,<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"You're so You're so... sexy sex sex I need your love"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="可迭代数据类型转为字符串"><a href="#可迭代数据类型转为字符串" class="headerlink" title="可迭代数据类型转为字符串"></a>可迭代数据类型转为字符串</h2><ul>
-<li><code>x.join(seq)</code>：以 <code>x</code> (可以为空)作为连接符，将可迭代对象 <code>seq</code> 中的每个元素连接起来</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="可迭代数据类型转为字符串"><a href="#可迭代数据类型转为字符串" class="headerlink" title="可迭代数据类型转为字符串"></a>可迭代数据类型转为字符串</h2><p><code>x.join(seq)</code>：以 <code>x</code> (可以为空)作为连接符，将可迭代对象 <code>seq</code> 中的每个元素连接起来。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=[<span class="string">'usr'</span>,<span class="string">'local'</span>,<span class="string">'bin'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">''</span>.join(s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'usrlocalbin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'/'</span>.join(s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'usr/local/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'/'</span>.join(s).replace(<span class="string">'usr'</span>,<span class="string">'/usr'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'/usr/local/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'+'</span>.join([<span class="string">"1"</span>,<span class="string">"2"</span>,<span class="string">"3"</span>]))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span>+<span class="number">2</span>+<span class="number">3</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><code>x.join()</code> 方法也可以与内置的 <code>reversed()</code> 函数一起使用，以实现对字符串的反转，例如<code>&quot;&quot;.join(reversed(s))</code>。当然通过步距也可以更精确地获取同样的结果，比如<code>s[::-1]</code></p>
+<p><code>x.join()</code> 方法也可以与内置的 <code>reversed()</code> 函数一起使用，以实现对字符串的反转，例如 <code>&quot;&quot;.join(reversed(s))</code>。当然通过步距也可以更精确地获取同样的结果，比如 <code>s[::-1]</code> 。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=[<span class="string">'1'</span>, <span class="string">'2'</span>, <span class="string">'3'</span>, <span class="string">'4'</span>, <span class="string">'5'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">''</span>.join(s[::<span class="number">-1</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'54321'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">''</span>.join(reversed(s))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'54321'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h2><ul>
-<li><code>s.isidentifier()</code>：如果 s 非空，并且是一个有效的标识符（变量名），则返回 <code>True</code></li>
-<li><code>s.isalnum()</code>：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是字母或数字，则返回 <code>True</code></li>
-<li><code>s.isdigit()</code>：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是一个 ASCII 数字，则返回 <code>True</code></li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h2><p><code>s.isidentifier()</code>：如果 s 非空，并且是一个有效的标识符（变量名），则返回 <code>True</code>。</p>
+<p><code>s.isalnum()</code>：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是字母或数字，则返回 <code>True</code>。</p>
+<p><code>s.isdigit()</code>：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是一个 ASCII 数字，则返回 <code>True</code>。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.isidentifier()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'Name'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.isidentifier()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'abc234,'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.isalnum()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'abc23'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.isalnum()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.isdigit()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'023'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.isdigit()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s=<span class="string">'abc23.12'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s.isdigit()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="连接效率测试与总结"><a href="#连接效率测试与总结" class="headerlink" title="连接效率测试与总结"></a>连接效率测试与总结</h1><p>实验比较 <code>+</code>  和  <code>x.join(s)</code> 的连接效率</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> time <span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test1</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    使用 + 连接100个字符串 'python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    time_begin=time()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">100000</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        s=<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(time()-time_begin)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    使用join连接100个字符串 'python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    time_begin=time()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">100000</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        s=<span class="string">''</span>.join([<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    print(time()-time_begin)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test3</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    使用 + 连接3个字符串 'python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    time_begin=time()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">100000</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        s=<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span>+<span class="string">'python'</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(time()-time_begin)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test4</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    使用join连接3个字符串 'python'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    time_begin=time()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">100000</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        s=<span class="string">''</span>.join([<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>,<span class="string">'python'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    print(time()-time_begin)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">test1()</span><br><span class="line">test2()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'-'</span>*<span class="number">50</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">test3()</span><br><span class="line">test4()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>运行结果</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[user1@CentOS-7.3 tmp]$ ./test.py</span><br><span class="line">0.983684778213501</span><br><span class="line">0.21014761924743652</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">0.003002643585205078</span><br><span class="line">0.02301621437072754</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>总结</p>
+<p>总结：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>使用 <code>+</code> 连接效率低是在连续进行多个字符串连接的时候出现的，如果连接的个数较少，加号连接效率反而比 <code>join</code> 连接效率高</li>
-<li><code>join</code> 使用略复杂，但对多个字符进行连接时效率高，只会有一次内存的申请。而且如果是对 <code>list</code> 的字符进行连接的时候，这种方法必须是首选</li>
-<li>使用 <code>+</code> 进行字符串连接，操作效率低下，因为 Python 中字符串是不可变的类型，使用 <code>+</code> 连接两个字符串时会生成一个新的字符串，生成新的字符串就需要重新申请内存，当连续相加的字符串很多时效率低下就很显然了</li>
+<li><p>使用 <code>+</code> 连接效率低是在连续进行多个字符串连接的时候出现的，如果连接的个数较少，加号连接效率反而比 <code>join</code> 连接效率高。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>join</code> 使用略复杂，但对多个字符进行连接时效率高，只会有一次内存的申请。而且如果是对 <code>list</code> 的字符进行连接的时候，这种方法必须是首选。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>使用 <code>+</code> 进行字符串连接，操作效率低下，因为 Python 中字符串是不可变的类型，使用 <code>+</code> 连接两个字符串时会生成一个新的字符串，生成新的字符串就需要重新申请内存，当连续相加的字符串很多时效率低下就很显然了。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 
       
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@@ -594,30 +614,37 @@ <h1 id="连接效率测试与总结"><a href="#连接效率测试与总结" clas
     
 
     
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diff --git "a/2019/03/05/204910-Python\344\270\255\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\232\204format\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html" "b/2019/03/05/204910-Python\344\270\255\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\232\204format\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
index 452b092a..0c47d1ba 100644
--- "a/2019/03/05/204910-Python\344\270\255\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\232\204format\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/05/204910-Python\344\270\255\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\232\204format\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python中字符串的format方法</h1>
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@@ -379,32 +450,29 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python中字符串的format方
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="字符串的格式化"><a href="#字符串的格式化" class="headerlink" title="字符串的格式化"></a>字符串的格式化</h1><p>字符串的 <code>s.format()</code> 方法会返回一个新字符串，在新字符串中原字符串的替换字段被适当格式化后的参数所替代</p>
+        <h1 id="字符串的格式化"><a href="#字符串的格式化" class="headerlink" title="字符串的格式化"></a>字符串的格式化</h1><p>字符串的 <code>s.format()</code> 方法会返回一个新字符串，在新字符串中原字符串的替换字段被适当格式化后的参数所替代：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">"The novel '&#123;0&#125;' was published in &#123;1&#125;"</span>.format(<span class="string">"Hard Times"</span>, <span class="number">1854</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"The novel 'Hard Times' was published in 1854"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>每个替换字段都是由包含在花括号中的字段名标识的</p>
-<ul>
-<li>如果字段名是简单的整数，就将被作为传递给 <code>s.format()</code> 方法的一个参数的索引位置。因此在这种情况下，名为 0 的字段被第一个参数所替代，名为 1 的字段则被第二个参数所替代。如果需要在格式化字符串中包含花括号，就需要将其复写，下面给出一个实例：</li>
-</ul>
+<p>每个替换字段都是由包含在花括号中的字段名标识的，如果字段名是简单的整数，就将被作为传递给 <code>s.format()</code> 方法的一个参数的索引位置。因此在这种情况下，名为 0 的字段被第一个参数所替代，名为 1 的字段则被第二个参数所替代。如果需要在格式化字符串中包含花括号，就需要将其复写：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">"&#123;&#123;&#123;0&#125;&#125;&#125; &#123;1&#125;;-&#125;&#125;"</span>.format(<span class="string">"I'm in braces"</span>, <span class="string">"I'm not"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"&#123;I'm in braces&#125; I'm not;-&#125;"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果我们试图连接字符串与数字将产生 <code>TypeError</code> 异常，但使用 <code>str.format()</code> 方法可以很容易地做到这一点：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">"&#123;0&#125;&#123;1&#125;"</span>.format(<span class="string">"The amount due is $"</span>,<span class="number">200</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'The amount due is $200'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>字段名可以是一个与某个 <code>s.format()</code> 方法参数对应的整数，也可以是方法的某个关键字参数的名称</li>
-</ul>
+<p>字段名除了可以是一个与某个 <code>s.format()</code> 方法参数对应的整数，也可以是方法的某个关键字参数的名称。</p>
 <p>使用关键字参数</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>string=<span class="string">"My name is &#123;who&#125; , I am is &#123;age&#125; years old "</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(string.format(who=<span class="string">"Linux"</span>,age=<span class="number">18</span>))</span><br><span class="line">My name <span class="keyword">is</span> Linux , I am <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="number">18</span> years old</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(string.format_map(&#123;<span class="string">"who"</span>:<span class="string">"Litingjie"</span>,<span class="string">"age"</span>:<span class="string">"18"</span>&#125;))</span><br><span class="line">My name <span class="keyword">is</span> Litingjie , I am <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="number">18</span> years old</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>使用位置参数和关键字参数</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>string=<span class="string">"My name is &#123;who&#125; , I am is &#123;0&#125; years old "</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(string.format(<span class="number">18</span>,who=<span class="string">"Linux"</span>))</span><br><span class="line">My name <span class="keyword">is</span> Linux , I am <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="number">18</span> years old</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><strong>注意：在参数列表中，关键字参数总是在位置参数之后</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>字段名可以引用组合数据类型——比如列表。在这样的情况下，我们可以包含一个索引（不是一个分片）来标识特定的数据项</li>
-</ul>
+<p>字段名可以引用组合数据类型——比如列表。在这样的情况下，我们可以包含一个索引（不是一个分片）来标识特定的数据项：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>stock = [<span class="string">"paper"</span>, <span class="string">"envelopes"</span>, <span class="string">"notepads"</span>, <span class="string">"pens"</span>, <span class="string">"paper clips"</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">"We have &#123;0[1]&#125; and &#123;0[2]&#125; in stock"</span>.format(stock)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'We have envelopes and notepads in stock'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>0 引用的是位置参数，因此 <code>{0[1]}</code>是列表 <code>stock</code> 参数的第二个数据项，<code>{0[2]}</code> 是 列表 <code>stock</code> 参数的第三个数据项。字典对象也可以用于 <code>s.format()</code> 方法：</p>
+<p>在上述示例中， 0 引用的是位置参数，因此 <code>{0[1]}</code> 是列表 <code>stock</code> 参数的第二个数据项，<code>{0[2]}</code> 是 列表 <code>stock</code> 参数的第三个数据项。</p>
+<p>字典对象也可以用于 <code>s.format()</code> 方法：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">"The &#123;0[animal]&#125; weighs &#123;0[weight]&#125;kg"</span>.format(d)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'The elephantn weighs 12000kg'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
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+  
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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@@ -1002,6 +1115,8 @@ <h1 id="字符串的格式化"><a href="#字符串的格式化" class="headerlin
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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@@ -1035,8 +1150,9 @@ <h1 id="字符串的格式化"><a href="#字符串的格式化" class="headerlin
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1205,9 +1321,9 @@ <h1 id="字符串的格式化"><a href="#字符串的格式化" class="headerlin
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
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+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/05/213839-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\216\267\345\217\226tag\351\227\264\347\232\204\345\206\205\345\256\271/index.html" "b/2019/03/05/213839-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\216\267\345\217\226tag\351\227\264\347\232\204\345\206\205\345\256\271/index.html"
index 389b0127..cfa02840 100644
--- "a/2019/03/05/213839-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\216\267\345\217\226tag\351\227\264\347\232\204\345\206\205\345\256\271/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/05/213839-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\216\267\345\217\226tag\351\227\264\347\232\204\345\206\205\345\256\271/index.html"
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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+<meta name="keywords" content="Python3">
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+<meta property="og:title" content="Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-12-03T09:06:25.640Z">
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+
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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 </div>
 
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
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+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
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+        
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-          <span class="post-time">
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+          
+          
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+
+          
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-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T21:38:39+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 21:38:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T21:38:39+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
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+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 17:06:25" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T17:06:25+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
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-                  126
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-              
 
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-                  1
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-              
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@@ -379,17 +450,18 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字符串练习-获取t
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="需求说明"><a href="#需求说明" class="headerlink" title="需求说明"></a>需求说明</h1><ul>
-<li>已知变量和值如下</li>
-</ul>
+        <p>已知变量和值如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">aline = <span class="string">'&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>取出 <code>&lt;title&gt;</code> 和 <code>&lt;/title&gt;</code> 之间的内容</li>
-</ul>
-<h1 id="示例代码"><a href="#示例代码" class="headerlink" title="示例代码"></a>示例代码</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">aline = <span class="string">'&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">content_in_tag</span><span class="params">(s, tag)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> tag <span class="keyword">in</span> s:</span><br><span class="line">        tag_open = <span class="string">'&lt;'</span> + tag + <span class="string">'&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line">        tag_close = <span class="string">'&lt;/'</span> + tag + <span class="string">'&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line">        index_tag_open = s.index(tag_open)</span><br><span class="line">        index_tag_close = s.index(tag_close)</span><br><span class="line">        index_content = index_tag_open + len(tag_open)</span><br><span class="line">        print(s[index_content:index_tag_close])</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s not in %s'</span> % (tag, s))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">content_in_tag(aline, <span class="string">'title'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>要求取出 <code>&lt;title&gt;</code> 和 <code>&lt;/title&gt;</code> 之间的内容。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>以下是示例代码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">aline = <span class="string">'&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_content_in_tag</span><span class="params">(s, tag)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> tag <span class="keyword">in</span> s:</span><br><span class="line">        tag_open = <span class="string">'&lt;'</span> + tag + <span class="string">'&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line">        tag_close = <span class="string">'&lt;/'</span> + tag + <span class="string">'&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        idx_tag_open = aline.index(tag_open)</span><br><span class="line">        idx_content = idx_tag_open + len(tag_open)</span><br><span class="line">        idx_tag_close = aline.index(tag_close)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        print(aline[idx_content:idx_tag_close])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        print(</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'Error: \033[031m%s\033[0m is not in string \033[0;32m%s\033[0m'</span></span><br><span class="line">            % (tag, s)</span><br><span class="line">        )</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">get_content_in_tag(aline, <span class="string">'title'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -397,30 +469,37 @@ <h1 id="示例代码"><a href="#示例代码" class="headerlink" title="示例
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
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-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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+  <button id="reward-button" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(&quot;qr&quot;); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';">
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+      
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@@ -428,27 +507,12 @@ <h1 id="示例代码"><a href="#示例代码" class="headerlink" title="示例
     
 
     
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@@ -492,59 +556,16 @@ <h1 id="示例代码"><a href="#示例代码" class="headerlink" title="示例
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+
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@@ -558,72 +579,125 @@ <h1 id="示例代码"><a href="#示例代码" class="headerlink" title="示例
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-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
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               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
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+                      <a href="/tags/">
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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+          
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-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#需求说明"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">需求说明</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#示例代码"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">示例代码</span></a></li></ol></div>
-            
+        </div>
+      </div>
 
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-        </section>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
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+  
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+  
 
   
 
   
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+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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diff --git "a/2019/03/06/084510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\210\227\350\241\250/index.html" "b/2019/03/06/084510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\210\227\350\241\250/index.html"
index 136e366f..bcdfc3a7 100644
--- "a/2019/03/06/084510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\210\227\350\241\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/06/084510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\210\227\350\241\250/index.html"
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-列表</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-列表
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@@ -380,8 +451,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-列
 
       
         <h1 id="列表"><a href="#列表" class="headerlink" title="列表"></a>列表</h1><p>列表是有序的序列而且是可变对象，它包含了0个或多个对象引用。因为可变，我们可以对列表中的元素进行删除或替换操作，还可以插入、替换或删除列表中的分片。</p>
-<p><code>list</code> 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用， <code>list()</code> ——不指定参数将返回一个空列表；带一个 <code>list</code> 类型的参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝：对任意其他参数 <code>list()</code> 将尝试把给定的对象转换为 <code>list</code> 类型。该函数只能接受一个参数。列表也可以不使用 <code>list()</code> 函数创建，空列表可以使用空的方括号 <code>[]</code> 来创建，包含一个或多个元素的列表则可以使用逗号分隔并且被包含在 <code>[]</code> 中来创建。另一种创建列表的方法是使用列表生成式</p>
-<p>列表中所有元素实际上都是对象引用，因此列表也可以存放任意数据类型的元素，包括组合数据类型，比如列表与元组。列表可以使用标准的比较操作符 ( <code>&lt;</code> 、<code>&lt;=</code> 、 <code>==</code> 、 <code>!=</code> 、 <code>&gt;=</code> 、 <code>&gt;</code> ) 进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套元素，比如列表内的元组或列表，则递归进行处理)</p>
+<p><code>list</code> 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用， <code>list()</code> ——不指定参数将返回一个空列表；带一个 <code>list</code> 类型的参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝：对任意其他参数 <code>list()</code> 将尝试把给定的对象转换为 <code>list</code> 类型。该函数只能接受一个参数。列表也可以不使用 <code>list()</code> 函数创建，空列表可以使用空的方括号 <code>[]</code> 来创建，包含一个或多个元素的列表则可以使用逗号分隔并且被包含在 <code>[]</code> 中来创建。另一种创建列表的方法是使用列表生成式。</p>
+<p>列表中所有元素实际上都是对象引用，因此列表也可以存放任意数据类型的元素，包括组合数据类型，比如列表与元组。列表可以使用标准的比较操作符 ( <code>&lt;</code> 、<code>&lt;=</code> 、 <code>==</code> 、 <code>!=</code> 、 <code>&gt;=</code> 、 <code>&gt;</code> ) 进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套元素，比如列表内的元组或列表，则递归进行处理)。</p>
 <h1 id="列表操作符"><a href="#列表操作符" class="headerlink" title="列表操作符"></a>列表操作符</h1><table>
 <thead>
 <tr>
@@ -392,22 +463,22 @@ <h1 id="列表操作符"><a href="#列表操作符" class="headerlink" title="
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
-<td>[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]</td>
+<td>[1, 2, 3] <code>+</code> [4, 5, 6]</td>
 <td>[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</td>
 <td>两个列表进行组合</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>[‘Hi!’] * 4</td>
+<td>[‘Hi!’] <code>*</code> 4</td>
 <td>[‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’]</td>
 <td>元素复制</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>3 in [1, 2, 3]</td>
+<td>3 <code>in</code> [1, 2, 3]</td>
 <td>True</td>
 <td>成员比较</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x,</td>
+<td>for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x</td>
 <td>1 2 3</td>
 <td>迭代</td>
 </tr>
@@ -452,14 +523,10 @@ <h1 id="列表分片"><a href="#列表分片" class="headerlink" title="列表
 </table>
 <p>示例</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = [<span class="string">'zhangsan'</span>, <span class="string">'lisi'</span>, <span class="string">'wangwu'</span>, <span class="string">'tom'</span>, <span class="string">'jerry'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">print(a[<span class="number">1</span>:])  <span class="comment"># 从左向右取到最后</span></span><br><span class="line">print(a[<span class="number">1</span>:<span class="number">-1</span>])  <span class="comment"># 从左向右取到倒数第二个值</span></span><br><span class="line">print(a[<span class="number">1</span>:<span class="number">-1</span>:<span class="number">1</span>])  <span class="comment"># 从左向右取到倒数第二个值，步进长度为1去取</span></span><br><span class="line">print(a[<span class="number">1</span>::<span class="number">2</span>])  <span class="comment"># 从左向右取到最后，步进长度为2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="常用函数"><a href="#常用函数" class="headerlink" title="常用函数"></a>常用函数</h1><ul>
-<li><p><code>len(L)</code> 取得列表的长度</p>
-</li>
-<li><p><code>max(L)</code> 返回列表元素中的最大值，列表里面是嵌套的对象构成元素时，按照嵌套对象的元素里面的第一个元素的排列顺序，输出最大值（如果第一个元素相同，则比较第二个元素，输出最大值），按照 ASCII 码进行排序</p>
-</li>
-<li><code>min(L)</code> 返回列表元素中的最小值</li>
-<li><code>list(X)</code>  将对象 X 转为列表</li>
-</ul>
+<h1 id="相关函数"><a href="#相关函数" class="headerlink" title="相关函数"></a>相关函数</h1><p><code>len(L)</code> 取得列表的长度。</p>
+<p><code>max(L)</code> 返回列表元素中的最大值，列表里面是嵌套的对象构成元素时，按照嵌套对象的元素里面的第一个元素的排列顺序，输出最大值（如果第一个元素相同，则比较第二个元素，输出最大值），按照 ASCII 码进行排序。</p>
+<p><code>min(L)</code> 返回列表元素中的最小值。</p>
+<p><code>list(X)</code>  将对象 X 转为列表。</p>
 <h1 id="列表常用的方法"><a href="#列表常用的方法" class="headerlink" title="列表常用的方法"></a>列表常用的方法</h1><table>
 <thead>
 <tr>
@@ -510,18 +577,20 @@ <h1 id="列表常用的方法"><a href="#列表常用的方法" class="headerlin
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<h1 id="拆分操作符进行赋值"><a href="#拆分操作符进行赋值" class="headerlink" title="拆分操作符进行赋值"></a>拆分操作符进行赋值</h1><p>数据类型都可以使用序列拆分操作符 <code>*</code> 进行拆分。</p>
-<p>在进行赋值操时，<code>=</code> 左边如果有两个或多个变量时对其中的一个使用 <code>*</code> 进行引导，元素将赋值给对应的未使用 <code>*</code> 引导的变量，而所有剩下的元素将赋值给带星号的变量：</p>
+<h1 id="拆分操作符进行赋值"><a href="#拆分操作符进行赋值" class="headerlink" title="拆分操作符进行赋值"></a>拆分操作符进行赋值</h1><p>数据类型都可以使用序列拆分操作符 <code>*</code> 进行拆分。在进行赋值操时，<code>=</code> 左边如果有两个或多个变量时对其中的一个使用 <code>*</code> 进行引导，元素将赋值给对应的未使用 <code>*</code> 引导的变量，而所有剩下的元素将赋值给带星号的变量：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>first, *rest = [<span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">-4</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">7</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>first</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>rest</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">-4</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">7</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>first, *mid, last = <span class="string">"Charles Philip Arthur George Windsor"</span>.split()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>first</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Charles'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>mid</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'Philip'</span>, <span class="string">'Arthur'</span>, <span class="string">'George'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>last</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Windsor'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>*directories, executable = <span class="string">"/usr/local/bin/gvim"</span>.split(<span class="string">"/"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>directories</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'usr'</span>, <span class="string">'local'</span>, <span class="string">'bin'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>executable</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'gvim'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a>del语句</h1><p>虽然从名称上看，<code>del</code> 语句代表的是删除，但是实际上 <code>del</code> 语句的作用并不一定是删除数据。</p>
-<p>应用于某些对象引用（引用的是非组合类型的数据项）时，del语句的作用是取消该对象引用到数据项的绑定，并删除对象引用，例如：</p>
+<p>应用于某些对象引用（引用的是非组合类型的数据项）时，del 语句的作用是取消该对象引用到数据项的绑定，并删除对象引用，例如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>x = <span class="number">8143</span> <span class="comment"># object ref.'x' created; int of value 8143 created</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>x</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">8143</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">del</span> x</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>x</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">NameError: name <span class="string">'x'</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> defined</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>对象引用被删除后，如果该对象引用所引用的数据项没有被其他对象引用进行引用，那么该数据项将进入垃圾收集流程。在垃圾收集是否自动进行不能确定时，如果需要进行清理，就必须自己手动进行处理。对垃圾收集的不确定性，Python 提供了两种方案，一种是使用 <code>try ... finally</code> 语句块，确保垃圾收集得以进行；另一种是使用 <code>with</code> 语句</p>
+<p>对象引用被删除后，如果该对象引用所引用的数据项没有被其他对象引用进行引用，那么该数据项将进入垃圾收集流程。在垃圾收集是否自动进行不能确定时，如果需要进行清理，就必须自己手动进行处理。对垃圾收集的不确定性，Python 提供了两种方案，一种是使用 <code>try ... finally</code> 语句块，确保垃圾收集得以进行；另一种是使用 <code>with</code> 语句。</p>
 
       
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@@ -560,27 +636,12 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
     
 
     
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表操作符"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表操作符</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表分片"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表分片</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#常用函数"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">常用函数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表常用的方法"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表常用的方法</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#拆分操作符进行赋值"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">拆分操作符进行赋值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#del语句"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">del语句</span></a></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表操作符"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表操作符</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表分片"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表分片</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#相关函数"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">相关函数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#列表常用的方法"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">列表常用的方法</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#拆分操作符进行赋值"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">拆分操作符进行赋值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#del语句"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">del语句</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -915,6 +1010,7 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -923,24 +1019,59 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
 
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       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -956,14 +1087,21 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+
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-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
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@@ -977,10 +1115,8 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
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-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
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+  <script>
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@@ -1119,6 +1233,8 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
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@@ -1152,8 +1268,9 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1322,9 +1439,9 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
               })
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1394,25 +1511,67 @@ <h1 id="del语句"><a href="#del语句" class="headerlink" title="del语句"></a
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/06/162310-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\264\255\347\211\251\350\275\246/index.html" "b/2019/03/06/162310-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\264\255\347\211\251\350\275\246/index.html"
index 5158211f..bf1a75a7 100644
--- "a/2019/03/06/162310-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\264\255\347\211\251\350\275\246/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/06/162310-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\273\203\344\271\240-\350\264\255\347\211\251\350\275\246/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  
+    
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,47 +46,69 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+  var CONFIG = {
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+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="需求说明 启动程序后让用户输入工资，如果输错工资的次数超过三次则退出 1234请输入您的工资：fda您的输入有误，请重新输入：fdas您的输入有误，请重新输入：fsd错误输入超过三次，程序自动退出  输入正确后打印商品清单，允许用户根据商品编号购买商品，参考格式如下 1234567请输入您的工资：1234351  Ip">
+  <meta name="description" content="需求说明 启动程序后让用户输入工资，如果输错工资的次数超过三次则退出 1234请输入您的工资：fda您的输入有误，请重新输入：fdas您的输入有误，请重新输入：fsd错误输入超过三次，程序自动退出  输入正确后打印商品清单，允许用户根据商品编号购买商品，参考格式如下 1234567请输入您的工资：1234351  Iphone          5800    2  Mac pro">
 <meta name="keywords" content="Python3">
 <meta property="og:type" content="article">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-03-27T14:20:53.773Z">
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-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
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+
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+  <title>Python的列表练习-购物车 | Just Do It</title>
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-  <title>Python的列表练习-购物车 | Just Do It</title>
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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@@ -178,59 +208,80 @@
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
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@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
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+
+
+
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+          
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的列表练习-购物车</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的列表练习-购物车
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-          <span class="post-time">
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-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T16:23:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-06 16:23:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T16:23:10+08:00">2019-03-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
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+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
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-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
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@@ -395,6 +466,9 @@ <h1 id="需求说明"><a href="#需求说明" class="headerlink" title="需求
 <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范代码"></a>示范代码</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">product_list = [</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="string">"Iphone"</span>, <span class="number">5800</span>],</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="string">"Mac pro"</span>, <span class="number">12000</span>],</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="string">"Watch"</span>, <span class="number">500</span>],</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="string">"Python book"</span>, <span class="number">81</span>],</span><br><span class="line">    [<span class="string">"Bike"</span>, <span class="number">800</span>]</span><br><span class="line">]</span><br><span class="line">shopping_list = []</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">counter = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">salary = input(<span class="string">'请输入您的工资：'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> salary.isdigit():</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> counter == <span class="number">3</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        exit(<span class="string">'输入错误次数过多，程序自动退出'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    salary = input(<span class="string">"您的输入有误，请重输入："</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    counter += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    salary = int(salary)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 打印商品内容</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'商品列表'</span>.center(<span class="number">30</span>, <span class="string">'-'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> idx, itm <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(product_list, <span class="number">1</span>):</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'%-3s%-15s%-8s'</span> % (idx, itm[<span class="number">0</span>], itm[<span class="number">1</span>]))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 引导用户选择商品</span></span><br><span class="line">        your_choice = input(<span class="string">'如需购买请输入商品编号[退出请输入q]:'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 验证输入是否合法</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> your_choice.isdigit():</span><br><span class="line">            your_choice = int(your_choice)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">0</span> &lt; your_choice &lt;= len(product_list):</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment"># 根据 user_choice 将用户选择的商品取出来</span></span><br><span class="line">                buy_itm = product_list[your_choice - <span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="comment">#  如果余额充足，则使用本金减去该商品价格，并将该商品加入购物车</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">if</span> salary &gt;= buy_itm[<span class="number">1</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">                    salary -= buy_itm[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                    shopping_list.append(buy_itm)</span><br><span class="line">                    print(<span class="string">'商品 %s 已加入购物车,余额为 \033[0;32m%s\033[0m'</span> % (</span><br><span class="line">                    buy_itm[<span class="number">0</span>], salary))</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                    print(<span class="string">'您的余额不足，当前余额为 \033[0;31m%s\033[0m'</span> % salary)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                print(<span class="string">'输入的编号 %s 不存在'</span> % your_choice)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">elif</span> your_choice == <span class="string">'q'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'购物清单'</span>.center(<span class="number">30</span>, <span class="string">'-'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> x, y <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(shopping_list, start=<span class="number">1</span>):</span><br><span class="line">                print(<span class="string">'%-3s%-15s%-8s'</span> % (x, y[<span class="number">0</span>], y[<span class="number">1</span>]))</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'您的余额为 \033[032m%s\033[0m'</span> % salary)</span><br><span class="line">            exit()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'\033[0;31m输入的编号 %s 错误\033[0m'</span> % your_choice)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -402,30 +476,37 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
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-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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+      
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+        
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@@ -433,27 +514,12 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
     
 
     
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@@ -497,59 +563,16 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
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@@ -563,9 +586,6 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
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@@ -581,54 +601,119 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
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               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
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-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -639,122 +724,133 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -762,17 +858,21 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -780,7 +880,7 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -788,6 +888,7 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -796,24 +897,59 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -829,14 +965,21 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -850,10 +993,8 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -865,85 +1006,63 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -992,6 +1111,8 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1025,8 +1146,9 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1195,9 +1317,9 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1267,25 +1389,67 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
   
 
   
-<script>
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/06/191925-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\274\217/index.html" "b/2019/03/06/191925-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\274\217/index.html"
index bdc4377f..ade796ad 100644
--- "a/2019/03/06/191925-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\274\217/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/06/191925-Python\347\232\204\345\210\227\350\241\250\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\274\217/index.html"
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,99 +46,134 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的列表生成式</h1>
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@@ -383,7 +454,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的列表生成式</h1>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_dns_ip</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''获取系统默认的 DNS 地址'''</span></span><br><span class="line">    dns_list = []</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver '</span>):</span><br><span class="line">                dns_list.append(line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> dns_list</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>再比如生成给定时间范围内的闰年列表，可以使用如下的语句：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">leaps = []</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> year <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">1900</span>, <span class="number">1940</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (year % <span class="number">4</span> == <span class="number">0</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> year % <span class="number">100</span> != <span class="number">0</span>) <span class="keyword">or</span> (year % <span class="number">400</span> == <span class="number">0</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        leaps.append(year)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(leaps)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>在为内置的 <code>range()</code> 函数指定两个整数参数 <code>n</code> 与 <code>m</code> 时，该函数返回的迭代子 iterator 将生成整数<code>n,n+l,...,m-1</code></p>
+<p>在为内置的 <code>range()</code> 函数指定两个整数参数 <code>n</code> 与 <code>m</code> 时，该函数返回的迭代子 iterator 将生成整数 <code>n,n+l,...,m-1</code> 。</p>
 <p>列表生成式也是一个循环，该循环有一个可选的、包含在 <code>[]</code> 中的条件，作用是为列表生成数据项，并且可以使用条件过滤掉不需要的数据项。列表生成式最简单的形式如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[item <span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> iterable]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>上面的语句将返回一个列表，其中包含 iterable 中的每个数据项，在语义上与 <code>list(iterable)</code> 是一致的。示例：</p>
@@ -391,32 +462,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的列表生成式</h1>
 <p>有两个特点使得列表生成式具有更强大的功能，一个是可以使用表达式，另一个是可以附加条件——由此带来如下两种实现列表生成式的常见语法格式：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[expression <span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> iterable]</span><br><span class="line">[expression <span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> iterable <span class="keyword">if</span> condition]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 第二种语法格式实际上等价于：</span></span><br><span class="line">temp = []</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> iterable:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> condition:</span><br><span class="line">        temp.append(expression)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>通常在上面的语法中，<code>expression</code> 要么是数据项本身，要么与数据项相关。当然列表生成式不需要 <code>for x in</code> 循环中使用的 <code>temp</code> 变量 </p>
-<p>现在我们可以使用列表生成式编写代码，以便生成列表 <code>leaps</code> 。分三个阶段开发这段代码</p>
-<ul>
-<li>首先生成一个列表，其中包含给定时间范围内的所有年份</li>
-</ul>
+<p>现在我们可以使用列表生成式编写代码，以便生成列表 <code>leaps</code> 。分三个阶段开发这段代码：</p>
+<p>首先生成一个列表，其中包含给定时间范围内的所有年份</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">leaps = [y <span class="keyword">for</span> y <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">1900</span>, <span class="number">1940</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 或者</span></span><br><span class="line">leaps = list(range(<span class="number">1900</span>，<span class="number">1940</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>接下来，为该语句添加一个简单的条件，以便每隔4年获取一次</li>
-</ul>
+<p>接下来，为该语句添加一个简单的条件，以便每隔4年获取一次</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">leaps = [y <span class="keyword">for</span> y <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">900</span>, <span class="number">1940</span>) <span class="keyword">if</span> y % <span class="number">4</span> == <span class="number">0</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>最后，给出完整的代码：</li>
-</ul>
+<p>最后，给出完整的代码：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">leaps = [y <span class="keyword">for</span> y <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">900</span>, <span class="number">1940</span>) <span class="keyword">if</span> (y % <span class="number">4</span> == <span class="number">0</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> y % <span class="number">100</span> != <span class="number">0</span>) <span class="keyword">or</span> (y % <span class="number">400</span> == <span class="number">0</span>)]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>使用生成式的获取系统 DNS 地址的函数代码：</li>
-</ul>
+<p>使用生成式的获取系统 DNS 地址的函数代码：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_dns_ip</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''获取系统默认的 DNS 地址'''</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">        dns_list = [line.split()[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> f <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> dns_list</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>由于列表生成式会生成列表，也就是 iterable ，同时用于列表生成式的语法需要使用 iterable，因此对列表生成式进行嵌套也是可以的。这与嵌套的 <code>for...in</code> 循环是等价的。比如，对给定的性别、尺寸、颜色集需要生成所有可能的服装标号，但排除肥胖女士的标号，因为时装工业会忽视这一类女性。使用嵌套的 <code>for...in</code> 循环可以完成这一任务:</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">codes = []</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> sex <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"MF"</span>:    <span class="comment"># Male, Female</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> size <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"SMLX"</span>: <span class="comment"># Small, Medium, Large, extra large</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> sex == <span class="string">"F"</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> size == <span class="string">"X"</span>: </span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">continue</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> color <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"BGW"</span>: <span class="comment"># Black, Gray, White</span></span><br><span class="line">            codes.append(sex + size + color)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>使用列表生成式，只需要两行代码就可以实现相同的功能：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">codes = [sex + size + color <span class="keyword">for</span> sex <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"MF"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> size <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"SMLX"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> color <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">"BGW"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> (size == <span class="string">"F"</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> size == <span class="string">"X"</span>)]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>这里列表中的每个数据项都是使用表达式 <code>sex + size + color</code> 生成的。并且跳过无效的 <code>sex/size</code> 组合是在最内部的循环中实现的，而嵌套的 <code>for...in</code> 循环版本中，跳过无效的组合是在中间循环中实现的。任何列表生成式都可以使用一个或多个 <code>for...in</code> 循环重写</p>
-<p>如果生成的列表非常大，那么根据需要去生成每个数据项会比一次生成整个列表更高效。这可以通过使用生成器实现，而不使用列表生成式</p>
+<p>这里列表中的每个数据项都是使用表达式 <code>sex + size + color</code> 生成的。并且跳过无效的 <code>sex/size</code> 组合是在最内部的循环中实现的，而嵌套的 <code>for...in</code> 循环版本中，跳过无效的组合是在中间循环中实现的。任何列表生成式都可以使用一个或多个 <code>for...in</code> 循环重写。</p>
+<p>如果生成的列表非常大，那么根据需要去生成每个数据项会比一次生成整个列表更高效。这可以通过使用生成器实现，而不使用列表生成式。</p>
 
       
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diff --git "a/2019/03/07/085510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\205\203\347\273\204/index.html" "b/2019/03/07/085510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\205\203\347\273\204/index.html"
index 8207a638..5fc993fc 100644
--- "a/2019/03/07/085510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\205\203\347\273\204/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/07/085510-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\205\203\347\273\204/index.html"
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@@ -389,7 +460,7 @@ <h2 id="元组的作用"><a href="#元组的作用" class="headerlink" title="
 <li>元组可以在映射（和集合的成员）中当作键使用——而列表则不行；元组作为很多内建函数和方法的返回值存在</li>
 </ul>
 <h1 id="元组的方法"><a href="#元组的方法" class="headerlink" title="元组的方法"></a>元组的方法</h1><p>元组只提供了两种方法：<code>t.count(x)</code> ,返回对象 <code>x</code> 在元组中出现的次数；<code>t.index(x)</code> ,返回对象在元组 <code>t</code> 中出现的最左边位置——元组中不包含 <code>x</code> 时则产生ValueError异常。</p>
-<h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="元组操作符"></a>元组操作符</h1><p>元组可以使用操作符 <code>+</code> (连接)、<code>*</code> (复制) 与 <code>[]</code> (分片)，也可以使用 <code>in</code> 与 <code>not in</code> 来测试成员关系。虽然元组是固定对象，但 <code>+=</code> 与 <code>*=</code> 这两个增强的赋值运算符也可以使用——实际上是 Python 创建了新元组用于存放结果，并将左边的对象引用设置为指向新元组。元组可以使用标准的比较操作符（<code>&lt;</code>、<code>&lt;=</code>、<code>==</code>、<code>!=</code>、<code>&gt;=</code>、<code>&gt;</code>)进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套项，比如元组内的元组，递归进行处理)。示例:</p>
+<h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="元组操作符"></a>元组操作符</h1><p>元组可以使用操作符 <code>+</code> (连接)、<code>*</code> (复制) 与 <code>[]</code> (分片)，也可以使用 <code>in</code> 与 <code>not in</code> 来测试成员关系。虽然元组是固定对象，但 <code>+=</code> 与 <code>*=</code> 这两个增强的赋值运算符也可以使用——实际上是 Python 创建了新元组用于存放结果，并将左边的对象引用设置为指向新元组。元组可以使用标准的比较操作符（ <code>&lt;</code>、<code>&lt;=</code>、<code>==</code>、<code>!=</code>、<code>&gt;=</code>、<code>&gt;</code> ）进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套项，比如元组内的元组，递归进行处理)。示例:</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>hair = <span class="string">"black"</span>, <span class="string">"brown"</span>, <span class="string">"blonde"</span>, <span class="string">"red"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>hair[<span class="number">2</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'blonde'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>hair[<span class="number">-3</span>:] <span class="comment"># same as: hair[l:]</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'brown'</span>, <span class="string">'blonde'</span>, <span class="string">'red'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>hair[:<span class="number">2</span>], <span class="string">"gray"</span>, hair[<span class="number">2</span>:]</span><br><span class="line">((<span class="string">'black'</span>, <span class="string">'brown'</span>), <span class="string">'gray'</span>, (<span class="string">'blonde'</span>, <span class="string">'red'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>这里本来是想创建一个新的五元组，但结果是一个三元组，其中包含两个二元组，之所以会这样是因为在3个项（一个元组，一个字符串，一个元组)之间使用了逗号操作符。要得到一个单独的元组，并包含所需项必须对其进行连接：</p>
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -765,17 +861,21 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -783,7 +883,7 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -791,6 +891,7 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -799,24 +900,59 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -832,14 +968,21 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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+<script>
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@@ -853,10 +996,8 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
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@@ -868,85 +1009,63 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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-
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-
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-
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
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+  
 
 
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+  
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -1028,8 +1149,9 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1198,9 +1320,9 @@ <h1 id="元组操作符"><a href="#元组操作符" class="headerlink" title="
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/08/123810-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\345\205\270/index.html" "b/2019/03/08/123810-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\345\205\270/index.html"
index 13289564..2d4e0a70 100644
--- "a/2019/03/08/123810-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\345\205\270/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/08/123810-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\345\255\227\345\205\270/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+    tabs: true,
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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-<meta name="description" content="字典字典 ( dictionary ) 采用 0 个或多个键值对（key-value）的形式存储数据。Python 对 key 进行哈希函数运算，根据计算的结果决定 value 的存储地址，所以是无序组合数据类型，且 key 必须是可哈希的。可哈希的 key 必须是不可变类型，如：数字、字符串、元组。 字典是除列表以外">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-字典</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-字典
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@@ -380,9 +451,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-字
 
       
         <h1 id="字典"><a href="#字典" class="headerlink" title="字典"></a>字典</h1><p>字典 ( dictionary ) 采用 0 个或多个键值对（key-value）的形式存储数据。Python 对 key 进行哈希函数运算，根据计算的结果决定 value 的存储地址，所以是无序组合数据类型，且 key 必须是可哈希的。可哈希的 key 必须是不可变类型，如：数字、字符串、元组。</p>
-<p>字典是除列表以外 Python 之中最灵活的内置数据结构类型。列表是有序的对象结合，字典是无序的对象集合。两者之间的区别在于：字典当中的元素是通过键来存取的，而不是通过偏移存取</p>
-<p>字典是可变的，因此可以对其进行数据项的添加或移除操作。由于字典是无序的，因此索引位置对其而言是无意义的，也不能进行分片或按步距分片</p>
-<p>字典的两大特点：无序，键唯一</p>
+<p>字典是除列表以外 Python 之中最灵活的内置数据结构类型。列表是有序的对象结合，字典是无序的对象集合。两者之间的区别在于：字典当中的元素是通过键来存取的，而不是通过偏移存取。</p>
+<p>字典是可变的，因此可以对其进行数据项的添加或移除操作。</p>
+<p><strong>注意：</strong> 从 Python 3.6 开始，字典的 Key 将会保留插入或声明时候的顺序，但并不是可以被排序的那种顺序。从 3.7 开始这成了正式的 Python 语言特性，3.6 改进的字典更节省内存，运行效率差不多，有一个 “副作用” 就是字典变成有序的了。</p>
 <h1 id="字典的创建"><a href="#字典的创建" class="headerlink" title="字典的创建"></a>字典的创建</h1><p><code>dict</code> 数据类型可以作为函数调用：<code>dict()</code>——不带参数将返回一个空字典，带一个映射类型参数将返回以该参数为基础的字典。比如该参数本身为字典，则返回该参数的浅拷贝。使用序列型参数也是可以的，前提是序列中的每个数据项本身是一个包含两个对象的序列，其中第一个用作键，第二个用作值。</p>
 <p>字典也可以使用花括号 <code>{}</code> 创建——空的 <code>{}</code> 会创建空字典，非空的 <code>{}</code> 必须包含一个或多个逗号分隔的项，其中每一项都包含一个键、一个字面意义的冒号以及一个值：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1 = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span> : <span class="string">'Tom'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>  : <span class="string">'18'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sex'</span>  : <span class="string">'male'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dic1=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>:<span class="string">'Tom'</span>,<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">18</span>,<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'male'</span>,<span class="string">'hobby'</span>:<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
@@ -449,43 +520,36 @@ <h2 id="方法"><a href="#方法" class="headerlink" title="方法"></a>方法</
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
-<h2 id="示例"><a href="#示例" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示例</h2><ul>
-<li>增加元素，字典的键是独一无二的，因此如果向字典中添加一个键-值项，并且该键与字典中现存的某个键相同，那么实际的效果是使用新值替换该键的现值</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1=&#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>] = <span class="string">'Tom'</span></span><br><span class="line">dic1[<span class="string">'age'</span>] = <span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1) <span class="comment">#&#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">a=dic1.setdefault(<span class="string">'name'</span>,<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>) </span><br><span class="line">b=dic1.setdefault(<span class="string">'age'</span>,<span class="number">22</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果 key 存在则不做更改，返回对应字典中相应的 key 对应的 value</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果 key 不存在则在字典中增加新的 key-value 对，并返回相应的 value</span></span><br><span class="line">print(a,b)</span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>查找元素</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>:<span class="string">'Tom'</span>,<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">18</span>,<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'male'</span>,<span class="string">'hobby'</span>:<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">print(dic3.get(<span class="string">'age'</span>,<span class="keyword">False</span>))</span><br><span class="line">print(dic3.get(<span class="string">'son'</span>,<span class="string">'little jerry'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">print(dic3.get(<span class="string">'ages'</span>,<span class="keyword">False</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定的键对应的值不存在，则使用指定的默认值，否则返回实际的值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(dic1.keys()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看 key 的列表</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(dic1.values()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看 value 的列表</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(dic1.items()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看所有的 key-value 对</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>修改</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>:<span class="string">'Tom'</span>,<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">18</span>,<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'male'</span>,<span class="string">'hobby'</span>:<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>] = <span class="string">'Jerry'</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dic2=&#123;<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'male'</span>,<span class="string">'hobby'</span>:<span class="string">'girl'</span>,<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">36</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">dic1.update(dic2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果两个字典中存在相同的 key ，则在使用 update 时将会更新相应的 key 对应的 value ，否则将 key-value 对加入字典</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>删除</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>:<span class="string">'Tom'</span>,<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">18</span>,<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'male'</span>,<span class="string">'hobby'</span>:<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 删除指定的 key-value 对</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">del</span> dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dic1.pop(<span class="string">'age'</span>) <span class="comment"># 删除并返回该 key-value 的值</span></span><br><span class="line">dic1.pooitem()  <span class="comment"># 随机删除某组 key-value 对，并以元组方式返回值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 清空整个字典</span></span><br><span class="line">dic1.clear()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 删除整个字典</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">del</span> dic1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="其他操作"><a href="#其他操作" class="headerlink" title="其他操作"></a>其他操作</h3><ul>
-<li>dict.fromkeys </li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">d1=dict.fromkeys([<span class="string">'host1'</span>,<span class="string">'host2'</span>,<span class="string">'host3'</span>],<span class="string">'Mac'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(d1)  <span class="comment"># &#123;'host1': 'Mac', 'host2': 'Mac', 'host3': 'Mac'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">d1[<span class="string">'host2'</span>] = <span class="string">'abc'</span></span><br><span class="line">print(d1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>字典的嵌套</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="示例"><a href="#示例" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示例</h2><p>增加元素，字典的键是独一无二的，因此如果向字典中添加一个键-值项，并且该键与字典中现存的某个键相同，那么实际的效果是使用新值替换该键的现值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1 = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>] = <span class="string">'Tom'</span></span><br><span class="line">dic1[<span class="string">'age'</span>] = <span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)  <span class="comment"># &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">a = dic1.setdefault(<span class="string">'name'</span>, <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">b = dic1.setdefault(<span class="string">'age'</span>, <span class="number">22</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果 key 存在则不做更改，返回对应字典中相应的 key 对应的 value</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果 key 不存在则在字典中增加新的 key-value 对，并返回相应的 value</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(a, b)  <span class="comment"># Tom 18</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)  <span class="comment"># &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查找元素</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1 = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">18</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>, <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>])  <span class="comment"># Tom</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1.get(<span class="string">'age'</span>, <span class="keyword">False</span>))  <span class="comment"># 18</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1.get(<span class="string">'son'</span>, <span class="string">'little jerry'</span>))  <span class="comment"># little jerry</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1.get(<span class="string">'ages'</span>, <span class="keyword">False</span>))  <span class="comment"># False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定的键对应的值不存在，则使用指定的默认值，否则返回实际的值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(dic1.keys()))  <span class="comment"># ['name', 'age', 'sex', 'hobby']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看 key 的列表</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(dic1.values()))  <span class="comment"># ['Tom', 18, 'male', 'Jerry']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看 value 的列表</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(dic1.items()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [('name', 'Tom'), ('age', 18), ('sex', 'male'), ('hobby', 'Jerry')]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看所有的 key-value 对</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>修改数据</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1 = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">18</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>, <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>] = <span class="string">'Jerry'</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dic2 = &#123;<span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>, <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="string">'girl'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">36</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">dic1.update(dic2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果两个字典中存在相同的 key ，则在使用 update 时将会更新相应的 key 对应的 value ，否则将 key-value 对加入字典</span></span><br><span class="line">print(dic1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'age': 36, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'girl'&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>删除</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic1 = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">18</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>, <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 删除指定的 key-value 对</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">del</span> dic1[<span class="string">'name'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dic1.pop(<span class="string">'age'</span>)  <span class="comment"># 删除并返回该 key-value 的值</span></span><br><span class="line">dic1.popitem()  <span class="comment"># 随机删除某组 key-value 对，并以元组方式返回值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 清空整个字典</span></span><br><span class="line">dic1.clear()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 删除整个字典</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">del</span> dic1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其他操作：</p>
+<p>dict.fromkeys </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">d1 = dict.fromkeys([<span class="string">'host1'</span>, <span class="string">'host2'</span>, <span class="string">'host3'</span>], <span class="string">'Mac'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(d1)  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &#123;'host1': 'Mac', 'host2': 'Mac', 'host3': 'Mac'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">d1[<span class="string">'host2'</span>] = <span class="string">'abc'</span></span><br><span class="line">print(d1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &#123;'host1': 'Mac', 'host2': 'abc', 'host3': 'Mac'&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>字典的嵌套</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">province_city = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'河北'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'石家庄'</span>: [<span class="string">'长安区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥东区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥西区'</span>, <span class="string">'新华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'裕华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉县'</span>, <span class="string">'正定县'</span>, <span class="string">'栾城县'</span>, <span class="string">'行唐县'</span>, <span class="string">'灵寿县'</span>, <span class="string">'高邑县'</span>, <span class="string">'深泽县'</span>, <span class="string">'赞皇县'</span>, <span class="string">'无极县'</span>, <span class="string">'平山县'</span>, <span class="string">'元氏县'</span>, <span class="string">'赵县'</span>, <span class="string">'辛集市'</span>, <span class="string">'藁城市'</span>, <span class="string">'晋州市'</span>, <span class="string">'新乐市'</span>, <span class="string">'鹿泉市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'唐山'</span>: [<span class="string">'路南区'</span>, <span class="string">'路北区'</span>, <span class="string">'古冶区'</span>, <span class="string">'开平区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰南区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰润区'</span>, <span class="string">'滦县'</span>, <span class="string">'滦南县'</span>, <span class="string">'乐亭县'</span>, <span class="string">'迁西县'</span>, <span class="string">'玉田县'</span>, <span class="string">'唐海县'</span>, <span class="string">'遵化市'</span>, <span class="string">'迁安市'</span>, <span class="string">' 曹妃甸区'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'秦皇岛'</span>: [<span class="string">'海港区'</span>, <span class="string">'山海关区'</span>, <span class="string">'北戴河区'</span>, <span class="string">'青龙满族自治县'</span>, <span class="string">'昌黎县'</span>, <span class="string">'抚宁县'</span>, <span class="string">'卢龙县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>sorted(dict) : 返回一个有序的包含字典所有 key 的列表 </li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic=&#123;<span class="number">5</span>:<span class="string">'555'</span>,<span class="number">2</span>:<span class="string">'666'</span>,<span class="number">4</span>:<span class="string">'444'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(sorted(dic))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [2, 4, 5]</span></span><br><span class="line">print(sorted(dic.values))</span><br><span class="line">print(sorted(dic.items))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>字典的遍历</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic5=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'tom'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">18</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> key <span class="keyword">in</span> dic5:</span><br><span class="line">    print(key,dic5[key])</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># itmes 指的是键值对，存在一个转换过程，因此如果数据量大的情况下，效率比第一种方式低</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> items <span class="keyword">in</span> dic5.items(): </span><br><span class="line">    print(items)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> keys,values <span class="keyword">in</span> dic5.items():</span><br><span class="line">    print(keys,values)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>使用上述的例子，存储一个班学生的信息： </p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic=&#123;<span class="string">'zhangsan'</span>:&#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">23</span>,<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="string">'李四'</span>:&#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">33</span>,<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="string">'wangwu'</span>:&#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="number">27</span>,<span class="string">'sex'</span>:<span class="string">'women'</span>&#125;  </span><br><span class="line">     &#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-
+<p>sorted(dict) : 返回一个有序的包含字典所有 key 的列表 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic = &#123;<span class="number">5</span>: <span class="string">'555'</span>, <span class="number">2</span>: <span class="string">'666'</span>, <span class="number">4</span>: <span class="string">'444'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(sorted(dic))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [2, 4, 5]</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(sorted(dic.values()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['444', '555', '666']</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(sorted(dic.items()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [(2, '666'), (4, '444'), (5, '555')]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="字典的遍历"><a href="#字典的遍历" class="headerlink" title="字典的遍历"></a>字典的遍历</h1><p>字典的 itmes 指的是键值对，在遍历的时候存在一个转换过程，因此如果数据量大的情况下效率比较低，不建议采用这种方法迭代，而建议使用 <code>for k in dic:</code> 的方法遍历。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dic5=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'tom'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">18</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> key <span class="keyword">in</span> dic5:</span><br><span class="line">    print(key,dic5[key])</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> items <span class="keyword">in</span> dic5.items(): </span><br><span class="line">    print(items)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> keys,values <span class="keyword">in</span> dic5.items():</span><br><span class="line">    print(keys,values)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="判断字典中有没有某个-key"><a href="#判断字典中有没有某个-key" class="headerlink" title="判断字典中有没有某个 key"></a>判断字典中有没有某个 key</h1><p>要判断字典中是否有某个键 <code>k</code>，一般使用 <code>dic.get(&#39;k&#39;)</code> 的方法来实现。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic.get(<span class="string">'name'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Jerry'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">if</span> dic.get(<span class="string">'name'</span>):</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">'"name" is in dict dic'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">'"name" is not in dict dic'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"name"</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> dict dic</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>但是如果字典中的键 <code>k</code> 所对应的值是 <code>None</code> 的时候就会出现严重的问题，这时候就会认为没有这个键 <code>k</code>。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>, <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="keyword">None</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic.get(<span class="string">'hobby'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">if</span> dic.get(<span class="string">'hobby'</span>):</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">'"hobby" is in dict dic'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">'"hobby" is not in dict dic'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"hobby"</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> dict dic</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>为了避免这种情况影响到程序的判断，应该使用成员判断操作符 <code>in</code> 的方法。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">"hobby"</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> dic</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>但是多数情况下除了判断字典中是否有对应的键，还有可能需要操作键所对应的值。所以，使用 <code>for k in dic:</code> 的方法遍历字典是最为合适的。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>, <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="keyword">None</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">for</span> k <span class="keyword">in</span> dic:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">if</span> dic[k]:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>            <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>            dic[k] = <span class="string">'study'</span></span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>, <span class="string">'hobby'</span>: <span class="string">'study'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#字典"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">字典</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#字典的创建"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">字典的创建</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#字典的操作"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">字典的操作</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#方法"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">方法</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#示例"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">示例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#字典的遍历"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">字典的遍历</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#判断字典中有没有某个-key"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">判断字典中有没有某个 key</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
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@@ -879,6 +969,7 @@ <h3 id="其他操作"><a href="#其他操作" class="headerlink" title="其他
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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diff --git "a/2019/03/08/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\345\205\270\347\273\203\344\271\240-\344\270\211\347\272\247\350\217\234\345\215\225/index.html" "b/2019/03/08/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\345\205\270\347\273\203\344\271\240-\344\270\211\347\272\247\350\217\234\345\215\225/index.html"
index fc561d29..b9878fd0 100644
--- "a/2019/03/08/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\345\205\270\347\273\203\344\271\240-\344\270\211\347\272\247\350\217\234\345\215\225/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/08/164610-Python\347\232\204\345\255\227\345\205\270\347\273\203\344\271\240-\344\270\211\347\272\247\350\217\234\345\215\225/index.html"
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+<meta name="twitter:description" content="需求说明 打印省、市、县三级菜单 可返回上一级 可随时退出程序 参考的字典样例：  123456789101112131415161718province_city = &amp;#123;    &apos;河北&apos;: &amp;#123;        &apos;石家庄&apos;: [&apos;长安区&apos;, &apos;桥东区&apos;, &apos;桥西区&apos;, &apos;新华区&apos;, &apos;井陉矿区&apos;, &apos;裕华区&apos;, &apos;井陉县&apos;, &apos;正定县&apos;, &apos;栾城县&apos;, &apos;其他&apos;],">
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的字典练习-三级菜单
+
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+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-08 16:46:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-08T16:46:10+08:00">2019-03-08</time>
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-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
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+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
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-                  1,037
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@@ -385,10 +456,13 @@ <h1 id="需求说明"><a href="#需求说明" class="headerlink" title="需求
 <li>可随时退出程序</li>
 <li>参考的字典样例：</li>
 </ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">province_city = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'河北'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'石家庄'</span>: [<span class="string">'长安区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥东区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥西区'</span>, <span class="string">'新华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'裕华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉县'</span>, <span class="string">'正定县'</span>, <span class="string">'栾城县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'唐山'</span>: [<span class="string">'路南区'</span>, <span class="string">'路北区'</span>, <span class="string">'古冶区'</span>, <span class="string">'开平区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰南区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰润区'</span>, <span class="string">'滦县'</span>, <span class="string">'滦南县'</span>, <span class="string">'乐亭县'</span>, <span class="string">'迁西县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'秦皇岛'</span>: [<span class="string">'海港区'</span>, <span class="string">'山海关区'</span>, <span class="string">'北戴河区'</span>, <span class="string">'青龙满族自治县'</span>, <span class="string">'昌黎县'</span>, <span class="string">'抚宁县'</span>, <span class="string">'卢龙县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'衡水'</span>: [<span class="string">'桃城区'</span>, <span class="string">'枣强县'</span>, <span class="string">'武邑县'</span>, <span class="string">'武强县'</span>, <span class="string">'饶阳县'</span>, <span class="string">'安平县'</span>, <span class="string">'故城县'</span>, <span class="string">'景县'</span>, <span class="string">'阜城县'</span>, <span class="string">'冀州市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'山西'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'太原'</span>: [<span class="string">'小店区'</span>, <span class="string">'迎泽区'</span>, <span class="string">'杏花岭区'</span>, <span class="string">'尖草坪区'</span>, <span class="string">'万柏林区'</span>, <span class="string">'晋源区'</span>, <span class="string">'清徐县'</span>, <span class="string">'阳曲县'</span>, <span class="string">'娄烦县'</span>, <span class="string">'古交市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'大同'</span>: [<span class="string">'城区'</span>, <span class="string">'矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'南郊区'</span>, <span class="string">'新荣区'</span>, <span class="string">'阳高县'</span>, <span class="string">'天镇县'</span>, <span class="string">'广灵县'</span>, <span class="string">'灵丘县'</span>, <span class="string">'浑源县'</span>, <span class="string">'左云县'</span>, <span class="string">'大同县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'吕梁'</span>: [<span class="string">'离石区'</span>, <span class="string">'文水县'</span>, <span class="string">'交城县'</span>, <span class="string">'兴县'</span>, <span class="string">'临县'</span>, <span class="string">'柳林县'</span>, <span class="string">'石楼县'</span>, <span class="string">'岚县'</span>, <span class="string">'方山县'</span>, <span class="string">'交口县'</span>, <span class="string">'汾阳市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'内蒙古'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'呼和浩特'</span>: [<span class="string">'新城区'</span>, <span class="string">'回民区'</span>, <span class="string">'玉泉区'</span>, <span class="string">'玉泉区'</span>, <span class="string">'赛罕区'</span>, <span class="string">'土默特左旗'</span>, <span class="string">'托克托县'</span>, <span class="string">'和林格尔县'</span>, <span class="string">'清水河县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'包头'</span>: [<span class="string">'东河区'</span>, <span class="string">'昆都仑区'</span>, <span class="string">'青山区'</span>, <span class="string">'石拐区'</span>, <span class="string">'白云矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'九原区'</span>, <span class="string">'土默特右旗'</span>, <span class="string">'固阳县'</span>, <span class="string">'达尔罕茂明安联合旗'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'阿拉善'</span>: [<span class="string">'阿拉善左旗'</span>, <span class="string">'阿拉善右旗'</span>, <span class="string">'额济纳旗'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">province_city = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'河北'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'石家庄'</span>: [<span class="string">'长安区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥东区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥西区'</span>, <span class="string">'新华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'裕华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉县'</span>, <span class="string">'正定县'</span>, <span class="string">'栾城县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'唐山'</span>: [<span class="string">'路南区'</span>, <span class="string">'路北区'</span>, <span class="string">'古冶区'</span>, <span class="string">'开平区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰南区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰润区'</span>, <span class="string">'滦县'</span>, <span class="string">'滦南县'</span>, <span class="string">'乐亭县'</span>, <span class="string">'迁西县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'秦皇岛'</span>: [<span class="string">'海港区'</span>, <span class="string">'山海关区'</span>, <span class="string">'北戴河区'</span>, <span class="string">'青龙满族自治县'</span>, <span class="string">'昌黎县'</span>, <span class="string">'抚宁县'</span>, <span class="string">'卢龙县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'衡水'</span>: [<span class="string">'桃城区'</span>, <span class="string">'枣强县'</span>, <span class="string">'武邑县'</span>, <span class="string">'武强县'</span>, <span class="string">'饶阳县'</span>, <span class="string">'安平县'</span>, <span class="string">'故城县'</span>, <span class="string">'景县'</span>, <span class="string">'阜城县'</span>, <span class="string">'冀州市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'山西'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'太原'</span>: [<span class="string">'小店区'</span>, <span class="string">'迎泽区'</span>, <span class="string">'杏花岭区'</span>, <span class="string">'尖草坪区'</span>, <span class="string">'万柏林区'</span>, <span class="string">'晋源区'</span>, <span class="string">'清徐县'</span>, <span class="string">'阳曲县'</span>, <span class="string">'娄烦县'</span>, <span class="string">'古交市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'大同'</span>: [<span class="string">'城区'</span>, <span class="string">'矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'南郊区'</span>, <span class="string">'新荣区'</span>, <span class="string">'阳高县'</span>, <span class="string">'天镇县'</span>, <span class="string">'广灵县'</span>, <span class="string">'灵丘县'</span>, <span class="string">'浑源县'</span>, <span class="string">'左云县'</span>, <span class="string">'大同县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'吕梁'</span>: [<span class="string">'离石区'</span>, <span class="string">'文水县'</span>, <span class="string">'交城县'</span>, <span class="string">'兴县'</span>, <span class="string">'临县'</span>, <span class="string">'柳林县'</span>, <span class="string">'石楼县'</span>, <span class="string">'岚县'</span>, <span class="string">'方山县'</span>, <span class="string">'交口县'</span>, <span class="string">'汾阳市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'内蒙古'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'呼和浩特'</span>: [<span class="string">'新城区'</span>, <span class="string">'回民区'</span>, <span class="string">'玉泉区'</span>, <span class="string">'玉泉区'</span>, <span class="string">'赛罕区'</span>, <span class="string">'土默特左旗'</span>, <span class="string">'托克托县'</span>, <span class="string">'和林格尔县'</span>, <span class="string">'清水河县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'包头'</span>: [<span class="string">'东河区'</span>, <span class="string">'昆都仑区'</span>, <span class="string">'青山区'</span>, <span class="string">'石拐区'</span>, <span class="string">'白云矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'九原区'</span>, <span class="string">'土默特右旗'</span>, <span class="string">'固阳县'</span>, <span class="string">'达尔罕茂明安联合旗'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'阿拉善'</span>: [<span class="string">'阿拉善左旗'</span>, <span class="string">'阿拉善右旗'</span>, <span class="string">'额济纳旗'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范代码"></a>示范代码</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">province_city = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'河北'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'石家庄'</span>: [<span class="string">'长安区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥东区'</span>, <span class="string">'桥西区'</span>, <span class="string">'新华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'裕华区'</span>, <span class="string">'井陉县'</span>, <span class="string">'正定县'</span>, <span class="string">'栾城县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'唐山'</span>: [<span class="string">'路南区'</span>, <span class="string">'路北区'</span>, <span class="string">'古冶区'</span>, <span class="string">'开平区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰南区'</span>, <span class="string">'丰润区'</span>, <span class="string">'滦县'</span>, <span class="string">'滦南县'</span>, <span class="string">'乐亭县'</span>, <span class="string">'迁西县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'秦皇岛'</span>: [<span class="string">'海港区'</span>, <span class="string">'山海关区'</span>, <span class="string">'北戴河区'</span>, <span class="string">'青龙满族自治县'</span>, <span class="string">'昌黎县'</span>, <span class="string">'抚宁县'</span>, <span class="string">'卢龙县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'衡水'</span>: [<span class="string">'桃城区'</span>, <span class="string">'枣强县'</span>, <span class="string">'武邑县'</span>, <span class="string">'武强县'</span>, <span class="string">'饶阳县'</span>, <span class="string">'安平县'</span>, <span class="string">'故城县'</span>, <span class="string">'景县'</span>, <span class="string">'阜城县'</span>, <span class="string">'冀州市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'山西'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'太原'</span>: [<span class="string">'小店区'</span>, <span class="string">'迎泽区'</span>, <span class="string">'杏花岭区'</span>, <span class="string">'尖草坪区'</span>, <span class="string">'万柏林区'</span>, <span class="string">'晋源区'</span>, <span class="string">'清徐县'</span>, <span class="string">'阳曲县'</span>, <span class="string">'娄烦县'</span>, <span class="string">'古交市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'大同'</span>: [<span class="string">'城区'</span>, <span class="string">'矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'南郊区'</span>, <span class="string">'新荣区'</span>, <span class="string">'阳高县'</span>, <span class="string">'天镇县'</span>, <span class="string">'广灵县'</span>, <span class="string">'灵丘县'</span>, <span class="string">'浑源县'</span>, <span class="string">'左云县'</span>, <span class="string">'大同县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'吕梁'</span>: [<span class="string">'离石区'</span>, <span class="string">'文水县'</span>, <span class="string">'交城县'</span>, <span class="string">'兴县'</span>, <span class="string">'临县'</span>, <span class="string">'柳林县'</span>, <span class="string">'石楼县'</span>, <span class="string">'岚县'</span>, <span class="string">'方山县'</span>, <span class="string">'交口县'</span>, <span class="string">'汾阳市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'内蒙古'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'呼和浩特'</span>: [<span class="string">'新城区'</span>, <span class="string">'回民区'</span>, <span class="string">'玉泉区'</span>, <span class="string">'玉泉区'</span>, <span class="string">'赛罕区'</span>, <span class="string">'土默特左旗'</span>, <span class="string">'托克托县'</span>, <span class="string">'和林格尔县'</span>, <span class="string">'清水河县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'包头'</span>: [<span class="string">'东河区'</span>, <span class="string">'昆都仑区'</span>, <span class="string">'青山区'</span>, <span class="string">'石拐区'</span>, <span class="string">'白云矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'九原区'</span>, <span class="string">'土默特右旗'</span>, <span class="string">'固阳县'</span>, <span class="string">'达尔罕茂明安联合旗'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'阿拉善'</span>: [<span class="string">'阿拉善左旗'</span>, <span class="string">'阿拉善右旗'</span>, <span class="string">'额济纳旗'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">current_layer = province_city  <span class="comment"># 当前层就是初始层，用来实现动态循环</span></span><br><span class="line">parent_list = []  <span class="comment"># 保存所有父级元素，最后一个元素永远都是父亲级</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> key <span class="keyword">in</span> current_layer:  <span class="comment"># 遍历当前层的所有元素并打印之</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(key)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    user_choice = input(<span class="string">'输入名称进行选择,返回上一级请按b,退出请按q &gt;&gt; '</span>)  <span class="comment"># 引导用户进行选择</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> user_choice <span class="keyword">in</span> current_layer:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> type(current_layer) <span class="keyword">is</span> list:  <span class="comment"># 根据最后一层是列表对象的特点判断</span></span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'\033[0;31m已经是最后一层了\033[0m'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            parent_list.append(current_layer)  <span class="comment"># 即将进入下一层，当前层作为父级元素追加到列表</span></span><br><span class="line">            current_layer = current_layer[user_choice]  <span class="comment"># 当前层赋值为当前层的下一层数据</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">elif</span> user_choice == <span class="string">'b'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> parent_list:  <span class="comment"># 如果父级元素为空则不做任何操作</span></span><br><span class="line">            current_layer = parent_list.pop()  <span class="comment"># 删除并返回列表的最后一个元素，及父层元素</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">elif</span> user_choice == <span class="string">'q'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        exit(<span class="string">'退出'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'输入的内容 \033[0;31m%s\033[0m 不正确'</span> % user_choice)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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@@ -396,30 +470,37 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
     
 
     
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
@@ -575,54 +595,119 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
         </ul>
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -633,122 +718,133 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -756,17 +852,21 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
@@ -774,7 +874,7 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -782,6 +882,7 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -790,24 +891,59 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
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+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -823,14 +959,21 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
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@@ -844,10 +987,8 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
 
 
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@@ -859,85 +1000,63 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
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-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
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@@ -986,6 +1105,8 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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@@ -1019,8 +1140,9 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1189,9 +1311,9 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1261,25 +1383,67 @@ <h1 id="示范代码"><a href="#示范代码" class="headerlink" title="示范
   
 
   
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
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+      
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/09/082110-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\351\233\206\345\220\210/index.html" "b/2019/03/09/082110-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\351\233\206\345\220\210/index.html"
index 42293d3f..d3bd0161 100644
--- "a/2019/03/09/082110-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\351\233\206\345\220\210/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/09/082110-Python\347\232\204\347\273\204\345\220\210\346\225\260\346\215\256\347\261\273\345\236\213-\351\233\206\345\220\210/index.html"
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-集合</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-集合
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-09 08:21:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-09T08:21:10+08:00">2019-03-09</time>
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+              </span>
+            
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+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
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+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
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-                  902
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-              
 
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-              
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@@ -379,58 +450,44 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的组合数据类型-集
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="集合"><a href="#集合" class="headerlink" title="集合"></a>集合</h1><p>Python提供了两种内置的集合类型：可变的 <code>set</code> 类型，固定的 <code>frozenset</code> 类型</p>
-<ul>
-<li>可变集合(set)：可添加和删除元素，非可哈希的，不能用作字典的键，也不能做其他集合的元素</li>
-<li>不可变集合(frozenset)：与上面恰恰相反</li>
-</ul>
-<p>只有可哈希运算的对象可以添加到集合中，所有内置固定数据类型（比如 <code>float</code>、<code>frozenset</code>、<code>int</code>、<code>str</code>、<code>tuple</code> )都是可哈希运算的，都可以添加到集合中。内置的可变数据类型（比如 <code>dict</code>、<code>list</code>、<code>set</code> )都不是可哈希运算的，因为其哈希值会随着包含项数的变化而变化，因此这些数据类型不能添加到集合中</p>
-<h1 id="集合的作用"><a href="#集合的作用" class="headerlink" title="集合的作用"></a>集合的作用</h1><p>集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要作用如下：</p>
+        <h1 id="集合"><a href="#集合" class="headerlink" title="集合"></a>集合</h1><p>Python 提供了两种内置的集合类型：可变的 <code>set</code> 类型，固定的 <code>frozenset</code> 类型。</p>
 <ul>
-<li>去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了</li>
+<li><p>可变集合(set)：可添加和删除元素，非可哈希的，不能用作字典的键，也不能做其他集合的元素。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>不可变集合(frozenset)：与上面恰恰相反。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
+<p>只有可哈希运算的对象可以添加到集合中，所有内置固定数据类型（比如 <code>float</code>、<code>frozenset</code>、<code>int</code>、<code>str</code>、<code>tuple</code> )都是可哈希运算的，都可以添加到集合中。内置的可变数据类型（比如 <code>dict</code>、<code>list</code>、<code>set</code> )都不是可哈希运算的，因为其哈希值会随着包含项数的变化而变化，因此这些数据类型不能添加到集合中。</p>
+<h1 id="集合的作用"><a href="#集合的作用" class="headerlink" title="集合的作用"></a>集合的作用</h1><p>集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要作用是去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">li=[<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="string">'a'</span>,<span class="string">'b'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">s =set(li)</span><br><span class="line">print(s)    <span class="comment"># &#123;1, 2, 'a', 'b'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">li2=[<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="string">'a'</span>,<span class="string">'a'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">s=set(li2)</span><br><span class="line">print(s)  <span class="comment">#&#123;1, 2, 'a'&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>进行快速的成员关系测试，测试两组数据之前的交集、差集、并集等关系</li>
-</ul>
-<p>集合对象是一组无序排列的可哈希的值：集合成员可以做字典的键</p>
-<h1 id="集合的相关操作"><a href="#集合的相关操作" class="headerlink" title="集合的相关操作"></a>集合的相关操作</h1><h2 id="创建"><a href="#创建" class="headerlink" title="创建"></a>创建</h2><p>由于集合没有自己的语法格式，只能通过集合的方法 <code>set()</code> 和 <code>frozenset()</code> 创建</p>
+<p>另外，使用集合还可以进行快速的成员关系测试，测试两组数据之前的交集、差集、并集等关系。</p>
+<p>集合对象是一组无序排列的可哈希的值，集合成员可以作为字典的键。</p>
+<h1 id="集合的相关操作"><a href="#集合的相关操作" class="headerlink" title="集合的相关操作"></a>集合的相关操作</h1><h2 id="创建"><a href="#创建" class="headerlink" title="创建"></a>创建</h2><p>集合没有自己的语法格式，只能通过集合的方法 <code>set()</code> 和 <code>frozenset()</code> 创建。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = set(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2= frozenset(<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1,type(s1))</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'m'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, <span class="string">'T'</span>&#125; &lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">set</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(s2,type<span class="params">(s2)</span>)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">frozenset</span><span class="params">(&#123;<span class="string">'J'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>&#125;)</span> &lt;<span class="title">class</span> '<span class="title">frozenset</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="访问"><a href="#访问" class="headerlink" title="访问"></a>访问</h2><p>由于集合本身是无序的，所以不能为集合创建索引或切片操作，只能循环遍历或使用 <code>in</code>、<code>not in</code> 来访问或判断集合元素</p>
+<h2 id="访问"><a href="#访问" class="headerlink" title="访问"></a>访问</h2><p>由于集合本身是无序的，所以不能为集合创建索引或切片操作，只能循环遍历或使用 <code>in</code>、<code>not in</code> 来访问或判断集合元素。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = set([<span class="string">'Tom'</span>,<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'Tom'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> s1:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(i)</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line">Tom</span><br><span class="line">Jerry</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="更新"><a href="#更新" class="headerlink" title="更新"></a>更新</h2><p>可使用以下内建方法来更新：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s.add()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将传入的参数当成一个整体放进集合</span></span><br><span class="line">s.update()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将传入的参数拆散放进集合</span></span><br><span class="line">s.remove()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>需要注意的是只有可变集合才能更新：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = set(<span class="string">'Tom and Jerry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1.add(<span class="string">' Dog '</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>, <span class="string">'m'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, <span class="string">'J'</span>, <span class="string">' Dog '</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">' '</span>, <span class="string">'T'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>, <span class="string">'n'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"> &gt;&gt;&gt; s1.remove(<span class="string">' Dog '</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1.remove(<span class="string">'r'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>, <span class="string">'m'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, <span class="string">'J'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">' '</span>, <span class="string">'T'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>, <span class="string">'n'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1.update(<span class="string">'Pig'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>, <span class="string">'m'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, <span class="string">'J'</span>, <span class="string">'g'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">' '</span>, <span class="string">'T'</span>, <span class="string">'i'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>, <span class="string">'n'</span>, <span class="string">'P'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>del：删除集合本身</p>
-<h1 id="集合类型操作符"><a href="#集合类型操作符" class="headerlink" title="集合类型操作符　"></a>集合类型操作符　</h1><ul>
-<li><code>in</code> ,<code>not in</code></li>
-<li>集合等价与不等价(==, !=)</li>
-<li>子集、超集</li>
-</ul>
+<h2 id="删除"><a href="#删除" class="headerlink" title="删除"></a>删除</h2><p>del：删除集合本身。</p>
+<h1 id="集合类型操作符"><a href="#集合类型操作符" class="headerlink" title="集合类型操作符　"></a>集合类型操作符　</h1><p>成员关系 <code>in</code> ,<code>not in</code>。集合等价与不等价( <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>)。子集、超集(<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>)。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1 = set(<span class="string">'Tom and Jerry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2 = set(<span class="string">'Jerry and Tom'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'T'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 &lt; s2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1 == s2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>联合(<code>|</code>)：与集合的 <code>or</code> 等价的，联合符号的等价方法是 <code>union()</code></li>
-</ul>
+<p>联合(<code>|</code>)：与集合的 <code>or</code> 等价的，联合符号的等价方法是 <code>union()</code> 。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1=set(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2=set(<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s3=s1|s2</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s3)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'r'</span>, <span class="string">'m'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, <span class="string">'T'</span>, <span class="string">'J'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1.union(s2))</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'r'</span>, <span class="string">'m'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, <span class="string">'T'</span>, <span class="string">'J'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>交集(<code>&amp;</code>)：与集合的 <code>and</code> 等价，交集符号的等价方法是 <code>intersection()</code></li>
-</ul>
+<p>交集(<code>&amp;</code>)：与集合的 <code>and</code> 等价，交集符号的等价方法是 <code>intersection()</code> 。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1=set(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2=set(<span class="string">'cde'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s3=s1&amp;s2</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s3</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'c'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1.intersection(s2))</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'c'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>差集(<code>-</code>)：等价方法是 <code>difference()</code></li>
-</ul>
+<p>差集(<code>-</code>)：等价方法是 <code>difference()</code> 。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1=set(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2=set(<span class="string">'cde'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s3=s1-s2</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s3</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1.difference(s2))</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>对称差集(<code>^</code>)：对称差分是集合的 XOR (‘异或’)，取得的元素属于 s1，s2 但不同时属于 s1和 s2 ，其等价方法 <code>symmetric_difference()</code></li>
-</ul>
+<p>对称差集(<code>^</code>)：对称差分是集合的 XOR (‘异或’)，取得的元素属于 s1，s2 但不同时属于 s1和 s2 ，其等价方法 <code>symmetric_difference()</code> 。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s1=set(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s2=set(<span class="string">'cde'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s3=s1^s2</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s3</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2))</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</h1><ul>
-<li>最简单的去重方式</li>
-</ul>
+<h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</h1><p>最简单的去重方式</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>x = [<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(list(set(x)))</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -438,30 +495,37 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
     
 
     
+      
+    
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-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
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@@ -469,27 +533,12 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
     
 
     
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-    <a href="#" class="bds_sqq" data-cmd="sqq" title="分享到QQ好友"></a>
-    <a href="#" class="bds_qzone" data-cmd="qzone" title="分享到QQ空间"></a>
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+
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@@ -599,9 +605,6 @@ <h1 id="应用"><a href="#应用" class="headerlink" title="应用"></a>应用</
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diff --git "a/2019/03/10/084210-\347\224\273\345\233\276\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\347\232\204\346\267\261\346\265\205\346\213\267\350\264\235/index.html" "b/2019/03/10/084210-\347\224\273\345\233\276\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\347\232\204\346\267\261\346\265\205\346\213\267\350\264\235/index.html"
index 54e8fb43..d63cc82b 100644
--- "a/2019/03/10/084210-\347\224\273\345\233\276\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\347\232\204\346\267\261\346\265\205\346\213\267\350\264\235/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/10/084210-\347\224\273\345\233\276\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\347\232\204\346\267\261\346\265\205\346\213\267\350\264\235/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="在平常运维工作中，难免会有一些修改服务配置文件的操作，为了安全和可以回滚起见，我们习惯性的会将源配置文件做一个拷贝，这样以来即便配置文件参数被修改错了也没事，可以快速从备份的副本还原回来。 同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，就需要生成一个副本，这就产生了拷贝。 基本概念对象在 Python 中，一切皆对象。任何数据类型、函">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+<meta name="twitter:description" content="在平常运维工作中，难免会有一些修改服务配置文件的操作，为了安全和可以回滚起见，我们习惯性的会将源配置文件做一个拷贝，这样以来即便配置文件参数被修改错了也没事，可以快速从备份的副本还原回来。 同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，就需要生成一个副本，这就产生了拷贝。 基本概念对象在 Python 中，一切皆对象。任何数据类型、函">
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@@ -287,20 +350,22 @@
   
   
 
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -309,70 +374,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-10
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
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+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-10 08:42:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00">2019-03-10</time>
+            </span>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-04 17:29:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-04T17:29:50+08:00">2019-12-04</time>
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@@ -391,66 +461,63 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">画图理解Python的深浅拷
 
       
         <p>在平常运维工作中，难免会有一些修改服务配置文件的操作，为了安全和可以回滚起见，我们习惯性的会将源配置文件做一个拷贝，这样以来即便配置文件参数被修改错了也没事，可以快速从备份的副本还原回来。</p>
-<p>同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，就需要生成一个副本，这就产生了拷贝</p>
-<h1 id="基本概念"><a href="#基本概念" class="headerlink" title="基本概念"></a>基本概念</h1><h2 id="对象"><a href="#对象" class="headerlink" title="对象"></a>对象</h2><p>在 Python 中，一切皆对象。任何数据类型、函数、模块在 Python 中都被当做对象处理。</p>
-<p>所有的 Python 对象都有三个属性：身份、类型、值</p>
+<p>同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，就需要生成一个副本，这就产生了拷贝。</p>
+<h1 id="基本概念"><a href="#基本概念" class="headerlink" title="基本概念"></a>基本概念</h1><h2 id="对象"><a href="#对象" class="headerlink" title="对象"></a>对象</h2><p>在 Python 中，一切皆对象。任何数据类型、函数、模块在 Python 中都被当做对象处理。所有的 Python 对象都有三个属性：身份、类型、值。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>name = <span class="string">'Tom'</span>  <span class="comment"># 建立一个对象引用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(name)  <span class="comment"># ID其实是内存地址，即身份的唯一标识</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">19018976</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>type(name)  <span class="comment"># 对象的类型，决定对象可以引用什么样的值</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">str</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">name</span>  # 对象引用的值，即实际表示的数据</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">'<span class="title">Tom</span>'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="可变与不可变对象"><a href="#可变与不可变对象" class="headerlink" title="可变与不可变对象"></a>可变与不可变对象</h2><p>可变对象：对象的值可变，身份是不变的，例如列表、字典、集合，这些都是容器类型的数据，容器的内存地址是不变的，发生变化的是容器内部的数据</p>
-<p>不可变对象： 对象的值和身份都是不变的，新创建的对象被原来的变量名引用，旧的对象就会被丢弃，最后交给垃圾回收机制处理掉，例如数字、字符串、元组</p>
+<h2 id="可变对象与不可变对象"><a href="#可变对象与不可变对象" class="headerlink" title="可变对象与不可变对象"></a>可变对象与不可变对象</h2><p>可变对象：对象的值可变，身份是不变的，例如列表、字典、集合，这些都是容器类型的数据，容器的内存地址是不变的，发生变化的是容器内部的数据。</p>
+<p>不可变对象： 对象的值和身份都是不变的，新创建的对象被原来的变量名引用，旧的对象就会被丢弃，最后交给垃圾回收机制处理掉，例如数字、字符串、元组。</p>
 <h2 id="变量赋值"><a href="#变量赋值" class="headerlink" title="变量赋值"></a>变量赋值</h2><p>或许在很多人的直观印象中，变量是一个容器，给变量赋值，就像是往一个存储的容器中填入一个数据，再次赋值就是把容器中的数据换掉，<strong>在 Python 中，这种理解是不准确的！</strong></p>
 <p>更恰当的比喻是，我们可以把变量当做是一个标签：给变量赋值就是把标签贴在一个物体上；再次赋值就是把标签取下来贴在另一个物体上。</p>
 <h2 id="对象引用"><a href="#对象引用" class="headerlink" title="对象引用"></a>对象引用</h2><p>在 Python 程序中，每个对象都会在内存中申请开辟一块空间来保存该对象，该对象在内存中所在位置的地址被称为引用。在开发程序时，所定义的变量名实际就是对象的地址引用。</p>
-<p>引用实际就是内存中的一个数字地址编号（内存地址），在使用对象时，只要知道这个对象的内存地址，就可以操作这个对象，但是因为内存地址不方便在开发时使用和记忆，所以使用变量名的形式来代替对象的内存地址。 在 Python 中，变量就是地址的一种表示形式，并不开辟开辟存储空间。</p>
-<p>就像在访问网站时我们输入的是域名，而不是IP，但实际都是通过 IP 地址来进行网络通信的，而 IP 地址不方便记忆，所以使用域名来代替 IP 地址，在使用域名访问网站时，域名被 DNS 服务器解析成 IP 地址来使用。</p>
-<p>在创建一个数据项时，将其赋值给一个变量，或者将其插入到一个组合中时，实际上是使得某个变量对内存中存放数据的对象进行引用，使用 <code>del</code> 时，实际上是删除了相应的对象引用</p>
+<p>引用实际就是内存中的一个数字地址编号（内存地址），在使用对象时，只要知道这个对象的内存地址，就可以操作这个对象，但是因为内存地址不方便在开发时使用和记忆，所以使用变量名的形式来代替对象的内存地址。 在 Python 中，变量就是地址的一种表示形式，并不开辟存储空间。</p>
+<p>就像在访问网站时我们输入的是域名，而不是 IP ，但实际都是通过 IP 地址来进行网络通信的，而 IP 地址不方便记忆，所以使用域名来代替 IP 地址，在使用域名访问网站时，域名被 DNS 服务器解析成 IP 地址来使用。</p>
+<p>在创建一个数据项时，将其赋值给一个变量，或者将其插入到一个组合中时，实际上是使得某个变量对内存中存放数据的对象进行引用，使用 <code>del</code> 时，实际上是删除了相应的对象引用。</p>
 <h3 id="不可变对象的引用赋值"><a href="#不可变对象的引用赋值" class="headerlink" title="不可变对象的引用赋值"></a>不可变对象的引用赋值</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">497079344</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = a</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">497079344</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = <span class="string">'xyz'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">19019808</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">497079344</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><code>a = 1</code> 相当于把标签 a 贴在了 <code>1</code> 上，他的身份（内存地址）是 <code>497079344</code></p>
+<p><code>a = 1</code> 相当于把标签 a 贴在了 <code>1</code> 上，他的身份（内存地址）是 <code>497079344</code> ：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy01.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>使用 <code>b = a</code> 的方式，实际上就相当于把标签 b 也贴在了标签 a 贴的那个物体上，也就是 a 和 b 都指向了同一块内存地址，可以简单的认为给对象的引用做了一个别名</p>
+<p>使用 <code>b = a</code> 的方式，实际上就相当于把标签 b 也贴在了标签 a 贴的那个物体上，也就是 a 和 b 都指向了同一块内存地址，可以简单的认为给对象的引用做了一个别名：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy02.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>当重新为 a 进行赋值时（<code>a=&#39;xyz&#39;</code>），实际上是在内存中新开辟了一段空间存放字符串对象 <code>&#39;xyz&#39;</code> 并把 a 的指向改为 <code>&#39;xyz&#39;</code>，而 b 则还是原来的对象引用</p>
+<p>当重新为 a 进行赋值时（<code>a=&#39;xyz&#39;</code>），实际上是在内存中新开辟了一段空间存放字符串对象 <code>&#39;xyz&#39;</code> 并把 a 的指向改为 <code>&#39;xyz&#39;</code>，而 b 则还是原来的对象引用：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy03.png" alt=""></p>
-<h3 id="可变对象的引用赋值"><a href="#可变对象的引用赋值" class="headerlink" title="可变对象的引用赋值"></a>可变对象的引用赋值</h3><p>可变对象保存的其实是对象引用（内存地址），而不是真正的对象数据。当对可变对象进行赋值时，只是将可变对象中保存的引用指向了新的对象</p>
+<h3 id="可变对象的引用赋值"><a href="#可变对象的引用赋值" class="headerlink" title="可变对象的引用赋值"></a>可变对象的引用赋值</h3><p>可变对象保存的其实是对象引用（内存地址），而不是真正的对象数据。当对可变对象进行赋值时，只是将可变对象中保存的引用指向了新的对象。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = a</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">19007448</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">19007448</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a[<span class="number">0</span>] = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'hello'</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'hello'</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">19007448</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">19007448</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>上例中变量 <code>a</code> 并不是引用了实际数据 <code>1, 2, 3</code> 的内存地址，而是单纯的列表的内存地址，引用实际数据的是这个列表对象而不是变量 <code>a</code></p>
+<p>上例中变量 <code>a</code> 并不是引用了实际数据 <code>1, 2, 3</code> 的内存地址，而是单纯的列表的内存地址，引用实际数据的是这个列表对象而不是变量 <code>a</code>：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy04.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>当改变列表中的数据时，改变的不是列表的内存地址，而改变的是列表中对实际数据的引用</p>
+<p>当改变列表中的数据时，改变的不是列表的内存地址，而改变的是列表中对实际数据的引用：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy05.png" alt=""></p>
 <h1 id="浅拷贝"><a href="#浅拷贝" class="headerlink" title="浅拷贝"></a>浅拷贝</h1><h2 id="不可变对象的拷贝"><a href="#不可变对象的拷贝" class="headerlink" title="不可变对象的拷贝"></a>不可变对象的拷贝</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> copy</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = copy.copy(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">505009200</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">505009200</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>不可变对象的拷贝就是对象赋值，实际上是让多个对象同时指向一个引用 （内存地址）</p>
+<p>不可变对象的拷贝就是对象赋值，实际上是让多个对象同时指向一个引用 （内存地址）：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy06.png" alt=""></p>
 <h2 id="可变对象的拷贝"><a href="#可变对象的拷贝" class="headerlink" title="可变对象的拷贝"></a>可变对象的拷贝</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> copy</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = copy.copy(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778968</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a[<span class="number">0</span>] = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778968</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'hello'</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>可变对象的拷贝，会在内存中开辟一个新的空间来保存拷贝的数据。当再改变之前的对象时，对拷贝之后的对象没有任何影响</p>
+<p>可变对象的拷贝，会在内存中开辟一个新的空间来保存拷贝的数据。当再改变之前的对象时，对拷贝之后的对象没有任何影响：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy07.png" alt=""></p>
 <h2 id="可变对象与不可变对象的组合"><a href="#可变对象与不可变对象的组合" class="headerlink" title="可变对象与不可变对象的组合"></a>可变对象与不可变对象的组合</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> copy</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, [<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>]]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = copy.copy(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779648</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a[<span class="number">3</span>][<span class="number">0</span>] = <span class="string">'Dog'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779648</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779728</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, [<span class="string">'Dog'</span>, <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>]]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, [<span class="string">'Dog'</span>, <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>]]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>复杂对象在拷贝时并没有解决数据在传递之后数据改变的问题。 这是因为 <code>copy()</code>  函数在拷贝对象时，只是将指定对象中的所有引用拷贝了一份，如果这些引用当中包含了一个可变对象的话，那么数据还是会被改变。 这种拷贝方式，称为浅拷贝。</p>
-<p>浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，不拷贝子层数据</p>
+<p>浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，不拷贝子层数据：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy08.png" alt=""></p>
 <p>再比如</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>d1=dict.fromkeys([<span class="string">'host1'</span>,<span class="string">'host2'</span>,<span class="string">'host3'</span>],[<span class="string">'test1'</span>,<span class="string">'test2'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>d1</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'host1'</span>: [<span class="string">'test1'</span>, <span class="string">'test2'</span>], <span class="string">'host2'</span>: [<span class="string">'test1'</span>, <span class="string">'test2'</span>], <span class="string">'host3'</span>: [<span class="string">'test1'</span>, <span class="string">'test2'</span>]&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>d1[<span class="string">'host2'</span>][<span class="number">1</span>]=<span class="string">'test3'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>d1</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'host1'</span>: [<span class="string">'test1'</span>, <span class="string">'test3'</span>], <span class="string">'host2'</span>: [<span class="string">'test1'</span>, <span class="string">'test3'</span>], <span class="string">'host3'</span>: [<span class="string">'test1'</span>, <span class="string">'test3'</span>]&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="深拷贝"><a href="#深拷贝" class="headerlink" title="深拷贝"></a>深拷贝</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> copy</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, [<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>]]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = copy.deepcopy(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778968</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779528</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779648</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779688</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a[<span class="number">3</span>][<span class="number">0</span>] = <span class="string">'Dog'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11778968</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779528</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(a[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779648</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>id(b[<span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11779688</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, [<span class="string">'Dog'</span>, <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>]]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, [<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>]]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>深拷贝会逐层进行拷贝，直到拷贝的所有引用都是不可变引用为止</p>
+<p>深拷贝会逐层进行拷贝，直到拷贝的所有引用都是不可变引用为止：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy09.png" alt=""></p>
 <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><ul>
-<li>在 Python 中，默认的拷贝方式是浅拷贝。从时间上看，浅拷贝花费时间更少；从使用空间上看，浅拷贝花费内存更少；从执行效率上看，浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，一般情况下比深拷贝效率高</li>
-<li>不可变对象在赋值时会开辟新空间</li>
-<li>深、浅拷贝对不可变对象拷贝时，不开辟新空间，相当于赋值操作</li>
-<li>浅拷贝在拷贝时，只拷贝第一层中的引用，如果元素是可变对象，并且被修改，那么拷贝的对象也会发生变化</li>
-<li>大多数情况下，编写程序时，都是使用浅拷贝，除非有特定的需求</li>
+<li><p>在 Python 中，默认的拷贝方式是浅拷贝。从时间上看，浅拷贝花费时间更少；从使用空间上看，浅拷贝花费内存更少；从执行效率上看，浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，一般情况下比深拷贝效率高。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>不可变对象在赋值时会开辟新空间。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>深、浅拷贝对不可变对象拷贝时，不开辟新空间，相当于赋值操作。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>浅拷贝在拷贝时，只拷贝第一层中的引用，如果元素是可变对象，并且被修改，那么拷贝的对象也会发生变化。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>大多数情况下，编写程序时，都是使用浅拷贝，除非有特定的需求。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<h1 id="小插曲"><a href="#小插曲" class="headerlink" title="小插曲"></a>小插曲</h1><p>下面这段代码是之前在和别人学习交流时遇到的，和深浅拷贝应该没有什么关联，但是觉着放到这篇文章比较合适。</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(ls[<span class="number">-2</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>乍一看，你能猜到执行的结果么？</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>这个是因为什么呢？画个图来理解一下：</p>
-<p><img src="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/copy10.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>那么到底是不是这样呢？我们打印每个元素的内存地址来验证一下：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(id(i))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;33m ls[-2] is \033[0m"</span>, ls[<span class="number">-2</span>], end=<span class="string">' ; '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;32m ls is \033[0m"</span>, ls, end=<span class="string">' ; '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;31m id ls[-2] is \033[0m"</span>, id(ls[<span class="number">-2</span>]))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>执行结果：</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">139930381165920</span><br><span class="line">139930381165952</span><br><span class="line">139930381165984</span><br><span class="line">139930381166016</span><br><span class="line">139930381166048</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  1 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 1, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165920</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  2 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 2, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165952</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  3 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165984</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  3 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165984</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  5 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 5, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381166048</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
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-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
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@@ -695,122 +773,133 @@ <h1 id="小插曲"><a href="#小插曲" class="headerlink" title="小插曲"></a
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
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+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
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-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本概念"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本概念</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#对象"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">对象</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变与不可变对象"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变与不可变对象</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#变量赋值"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">变量赋值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#对象引用"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">对象引用</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#不可变对象的引用赋值"><span class="nav-number">1.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">不可变对象的引用赋值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变对象的引用赋值"><span class="nav-number">1.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变对象的引用赋值</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#浅拷贝"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">浅拷贝</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#不可变对象的拷贝"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">不可变对象的拷贝</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变对象的拷贝"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变对象的拷贝</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变对象与不可变对象的组合"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变对象与不可变对象的组合</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#深拷贝"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">深拷贝</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#小插曲"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">小插曲</span></a></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本概念"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本概念</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#对象"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">对象</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变对象与不可变对象"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变对象与不可变对象</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#变量赋值"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">变量赋值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#对象引用"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">对象引用</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#不可变对象的引用赋值"><span class="nav-number">1.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">不可变对象的引用赋值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变对象的引用赋值"><span class="nav-number">1.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变对象的引用赋值</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#浅拷贝"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">浅拷贝</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#不可变对象的拷贝"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">不可变对象的拷贝</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变对象的拷贝"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变对象的拷贝</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#可变对象与不可变对象的组合"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">可变对象与不可变对象的组合</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#深拷贝"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">深拷贝</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -844,6 +937,7 @@ <h1 id="小插曲"><a href="#小插曲" class="headerlink" title="小插曲"></a
 
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   </aside>
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     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python对文件的操作</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python对文件的操作
+
+              
+            
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+          
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-11T12:41:10+08:00">
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+              
+                
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-04 18:52:04" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-04T18:52:04+08:00">2019-12-04</time>
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+            
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,665
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  14
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -388,15 +459,18 @@ <h1 id="Python的文件操作"><a href="#Python的文件操作" class="headerlin
 <p>同步IO：你说“来个汉堡”，服务员告诉你，对不起，汉堡要现做，需要等5分钟，于是你站在收银台前面等了5分钟，拿到汉堡再去逛商场，这是同步IO。 </p>
 <p>异步IO：你说“来个汉堡”，服务员告诉你，汉堡需要等5分钟，你可以先去逛商场，等做好了，我们再通知你，这样你可以立刻去干别的事情（逛商场）</p>
 <p>很明显，使用异步IO来编写程序性能会远远高于同步IO，但是异步IO的缺点是编程模型复杂。想想看，你得知道什么时候通知你“汉堡做好了”，而通知你的方法也各不相同。如果是服务员跑过来找到你，这是回调模式，如果服务员发短信通知你，你就得不停地检查手机，这是轮询模式。总之，异步IO的复杂度远远高于同步IO。</p>
-<p>操作IO的能力都是由操作系统提供的，每一种编程语言都会把操作系统提供的低级C接口封装起来方便使用，Python也不例外</p>
-<p>以上内容转自 <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001431917590955542f9ac5f5c1479faf787ff2b028ab47000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[廖雪峰的官方网站]</a></p>
+<p>操作IO的能力都是由操作系统提供的，每一种编程语言都会把操作系统提供的低级C接口封装起来方便使用，Python也不例外。</p>
+<p>以上内容转自 <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/001431917590955542f9ac5f5c1479faf787ff2b028ab47000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[廖雪峰的官方网站]</a> 。</p>
 <h2 id="文件读写"><a href="#文件读写" class="headerlink" title="文件读写"></a>文件读写</h2><p>读写文件是最常见的IO操作，Python 内置了读写文件的函数，用法和C是兼容的。</p>
 <p>在磁盘上读写文件的功能都是由操作系统提供的，现代操作系统不允许普通的程序直接操作磁盘，所以读写文件就是请求操作系统打开一个文件对象（通常称为文件描述符），然后通过操作系统提供的接口从这个文件对象中读取数据（读文件），或者把数据写入这个文件对象（写文件）。</p>
 <p>在 Python 中对文件操作的步骤：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>打开文件，得到文件对象（文件描述符）赋值给一个变量</li>
-<li>通过文件描述符对文件进行操作</li>
-<li>关闭文件</li>
+<li><p>打开文件，得到文件对象（文件描述符）赋值给一个变量。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>通过文件描述符对文件进行操作。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>关闭文件。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 <h3 id="文件打开模式"><a href="#文件打开模式" class="headerlink" title="文件打开模式"></a>文件打开模式</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="string">'r'</span>       open <span class="keyword">for</span> reading (default)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 以只读模式打开文件（默认模式），并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件不存在会报错</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'w'</span>       open <span class="keyword">for</span> writing, truncating the file first</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 以只写模式打开文件，并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件存在则将其内容清空，如果文件不存在则创建</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'x'</span>       create a new file <span class="keyword">and</span> open it <span class="keyword">for</span> writing</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 以只写模式新建文件，并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件存在则抛出 FileExistsError</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'a'</span>       open <span class="keyword">for</span> writing, appending to the end of the file <span class="keyword">if</span> it exists</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 以追加可写模式打开文件，并将文件指针指向文件尾部；如果文件不存在则创建</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'b'</span>       binary mode</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 二进制模式，需要与上面几种模式搭配使用，如ab，wb, ab, ab+</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'t'</span>       text mode (default)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 普通文本模式（默认模式）</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'+'</span>       open a disk file <span class="keyword">for</span> updating (reading <span class="keyword">and</span> writing)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在原有操作基础上补充其他操作功能</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'r+'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在 r 的基础上增加了可写功能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 覆盖当前文件指针所在位置的字符，如原来文件内容是"Hello，World"，打开文件后写入"hi"则文件内容会变成"hillo, World"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'w+'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在w的基础上增加了可读功能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 'w+'与 r+ 的不同是，w+在打开文件时就会先将文件内容清空，和 w 基本相同</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'a+'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在 a 的基础上增加了可读功能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># a+ 与 r+ 的不同是， a+ 不管指针在哪只能写到文件末尾(读指针和写指针不相同)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h3 id="读取文件"><a href="#读取文件" class="headerlink" title="读取文件"></a>读取文件</h3><p>例如现有文件 ‘poem’ 内容如下：    </p>
@@ -407,7 +481,7 @@ <h3 id="读取文件"><a href="#读取文件" class="headerlink" title="读取
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(f.read())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>文件使用完毕后必须关闭，因为文件对象会占用操作系统的资源，并且操作系统同一时间能打开的文件数量也是有限的：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">f.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><strong>注意:</strong>  打开文件时 <code>open()</code> 函数是通过操作系统打开的文件，如果不指定文件编码方式则默认使用操作系统自身文件编码方式打开，并且在内存中是Unicode形式。在windows系统中，’poem’ 文件是 utf-8 保存的，而Windows的默认编码是 gbk 编码，所以直接打开会乱码，需要 <code>f=open(&#39;poem&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf8&#39;)</code>，’poem’ 文件如果是 gbk 保存的则直接打开即可</p>
+<p><strong>注意:</strong>  打开文件时 <code>open()</code> 函数是通过操作系统打开的文件，如果不指定文件编码方式则默认使用操作系统自身文件编码方式打开，并且在内存中是 Unicode 形式。在 windows 系统中，’poem’ 文件是 utf-8 保存的，而 Windows 的默认编码是 gbk 编码，所以直接打开会乱码，需要 <code>f=open(&#39;poem&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf8&#39;)</code>，’poem’ 文件如果是 gbk 保存的则直接打开即可。</p>
 <p>由于文件读写时都有可能产生 <code>IOError</code> ，一旦出错，后面的 <code>f.close()</code> 就不会调用。所以为了保证无论是否出错都能正确地关闭文件，我们可以使用 <code>try ... finally</code> 来实现： </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>: <span class="comment"># 执行代码，可能抛出异常</span></span><br><span class="line">    f = open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(f.read())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">finally</span>: <span class="comment"># 不管有无异常都执行</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">        f.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>但是每次都这么写实在太繁琐，所以 Python 引入了 <code>with</code> 语句来自动帮我们调用 <code>close()</code> 方法：</p>
@@ -427,7 +501,7 @@ <h4 id="读取文件常用方法"><a href="#读取文件常用方法" class="hea
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>read(size)</td>
-<td style="text-align:left">每次最多读取指定长度的内容，返回一个str；Python3中 size 指定的是字符(非字节)长度</td>
+<td style="text-align:left">每次最多读取指定长度的内容，返回一个str；Python3 中 size 指定的是字符(非字节)长度</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>readlines()</td>
@@ -460,54 +534,35 @@ <h3 id="写入文件"><a href="#写入文件" class="headerlink" title="写入
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">f = open(<span class="string">'test.txt'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">f.write(<span class="string">'Hello world'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">f.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>可以反复调用 <code>write()</code> 来写入文件，但是务必要调用 <code>f.close()</code> 来关闭文件。当我们写文件时，操作系统往往不会立刻把数据写入磁盘，而是放到内存缓存起来，空闲的时候再慢慢写入。只有调用 <code>close()</code> 方法时，操作系统才保证把没有写入的数据全部写入磁盘。忘记调用 <code>close()</code> 的后果是数据可能只写了一部分到磁盘，剩下的丢失了。所以还是用 <code>with</code> 语句来得保险： </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'test.txt'</span>,<span class="string">'w'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    f.write(<span class="string">'Hello World'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="其他方法"><a href="#其他方法" class="headerlink" title="其他方法"></a>其他方法</h3><ul>
-<li>flush()：刷新缓冲区数据，立刻将缓冲区的数据写入硬盘中的文件</li>
-</ul>
+<h3 id="其他方法"><a href="#其他方法" class="headerlink" title="其他方法"></a>其他方法</h3><p>使用 <code>flush()</code> 可以刷新缓冲区数据，立刻将缓冲区的数据写入硬盘中的文件：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> sys,time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">30</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    sys.stdout.write(<span class="string">'*'</span>) <span class="comment"># stdout 标准输出，也是一个文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    sys.stdout.flush()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 实时将内存中的数据写入标准输出文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 如果不写此行则数据会保留着内存缓冲区，直到sleep完成并一次性显示所有符号</span></span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(<span class="number">0.1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>内置的 <code>print()</code> 也有 flush 参数</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> sys,time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">30</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'*'</span>,end=<span class="string">''</span>,flush=<span class="keyword">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(<span class="number">0.1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>truncate() ：裁切数据<ul>
-<li>如果不加任何参数，则裁切(删除)掉开头到结尾的内容</li>
-<li>如果指定一个数字N，则将第N个字符后的内容全部截掉，保留前N个字符</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
+<p>使用 <code>truncate()</code> 可以裁切数据，如果不加任何参数，则裁切(删除)掉开头到结尾的内容。如果指定一个数字 N，则将第 N 个字符后的内容全部截掉，保留前 N 个字符：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'poem2'</span>,<span class="string">'a'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 文件打开模式应该是 append 而不是 write ，因为 write 会先清除所有内容</span></span><br><span class="line">    f.truncate(<span class="number">5</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>isatty()：判断文件是否是终端文件</li>
-<li>next() ：返回文件下一行，这个方法也是 file 对象实例可以被当做迭代器使用的原因 </li>
-<li>fileno() ：返回一个整型的文件描述符，可以用于一些底层 IO 操作上（如 os 模块的 read 方法）</li>
-</ul>
-<h3 id="操作练习"><a href="#操作练习" class="headerlink" title="操作练习"></a>操作练习</h3><p>读取文件 ‘poem’ ，显示到屏幕同时为第四行添加注释 <code># 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她</code> ，如果涉及到字符串拼接尽量使用 <code>join()</code> 方法代替 <code>+</code></p>
-<ul>
-<li>菜鸟版：一次性读入所有内容到内存然后循环打印，使用变量定位行号</li>
-</ul>
+<p><code>isatty()</code> 可以判断文件是否是终端文件</p>
+<p><code>next()</code> 将会返回文件下一行，这个方法也是 file 对象实例可以被当做迭代器使用的原因。</p>
+<p><code>fileno()</code> 返回一个整型的文件描述符，可以用于一些底层 IO 操作上（如 os 模块的 read 方法）。</p>
+<h3 id="操作练习"><a href="#操作练习" class="headerlink" title="操作练习"></a>操作练习</h3><p>读取文件 ‘poem’ ，显示到屏幕同时为第四行添加注释 <code># 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她</code> ，如果涉及到字符串拼接尽量使用 <code>join()</code> 方法代替 <code>+</code> 。</p>
+<p>菜鸟版：一次性读入所有内容到内存然后循环打印，使用变量定位行号。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">f = open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>, mode=<span class="string">'r'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">line_number = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> f.readlines():</span><br><span class="line">    line_number += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> line_number == <span class="number">4</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        i = <span class="string">''</span>.join([i.strip(), <span class="string">'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    print(i.strip())</span><br><span class="line">f.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>菜鸟加强版：读入所有内容赋值给变量后立即关闭文件，对变量的元素循环和修改，使用索引定位</li>
-</ul>
+<p>菜鸟加强版：读入所有内容赋值给变量后立即关闭文件，对变量的元素循环和修改，使用索引定位</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">f = open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>,mode=<span class="string">'r'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">data = f.readlines()</span><br><span class="line">f.close()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data[<span class="number">3</span>] = <span class="string">''</span>.join([data[<span class="number">3</span>].strip(),<span class="string">'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> data:</span><br><span class="line">    print(line.strip())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>中级版：一次性读入所有内容，使用<code>enumerate()</code> 和 <code>try ... finally</code> </li>
-</ul>
+<p>中级版：一次性读入所有内容，使用<code>enumerate()</code> 和 <code>try ... finally</code> </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    f = open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> line_number, line <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(f.readlines(), <span class="number">1</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> line_number == <span class="number">4</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            line = <span class="string">''</span>.join([line.strip(), <span class="string">'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">        print(line.strip())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">finally</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">        f.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>最佳实践：<ul>
-<li>前三种方法中 <code>read()</code> 、<code>readlines()</code> 在文件比较大时都会消耗大量内存空间，容易造成内存溢出</li>
-<li>结合  <code>with</code> 语句并使用迭代器用一行取一行，变量定位行号</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
+<p>最佳实践：前三种方法中 <code>read()</code> 、<code>readlines()</code> 在文件比较大时都会消耗大量内存空间，容易造成内存溢出，因此结合  <code>with</code> 语句并使用迭代器用一行取一行，变量定位行号更合适：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">line_number = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>,<span class="string">'r'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">        line_number += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> line_number == <span class="number">4</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            line = <span class="string">''</span>.join([line.strip(), <span class="string">'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">        print(line.strip())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>在 Python 中由于内存的机制无法像 word 那样实时修改并保存文件，因此只能先读取源文件数据到内存空间中进行修改，然后写入到另一个文件，再把新文件替换掉源文件。</p>
 <p>例如，要在文件 ‘poem’ 的第四行之后添加注释 <code># 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她</code></p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">f_read = open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>,<span class="string">'r'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">f_write = open(<span class="string">'poem.bak'</span>,<span class="string">'w'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">line_number = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> f_read:</span><br><span class="line">    line_number += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> line_number == <span class="number">4</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        line = line.replace(<span class="string">'\n'</span>,<span class="string">'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她\n'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    f_write.write(line)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f_read.close()</span><br><span class="line">f_write.close()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>使用 <code>with</code> 语句，可以同时管理多个文件对象</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">line_number = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>,<span class="string">'r'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr , open(<span class="string">'poem.bak'</span>,<span class="string">'w'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fw:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        line_number += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> line_number == <span class="number">4</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            line = line.replace(<span class="string">'\n'</span>,<span class="string">'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她\n'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        fw.write(line)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">line_number = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'poem'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr, \</span><br><span class="line">        open(<span class="string">'poem.bak'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fw:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        line_number += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> line_number == <span class="number">4</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            line = line.replace(<span class="string">'\n'</span>, <span class="string">'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她\n'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        fw.write(line)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
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+  .use-motion .menu-item,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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 </head>
 
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -242,9 +293,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -258,12 +307,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
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+
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     <main id="main" class="main">
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@@ -276,20 +340,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
     <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/">
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的函数</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的函数
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-13T11:08:51+08:00">
-                2019-03-13
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-13 11:08:51" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-13T11:08:51+08:00">2019-03-13</time>
+            </span>
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+                
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+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,597
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-              
 
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+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  15
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-              
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@@ -379,159 +450,154 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的函数</h1>
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="函数及特性"><a href="#函数及特性" class="headerlink" title="函数及特性"></a>函数及特性</h1><ul>
-<li><p>定义：函数是指将一组语句的集合通过一个名字(函数名)封装起来，要想执行这个函数，只需调用其函数名即可</p>
-</li>
-<li><p>特性：</p>
+        <h1 id="函数及特性"><a href="#函数及特性" class="headerlink" title="函数及特性"></a>函数及特性</h1><p>函数是指将一组语句的集合通过一个名字(函数名)封装起来，要想执行这个函数，只需调用其函数名即可。</p>
+<p>函数的特性：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>减少重复代码，提高应用的模块性和代码的重复利用率，用来实现单一，或相关联功能</li>
-<li>可扩展性：方便修改，更容易扩展代码的功能</li>
-<li>保持代码的一致性，修改函数功能之后所有调用函数的地方都会随之修改</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p>减少重复代码，提高应用的模块性和代码的重复利用率，用来实现单一，或相关联功能。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>可扩展性：方便修改，更容易扩展代码的功能。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>保持代码的一致性，修改函数功能之后所有调用函数的地方都会随之修改。</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-<h1 id="函数的定义和调用"><a href="#函数的定义和调用" class="headerlink" title="函数的定义和调用"></a>函数的定义和调用</h1><ul>
-<li>格式：Python 定义函数使用 def 关键字，一般格式如下：</li>
-</ul>
+<h1 id="函数的定义和调用"><a href="#函数的定义和调用" class="headerlink" title="函数的定义和调用"></a>函数的定义和调用</h1><p>在 Python 中定义函数使用 <code>def</code> 关键字，一般格式如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> 函数名（参数列表）:</span></span><br><span class="line">    函数体</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hello</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">   </span><br><span class="line">hello()<span class="comment">#调用</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>函数名的命名规则，与变量名类似：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>函数名的命名规则，与变量名类似：<ul>
-<li>函数名区分大小写</li>
-<li>函数名只能是 字母、数字 或 下划线 的任意组合，不能使用任何的标点符号</li>
-<li>函数名不能以数字开头</li>
-<li>函数名不能与 Python 的关键字同名</li>
-</ul>
+<li><p>函数名区分大小写。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>函数名只能是 字母、数字 或 下划线 的任意组合，不能使用任何的标点符号。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>函数名不能以数字开头。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>函数名不能与 Python 的关键字同名。</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
-<h1 id="函数的参数"><a href="#函数的参数" class="headerlink" title="函数的参数"></a>函数的参数</h1><p>任何传入参数和自变量必须放在圆括号中间。圆括号之间可以用于定义参数</p>
-<h2 id="形参和实参"><a href="#形参和实参" class="headerlink" title="形参和实参"></a>形参和实参</h2><ul>
-<li>形参：形式参数，不是实际存在，是虚拟变量。在定义函数和函数体的时候使用形参，目的是在函数调用时接收实参（实参个数，类型应与实参一一对应）</li>
-<li>实参：实际参数，调用函数时传给函数的参数，可以是常量，变量，表达式，函数，传给形参</li>
-<li>区别：形参是虚拟的，不占用内存空间，形参变量只有在被调用时才分配内存单元，实参是一个变量，占用内存空间，数据传送单向，实参传给形参，不能形参传给实参</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line">times=time.strftime(<span class="string">'%Y-%m-%d'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(time)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Now  time is : %s'</span>%times)</span><br><span class="line">f(times)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="传入函数的参数"><a href="#传入函数的参数" class="headerlink" title="传入函数的参数"></a>传入函数的参数</h2><h3 id="位置参数"><a href="#位置参数" class="headerlink" title="位置参数"></a>位置参数</h3><p>位置参数也叫必备参数，必须要传，并且在传参时必须以正确的顺序传入函数，调用时的数量必须和函数声明时的一样</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(name,age)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'I am %s,I am %d years old.'</span>%(name,age))</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">f(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>,<span class="number">18</span>)</span><br><span class="line">f(<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>,<span class="number">16</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="关键字参数"><a href="#关键字参数" class="headerlink" title="关键字参数"></a>关键字参数</h3><p>关键字参数和函数调用关系紧密，函数调用使用关键字参数来确定传入的参数值。</p>
-<p>使用关键字参数允许函数调用时参数的顺序与声明时不一致，因为 Python 解释器能够用参数名匹配参数值</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(name,age)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'I am %s,I am %d years old.'</span>%(name,age))</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># f(16,'Tom') #报错</span></span><br><span class="line">f(age=<span class="number">16</span>,name=<span class="string">'Tom'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="定义函数时的参数"><a href="#定义函数时的参数" class="headerlink" title="定义函数时的参数"></a>定义函数时的参数</h2><h3 id="默认参数"><a href="#默认参数" class="headerlink" title="默认参数"></a>默认参数</h3><p>默认参数也叫缺省参数，同时也是关键字参数，调用函数时缺省参数的值如果没有传入，则被认为是默认值。默认参数常用于多数情况下对象的值是固定的情况，例如一个班级的每个学生的班号都是固定的</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo_info</span><span class="params">(name,age,sex=<span class="string">'male'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Name:%s'</span> %name)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Age:%d'</span> %age)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Sex:%s'</span> %sex)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>,<span class="number">18</span>)</span><br><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>,<span class="number">40</span>,<span class="string">'female'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="函数的参数"><a href="#函数的参数" class="headerlink" title="函数的参数"></a>函数的参数</h1><p>任何传入参数和自变量必须放在圆括号中间，圆括号之间可以用于定义参数。</p>
+<h2 id="形参和实参"><a href="#形参和实参" class="headerlink" title="形参和实参"></a>形参和实参</h2><p>形参指的是形式参数，不是实际存在，是虚拟变量。在定义函数和函数体的时候使用形参，目的是在函数调用时接收实参（实参个数，类型应与实参一一对应）。</p>
+<p>实参是指实际参数，调用函数时传给函数的参数，可以是常量，变量，表达式，函数，传给形参。</p>
+<p>形参和实参的区别是，形参是虚拟的，不占用内存空间，形参变量只有在被调用时才分配内存单元，实参是一个变量，占用内存空间，数据传送单向，实参传给形参，不能形参传给实参。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">times = time.strftime(<span class="string">'%Y-%m-%d'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(time_str)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Now  time is : %s'</span> % time_str)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f(times)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="传入函数的参数"><a href="#传入函数的参数" class="headerlink" title="传入函数的参数"></a>传入函数的参数</h2><h3 id="位置参数"><a href="#位置参数" class="headerlink" title="位置参数"></a>位置参数</h3><p>位置参数也叫必备参数，是必须要传给函数的参数，并且在传参时必须以正确的顺序传入函数，调用时的数量必须和函数声明时的一样。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(name, age)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'I am %s,I am %d years old.'</span> % (name, age))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">18</span>)</span><br><span class="line">f(<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>, <span class="number">16</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">I am Tom,I am 18 years old.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">I am Jerry,I am 16 years old.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="关键字参数"><a href="#关键字参数" class="headerlink" title="关键字参数"></a>关键字参数</h3><p>关键字参数和函数调用关系紧密，函数调用使用关键字参数来确定传入的参数值。使用关键字参数允许函数调用时参数的顺序与声明时不一致，因为 Python 解释器能够用参数名匹配参数值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(name, age)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'I am %s, I am %d years old.'</span> % (name, age))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># f(16,'Tom') #报错</span></span><br><span class="line">f(age=<span class="number">16</span>, name=<span class="string">'Tom'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">I am Tom, I am 16 years old.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="定义函数时的参数"><a href="#定义函数时的参数" class="headerlink" title="定义函数时的参数"></a>定义函数时的参数</h2><h3 id="默认参数"><a href="#默认参数" class="headerlink" title="默认参数"></a>默认参数</h3><p>默认参数也叫缺省参数，同时也是关键字参数，调用函数时缺省参数的值如果没有传入，则被认为是默认值。默认参数常用于多数情况下对象的值是固定的情况，例如一些女子学校中，学生的性别是固定的。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo_info</span><span class="params">(name, age, sex=<span class="string">'male'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'-'</span>.center(<span class="number">15</span>, <span class="string">'-'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Name:%s'</span> % name)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Age:%d'</span> % age)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Sex:%s'</span> % sex)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">18</span>)</span><br><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>, <span class="number">40</span>, <span class="string">'female'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><strong>默认参数的陷阱：</strong> 在定义函数时，如果默认参数的值是可变数据类型，那么每一次调用函数的时候如果不传入值，就会公用这个数据类型的资源，即每次都操作的是同一个对象。例如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">(names=[])</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    names.append(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(names)</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">test()</span><br><span class="line">test()</span><br><span class="line">test()</span><br><span class="line">test()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>输出结果：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'Tom'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Tom'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Tom'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="string">'Tom'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>再比如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">atest</span><span class="params">(k, data=&#123;&#125;)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    data[k] = <span class="string">'v'</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(data)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">atest(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">atest(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">atest(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>输出结果</p>
+<p>输出结果：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;1: <span class="string">'v'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;1: <span class="string">'v'</span>, 2: <span class="string">'v'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;1: <span class="string">'v'</span>, 2: <span class="string">'v'</span>, 3: <span class="string">'v'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h3 id="不定长参数"><a href="#不定长参数" class="headerlink" title="不定长参数"></a>不定长参数</h3><p>你可能需要一个函数能处理比当初声明时更多的参数。这些参数叫做不定长参数，也叫动态参数。动态参数和位置参数、关键字参数不同，声明时不会命名</p>
-<p>例如下面的加法器，能且只能接收三个参数，并求出和</p>
+<h3 id="不定长参数"><a href="#不定长参数" class="headerlink" title="不定长参数"></a>不定长参数</h3><p>有时候可能需要一个函数能处理比当初声明时更多的参数，这些参数就叫不定长参数，也叫动态参数。动态参数和位置参数、关键字参数不同，声明时不会命名。例如下面的加法器，能且仅能接收三个参数，并求出和：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(x, y, z)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(x + y + z)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">add(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>加了星号 <code>*</code> 的变量名会以元组的形式存放所有 <strong>未命名</strong> 的变量参数</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(args)</span><br><span class="line">    the_sum = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> args:</span><br><span class="line">        the_sum += i</span><br><span class="line">    print(the_sum)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">add(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>下面的打印基本信息的函数，最多只能接收三个参数，如果再想添加其他参数就需要重新定义函数的参数</p>
+<p>如果在变量名前面加了星号 <code>*</code> ，则变量会以元组的形式存放所有 <strong>未命名</strong> 的变量参数，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'args ='</span>, args)</span><br><span class="line">    the_sum = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> args:</span><br><span class="line">        the_sum += i</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'the_sum ='</span>, the_sum)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">add(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">the_sum = 35</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>下面的打印基本信息的函数，最多只能接收三个参数，如果再想添加其他参数就需要重新定义函数的参数：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo_info</span><span class="params">(name, age, sex=<span class="string">'male'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Name : %s'</span> % name)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Age  : %d'</span> % age)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Sex  : %s'</span> % sex)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">18</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>而加了 <code>**</code> 的变量名会以字典的形式存放 <strong>有命名</strong> 的变量参数</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo_info</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(args)</span><br><span class="line">    print(kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> kwargs:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s  : %s'</span> % (i, kwargs[i]))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">18</span>, <span class="string">'male'</span>, Job=<span class="string">'IT'</span>, Height=<span class="string">'188'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="参数的位置关系"><a href="#参数的位置关系" class="headerlink" title="参数的位置关系"></a>参数的位置关系</h2><ul>
-<li>定义函数时 <code>*args</code> 放左边，<code>**kwargs</code> 放右边，下面是错误的写法</li>
-</ul>
+<p>而如果在变量名前面加了 <code>**</code> ， 则变量会以字典的形式存放 <strong>有命名</strong> 的变量参数，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo_info</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'args = '</span>, args)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'kwargs = '</span>, kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> kwargs:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s  : %s'</span> % (i, kwargs[i]))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">18</span>, <span class="string">'male'</span>, Job=<span class="string">'IT'</span>, Height=<span class="string">'188'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args =  ('Tom', 18, 'male')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">kwargs =  &#123;'Job': 'IT', 'Height': '188'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Job  : IT</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Height  : 188</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="参数的位置关系"><a href="#参数的位置关系" class="headerlink" title="参数的位置关系"></a>参数的位置关系</h2><p>定义函数时应该 <code>*args</code> 放左边，<code>**kwargs</code> 放右边，下面是错误的写法：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">print_info</span><span class="params">(name, **kwargs, *args)</span>:</span> <span class="comment"># 报错</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>按照规范，定义函数时默认参数应该放在位置参数之后</li>
-</ul>
+<p>按照规范，定义函数时默认参数应该放在位置参数之后。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">(name, age, *args, sex=<span class="string">'fmale'</span>, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">(*args, sex=<span class="string">'fmale'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 不规范的写法：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># def test(name, age, sex='fmale', *args, **kwargs):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># def test(sex='fmale', *args):</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>调用函数进行传参时，关键字参数应该放在位置(必备)参数之后</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">18</span>, hobby=<span class="string">'girl'</span>, nationality=<span class="string">'Chinese'</span>, ability=<span class="string">'Python'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># echo_info(hobby='girl', 'alex', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python') #报错</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># echo_info('Jerry', hobby='girl', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python')   #报错</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="其他传参方式"><a href="#其他传参方式" class="headerlink" title="其他传参方式"></a>其他传参方式</h2><p>函数在接收动态参数时，会把接收的参数聚合成一个元组</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>输出结果：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>],)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>而在函数中使用 <code>*args</code> 的方式调用参数时，会把聚合的元组打散</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(*args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>输出结果：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(*args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>调用函数进行传参时，关键字参数应该放在位置(必备)参数之后。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">18</span>, hobby=<span class="string">'girl'</span>, nationality=<span class="string">'Chinese'</span>, ability=<span class="string">'Python'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># echo_info(hobby='girl', 'alex', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python')  # 报错</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># echo_info('Jerry', hobby='girl', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python')   # 报错</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="其他传参方式"><a href="#其他传参方式" class="headerlink" title="其他传参方式"></a>其他传参方式</h2><p>函数在接收动态参数时，会把接收的参数聚合成一个元组，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'args ='</span>, args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = (1, 2, 3)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = (['a', 'b', 'c'],)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>而在函数中使用 <code>*args</code> 的方式调用参数时，会把聚合的元组打散，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'args ='</span>, args)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'*args ='</span>, *args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = (1, 2, 3)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">*args = 1 2 3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = (['a', 'b', 'c'],)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">*args = ['a', 'b', 'c']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>这种方式其实又还原成了最原始传入参数的方式，这种情况最常用的情形是在装饰器内：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">wrapper</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 函数接收参数，聚合成一个元组</span></span><br><span class="line">        retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)  <span class="comment"># 调用参数，打散元组，还原初始传入形式</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'Something'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> retval</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@wrapper</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(s)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(s)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>如果传给函数的参数是个列表或元组，还可以使用 <code>*</code> 将其打散之后传入</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(*[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将列表打散， 等同于</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># *[1, 2, 3] &lt; == &gt; 1, 2, 3</span></span><br><span class="line">func(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>输出结果：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">([<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>],)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>如果函数接收的是 <code>**kwargs</code> ，那么单纯地传入字典会被识别为位置参数，必须打散才能被接收</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(**kargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(kargs)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># func(&#123;'Name': 'Jerry'&#125;) # 错误传参</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(**&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Tom'</span>&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>输出结果：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Tom'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="函数的返回值"><a href="#函数的返回值" class="headerlink" title="函数的返回值"></a>函数的返回值</h1><p>要想获取函数的执行结果，就可以用 <code>return</code> 语句把结果返回</p>
-<p>注意:</p>
+<p>如果传给函数的参数是个列表或元组，还可以使用 <code>*</code> 将其打散之后传入：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(*args)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'args ='</span>, args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func([<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(*[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>])  <span class="comment"># 将列表打散:  *[1, 2, 3] &lt; == &gt; 1, 2, 3</span></span><br><span class="line">func(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = ([1, 2, 3],)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = (1, 2, 3)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">args = (1, 2, 3)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果函数接收的是 <code>**kwargs</code> ，那么单纯地传入字典会被识别为位置参数，必须打散才能被接收。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(**kargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'kwargs ='</span>, kargs)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># func(&#123;'Name': 'Jerry'&#125;) # 错误传参</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(**&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Tom'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">kwargs = &#123;'name': 'Tom'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="函数的返回值"><a href="#函数的返回值" class="headerlink" title="函数的返回值"></a>函数的返回值</h1><p>要想获取函数的执行结果，就可以用 <code>return</code> 语句把结果返回。</p>
+<p>注意：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>函数在执行过程中只要遇到 <code>return</code> 语句，就会停止执行并返回结果，也可以理解为 <code>return</code> 语句代表着函数的结束</li>
-<li>如果未在函数中指定 <code>return</code>，那这个函数的返回值为 <code>None</code>  </li>
-<li><code>return</code> 可以接收多个对象，此时 python 会将多个对象封装成一个元组，并将这个元组对象返回</li>
+<li><p>函数在执行过程中只要遇到 <code>return</code> 语句，就会停止执行并返回结果，也可以理解为 <code>return</code> 语句代表着函数的结束。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>如果未在函数中指定 <code>return</code>，那这个函数的返回值为 <code>None</code>  。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><code>return</code> 可以接收多个对象，此时 Python 会将多个对象封装成一个元组，并将这个元组对象返回。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline().strip()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">x = get_os_release()</span><br><span class="line">y = get_os_release(<span class="string">'/etc/issue'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(x)</span><br><span class="line">print(y)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline().strip()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">x = get_os_release()</span><br><span class="line">y = get_os_release(<span class="string">'/etc/issue'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(x)</span><br><span class="line">print(y)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">\S</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="函数的注释"><a href="#函数的注释" class="headerlink" title="函数的注释"></a>函数的注释</h1><p>定义了函数后，应该对整个函数作注释而不是逐行注释。以下是建议的注释方式： </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(name,sex)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    函数的作用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    参数1：数据类型，用途</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    参数2：数据类型，用途</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="命名空间"><a href="#命名空间" class="headerlink" title="命名空间"></a>命名空间</h1><p>从 python 解释器开始执行代码之后，就在内存中开辟了一个空间，每当遇到一个变量的时候，就把变量名和值之间的对应关系记录下来</p>
-<p>但是<strong>当遇到函数定义的时候解释器只是象征性的将函数名读入内存</strong>，表示知道这个函数的存在了，至于函数内部的变量和逻辑解释器根本不关心</p>
-<p>等执行到函数调用的时候，python解释器会<strong>再开辟一块内存来存储这个函数里的内容</strong>，这个时候才关注函数里面有哪些变量，而函数中的变量会存储在新开辟出来的内存中。函数中的变量只能在函数的内部使用，并且会随着函数执行完毕，这块内存中的所有内容也会被清空</p>
-<p>命名空间：存放名字与值的绑定关系的空间，分为三种：</p>
+<h1 id="命名空间"><a href="#命名空间" class="headerlink" title="命名空间"></a>命名空间</h1><p>从 python 解释器开始执行代码之后，就在内存中开辟了一个空间，每当遇到一个变量的时候，就把变量名和值之间的对应关系记录下来。</p>
+<p>但是<strong>当遇到函数定义的时候解释器只是象征性的将函数名读入内存</strong>，表示知道这个函数的存在了，至于函数内部的变量和逻辑解释器根本不关心。</p>
+<p>等执行到函数调用的时候，Python 解释器会<strong>再开辟一块内存来存储这个函数里的内容</strong>，这个时候才关注函数里面有哪些变量，而函数中的变量会存储在新开辟出来的内存中。函数中的变量只能在函数的内部使用，并且会随着函数执行完毕，这块内存中的所有内容也会被清空。</p>
+<p>命名空间是指存放名字与值的绑定关系的空间，分为三种：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>代码在运行一开始创建的存储“变量名与值的关系”的空间叫做<strong>全局命名空间</strong></li>
-<li>在函数的运行中开辟的临时的空间叫做<strong>局部命名空间</strong></li>
-<li><strong>内置命名空间</strong>中存放了python解释器为我们提供的名字：input,print,str,list,tuple…</li>
+<li><p>代码在运行一开始创建的存储“变量名与值的关系”的空间叫做<strong>全局命名空间</strong>。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>在函数的运行中开辟的临时的空间叫做<strong>局部命名空间</strong>。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p><strong>内置命名空间</strong>中存放了python解释器为我们提供的名字：input,print,str,list,tuple…。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<p>三种命名空间之间的加载顺序：</p>
-<p>内置命名空间(程序运行前加载) -&gt; 全局命名空间(程序运行中：从上到下加载) -&gt; 局部命名空间(程序运行中：调用时才加载)</p>
-<p>取值顺序：</p>
+<p>这三种命名空间之间的加载顺序为：</p>
+<p>内置命名空间(程序运行前加载) =&gt; 全局命名空间(程序运行中：从上到下加载) =&gt; 局部命名空间(程序运行中：调用时才加载)</p>
+<p>取值顺序为：</p>
 <ul>
-<li><p>在局部调用：局部命名空间 -&gt; 全局命名空间 -&gt; 内置命名空间 </p>
+<li><p>在局部调用：局部命名空间 =&gt; 全局命名空间 =&gt; 内置命名空间 </p>
 </li>
-<li><p>在全局调用：全局命名空间 -&gt; 内置命名空间 </p>
+<li><p>在全局调用：全局命名空间 =&gt; 内置命名空间 </p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h1 id="作用域"><a href="#作用域" class="headerlink" title="作用域"></a>作用域</h1><p>作用域就是作用范围，按照生效范围可以分为两类：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>全局作用域：包含<strong>内置命名空间、全局命名空间</strong>，在整个文件的任意位置都能被引用、全局有效 </li>
-<li>局部作用域：<strong>局部命名空间</strong>，只能在局部范围<strong>内</strong>生效 </li>
+<li><p>全局作用域：包含<strong>内置命名空间、全局命名空间</strong>，在整个文件的任意位置都能被引用、全局有效 。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>局部作用域：<strong>局部命名空间</strong>，只能在局部范围<strong>内</strong>生效。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<p>使用 globals 和 locals 方法则会以字典类型返回当前位置的全局变量和局部变量： </p>
-<p>全局调用</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(globals())</span><br><span class="line">print(locals())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>局部调用</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    a = <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line">    b = <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(locals())</span><br><span class="line">    print(globals())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>globals()</code> 和 <code>locals()</code> 方法则会以字典类型返回当前位置的全局变量和局部变量： </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 全局调用</span></span><br><span class="line">print(globals())</span><br><span class="line">print(locals())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    a = <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line">    b = <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 局部调用</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(locals())</span><br><span class="line">    print(globals())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="作用域介绍"><a href="#作用域介绍" class="headerlink" title="作用域介绍"></a>作用域介绍</h2><p>python中的作用域分4种情况：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>L：local，局部作用域，即函数中定义的变量；</li>
-<li>E：enclosing，嵌套的父级函数的局部作用域，即包含此函数的上级函数的局部作用域，但不是全局的；</li>
-<li>G：global，全局变量，就是模块级别定义的变量；</li>
-<li>B：built-in，系统固定模块里面的变量，比如 <code>int</code>, <code>bytearray</code> 等。 搜索变量的优先级顺序依次是：局部作用域 &gt; 外层作用域 &gt; 当前模块中的全局 &gt; python内置作用域，也就是LEGB</li>
+<li><p>L：local，局部作用域，即函数中定义的变量；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>E：enclosing，嵌套的父级函数的局部作用域，即包含此函数的上级函数的局部作用域，但不是全局的；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>G：global，全局变量，就是模块级别定义的变量；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>B：built-in，系统固定模块里面的变量，比如 <code>int</code>， <code>bytearray</code> 等。 搜索变量的优先级顺序依次是：局部作用域 =&gt; 外层作用域 =&gt; 当前模块中的全局 =&gt; Python 内置作用域，也就是 LEGB 。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x = int(<span class="number">2.9</span>)  <span class="comment"># int built-in</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">g_count = <span class="number">0</span>  <span class="comment"># global</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">outer</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    o_count = <span class="number">1</span>  <span class="comment"># enclosing</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        i_count = <span class="number">2</span>  <span class="comment"># local</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(o_count)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># print(i_count) 找不到</span></span><br><span class="line">    inner()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">outer()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print(o_count) #找不到</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>并且，<code>local</code> 和 <code>enclosing</code> 是相对的，<code>enclosing</code> 变量相对上层来说也是 <code>local</code></p>
-<h2 id="作用域产生"><a href="#作用域产生" class="headerlink" title="作用域产生"></a>作用域产生</h2><p>在 Python 中只有模块（<code>module</code>），类（<code>class</code>）以及函数（<code>def</code>、<code>lambda</code>）才会引入新的作用域，其它的代码块（如 <code>if</code>、<code>try</code>、<code>for</code> 等）是不会引入新的作用域的，如下代码中 <code>if</code> 并没有引入一个新的作用域，<code>x</code> 仍处在当前作用域中，后面代码可以使用</p>
+<p>并且，<code>local</code> 和 <code>enclosing</code> 是相对的，<code>enclosing</code> 变量相对上层来说也是 <code>local</code> 。</p>
+<h2 id="作用域产生"><a href="#作用域产生" class="headerlink" title="作用域产生"></a>作用域产生</h2><p>在 Python 中只有模块（<code>module</code>），类（<code>class</code>）以及函数（<code>def</code>、<code>lambda</code>）才会引入新的作用域，其它的代码块（如 <code>if</code>、<code>try</code>、<code>for</code> 等）是不会引入新的作用域的，如下代码中 <code>if</code> 并没有引入一个新的作用域，<code>x</code> 仍处在当前作用域中，后面代码可以使用：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">2</span>&gt;<span class="number">1</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    x = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">print(x)  <span class="comment"># 1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>但是函数 <code>def</code>、<code>class</code>、<code>lambda</code> 会引入新的作用域</p>
+<p>但是函数 <code>def</code>、<code>class</code>、<code>lambda</code> 会引入新的作用域：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    x = <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">print(x) <span class="comment"># NameError: name 'x' is not defined</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="变量的修改"><a href="#变量的修改" class="headerlink" title="变量的修改"></a>变量的修改</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x=<span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(x)</span><br><span class="line">    x=<span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">f2()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># local variable 'x' referenced before assignment.</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>上述代码出现错误的原因在于 <code>print(x)</code> 时，解释器会先在局部作用区域找到变量 <code>x</code> 。这是因为在进行函数调用（ <code>f2()</code> ）之前，其前面的代码包括函数都会先加载到内存，因此执行到 <code>print(x)</code> 会先在局部区域找到 <code>x=5</code> ，但 <code>x</code> 的使用出现在 <code>x</code> 的声明前了，所以报错</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#x=6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(x)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#x=5</span></span><br><span class="line">f2()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># name 'x' is not defined</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>上述代码出现错误的原因在于 <code>print(x)</code> 时，解释器会在局部作用域找，找不到 变量 <code>x</code> 的声明，然后去全局作用域找也找不到，最后在 Python 的内置区域找也找不到，因此会报变量未声明的错误</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x=<span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    x+=<span class="number">1</span> <span class="comment">#local variable 'x' referenced before assignment.</span></span><br><span class="line">f2()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><code>x += 1</code> 即 <code>x = x + 1</code> 是先加再赋值，解释器会在局部作用域找，会找到 <code>x += 1</code> (函数已经加载到内存)，但 <code>x</code> 的加法运算出现在赋值前了，所以报错</p>
+<h2 id="变量的修改"><a href="#变量的修改" class="headerlink" title="变量的修改"></a>变量的修改</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x = <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(x)</span><br><span class="line">    x = <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f2()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上述代码出现错误的原因在于 <code>print(x)</code> 时，解释器会先在局部作用区域找到变量 <code>x</code> 。这是因为在进行函数调用（ <code>f2()</code> ）之前，其前面的代码包括函数都会先加载到内存，因此执行到 <code>print(x)</code> 会先在局部区域找到 <code>x = 5</code> ，但 <code>x</code> 的使用出现在 <code>x</code> 的声明前了，所以报错。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># x=6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(x)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># x=5</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f2()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">NameError: name 'x' is not defined</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上述代码出现错误的原因在于 <code>print(x)</code> 时，解释器会在局部作用域找，找不到 变量 <code>x</code> 的声明，然后去全局作用域找也找不到，最后在 Python 的内置区域找也找不到，因此会报变量未声明的错误。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x = <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    x += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f2()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>x += 1</code> 即 <code>x = x + 1</code> 是先加再赋值，解释器会在局部作用域找，会找到 <code>x += 1</code> (函数已经加载到内存)，但 <code>x</code> 的加法运算出现在赋值前了，所以报错。</p>
 <h2 id="关键字-global"><a href="#关键字-global" class="headerlink" title="关键字 global"></a>关键字 global</h2><p>当内部作用域想修改外部作用域的变量时，就要用到 <code>global</code> 和 <code>nonlocal</code> 关键字了，当修改的变量是在全局作用域（global 作用域）上的，就要使用 global 先声明一下。例如：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">count = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">outer</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">global</span> count</span><br><span class="line">    print(count) </span><br><span class="line">    count = <span class="number">100</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(count)</span><br><span class="line">outer()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#100</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="关键字-nonlocal"><a href="#关键字-nonlocal" class="headerlink" title="关键字 nonlocal"></a>关键字 nonlocal</h2><p>关键字 <code>global</code> 声明的变量必须在全局作用域上，不能应用在嵌套作用域上，当要修改嵌套作用域（enclosing作用域，外层非全局作用域）中的变量怎么办呢，这时就需要 <code>nonlocal</code> 关键字了：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">outer</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    count = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">nonlocal</span> count</span><br><span class="line">        count = <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(count)</span><br><span class="line">    inner()</span><br><span class="line">    print(count)</span><br><span class="line">outer()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#20</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#20</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</h2><ul>
-<li>对于一个变量，内部作用域先声明就会覆盖外部变量，不在内部声明而直接使用，就会使用外部作用域的变量</li>
-<li>内部作用域要修改外部作用域变量的值时，全局变量要使用 global 关键字，嵌套作用域变量要使用 nonlocal 关键字。nonlocal 是 python3 新增的关键字，有了这个关键字就能完美的实现闭包了。 </li>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">count = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">outer</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">global</span> count</span><br><span class="line">    print(count)</span><br><span class="line">    count = <span class="number">100</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(count)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">outer()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 100</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="关键字-nonlocal"><a href="#关键字-nonlocal" class="headerlink" title="关键字 nonlocal"></a>关键字 nonlocal</h2><p>关键字 <code>global</code> 声明的变量必须在全局作用域上，不能应用在嵌套作用域上，当要修改嵌套作用域（ enclosing 作用域，外层非全局作用域）中的变量怎么办呢，这时就需要 <code>nonlocal</code> 关键字了：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">outer</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    count = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">nonlocal</span> count</span><br><span class="line">        count = <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(count)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    inner()</span><br><span class="line">    print(count)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">outer()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 20</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 20</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><ul>
+<li>对于一个变量，内部作用域先声明就会覆盖外部变量，不在内部声明而直接使用，就会使用外部作用域的变量。</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>内部作用域要修改外部作用域变量的值时，全局变量要使用 global 关键字，嵌套作用域变量要使用 nonlocal 关键字。nonlocal 是 Python3 新增的关键字，有了这个关键字就能完美的实现闭包了。 </li>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -899,25 +987,29 @@ <h2 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</
           
 
           
+            
+          
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         </div>
-      </section>
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       <!--noindex-->
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+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数及特性"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数及特性</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的定义和调用"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的定义和调用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的参数"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#形参和实参"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">形参和实参</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#传入函数的参数"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">传入函数的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#位置参数"><span class="nav-number">3.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">位置参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#关键字参数"><span class="nav-number">3.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">关键字参数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#定义函数时的参数"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">定义函数时的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#默认参数"><span class="nav-number">3.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">默认参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#不定长参数"><span class="nav-number">3.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">不定长参数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#参数的位置关系"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">参数的位置关系</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他传参方式"><span class="nav-number">3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他传参方式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的返回值"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的返回值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的注释"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的注释</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#命名空间"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">命名空间</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#作用域"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">作用域</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#作用域介绍"><span class="nav-number">7.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">作用域介绍</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#作用域产生"><span class="nav-number">7.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">作用域产生</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#变量的修改"><span class="nav-number">7.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">变量的修改</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关键字-global"><span class="nav-number">7.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">关键字 global</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关键字-nonlocal"><span class="nav-number">7.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">关键字 nonlocal</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#小结"><span class="nav-number">7.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">小结</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数及特性"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数及特性</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的定义和调用"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的定义和调用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的参数"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#形参和实参"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">形参和实参</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#传入函数的参数"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">传入函数的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#位置参数"><span class="nav-number">3.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">位置参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#关键字参数"><span class="nav-number">3.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">关键字参数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#定义函数时的参数"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">定义函数时的参数</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#默认参数"><span class="nav-number">3.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">默认参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#不定长参数"><span class="nav-number">3.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">不定长参数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#参数的位置关系"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">参数的位置关系</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他传参方式"><span class="nav-number">3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他传参方式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的返回值"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的返回值</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#函数的注释"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">函数的注释</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#命名空间"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">命名空间</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#作用域"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">作用域</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#作用域介绍"><span class="nav-number">7.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">作用域介绍</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#作用域产生"><span class="nav-number">7.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">作用域产生</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#变量的修改"><span class="nav-number">7.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">变量的修改</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关键字-global"><span class="nav-number">7.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">关键字 global</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关键字-nonlocal"><span class="nav-number">7.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">关键字 nonlocal</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">7.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -925,6 +1017,7 @@ <h2 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</
 
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   </aside>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+  
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
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-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script>
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
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+                
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               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1404,25 +1518,67 @@ <h2 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</
   
 
   
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
 
   
 
   
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+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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diff --git "a/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python\347\232\204\351\253\230\351\230\266\345\207\275\346\225\260/index.html" "b/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python\347\232\204\351\253\230\351\230\266\345\207\275\346\225\260/index.html"
index b856f116..35f88d20 100644
--- "a/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python\347\232\204\351\253\230\351\230\266\345\207\275\346\225\260/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python\347\232\204\351\253\230\351\230\266\345\207\275\346\225\260/index.html"
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -298,70 +364,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的高阶函数</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的高阶函数
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-                2019-03-14
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-14 16:38:16" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-14T16:38:16+08:00">2019-03-14</time>
+            </span>
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+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-05 16:58:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-05T16:58:53+08:00">2019-12-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
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-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
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-                  2,113
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-              
 
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+          
 
-              
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
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@@ -379,88 +450,90 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的高阶函数</h1>
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="函数式编程"><a href="#函数式编程" class="headerlink" title="函数式编程"></a>函数式编程</h1><p>函数是 Python 内建支持的一种封装，我们通过把大段代码拆成函数，通过一层一层的函数调用，就可以把复杂任务分解成简单的任务，这种分解可以称之为面向过程的程序设计。函数就是面向过程的程序设计的基本单元。</p>
-<p>函数式编程中的<strong>函数</strong>这个术语不是指计算机中的函数，而是指数学中的函数，即自变量的映射。也就是说一个函数的值仅决定于函数参数的值，不依赖其他状态。比如 <code>y=x*x</code> 函数计算 <code>x</code> 的平方根，只要 <code>x</code> 的平方，不论什么时候调用，调用几次，值都是不变的</p>
-<p>Python 对函数式编程提供部分支持。由于 Python 允许使用变量，因此 Python 不是纯函数式编程语言。</p>
-<p>举例来说，现在有这样一个数学表达式：</p>
+        <h1 id="函数式编程"><a href="#函数式编程" class="headerlink" title="函数式编程"></a>函数式编程</h1><p>函数是 Python 内建支持的一种封装，把大段代码拆成函数，通过一层一层的函数调用，就可以把复杂任务分解成简单的任务，这种分解可以称之为面向过程的程序设计。函数就是面向过程的程序设计的基本单元。</p>
+<p>函数式编程中的<strong>函数</strong>这个术语不是指计算机中的函数，而是指数学中的函数，即自变量的映射。也就是说一个函数的值仅决定于函数参数的值，不依赖其他状态。比如 <code>y = x * x</code> 函数计算 <code>x</code> 的平方根，只要 <code>x</code> 的平方，不论什么时候调用，调用几次，值都是不变的。</p>
+<p>Python 对函数式编程提供部分支持，由于 Python 允许使用变量，因此 Python 不是纯函数式编程语言。举例来说，现在有这样一个数学表达式：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="number">1</span> + <span class="number">2</span>) * <span class="number">3</span> - <span class="number">4</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>传统的过程式编程，可能这样写：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var a = <span class="number">1</span> + <span class="number">2</span>;</span><br><span class="line">var b = a * <span class="number">3</span>;</span><br><span class="line">var c = b - <span class="number">4</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>函数式编程要求使用函数，我们可以把运算过程定义为不同的函数，然后写成下面这样：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var result = subtract(multiply(add(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>), <span class="number">3</span>), <span class="number">4</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>这段代码再演进以下，可以变成这样</p>
+<p>这段代码再演进一下，可以变成这样：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">add(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>).multiply(<span class="number">3</span>).subtract(<span class="number">4</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>这基本就是自然语言的表达了。再看下面的代码，大家应该一眼就能明白它的意思吧：</p>
+<p>这基本就是自然语言的表达了，再看下面的代码，应该一眼就能明白它的意思：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">merge([<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>],[<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>]).sort().search(<span class="string">"2"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>因此，函数式编程的代码更容易理解</p>
-<p>要想学好函数式编程，建议使用 Erlang ，Haskell 而不是 Python</p>
-<h1 id="高阶函数"><a href="#高阶函数" class="headerlink" title="高阶函数"></a>高阶函数</h1><p>Python 中变量可以指向函数，函数名实际上也是变量</p>
-<p>以 Python 内置的求绝对值的函数 <code>abs()</code> 为例：</p>
+<p>因此，函数式编程的代码更容易理解。但是如果要想学好函数式编程，建议使用 Erlang ，Haskell 而不是 Python 。</p>
+<h1 id="高阶函数"><a href="#高阶函数" class="headerlink" title="高阶函数"></a>高阶函数</h1><p>Python 中变量可以指向函数，函数名实际上也是变量。以 Python 内置的求绝对值的函数 <code>abs()</code> 为例：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; abs(-10)</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; abs</span><br><span class="line">&lt;built-in function abs&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>由此可见 <code>abs(-10)</code> 是函数调用，而 <code>abs</code> 是函数名称。可以理解为 <code>abs</code> 等同于变量名，并且函数名（变量名）相当于是一个标签，贴在了内存中函数体（变量的值）上</p>
-<p>如果要获得函数调用结果，可以把结果赋值给变量：</p>
+<p>由此可见 <code>abs(-10)</code> 是函数调用，而 <code>abs</code> 是函数名称。可以理解为 <code>abs</code> 等同于变量名，并且函数名（变量名）相当于是一个标签，贴在了内存中函数体（变量的值）上。</p>
+<p>如果要获得函数调用结果，可以把函数执行的结果赋值给变量：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = abs(-10)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; x</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>函数名称也可以赋值给变量，实际上相当于重新建立了一个对象引用，并且指向了函数名所指向的对象上，也就是函数体：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; id(abs)</span><br><span class="line">10652528</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; f = abs</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; id(f)</span><br><span class="line">10652528</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; f(-10)</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; f</span><br><span class="line">&lt;built-in function abs&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><strong>高阶函数：既然变量可以指向函数，函数的参数能接收变量，那么一个函数就可以接收另一个函数的函数名作为参数，这种函数就称之为高阶函数</strong> ，至少满足下列条件之一：</p>
+<p><strong>高阶函数：既然变量可以指向函数，函数的参数能接收变量，那么一个函数就可以接收另一个函数的函数名作为参数，这种函数就称之为高阶函数</strong> 。编写高阶函数，就是让函数的参数能够接收别的函数。</p>
+<p>高阶函数至少满足下列条件之一：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>接受一个或多个函数名作为输入 </li>
-<li>输出（返回）一个函数对象</li>
+<li><p>接受一个或多个函数名作为输入 。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>输出（返回）一个函数对象。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<p>编写高阶函数，就是让函数的参数能够接收别的函数</p>
-<p>以简单的加法器示例：</p>
+<p>编写高阶函数，就是让函数的参数能够接收别的函数。以简单的加法器为例：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(x,y,f)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> f(x) + f(y)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sum = add(<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">-6</span>,abs)</span><br><span class="line">print(sum)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>返回函数对象的示例：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">foo</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    x=<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">bar</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> x</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> bar</span><br><span class="line">x = foo</span><br><span class="line">print(x())</span><br><span class="line">x = foo()</span><br><span class="line">print(x())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;function foo.&lt;locals&gt;.bar at 0x00947E40&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 3</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="Python内置的高阶函数"><a href="#Python内置的高阶函数" class="headerlink" title="Python内置的高阶函数"></a>Python内置的高阶函数</h1><h2 id="filter"><a href="#filter" class="headerlink" title="filter"></a>filter</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">filter(function, sequence)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果为 True 的 item 做成一个 filter object 的迭代器返回。可以看作是过滤函数，其功能类似于带循环且带条件的列表生成式</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">lst = [<span class="string">'a'</span>,<span class="string">'b'</span>,<span class="string">'c'</span>,<span class="string">'d'</span>,<span class="string">'e'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> x != <span class="string">'a'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> x <span class="comment"># 这两行可以简写成 return x != 'a'</span></span><br><span class="line">retval = filter(func,lst)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(retval) <span class="comment"># &lt;filter object at 0x00F866F0&gt; 一个 filter object 迭代器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">print(list(retval))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>filter 会对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果为 True 的 item 做成一个 filter object 的迭代器返回。可以看作是过滤函数。请注意， <code>filter(function, sequence)</code> 相当于一个生成器表达式，当 <code>function</code> 不是 <code>None</code> 的时候实际上就是 <code>(item for item in iterable if function(item))</code>；<code>function</code> 是 <code>None</code> 的时候实际上就是 <code>(item for item in iterable if item)</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">lst = [<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> x != <span class="string">'a'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> x  <span class="comment"># 这两行可以简写成 return x != 'a'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">retval = filter(func, lst)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(retval)  <span class="comment"># &lt;filter object at 0x00F866F0&gt; 一个 filter object 迭代器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">print(list(retval))  <span class="comment"># ['b', 'c', 'd', 'e']</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>把一个序列中的空（空或空白）字符串删掉，可以这么写： </p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">not_empty</span><span class="params">(s)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> s <span class="keyword">and</span> len(strip()) &gt; <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">list(filter(not_empty, [<span class="string">'A'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'B'</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>, <span class="string">'C'</span>, <span class="string">'  '</span>]))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 结果: ['A', 'B', 'C']</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">lst = [<span class="string">'A'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'B'</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>, <span class="string">'C'</span>, <span class="string">'  '</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">notNull</span><span class="params">(x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> x <span class="keyword">and</span> len(x.strip()) &gt; <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(filter(notNull, lst)))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 结果: ['A', 'B', 'C']</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果只删除空字符串而保留空白字符串：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">retval = list(filter(<span class="keyword">None</span>, [<span class="string">'A'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'B'</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>, <span class="string">'C'</span>, <span class="string">'  '</span>]))</span><br><span class="line">print(retval)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># None代表不输入函数，也就是 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [x for x in ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', '  '] if x ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">retval = list(filter(<span class="keyword">None</span>, [<span class="string">'A'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'B'</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>, <span class="string">'C'</span>, <span class="string">'  '</span>]))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># None代表不输入函数，也就是</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [x for x in ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', '  '] if x ]</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(retval)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="map"><a href="#map" class="headerlink" title="map"></a>map</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">map(function, sequence)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果组成一个 map object 的迭代器返回，其功能近似于不带条件，只有循环的列表生成式</p>
+<p>map 会对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果组成一个 map object 的迭代器返回，其功能近似于不带条件，只有循环的生成器生成式。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">lst = [<span class="string">'a'</span>,<span class="string">'b'</span>,<span class="string">'c'</span>,<span class="string">'d'</span>,<span class="string">'e'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'&lt;-'</span> + x + <span class="string">'-&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line">retval = map(func,lst)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(retval)  <span class="comment"># &lt;map object at 0x00D76770&gt; 一个 map object 迭代器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">print(list(retval)) <span class="comment"># ['&lt;-a-&gt;', '&lt;-b-&gt;', '&lt;-c-&gt;', '&lt;-d-&gt;', '&lt;-e-&gt;']</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>map 也支持多个 sequence，这就要求 function 也支持相应数量的参数输入：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ef add(x,y):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> x+y</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> (list(map(add, range(<span class="number">10</span>), range(<span class="number">10</span>))))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>我们不但可以使用 map 函数计算简单的算术运算，还可以计算任意复杂的函数，比如把一个list所有数字转为字符串：</p>
+<p>我们不但可以使用 map 函数计算简单的算术运算，还可以计算任意复杂的函数，比如把一个 list 所有数字转为字符串：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(map(str, [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">9</span>]))</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'1'</span>, <span class="string">'2'</span>, <span class="string">'3'</span>, <span class="string">'4'</span>, <span class="string">'5'</span>, <span class="string">'6'</span>, <span class="string">'7'</span>, <span class="string">'8'</span>, <span class="string">'9'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="sorted"><a href="#sorted" class="headerlink" title="sorted"></a>sorted</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sorted(iterable, /, *, key=<span class="keyword">None</span>, reverse=<span class="keyword">False</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>返回一个列表对象</p>
+<p>sorted 会返回一个列表对象。</p>
 <ul>
-<li>列表对象的 sort 方法是在源数据的基础上进行的排序，因此源列表发生了变化</li>
-<li>sorted() 方法重新生成了一个新对象，不改变原数据</li>
-<li>使用sorted时内存会有两份数据容易造成内存空间占用过高</li>
+<li><p>列表对象的 sort 方法是在源数据的基础上进行的排序，因此源列表发生了变化。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>使用 <code>sorted()</code> 方法会重新生成一个新的对象，不会改变原数据。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>使用 <code>sorted()</code> 时内存会有两份数据容易造成内存空间占用过高</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
-<p>对list进行排序：</p>
+<p>对 list 对象进行排序：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21])</span><br><span class="line">[-21, -12, 5, 9, 36]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>它可以接收一个<code>key</code>函数来实现自定义的排序，例如按绝对值大小排序：</p>
+<p>sorted 可以接收一个 <code>key</code> 参数来实现自定义的排序，例如按绝对值大小排序：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21], key=abs)</span><br><span class="line">[5, 9, -12, -21, 36]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>key指定的函数将作用于list的每一个元素上，并根据key函数返回的结果进行排序。对比原始的list和经过<code>key=abs</code>处理过的list：</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">list = [36, 5, -12, 9, -21]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">keys = [36, 5,  12, 9,  21]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>然后<code>sorted()</code>函数按照keys进行排序，并按照对应关系返回list相应的元素：</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">keys排序结果 =&gt; [5, 9,  12,  21, 36]</span><br><span class="line">                |  |    |    |   |</span><br><span class="line">最终结果     =&gt; [5, 9, -12, -21, 36]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>我们再看一个字符串排序的例子：</p>
+<p><code>key</code> 指定的函数将作用于 list 对象的每一个元素上，并根据函数返回的结果进行排序。对比原始的 list 和经过<code>key=abs</code> 处理过的 list ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">lst = [<span class="number">36</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">-12</span>, <span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">-21</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(lst)</span><br><span class="line">print(sorted(lst, key=abs))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">[36, 5, -12, 9, -21]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">[5, 9, -12, -21, 36]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再比如字符串排序的例子：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;])</span><br><span class="line">[&apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>默认情况下，对字符串排序，是按照ASCII的大小比较的，由于<code>&#39;Z&#39; &lt; &#39;a&#39;</code>，结果，大写字母<code>Z</code>会排在小写字母<code>a</code>的前面。</p>
-<p>现在，我们提出排序应该忽略大小写，按照字母序排序。要实现这个算法，不必对现有代码大加改动，只要我们能用一个key函数把字符串映射为忽略大小写排序即可。忽略大小写来比较两个字符串，实际上就是先把字符串都变成大写（或者都变成小写），再比较。</p>
-<p>这样，我们给<code>sorted</code>传入key函数，即可实现忽略大小写的排序：</p>
+<p>默认情况下，对字符串排序，是按照ASCII的大小比较的，由于 <code>&#39;Z&#39; &lt; &#39;a&#39;</code>，结果是大写字母 <code>Z</code> 会排在小写字母 <code>a</code> 的前面。</p>
+<p>现在，想要再排序时忽略大小写，按照字母顺序来进行排序。要实现这个算法，不必对现有代码做太多的改动，只要能用一个函数把字符串映射为忽略大小写排序即可。忽略大小写来比较两个字符串，实际上就是先把字符串都变成大写（或者都变成小写），然后再比较，即可实现忽略大小写的排序：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;], key=str.lower)</span><br><span class="line">[&apos;about&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>要进行反向排序，不必改动key函数，可以传入第三个参数<code>reverse=True</code>：</p>
+<p>要进行反向排序，不必改动函数，可以传入第三个参数 <code>reverse=True</code>：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;], key=str.lower, reverse=True)</span><br><span class="line">[&apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>从上述例子可以看出，高阶函数的抽象能力是非常强大的，而且，核心代码可以保持得非常简洁。</p>
+<p>从上述例子可以看出，高阶函数的抽象能力是非常强大的，而且核心代码可以保持得非常简洁。</p>
 <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">reduce(function, sequence, starting_value)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>高阶函数之一，对 sequence 中的 item 顺序迭代调用 function ，如果有 starting_value，还可以作为初始值调用</p>
-<p>对一个序列求和，就可以用 <code>reduce</code> 实现 ，当然求和运算可以直接用 Python内建函数<code>sum()</code>，没必要动用<code>reduce</code> </p>
+<p>reduce 也是高阶函数之一，它将会对 sequence 中的 item 顺序迭代调用 function ，如果有 starting_value，还可以作为初始值进行调用。</p>
+<p>比如，对一个序列求和就可以用 <code>reduce</code> 来实现 ，当然求和运算可以直接用 Python 的内建函数 <code>sum()</code> ，没必要动用 <code>reduce</code> 。这里只是为了做个示范： </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> functools <span class="keyword">import</span> reduce</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(x,y)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> x+y</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> (reduce(add, range(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">101</span>)))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 5050 （注：1+2+...+99+100）</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> (reduce(add, range(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">101</span>), <span class="number">20</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 5070 （注：20+1+2+...+99+100）</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>但是如果要把序列 <code>[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]</code> 变换成整数 <code>13579</code>，<code>reduce</code>就可以派上用场：</p>
+<p>但是如果要把序列 <code>[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]</code> 变换成整数 <code>13579</code>，<code>reduce</code> 就可以派上用场：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> functools <span class="keyword">import</span> reduce</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fn</span><span class="params">(x, y)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">return</span> x * <span class="number">10</span> + y</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>reduce(fn, [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">9</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">13579</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p> 假设Python中没有<code>int()</code> 函数，我们完全可以使用 map 和 lambda 实现这一功能：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> functools <span class="keyword">import</span> reduce</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">seq = [<span class="string">'1'</span>,<span class="string">'3'</span>,<span class="string">'5'</span>,<span class="string">'7'</span>,<span class="string">'9'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">DIGITS = &#123;<span class="string">'0'</span>: <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="string">'1'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'2'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="string">'3'</span>: <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="string">'4'</span>: <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="string">'5'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'6'</span>: <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="string">'7'</span>: <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="string">'8'</span>: <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="string">'9'</span>: <span class="number">9</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">char2num</span><span class="params">(x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> DIGITS[x]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">str2int</span><span class="params">(s)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> reduce(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> x,y:x*<span class="number">10</span>+y,map(char2num,s))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(str2int(seq))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>假设Python中没有 <code>int()</code> 函数，我们完全可以使用 map 和 lambda 实现这一功能：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> functools <span class="keyword">import</span> reduce</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">seq = [<span class="string">'1'</span>, <span class="string">'3'</span>, <span class="string">'5'</span>, <span class="string">'7'</span>, <span class="string">'9'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">DIGITS = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'0'</span>: <span class="number">0</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'1'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'2'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'3'</span>: <span class="number">3</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'4'</span>: <span class="number">4</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'5'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'6'</span>: <span class="number">6</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'7'</span>: <span class="number">7</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'8'</span>: <span class="number">8</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'9'</span>: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">char2num</span><span class="params">(x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> DIGITS[x]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">str2int</span><span class="params">(s)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> reduce(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> x, y: x * <span class="number">10</span> + y, map(char2num, s))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(str2int(seq))  <span class="comment"># 13579</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
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@@ -468,30 +541,37 @@ <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</
     
 
     
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@@ -499,27 +579,12 @@ <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</
     
 
     
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-
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-
-          
   
 
 
+
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@@ -629,9 +651,6 @@ <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</
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@@ -647,54 +666,119 @@ <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</
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+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                  
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+                  
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+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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@@ -828,17 +923,21 @@ <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</
           
 
           
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@@ -854,6 +953,7 @@ <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</
 
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@@ -862,24 +962,59 @@ <h2 id="reduce"><a href="#reduce" class="headerlink" title="reduce"></a>reduce</
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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@@ -300,70 +366,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python中的闭包和装饰器</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python中的闭包和装饰器
+
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
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+                
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+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-05 17:16:14" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-05T17:16:14+08:00">2019-12-05</time>
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+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
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-<li>函数名的本质就是一个变量，保存了函数所在的内存地址</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(dns_resolver)  <span class="comment"># 不调用函数，直接打印函数名</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f23b8cbfe18&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>函数对象可以被赋值给变量</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">resolver = dns_resolver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(resolver())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 函数对象有一个 __name__ 属性，可以拿到函数的名字</span></span><br><span class="line">print(resolver.__name__)</span><br><span class="line">print(dns_resolver.__name__)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dns_resolver</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dns_resolver</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>函数名可以作为另外一个函数的参数</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">runfunc</span><span class="params">(func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    func()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">runfunc(dns_resolver)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>函数名可以作为另外一个函数的返回值</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">resolver</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> dns_resolver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">b = resolver()  <span class="comment"># 实质上就是 b = dns_resolver</span></span><br><span class="line">print(b())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>函数名可以作为容器类型(例如列表、元组，字典)的元素</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">resolver = dns_resolver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">als = [resolver, dns_resolver]</span><br><span class="line">print(als)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> als:</span><br><span class="line">    print(x())</span><br><span class="line">	</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [&lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;, &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+        <h1 id="基本要点"><a href="#基本要点" class="headerlink" title="基本要点"></a>基本要点</h1><h2 id="函数即对象"><a href="#函数即对象" class="headerlink" title="函数即对象"></a>函数即对象</h2><p>函数名的本质就是一个变量，保存了函数所在的内存地址。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver '</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(dns_resolver)  <span class="comment"># 不调用函数，直接打印函数名</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f23b8cbfe18&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>函数对象可以被赋值给变量。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">resolver = dns_resolver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(resolver())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 函数对象有一个 __name__ 属性，可以拿到函数的名字</span></span><br><span class="line">print(resolver.__name__)</span><br><span class="line">print(dns_resolver.__name__)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dns_resolver</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># dns_resolver</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>函数名可以作为另外一个函数的参数。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">runfunc</span><span class="params">(func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    func()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">runfunc(dns_resolver)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>函数名可以作为另外一个函数的返回值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">resolver</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> dns_resolver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">b = resolver()  <span class="comment"># 实质上就是 b = dns_resolver</span></span><br><span class="line">print(b())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>函数名可以作为容器类型(例如列表、元组，字典)的元素。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> [line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">resolver = dns_resolver</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">als = [resolver, dns_resolver]</span><br><span class="line">print(als)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> als:</span><br><span class="line">    print(x())</span><br><span class="line">	</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [&lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;, &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h2 id="函数嵌套"><a href="#函数嵌套" class="headerlink" title="函数嵌套"></a>函数嵌套</h2><p>函数都有各自的作用域：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">foo</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'foo'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">bar</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 作用域为局部</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'bar'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># bar()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">bar()  <span class="comment"># 全局作用域中没有函数 bar 的定义，因此报错</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>Python 允许创建嵌套函数，通过在函数内部 <code>def</code> 的关键字再声明一个函数即为嵌套： </p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 想执行inner函数,两种方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">outer</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    x = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(x)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">in_func = outer()  <span class="comment"># outer() 调用后返回 inner，即 in_func = inner</span></span><br><span class="line">in_func()  <span class="comment"># 在全局作用域直接调用 inner() 则会报错</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="闭包"><a href="#闭包" class="headerlink" title="闭包"></a>闭包</h1><h2 id="认识闭包"><a href="#认识闭包" class="headerlink" title="认识闭包"></a>认识闭包</h2><blockquote>
-<p>在一些语言中，在函数中可以（嵌套）定义另一个函数时，如果内部的函数引用了外部的函数的变量，则可能产生闭包。运行时，一旦外部的函数被执行，一个闭包就形成了，闭包中包含了内部函数的代码，以及所需外部函数中的变量的引用。闭包可以用来在一个函数与一组“私有”变量之间创建关联关系。在给定函数被多次调用的过程中，这些私有变量能够保持其持久性。 —— 维基百科</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>闭包(closure)是函数式编程的重要的语法结构，<strong>在 Python 的嵌套函数中，如果内部函数中对在外部作用域（但不是在全局作用域）的变量进行了引用，并且这个内部函数名被当成对象返回，这就形成了一个闭包(closure)</strong></p>
-<p>什么意思呢？我们来看一个例子</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">outer</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    x = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(x)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">in_func = outer()  <span class="comment"># outer() 调用后返回 inner，即 in_func = inner</span></span><br><span class="line">in_func()  <span class="comment"># 在全局作用域直接调用 inner() 则会报错</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="闭包"><a href="#闭包" class="headerlink" title="闭包"></a>闭包</h1><h2 id="认识闭包"><a href="#认识闭包" class="headerlink" title="认识闭包"></a>认识闭包</h2><p>在一些语言中，在函数中可以（嵌套）定义另一个函数时，如果内部的函数引用了外部的函数的变量，则可能产生闭包。运行时，一旦外部的函数被执行，一个闭包就形成了，闭包中包含了内部函数的代码，以及所需外部函数中的变量的引用。闭包可以用来在一个函数与一组“私有”变量之间创建关联关系。在给定函数被多次调用的过程中，这些私有变量能够保持其持久性。 —— 维基百科</p>
+<p>闭包(closure)是函数式编程的重要的语法结构，<strong>在 Python 的嵌套函数中，如果内部函数中对在外部作用域（但不是在全局作用域）的变量进行了引用，并且这个内部函数名被当成对象返回，这就形成了一个闭包(closure)</strong>。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo_info</span><span class="params">(name)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># name 是外层函数的变量</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(name)  <span class="comment"># 夹带了外部变量</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> echo  <span class="comment"># 返回的是函数名（函数内存地址），并且是夹带着外部变量的函数</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">printer = echo_info(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>)  <span class="comment"># 可以理解为 printer = echo</span></span><br><span class="line">printer()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>在上述的例子中 <code>echo</code> 就是内部函数，并且在 <code>echo</code> 中引用了外部作用域的变量 name (夹藏了私货），而变量 name 是在外部作用域 <code>echo_info</code> 里面的，并且不是全局的作用域，函数名 <code>echo</code> 又作为了外层函数的返回值，此时内部函数 <code>echo</code> 就形成了一个闭包 。</p>
-<p>闭包 = 函数块 + 定义函数时的环境，<code>echo</code> 就是函数块， name 就是环境，当然这个环境可以有很多，不止一个简单的name</p>
+<p>在上述的例子中 <code>echo</code> 就是内部函数，并且在 <code>echo</code> 中引用了外部作用域的变量 <code>name</code> ，而变量 <code>name</code> 是在外部作用域 <code>echo_info</code> 里面的，并且不是全局的作用域，函数名 <code>echo</code> 又作为了外层函数的返回值，此时内部函数 <code>echo</code> 就形成了一个闭包 。</p>
+<p>闭包 = 函数块 + 定义函数时的环境，<code>echo</code> 就是函数块， <code>name</code> 就是环境，当然这个环境可以有很多，不止一个简单的 <code>name</code> 。</p>
 <h2 id="闭包的用途"><a href="#闭包的用途" class="headerlink" title="闭包的用途"></a>闭包的用途</h2><p>闭包的最大用处有两个：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>内部函数可以引用外部作用域的变量（上面已经提到）</li>
-<li>让外部作用域的变量的值始终保持在内存中</li>
+<li><p>内部函数可以引用外部作用域的变量。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>让外部作用域的变量的值始终保持在内存中。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 <p>闭包存在有什么意义呢？为什么需要闭包？我们来看爬取网页源码的例子：</p>
-<ul>
-<li>普通方式爬取</li>
-</ul>
+<p>普通方式爬取</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib.request <span class="keyword">import</span> urlopen</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">geturl</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    url = <span class="string">'https://movie.douban.com'</span></span><br><span class="line">    res = urlopen(url).read()</span><br><span class="line">    print(res)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">geturl()</span><br><span class="line">geturl()</span><br><span class="line">geturl()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>闭包的方式爬取</li>
-</ul>
+<p>闭包的方式爬取</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib.request <span class="keyword">import</span> urlopen</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">geturl</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    url = <span class="string">'https://movie.douban.com'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner_geturl</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        res = urlopen(url).read()</span><br><span class="line">        print(res)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner_geturl</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">my_geturl = geturl()</span><br><span class="line">my_geturl()</span><br><span class="line">my_geturl()</span><br><span class="line">my_geturl()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p> 假设我们要对函数调用100次，第二种要比第一种更节省资源。因为第一种每调用一次函数，就会在内存中创建一次对象引用 <code>url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39;</code>，调用100次就创建了一百次对象引用。而第二种是个闭包函数，对象引用 <code>url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39;</code> 会一直在内存中存在，而不会被创建一百次。这是为什么呢？</p>
-<p> 原因在于 <code>geturl</code> 是 <code>inner_geturl</code> 的父函数，而 <code>inner_geturl</code> 被赋给了一个父级函数的变量 <code>url</code>，这导致 <code>inner_geturl</code>  始终在内存中，而 <code>inner_geturl</code> 的存在依赖于 <code>geturl</code>，因此 <code>geturl</code> 也始终在内存中，不会在调用结束后被垃圾回收机制回收</p>
-<h2 id="如何判断是不是闭包"><a href="#如何判断是不是闭包" class="headerlink" title="如何判断是不是闭包"></a>如何判断是不是闭包</h2><p>闭包函数相对与普通函数会多出一个 <code>__closure__</code> 的属性，里面定义了一个元组用于存放所有的 cell 对象，每个 cell 对象一一保存了这个闭包中所有的外部变量。使用它就可以判断函数是否形成了闭包：</p>
+<p>假设我们要对函数调用 100 次，第二种爬取方式要比第一种更节省资源。因为第一种每调用一次函数，就会在内存中创建一次对象引用 <code>url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39;</code>，调用 100 次就创建了一百次对象引用。而第二种是个闭包函数，对象引用 <code>url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39;</code> 会一直在内存中存在，而不会被创建一百次。</p>
+<p>原因就在于 <code>geturl</code> 是 <code>inner_geturl</code> 的父函数，而 <code>inner_geturl</code> 被传入了一个父级函数的变量 <code>url</code>，这导致 <code>inner_geturl</code>  始终在内存中，而 <code>inner_geturl</code> 的存在依赖于 <code>geturl</code>，因此 <code>geturl</code> 也始终在内存中，不会在调用结束后被垃圾回收机制回收。</p>
+<h2 id="如何判断是不是闭包"><a href="#如何判断是不是闭包" class="headerlink" title="如何判断是不是闭包"></a>如何判断是不是闭包</h2><p>闭包函数相对与普通函数会多出一个 <code>__closure__</code> 的属性，里面定义了一个元组用于存放所有的 cell 对象，每个 cell 对象保存了这个闭包中所有的外部变量。使用它就可以判断函数是否形成了闭包。例如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">mkinfo</span><span class="params">(name, age, sex=<span class="string">'F'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">make</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'Name : %s'</span> % name)</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'Age  : %s'</span> % age)</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'Sex  : %s'</span> % sex)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> make</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">echo = mkinfo(<span class="string">'Tom'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(echo.__closure__)</span><br><span class="line">print(echo.__closure__[<span class="number">0</span>].cell_contents)</span><br><span class="line">print(echo.__closure__[<span class="number">1</span>].cell_contents)</span><br><span class="line">print(echo.__closure__[<span class="number">2</span>].cell_contents)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>输出结果如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(&lt;cell at <span class="number">0x7f099fdf67c8</span>: int object at <span class="number">0x7f099fcc5680</span>&gt;, &lt;cell at <span class="number">0x7f099fdf67f8</span>: str object at <span class="number">0x7f099fdbc180</span>&gt;, &lt;cell at <span class="number">0x7f099fdf6828</span>: str object at <span class="number">0x7f099fdddce0</span>&gt;)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Tom</span><br><span class="line">F</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="装饰器"><a href="#装饰器" class="headerlink" title="装饰器"></a>装饰器</h1><h2 id="装饰器前戏"><a href="#装饰器前戏" class="headerlink" title="装饰器前戏"></a>装饰器前戏</h2><p>假设有如下函数，被其他各种程序调用</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline()</span><br><span class="line">		</span><br><span class="line">		</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此处省略 N 多函数....</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>现在公司要进行绩效考核，考核标准为 Python 代码中每个函数所执行的时间。</p>
-<p>如果在每个函数中加入时间统计的功能，会造成大量雷同的代码。为了解决这个问题，我们想到可以重新定义一个函数用来专门计算时间：</p>
+<h1 id="装饰器"><a href="#装饰器" class="headerlink" title="装饰器"></a>装饰器</h1><h2 id="装饰器前戏"><a href="#装饰器前戏" class="headerlink" title="装饰器前戏"></a>装饰器前戏</h2><p>假设有如下函数，被其他各种程序调用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此处省略 N 多函数....</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>现在公司要进行绩效考核，考核标准为 Python 代码中每个函数所执行的时间。如果在每个函数中加入时间统计的功能，则会造成大量雷同的代码，为了解决这个问题，我们想到可以重新定义一个函数用来专门计算时间：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此处省略 N 多函数....</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">spent_time</span><span class="params">(func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    start_time = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">    func()</span><br><span class="line">    stop_time = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'Spent %s in %s'</span> % (stop_time - start_time, func.__name__))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">spent_time(dns_resolver)</span><br><span class="line">spent_time(os_release)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>但是这样的话，基础平台的函数修改了名字，容易被业务线的人投诉的，因为我们每次都要将一个函数作为参数传递给 <code>spent_time</code> 函数。而且这种方式已经破坏了原有的代码逻辑结构，之前执行业务逻辑时，执行运行 <code>dns_resolver()</code> 、 <code>os_release()</code>，但是现在不得不改成 <code>spent_time(dns_resolver)</code>、<code>spent_time(os_release)</code> ，这在生产环境是很不切合实际的，使用了装饰器就可以很好地解决这个问题。</p>
-<h2 id="开放封闭原则"><a href="#开放封闭原则" class="headerlink" title="开放封闭原则"></a>开放封闭原则</h2><p>软件开发中的”开放-封闭”原则 :</p>
+<p>但是这样的话，基础平台的函数修改了名字，很容易被业务线的人投诉的，因为我们每次都要将一个函数作为参数传递给 <code>spent_time</code> 函数。而且这种方式已经破坏了原有的代码逻辑结构，之前执行业务逻辑时运行 <code>dns_resolver()</code> 、 <code>os_release()</code>，但是现在不得不改成 <code>spent_time(dns_resolver)</code>、<code>spent_time(os_release)</code> ，这在生产环境是很不切合实际的，使用装饰器就可以很好地解决这个问题。</p>
+<p>在此之前，我们先认识一下 <strong>开放封闭原则</strong>。</p>
+<h2 id="开放封闭原则"><a href="#开放封闭原则" class="headerlink" title="开放封闭原则"></a>开放封闭原则</h2><p>软件开发中的 “开放-封闭” 原则 :</p>
 <ul>
-<li>封闭：已实现需求的功能代码块不应该再被修改 </li>
-<li>开放：对现有功能的扩展开放 </li>
+<li><p>封闭：已实现需求的功能代码块不应该再被修改。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>开放：对现有功能的扩展开放。</p>
+</li>
 </ul>
 <h2 id="装饰器-1"><a href="#装饰器-1" class="headerlink" title="装饰器"></a>装饰器</h2><p>装饰器(Decorator)本质上是一个返回函数对象的高阶函数，该函数用不需要修改源函数代码（函数体、调用方式、返回值）的前提下为其增加额外的功能，装饰器的返回值也是一个函数对象。</p>
-<p>概括的讲，装饰器的作用就是为已经存在的对象添加额外的功能 。装饰器常用于有切面需求的场景，比如插入日志、性能测试、事务处理、缓存、权限校验等应用场景</p>
-<p>假设我们已经在源代码的基础上单独添加了计算时间的函数</p>
+<p>概括的讲，装饰器的作用就是为已经存在的对象添加额外的功能 ，它常用于有切面需求的场景，比如插入日志、性能测试、事务处理、缓存、权限校验等应用场景。</p>
+<p>现在回到上面绩效的例子，假设我们已经在源代码的基础上单独添加了计算时间的函数：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">spent_time</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        begin = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">        retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">        end = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"You have spent %s in %s"</span> % (end - begin, funcname.__name__))</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> retval</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># spent_time() 调用后返回了 inner，即 dns_resolver = inner</span></span><br><span class="line">dns_resolver()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 相当于 inner()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">os_release = spent_time(os_release)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># spent_time()调用后返回了 inner，即 os_release = inner</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(os_release(<span class="string">'/etc/centos-release'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release'))</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>上面的代码中，函数 <code>spent_time</code> 就是一个装饰器， <code>funcname</code> 就是被装饰的对象。看起来像 <code>dns_resolver</code> 、<code>os_release</code> 被上下时间函数装饰了，并且没有改变原函数的调用方式，但是每次调用时都必须进行一次赋值操作。为了避免这种重复性赋值操作，Python 使用了 <code>@</code> 语法糖：</p>
+<p>在上面的代码中，函数 <code>spent_time</code> 就是一个装饰器， <code>funcname</code> 就是被装饰的对象。看起来像 <code>dns_resolver</code> 、<code>os_release</code> 被上下时间函数装饰了，并且没有改变原函数的调用方式，但是每次调用时都必须进行一次赋值操作。为了避免这种重复性赋值操作，Python 使用了 <code>@</code> 语法糖：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">spent_time</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        begin = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">        retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">        end = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"You have spent %s in %s"</span> % (end - begin, funcname.__name__))</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> retval</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@spent_time  # 相当于 dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver) =&gt; dns_resolver = inner</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@spent_time  # 相当于 os_release = spent_time(os_release) =&gt; os_release = inner</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dns_resolver()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 相当于 inner()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(os_release(<span class="string">'/etc/centos-release'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release'))</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>如上所示，装饰器直接省去赋值操作，这样就提高了程序的可重复利用性，并增加了程序的可读性</p>
-<p>并且 <code>dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver)</code> 实际上是把 <code>inner</code> 的对象引用给了 <code>dns_resolver</code>  ，而 <code>inner</code> 中的变量 <code>funcname</code> 之所以可以用，是因为  <code>inner</code>  是一个闭包函数，他引用了外部作用域 <code>spent_time</code> 接收到的 <code>funcname</code></p>
-<h2 id="带参数的装饰器"><a href="#带参数的装饰器" class="headerlink" title="带参数的装饰器"></a>带参数的装饰器</h2><p>上面我们已经用装饰器解决了调用方式和重复赋值的问题。现在问题又来了，这个月考核完了，函数代码不需要统计花费时间了，下个月又要再次进行一次考核。最笨的办法就是，如果不考核了我们把装饰器的使用给注释掉，如果开始考核再把注释取消。如果有一千个函数的话呢，每次都要操作一千次么？虽然编辑器都有批量查找替换的功能，但实际上也是操作了一千次。那么，有没有更简单的办法呢？</p>
-<p>我们可以使用一个全局变量作为 <code>flag</code>，再配合使用可以传入参数的装饰器即可：</p>
+<p>如上所示，装饰器直接省去赋值操作，这样就提高了程序的可重复利用性，并增加了程序的可读性。并且 <code>dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver)</code> 实际上是把 <code>inner</code> 的对象引用给了 <code>dns_resolver</code>  ，而 <code>inner</code> 中的变量 <code>funcname</code> 之所以可以用，是因为  <code>inner</code>  是一个闭包函数，它引用了外部作用域 <code>spent_time</code> 接收到的 <code>funcname</code> 。</p>
+<h2 id="带参数的装饰器"><a href="#带参数的装饰器" class="headerlink" title="带参数的装饰器"></a>带参数的装饰器</h2><p>上面我们已经用装饰器解决了调用方式和重复赋值的问题。现在问题又来了，这个月的绩效考核完了，函数代码不需要统计花费时间了，下个月又要再次进行一次考核。</p>
+<p>解决这个问题最笨的办法就是，如果不考核了我们把装饰器的使用给注释掉，如果开始考核再把注释取消。如果有一千个函数的话，就要每次都要操作一千次。虽然编辑器都有批量查找替换的功能，但是这种方法很显然并不符合实际。</p>
+<p>那么，有没有更简单的办法呢？我们可以使用一个全局变量作为 <code>flag</code>，再配合使用可以传入参数的装饰器即可：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">flag = <span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">show_time</span><span class="params">(flag=False)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 默认值参数，默认为False</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">spent_time</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> flag:</span><br><span class="line">                begin = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">                retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">                end = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">                print(<span class="string">"You have spent %s in %s"</span> % ( end - begin, funcname.__name__))</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> retval</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> spent_time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@show_time(flag)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1. 函数调用：show_time(flag), 返回 spent_time</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2. 可以理解为 @spent_time, 也就是 dns_resolver = spent_time(resolver), 并且可以调用 show_time 的参数flag</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 3. dns_resolver = inner</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">dns_resolver</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        print([line.strip().split()[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">               <span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> fr <span class="keyword">if</span> line.startswith(<span class="string">'nameserver'</span>)])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@show_time(flag)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">os_release</span><span class="params">(fpath=<span class="string">'/etc/redhat-release'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rt'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fr:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fr.readline()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dns_resolver()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 相当于 inner()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(os_release(<span class="string">'/etc/centos-release'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release'))</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>上面的代码开发完之后，如果想用装饰器就将全局变量 <code>flag</code> 的值改为 <code>True</code>，不想用就改为 <code>False</code>。</p>
-<h2 id="对象属性复制"><a href="#对象属性复制" class="headerlink" title="对象属性复制"></a>对象属性复制</h2><p>函数对象有 <code>__name__</code> 等属性，看似上面的代码吧所有问题都已经解决掉了，但是如果我们打印经过 decorator 装饰之后的原函数，它们的 <code>__name__</code> 已经发生了变化：</p>
+<p>上面的代码开发完之后，如果想用装饰器就将全局变量 <code>flag</code> 的值改为 <code>True</code>，不想用就改为 <code>False</code>，这样以来就使用带参数的装饰器灵活地解决是否启用装饰的问题。</p>
+<h2 id="对象属性复制"><a href="#对象属性复制" class="headerlink" title="对象属性复制"></a>对象属性复制</h2><p>函数对象都有 <code>__name__</code> 等属性，在上面的例子中，看似已经把所有问题都解决掉了，但是当我们打印经过装饰器做了装饰之后的原函数，它们的 <code>__name__</code> 已经发生了变化：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"function dns_resolver's name :"</span>, dns_resolver.__name__)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"function os_release's name :"</span>, os_release.__name__)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>结果如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function dns_resolver&apos;s name : inner</span><br><span class="line">function os_release&apos;s name : inner</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>本来  <code>dns_resolver</code> 在没有被装饰的时候，<code>dns_resolver.__name__</code> 就是 <code>dns_resolver</code>，而装饰后却变成了 <code>inner&#39;</code> ，因为返回的那个 <code>inner()</code> 函数名字就是 <code>inner</code>，所以需要把原始函数的 <code>__name__</code> 等属性复制到 <code>inner()</code> 函数中，否则有些依赖函数签名的代码执行就会出错</p>
+<p>本来  <code>dns_resolver</code> 在没有被装饰的时候，<code>dns_resolver.__name__</code> 就是 <code>dns_resolver</code>，而装饰后却变成了 <code>inner</code> ，因为返回的那个 <code>inner()</code> 函数名字就是 <code>inner</code>，所以需要把原始函数的 <code>__name__</code> 等属性复制到 <code>inner()</code> 函数中，否则有些依赖函数签名的代码执行就会出错。</p>
 <p>不需要编写 <code>inner.__name__ = func.__name__</code> 这样的代码，Python 内置的 <code>functools.wraps</code> 就是干这个事的，所以一个完整的 decorator 的写法如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> functools <span class="keyword">import</span> wraps</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">spent_time</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @wraps(funcname)  # 这里就是专门进行属性复制的</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        begin = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">        retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">        end = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"You have spent %s in %s"</span> % (end - begin, funcname.__name__))</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> retval</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 下面代码省略</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果是带参数的 decorator，应该这样写：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> functools <span class="keyword">import</span> wraps</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">flag = <span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">show_time</span><span class="params">(flag=False)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 默认值参数，默认为False</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">spent_time</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">        @wraps(funcname)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> flag:</span><br><span class="line">                begin = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">                retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">                end = time.time()</span><br><span class="line">                print(<span class="string">"You have spent %s in %s"</span> % (</span><br><span class="line">                    end - begin, funcname.__name__))</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> retval</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> inner</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> spent_time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 下面代码省略</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>其中 <code>from functools import wraps</code> 是导入 <code>functools</code> 模块的 <code>wraps</code> 功能，现在只需记住在定义 <code>inner()</code> 的前面加上 <code>@wraps(funcname)</code> 即可</p>
-<p>由此一来，属性也完成了复制：</p>
+<p>其中 <code>from functools import wraps</code> 是导入 <code>functools</code> 模块的 <code>wraps</code> 功能，现在只需要记住在定义 <code>inner()</code> 的前面加上 <code>@wraps(funcname)</code> 即可。由此一来，属性也完成了复制：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function dns_resolve<span class="string">r's name : dns_resolver</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">function os_release'</span>s name : os_release</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="多层装饰器"><a href="#多层装饰器" class="headerlink" title="多层装饰器"></a>多层装饰器</h2><p>多层装饰器有点类似于俄罗斯套娃，来看下面代码</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">makebold</span><span class="params">(fn)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">wrapper</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"&lt;b&gt;"</span> + fn() + <span class="string">"&lt;/b&gt;"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> wrapper</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">makeitalic</span><span class="params">(fn)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">wrapper</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"&lt;i&gt;"</span> + fn() + <span class="string">"&lt;/i&gt;"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> wrapper</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@makebold</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@makeitalic</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hello</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello alvin"</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">hello()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>多层装饰器在执行时，最先执行的时离原函数最近的一层装饰器，依次往外执行，下面用一张图理解一下上述代码中装饰器的执行过程</p>
-<p><img src="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/decorator.png" alt="img"> </p>
+<h2 id="多层装饰器"><a href="#多层装饰器" class="headerlink" title="多层装饰器"></a>多层装饰器</h2><p>多层装饰器有点类似于俄罗斯套娃，我们来看下面的代码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> functools <span class="keyword">import</span> wraps</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">mkbold</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @wraps(funcname)</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"&lt;b&gt;"</span> + funcname() + <span class="string">"&lt;/b&gt;"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner2</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">mkitalic</span><span class="params">(funcname)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @wraps(funcname)</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">inner1</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"&lt;i&gt;"</span> + funcname() + <span class="string">"&lt;/i&gt;"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> inner1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@mkbold    # hello = mkbold(hello)   =&gt;  hello = inner2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@mkitalic  # hello = mkitalic(hello) =&gt;  hello = inner1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hello</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"Hello world!"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(hello())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>多层装饰器在执行时，最先执行的是离原函数最近的一层装饰器，依次往外执行，下面用一张图理解一下上述代码中装饰器的执行过程：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/dec.png" alt=""> </p>
 
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -482,30 +542,37 @@ <h2 id="多层装饰器"><a href="#多层装饰器" class="headerlink" title="
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
       <div>
-        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
+        <div id="reward-container">
   <div>有钱任性，请我吃包辣条</div>
-  <button id="rewardButton" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('QR'); if (qr.style.display === 'none') {qr.style.display='block';} else {qr.style.display='none'}">
-    <span>打赏</span>
+  <button id="reward-button" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById(&quot;qr&quot;); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';">
+    打赏
   </button>
-  <div id="QR" style="display: none;">
+  <div id="qr" style="display: none;">
 
     
-      <div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">
-        <img id="wechat_qr" src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付"/>
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      <div style="display: inline-block">
+        <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Silence 微信支付">
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diff --git "a/2019/03/15/204714-Python\347\232\204\345\214\277\345\220\215\345\207\275\346\225\260\345\222\214\351\200\222\345\275\222\345\207\275\346\225\260/index.html" "b/2019/03/15/204714-Python\347\232\204\345\214\277\345\220\215\345\207\275\346\225\260\345\222\214\351\200\222\345\275\222\345\207\275\346\225\260/index.html"
index eb1ab95a..ae279fec 100644
--- "a/2019/03/15/204714-Python\347\232\204\345\214\277\345\220\215\345\207\275\346\225\260\345\222\214\351\200\222\345\275\222\345\207\275\346\225\260/index.html"
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+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-15 20:47:14" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00">2019-03-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-09 17:16:48" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-09T17:16:48+08:00">2019-12-09</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
           
 
           
-
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+                 阅读次数： 
+                <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
+              </span>
+            </span>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  926
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
+          <br>
+          
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
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-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -380,47 +451,58 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的匿名函数和递归
 
       
         <h1 id="匿名函数-lambda"><a href="#匿名函数-lambda" class="headerlink" title="匿名函数 lambda"></a>匿名函数 lambda</h1><p>匿名函数的命名规则，用 lamdba 关键字标识，冒号 <code>:</code> 左侧表示函数接收的参数（a,b） , 冒号 <code>:</code> 右侧表示函数的返回值（a+b）。</p>
-<p>因为 lamdba 在创建时不需要命名，不需要显式地指定函数 ，所以叫匿名函数</p>
+<p>因为 lamdba 在创建时不需要命名，不需要显式地指定函数 ，所以叫匿名函数。</p>
 <p>普通函数与匿名函数的对比：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 普通函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(a,b)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a + b</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> add(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 匿名函数</span></span><br><span class="line">add = <span class="keyword">lambda</span> a,b : a + b</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> add(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#========输出===========</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>从上面看不出来本质的区别，匿名函数主要是和其它函数搭配使用，如下：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">res = map(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> x:x**<span class="number">2</span>, [<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">7</span>,<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">8</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> res:</span><br><span class="line">    print(i)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#========输出===========</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">25</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">49</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">16</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">64</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>匿名函数有个限制，就是只能有一个表达式，不用写return，返回值就是该表达式的结果。</p>
+<p>普通函数</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(a,b)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a + b</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> add(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>匿名函数</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">add = <span class="keyword">lambda</span> a,b : a + b</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> add(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从上面看不出来本质的区别，匿名函数主要是和其它函数搭配使用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">res = map(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> x: x ** <span class="number">2</span>, [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">8</span>])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> res:</span><br><span class="line">    print(i)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>执行后输出为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>匿名函数有个限制，就是只能有一个表达式，不用写 return，返回值就是该表达式的结果。</p>
 <p>用匿名函数有个好处，因为函数没有名字，不必担心函数名冲突。此外，匿名函数也是一个函数对象，也可以把匿名函数赋值给一个变量，再利用变量来调用该函数：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>lbd = <span class="keyword">lambda</span> x : x * x</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>lbd</span><br><span class="line">&lt;function &lt;<span class="keyword">lambda</span>&gt; at <span class="number">0x0117D618</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>lbd(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>同样，也可以把匿名函数作为返回值返回，比如：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">build</span><span class="params">(x, y)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">lambda</span>: x * x + y * y</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">build</span><span class="params">(x, y)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">lambda</span>: x * x + y * y</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(build(<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归函数"></a>递归函数</h1><p>在函数内部，可以调用其他函数。如果一个函数在内部调用自身本身，这个函数就是递归函数。 </p>
-<p>例如在计算阶乘 <code>n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x n</code> ，用函数 <code>fact(n)</code> 表示 ，则 <code>fact(n) = n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x (n-1) x n = (n-1)! x n = fact(n-1) x n</code> ，所以 <code>fact(n)</code> 可以表示为 <code>n x fact(n-1)</code>，只有 n=1 时需要特殊处理 ：</p>
+<p>例如在计算阶乘 <code>n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x n</code> ，用函数 <code>fact(n)</code> 表示 ，则 <code>fact(n) = n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x (n-1) x n = (n-1)! x n = fact(n-1) x n</code> ，所以 <code>fact(n)</code> 可以表示为 <code>n x fact(n-1)</code>，只有 <code>n=1</code> 时需要特殊处理 ：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x n</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fact</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> n == <span class="number">1</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> n</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> fact(n - <span class="number">1</span>) * n</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(fact(<span class="number">5</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>计算 <code>fact(5)</code> 过程如下：</p>
 <figure class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">===&gt; fact(5)</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * fact(4)</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * (4 * fact(3))</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * fact(2)))</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * (2 * fact(1))))</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * (2 * 1)))</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * 2))</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * (4 * 6)</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 5 * 24</span><br><span class="line">===&gt; 120</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>使用循环的方式处理：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x n</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fact</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    x = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">1</span>, n + <span class="number">1</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        x *= i</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> x</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(fact(<span class="number">5</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>递归函数的优点</p>
+<p>递归函数的优点：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>定义简单，逻辑清晰。理论上所有的递归函数都可以写成循环的方式，但循环的逻辑不如递归清晰</li>
+<li>定义简单，逻辑清晰。理论上所有的递归函数都可以写成循环的方式，但循环的逻辑不如递归清晰。</li>
 </ul>
-<p>递归函数的特性</p>
+<p>递归函数的特性：</p>
 <ul>
-<li><p>必须要有一个特定的结束条件</p>
+<li><p>必须要有一个特定的结束条件。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>每次进入更深一层递归时，问题规模相比上次递归都应有所减少。</p>
 </li>
-<li><p>每次进入更深一层递归时，问题规模相比上次递归都应有所减少 </p>
+<li><p>递归函数在很多情况下效率会很低，并且递归层次过多会导致栈溢出，<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/lln7777/archive/2012/03/14/2396164.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">堆栈扫盲</a> 。</p>
 </li>
-<li>递归函数在很多情况下效率会很低，并且递归层次过多会导致栈溢出，<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/lln7777/archive/2012/03/14/2396164.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">堆栈扫盲</a></li>
 </ul>
-<p>练习斐波那契数列(Fibonacci sequence )： <code>1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ........</code></p>
+<h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</h1><p><strong>练习一：</strong> 斐波那契数列(Fibonacci sequence )： <code>1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ........</code></p>
 <ul>
 <li>定义一个函数，接收一个参数 n </li>
 <li>从第 3 项开始，每一项都等于前两项之和</li>
 <li>调用函数时返回第 n 项 的结果，例如 <code>n = 8</code> 时，对应的项是 <code>21</code></li>
 </ul>
 <p>循环法：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fibo</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    pre = <span class="number">1</span>  <span class="comment"># 前一个数</span></span><br><span class="line">    lst = <span class="number">1</span>  <span class="comment"># 后一个数</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">2</span>,n<span class="number">-1</span>): <span class="comment"># 第一个值是固定的，循环到 n-1 即可得到 n 对应的值</span></span><br><span class="line">        pre,lst = lst, pre + lst</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span>  pre + lst</span><br><span class="line">print(fibo(<span class="number">8</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fibo</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    pre = <span class="number">1</span>  <span class="comment"># 前一个数</span></span><br><span class="line">    lst = <span class="number">1</span>  <span class="comment"># 后一个数</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">2</span>, n - <span class="number">1</span>):  <span class="comment"># 第一个值是固定的，循环到 n-1 即可得到 n 对应的值</span></span><br><span class="line">        pre, lst = lst, pre + lst</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> pre + lst</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(fibo(<span class="number">8</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>递归法：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fibo</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> n == <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> n == <span class="number">2</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> fibo(n<span class="number">-1</span>) + fibo(n<span class="number">-2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(fibo(<span class="number">8</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fibo</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> n == <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> n == <span class="number">2</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> fibo(n - <span class="number">2</span>) + fibo(n - <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(fibo(<span class="number">8</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>练习二：</strong> 已知 <code>t1, t2 = (&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;), (&#39;c&#39;, &#39;d&#39;)</code>，请使用 Python 中匿名函数生成列表 <code>[{&#39;a&#39;:&#39;c&#39;},{&#39;b&#39;:&#39;d&#39;}]</code>。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">t1, t2 = (<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>), (<span class="string">'c'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls = list(map(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> t: &#123;t[<span class="number">0</span>]: t[<span class="number">1</span>]&#125;, zip(t1, t2)))</span><br><span class="line">ls2 = [&#123;k: v&#125; <span class="keyword">for</span> k, v <span class="keyword">in</span> zip(t1, t2)]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
       
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@@ -788,25 +892,29 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
           
 
           
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-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#匿名函数-lambda"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">匿名函数 lambda</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#递归函数"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">递归函数</span></a></li></ol></div>
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+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -814,6 +922,7 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -822,24 +931,59 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -855,14 +999,21 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
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+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
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@@ -876,10 +1027,8 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
 
 
 
-  
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
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-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
 
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
-  
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -1018,6 +1145,8 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1051,8 +1180,9 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1221,9 +1351,9 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1293,25 +1423,67 @@ <h1 id="递归函数"><a href="#递归函数" class="headerlink" title="递归
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
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+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/03/16/081510-Python\347\232\204\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\231\250\345\222\214\350\277\255\344\273\243\345\231\250/index.html" "b/2019/03/16/081510-Python\347\232\204\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\231\250\345\222\214\350\277\255\344\273\243\345\231\250/index.html"
index 9dbb2729..312a3ab7 100644
--- "a/2019/03/16/081510-Python\347\232\204\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\231\250\345\222\214\350\277\255\344\273\243\345\231\250/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/03/16/081510-Python\347\232\204\347\224\237\346\210\220\345\231\250\345\222\214\350\277\255\344\273\243\345\231\250/index.html"
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@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,102 +46,139 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
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+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="部分内容转自：  http://python.jobbole.com/87805/ https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/  概要在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(g">
+  <meta name="description" content="在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些概念以及它们之间的关系捋清楚 。   容器(container)容器是一种把多个元素组织在一起的数据">
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:description" content="在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些概念以及它们之间的关系捋清楚 。   容器(container)容器是一种把多个元素组织在一起的数据">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+<meta property="og:image" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/practice01.png">
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+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-06-28T04:57:46.892Z">
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="部分内容转自：  http://python.jobbole.com/87805/ https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/  概要在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comp">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些概念以及它们之间的关系捋清楚 。   容器(container)容器是一种把多个元素组织在一起的数据">
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-  <title>Python的生成器和迭代器 | Just Do It</title>
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -181,59 +213,80 @@
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+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+    
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@@ -261,12 +312,27 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -301,70 +369,75 @@
 
         
         
-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的生成器和迭代器</h1>
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的生成器和迭代器
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@@ -382,14 +455,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的生成器和迭代器</
       
 
       
-        <p>部分内容转自：</p>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://python.jobbole.com/87805/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://python.jobbole.com/87805/</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/</a></li>
-</ul>
-<h1 id="概要"><a href="#概要" class="headerlink" title="概要"></a>概要</h1><p>在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些概念以及它们之间的关系捋清楚 </p>
+        <p>在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些概念以及它们之间的关系捋清楚 。</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/relationships.png" alt="relations"> </p>
-<h1 id="容器-container"><a href="#容器-container" class="headerlink" title="容器(container)"></a>容器(container)</h1><p>容器是一种把多个元素组织在一起的数据结构，容器中的元素可以逐个地迭代获取，可以用 <code>in</code> , <code>not in</code> 关键字判断元素是否包含在容器中。通常这类数据结构把所有的元素存储在内存中（也有一些特列并不是所有的元素都放在内存）在 Python 中，常见的容器对象有：</p>
+<h1 id="容器-container"><a href="#容器-container" class="headerlink" title="容器(container)"></a>容器(container)</h1><p>容器是一种把多个元素组织在一起的数据结构，容器中的元素可以逐个地迭代获取，可以用 <code>in</code> , <code>not in</code> 关键字判断元素是否包含在容器中。通常这类数据结构把所有的元素存储在内存中（也有一些特例并不是所有的元素都放在内存）。在 Python 中，常见的容器对象有：</p>
 <ul>
 <li>list, deque, ….</li>
 <li>set, frozensets, ….</li>
@@ -397,113 +465,128 @@ <h1 id="容器-container"><a href="#容器-container" class="headerlink" title="
 <li>tuple, namedtuple, …</li>
 <li>str</li>
 </ul>
-<p>容器比较容易理解，因为你就可以把它看作是一个盒子、一栋房子、一个柜子，里面可以塞任何东西。从技术角度来说，当它可以用来询问某个元素是否包含在其中时，那么这个对象就可以认为是一个容器</p>
-<h1 id="可迭代对象-iterable"><a href="#可迭代对象-iterable" class="headerlink" title="可迭代对象(iterable)"></a>可迭代对象(iterable)</h1><p>刚才说过，很多容器都是 <code>Iterable</code> 对象，此外还有更多的对象同样也是 <code>Iterable</code> 对象，比如处于打开状态的 files，sockets 等等。但凡是可以返回一个 <strong>迭代器</strong> 的对象都可称之为 <code>Iterable</code> 对象，可以使用 <code>isinstance()</code> 判断一个对象是否是 <code>Iterable</code> 对象： </p>
+<p>容器比较容易理解，我们可以把它看作是一个盒子、一栋房子、一个柜子，里面可以装任何东西。从技术角度来说，当它可以用来询问某个元素是否包含在其中时，那么这个对象就可以认为是一个容器。</p>
+<h1 id="可迭代对象-iterable"><a href="#可迭代对象-iterable" class="headerlink" title="可迭代对象(iterable)"></a>可迭代对象(iterable)</h1><p>很多容器都是 <code>Iterable</code> 对象，此外还有更多的对象同样也是 <code>Iterable</code> 对象，比如处于打开状态的 files，sockets 等等。但凡是可以返回一个 <strong>迭代器</strong> 的对象都可称之为 <code>Iterable</code> 对象。<code>Iterable</code> 对象和容器一样是一种通俗的叫法，并不是指某种具体的数据类型。</p>
+<p>我们可以使用 <code>isinstance()</code> 判断一个对象是否是 <code>Iterable</code> 对象： </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> Iterable</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>isinstance([], Iterable)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>isinstance(&#123;&#125;, Iterable)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>isinstance(<span class="string">'abc'</span>, Iterable)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>isinstance((x <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">10</span>)), Iterable)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>isinstance(<span class="number">100</span>, Iterable)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p> <code>Iterable</code> 对象和容器一样是一种通俗的叫法，并不是指某种具体的数据类型，list，dict，set 都是 <code>Iterable</code> 对象示例：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>x = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>y = iter(x)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>z = iter(x)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(y)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(y)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(z)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>type(x)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">list</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">type</span><span class="params">(y)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&lt;<span class="title">class</span> '<span class="title">list_iterator</span>'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>上例中 <code>y</code> 和 <code>z</code> 是两个独立的迭代器 ( <code>iterator</code>)，迭代器内部持有一个状态，该状态用于记录当前迭代所在的位置，以方便下次迭代的时候获取正确的元素。迭代器有一种具体的迭代器类型，比如 <code>list_iterator</code>，<code>set_iterator</code>。</p>
+<p>迭代器内部持有一个状态，该状态用于记录当前迭代所在的位置，以方便下次迭代的时候获取正确的元素。迭代器有一种具体的迭代器类型，比如 <code>list_iterator</code>，<code>set_iterator</code>。</p>
 <p>可迭代对象都有 <code>x.__iter__</code> 和 <code>iter(x)</code> 方法，这两个方法本质一样，都会返回一个迭代器。能直接作用于 <code>for</code> 循环的对象统称为可迭代对象，要想可迭代，内部必须有一个 <code>__iter__</code> 方法。</p>
-<h1 id="for循环的本质"><a href="#for循环的本质" class="headerlink" title="for循环的本质"></a>for循环的本质</h1><p>例子：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> elem <span class="keyword">in</span> x: <span class="comment"># 定时垃圾回收机制：没有引用指向这个对象，则被回收</span></span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>x = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>y = iter(x)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>z = iter(x)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(y)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(y)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(z)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>type(x)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">list</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">type</span><span class="params">(y)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&lt;<span class="title">class</span> '<span class="title">list_iterator</span>'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上例中 <code>y</code> 和 <code>z</code> 是两个独立的迭代器 ( <code>iterator</code>)。</p>
+<h1 id="for循环的本质"><a href="#for循环的本质" class="headerlink" title="for循环的本质"></a>for循环的本质</h1><p>当你在写：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">x = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> elem <span class="keyword">in</span> x:  <span class="comment"># 定时垃圾回收机制：没有引用指向这个对象，则被回收</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(elem)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>实际上 <code>for</code> 循环本质上做了三件事：</p>
 <ul>
 <li>调用 <code>iter()</code> 方法将可迭代的对象转为迭代器，即： <code>iter(x)</code></li>
 <li>不断地调用 <code>next()</code> 方法，返回迭代器中下一个元素的值</li>
 <li>处理 StopIteration 异常 </li>
 </ul>
-<p>如图：</p>
 <p><img src="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/iterable-vs-iterator.png" alt="iterable-vs-iterator.png"> </p>
 <p>因此上述例子完全等价于：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 首先获得迭代器对象:</span></span><br><span class="line">x = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line">it = iter(x)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 循环:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 获得下一个值:</span></span><br><span class="line">        elem = next(it)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">except</span> StopIteration:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 遇到 StopIteration 就退出循环</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 首先获得迭代器对象:</span></span><br><span class="line">x = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line">it = iter(x)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 循环:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 获得下一个值:</span></span><br><span class="line">        elem = next(it)</span><br><span class="line">        print(elem)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">except</span> StopIteration:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 遇到 StopIteration 就退出循环</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="迭代器-iterator"><a href="#迭代器-iterator" class="headerlink" title="迭代器(iterator)"></a>迭代器(iterator)</h1><p>迭代器(iterator)是一个带状态的对象，同时满足下列两个条件的对象都是迭代器：</p>
-<ul>
-<li>有 <code>__iter__()</code> 方法：等同于 <code>iter()</code> ，返回迭代器自身</li>
-<li>有 <code>__next()__</code> 方法：等同于 <code>next()</code> ，返回容器中的下一个值，如果容器中没有更多元素了，则抛出 <code>StopIteration</code> 异常</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">L = [<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line">print(L.__iter__())</span><br><span class="line">print(iter(L))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 虽然二者一样，但不建议使用内置方法 __iter__ 而是使用 iter()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">X = iter(L) <span class="comment"># 将可迭代对象变成迭代器</span></span><br><span class="line">print(X.__iter__())</span><br><span class="line">print(inter(X))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果对象本身就是迭代器对象，则返回迭代器自身</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>条件1</strong>：有 <code>__iter__()</code> 方法：等同于 <code>iter()</code> ，如果对象本身就是迭代器对象，则返回迭代器自身。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">L = [<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line">print(L.__iter__())</span><br><span class="line">print(iter(L))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 虽然二者一样，但不建议使用内置方法 __iter__ 而是使用 iter()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">X = iter(L)  <span class="comment"># 将可迭代对象变成迭代器</span></span><br><span class="line">print(X.__iter__())</span><br><span class="line">print(iter(X))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果对象本身就是迭代器对象，则返回迭代器自身</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>条件2</strong>：有 <code>__next__()</code> 方法：等同于 <code>next()</code> ，返回容器中的下一个值，如果容器中没有更多元素了，则抛出 <code>StopIteration</code> 异常。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>L = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>X = iter(L)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>type(X)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">list_iterator</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">next</span><span class="params">(X)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">next</span><span class="params">(X)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">next</span><span class="params">(X)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">next</span><span class="params">(X)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; <span class="title">next</span><span class="params">(X)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">Traceback</span> <span class="params">(most recent call last)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">StopIteration</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>在迭代器中每次调用 <code>next()</code> 方法的时候做两件事：</p>
 <ul>
 <li>为下一次调用 <code>next()</code> 方法修改状态</li>
 <li>为当前这次调用生成返回结果</li>
 </ul>
-<p>迭代器就像一个懒加载的工厂，等到有人需要的时候才给它生成值返回，没调用的时候就处于休眠状态等待下一次调用</p>
+<p>迭代器就像一个懒加载的工厂，等到有人需要的时候才给它生成值返回，没调用的时候就处于休眠状态等待下一次调用。</p>
 <p>我们都知道 <code>range()</code> 可以被 for 循环，也就是说它是一个可迭代对象，那么 <code>range()</code> 是不是一个迭代器呢？</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'__iter__'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> dir(range(<span class="number">12</span>)))</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'__next__'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> dir(range(<span class="number">12</span>)))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>还可以使用 <code>isinstance()</code> 判断一个对象是否是 <code>Iterator</code> 对象</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> Iterator</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(isinstance(range(<span class="number">100</span>), Iterator))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="生成器-generator"><a href="#生成器-generator" class="headerlink" title="生成器(generator)"></a>生成器(generator)</h1><p>通过列表生成式，可以直接创建一个列表。但是受到内存限制，列表容量肯定是有限的。而且创建一个包含100万个元素的列表，不仅占用很大的存储空间，如果我们仅仅需要访问前面几个元素，那后面绝大多数元素占用的空间都白白浪费了。</p>
-<p>所以，如果列表元素可以按照某种算法推算出来，那我们是否可以在循环的过程中不断推算出后续的元素呢？这样就不必创建完整的list，从而节省大量的空间。在 Python 中这种一边循环一边计算的机制，称为生成器（generator）</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'__iter__'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> dir(range(<span class="number">12</span>)))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">True</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(<span class="string">'__next__'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> dir(range(<span class="number">12</span>)))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>因为 <code>range()</code> 没有 <code>__next__</code> 方法，所以它只是可迭代对象而不是迭代器。另外，还可以使用 <code>isinstance()</code> 判断一个对象是否是 <code>Iterator</code> 对象。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> Iterator</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(isinstance(range(<span class="number">100</span>), Iterator))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">False</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="生成器-generator"><a href="#生成器-generator" class="headerlink" title="生成器(generator)"></a>生成器(generator)</h1><p>通过列表生成式，可以直接创建一个列表。但是受到内存限制，列表容量肯定是有限的。而且创建一个包含 100 万个元素的列表，不仅占用很大的存储空间，如果我们仅仅需要访问前面几个元素，那后面绝大多数元素占用的空间都白白浪费了。</p>
+<p>所以，如果列表元素可以按照某种算法推算出来，那我们是否可以在循环的过程中不断推算出后续的元素呢？这样就不必创建完整的 list，从而节省大量的空间。在 Python 中这种一边循环一边计算的机制，称为生成器（generator）。</p>
 <h2 id="生成器表达式-generator-expression"><a href="#生成器表达式-generator-expression" class="headerlink" title="生成器表达式(generator expression)"></a>生成器表达式(generator expression)</h2><p>创建生成器的第一种方法很简单，只要把一个列表生成式的 <code>[]</code> 改成 <code>()</code>，就创建了一个 generator，生成器表达式是列表生成式的生成器版本，看起来像列表生成式，但是它返回的是一个生成器对象而不是列表对象：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>L = [x * x <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">5</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>L</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">16</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>g = (x * x <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">5</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>g</span><br><span class="line">&lt;generator object &lt;genexpr&gt; at <span class="number">0x012967E0</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>创建 <code>L</code> 和 <code>g</code> 的区别仅在于最外层的 <code>[]</code> 和 <code>()</code>，<code>L</code> 是一个 list 对象，而 <code>g</code> 是一个 generator 对象，我们可以直接打印出 list 的每一个元素，但我们怎么打印出 generator 的每一个元素呢？</p>
-<p>上述例子中，列表生成式相当于做好的 5 盘菜，什么时候想吃就什么时候吃，数据都都在内存空间，什么时候想调用就调用，但是比较占空间；而生成器相当于一位厨师，现在什么菜都没有，当你想吃第一道菜的时候就可以叫厨师做出来，以此类推。如果不吃，数据永远不会生成，不占内存空间，但是算法决定了必须从第一盘菜开始吃，只有在前 9 盘菜吃完才能吃最后一盘，所以如果要打印出 generator 的每一个元素，可以通过 <code>next()</code> 函数获得generator 的下一个返回值：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">16</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">StopIteration</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># next(s) 等价于 s.__next__(),但不建议使用 __next__() 方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在 Python2 中是 s.next()</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>generator 保存的是算法，每次调用 <code>next(g)</code>，就计算出 <code>g</code> 的下一个元素的值，直到计算到最后一个元素，没有更多的元素时抛出 <code>StopIteration</code> 的错误。当然，上面这种不断调用 <code>next(g)</code> 实在是太变态了，正确的方法是使用 <code>for</code> 循环，因为 generator 也是可迭代对象： </p>
+<p>创建 <code>L</code> 和 <code>g</code> 的区别仅在于最外层的 <code>[]</code> 和 <code>()</code>，<code>L</code> 是一个 list 对象，而 <code>g</code> 是一个 generator 对象，我们可以直接打印出 list 的每一个元素，但怎么打印出 generator 的每一个元素呢？</p>
+<p>上述例子中，列表生成式相当于做好的 5 盘菜，什么时候想吃就什么时候吃，数据都都在内存空间，什么时候想调用就调用，但是比较占空间；而生成器相当于一位厨师，现在什么菜都没有，当你想吃第一道菜的时候就可以叫厨师做出来，以此类推。如果不吃，数据永远不会生成，不占内存空间，但是算法决定了必须从第一盘菜开始吃，只有在前 9 盘菜吃完才能吃最后一盘，所以如果要打印出 generator 的每一个元素，可以通过 <code>next()</code> 函数不断地获得 generator 的下一个返回值：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">16</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(g)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">StopIteration</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># next(g) 等价于 g.__next__(),但不建议使用 __next__() 方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在 Python2 中是 g.next()</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>generator 保存的是算法，每次调用 <code>next(g)</code>，就计算出 <code>g</code> 的下一个元素的值，直到计算到最后一个元素，没有更多的元素时抛出 <code>StopIteration</code> 的错误。当然上面这种不断调用 <code>next(g)</code> 实在是太变态了，正确的方法是使用 <code>for</code> 循环，因为 generator 也是可迭代对象： </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>g = (x * x <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">5</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g:</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(i)</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">16</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>所以我们创建了一个 generator 后基本上永远不会调用 <code>next()</code>，而是通过 <code>for</code> 循环来迭代它，并且不需要关心 <code>StopIteration</code> 的错误</p>
-<p>generator 非常强大。如果推算的算法比较复杂，用生成器表达式的 <code>for</code> 循环无法实现的时候，还可以用函数来实现。 </p>
-<p>比如，著名的斐波拉契数列（Fibonacci），除第一个和第二个数外，任意一个数都可由前两个数相加得到：</p>
+<p>所以当我们创建了一个 generator 后基本上永远不会调用 <code>next()</code>，而是通过 <code>for</code> 循环来迭代它，并且不需要关心 <code>StopIteration</code> 的错误。</p>
+<p>generator 非常强大。如果推算的算法比较复杂，用生成器表达式的 <code>for</code> 循环无法实现的时候，还可以用函数来实现。 比如，著名的斐波拉契数列（Fibonacci），除第一个和第二个数外，任意一个数都可由前两个数相加得到：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>斐波那契数列用列表生成式写不出来，但是用函数把它打印出来却很容易：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fib</span><span class="params">(max)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    n, prev, curr = <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> n &lt; max:</span><br><span class="line">        print(curr)</span><br><span class="line">        prev, curr = curr, curr + prev</span><br><span class="line">        n += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Done'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(fib(<span class="number">5</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>注意，赋值语句： </p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">prev, curr = curr, curr + prev</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>相当于： </p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">t = (curr, curr + prev) <span class="comment"># t 是一个tuple</span></span><br><span class="line">prev = t[<span class="number">0</span>]</span><br><span class="line">curr = t[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>但不必显式写出临时变量 t 就可以完成赋值 </p>
-<h2 id="yield关键字"><a href="#yield关键字" class="headerlink" title="yield关键字"></a>yield关键字</h2><p>生成器其实是一种特殊的迭代器，不过这种迭代器更加优雅。它不需要再像上面一样写 <code>iter()</code> 和 <code>next()</code> 方法了，只需要一个 <code>yiled</code> 关键字。 <strong>生成器一定是迭代器</strong>（反之不成立），因此任何生成器也是以一种懒加载的模式生成值。</p>
-<p>仔细观察，可以看出，<code>fib</code> 函数实际上是定义了斐波拉契数列的推算规则，可以从第一个元素开始，推算出后续任意的元素，这种逻辑其实非常类似 generator。 也就是说，上面的函数和 generator 仅一步之遥。要把 <code>fib</code> 函数变成 generator，只需要把 <code>print(curr)</code> 改为 <code>yield curr</code> 就可以了：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fib</span><span class="params">(max)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    n, prev, curr = <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> n &lt; max:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> curr</span><br><span class="line">        prev, curr = curr, curr + prev</span><br><span class="line">        n += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Done'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>这就是定义 generator 的另一种方法。如果一个函数定义中包含 <code>yield</code> 关键字，那么这个函数就不再是一个普通函数，而是一个 generator： </p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">f = fib(<span class="number">5</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(f)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;generator object fib at 0x00C4F7B0&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 当执行  f=fib(5) 返回的是一个生成器对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此时函数体中的代码并不会执行，只有显示或隐示地调用next的时候才会真正执行里面的代码</span></span><br><span class="line">print(list(f))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>generator 和函数的执行流程不一样。函数是顺序执行，遇到 <code>return</code> 语句或者最后一行函数语句就返回。而变成  generator 的函数，在每次调用 <code>next()</code> 的时候执行，遇到 <code>yield</code> 语句返回，再次执行时从上次返回的 <code>yield</code> 语句处继续执行。</p>
+<p>斐波拉契数列用列表生成式写不出来，但是用函数把它打印出来却很容易：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fib</span><span class="params">(max)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    n, prev, curr = <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> n &lt; max:</span><br><span class="line">        print(curr)</span><br><span class="line">        prev, curr = curr, curr + prev</span><br><span class="line">        n += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Done'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(fib(<span class="number">5</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意，赋值语句： <code>prev, curr = curr, curr + prev</code> 相当于： </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">t = (curr, curr + prev)  <span class="comment"># t 是一个tuple</span></span><br><span class="line">prev = t[<span class="number">0</span>]</span><br><span class="line">curr = t[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>但不必显式写出临时变量 <code>t</code> 就可以完成赋值 。</p>
+<h2 id="yield-关键字"><a href="#yield-关键字" class="headerlink" title="yield 关键字"></a>yield 关键字</h2><p>生成器其实是一种特殊的迭代器，不过这种迭代器更加优雅。它不需要再像上面一样写 <code>iter()</code> 和 <code>next()</code> 方法了，只需要一个 <code>yiled</code> 关键字。 <strong>生成器一定是迭代器</strong>（反之不成立），因此任何生成器也是以一种懒加载的模式生成值。</p>
+<p>仔细观察，可以看出 <code>fib</code> 函数实际上是定义了斐波拉契数列的推算规则，可以从第一个元素开始，推算出后续任意的元素，这种逻辑其实非常类似 generator。 也就是说上面的函数和 generator 仅差一步之遥。要把 <code>fib</code> 函数变成 generator，只需要把 <code>print(curr)</code> 改为 <code>yield curr</code> 就可以了：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fib</span><span class="params">(max)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    n, prev, curr = <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> n &lt; max:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> curr</span><br><span class="line">        prev, curr = curr, curr + prev</span><br><span class="line">        n += <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Done'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f = fib(<span class="number">5</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(f)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这就是定义 generator 的另一种方法。如果一个函数定义中包含 <code>yield</code> 关键字，那么这个函数就不再是一个普通函数，而是一个 generator 。上述代码执行的结果为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;generator object fib at <span class="number">0x00C4F7B0</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当执行  <code>f=fib(5)</code> 返回的是一个生成器对象，此时函数体中的代码并不会执行，只有显示或隐示地调用 <code>next()</code> 的时候才会真正执行里面的代码。将 <code>print(f)</code> 改为 <code>print(list(f))</code> 后，<code>list()</code> 方法就会隐式地调用 <code>next()</code> ，并得到我们所期望的结果：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>把函数改成 generator 后，我们基本上从来不会用 <code>next()</code>来获取下一个返回值，而是直接使用 <code>for</code> 循环来迭代：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> fib(<span class="number">5</span>):</span><br><span class="line">     print(n)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>generator 和函数的执行流程不一样。函数是顺序执行，遇到 <code>return</code> 语句或者最后一行函数语句就返回。而变成  generator 的函数，在每次调用 <code>next()</code> 的时候才执行，遇到 <code>yield</code> 语句才返回，再次执行时从上次返回的 <code>yield</code> 语句处继续执行。</p>
 <p>举个简单的例子，定义一个 generator，依次返回数字 1，3，5：</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; def odd():</span><br><span class="line">...     print(&apos;Step 1&apos;)</span><br><span class="line">...     yield 1</span><br><span class="line">...     print(&apos;Step 2&apos;)</span><br><span class="line">...     yield 3</span><br><span class="line">...     print(&apos;Step 3&apos;)</span><br><span class="line">...     yield 5</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">odd</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">'Step 1'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">'Step 2'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    print(<span class="string">'Step 3'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>调用该 generator 时，首先要生成一个 generator 对象，然后用 <code>next()</code> 函数不断获得下一个返回值：</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; o = odd()</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Step 1</span><br><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Step 2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Step 3</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">StopIteration</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>可以看到，<code>odd</code> 不是普通函数，而是 generator，在执行过程中遇到 <code>yield</code> 就中断，下次又继续执行。执行 3 次 <code>yield</code> 后，已经没有 <code>yield</code> 可以执行了，所以，第 4 次调用 <code>next(o)</code> 就报错</p>
-<p>回到 <code>fib</code> 的例子，我们在循环过程中不断调用 <code>yield</code>，就会不断中断。当然要给循环设置一个条件来退出循环，不然就会产生一个无限数列出来。</p>
-<p>同样的，把函数改成 generator 后，我们基本上从来不会用 <code>next()</code>来获取下一个返回值，而是直接使用 <code>for</code> 循环来迭代：</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">for n in fib(5):</span><br><span class="line">     print(n)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="return"><a href="#return" class="headerlink" title="return"></a>return</h2><p>生成器函数跟普通函数只有一点不一样，就是把 return 换成 yield，其中 yield 是一个语法糖，内部实现了迭代器协议，同时保持状态可以挂起。</p>
-<p>在一个生成器中，如果没有 return，则默认执行到函数完毕；如果在执行过程中 return，则直接抛出 StopIteration 终止迭代</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"ooo"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"ppp"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f=f()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print(f.__next__())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print(f.__next__())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    print(i)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">return 即迭代结束</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">for 不报错的原因是内部处理了迭代结束的这种情况</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>需要注意的是</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">f=f()</span><br><span class="line">print(f.__next__())</span><br><span class="line">print(f.__next__())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 上下两种方式不同，下面的是创建了两个生成器</span></span><br><span class="line">print(f().__next__())</span><br><span class="line">print(f().__next__())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>生成器在 Python 中是一个非常强大的编程结构，可以用更少地使用中间变量写流式代码，此外，相比其它容器对象它更能节省内存和CPU，当然它可以用更少的代码来实现相似的功能。现在就可以动手重构你的代码了，但凡看到类似：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>o = odd()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>o</span><br><span class="line">&lt;generator object odd at <span class="number">0x00E9B1B0</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Step <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Step <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Step <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>next(o)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">StopIteration</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以看到 <code>odd</code> 不是普通函数，而是 generator 。在代码执行过程中只要遇到 <code>yield</code> 就中断，下次又继续执行。执行 3 次 <code>yield</code> 后，已经没有 <code>yield</code> 可以执行了，所以第 4 次调用 <code>next(o)</code> 就报错。</p>
+<h2 id="return"><a href="#return" class="headerlink" title="return"></a>return</h2><p>生成器函数跟普通函数只有一点不一样，就是把 <code>return</code> 换成 <code>yield</code>，其中 <code>yield</code> 是一个语法糖，内部实现了迭代器协议，同时保持状态可以挂起。</p>
+<p>在一个生成器中，如果没有 <code>return</code>，则默认执行到函数完毕；如果在执行过程中遇到 <code>return</code>，则直接抛出 <code>StopIteration</code> 终止迭代。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'foo'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'ppp'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">a = func()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(a.__next__())</span><br><span class="line">print(a.__next__())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>执行的结果如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">foo</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"/Python3/practice/learn.py"</span>, line <span class="number">15</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    print(a.__next__())</span><br><span class="line">StopIteration</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>遇到 <code>return</code> 就意味着迭代结束，<code>for</code> 循环不报错的原因是我们之前说过的，内部处理了迭代结束的这种情况。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"ooo"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"ppp"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">a = func()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> a:</span><br><span class="line">    print(i)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>生成器在 Python 中是一个非常强大的编程结构，可以用更少地使用中间变量写流式代码，此外，相比其它容器对象它更能节省内存和 CPU，当然它可以用更少的代码来实现相似的功能。现在就可以动手重构你的代码了，但凡看到类似：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">something</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    result = []</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> ... <span class="keyword">in</span> ...:</span><br><span class="line">        result.append(x)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> result</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>都可以用生成器函数来替换： </p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">iter_something</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> ... <span class="keyword">in</span> ...:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> x</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">something</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    result = []</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> ... <span class="keyword">in</span> ...:</span><br><span class="line">        result.append(x)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> result</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>如果直接对文件对象调用 <code>read()</code> 和 <code>readlines()</code> 方法，会导致不可预测的内存占用。好的方法是利用固定长度的缓冲区来不断读取文件内容。通过 <code>yield</code>，我们不再需要编写读文件的迭代类就可以轻松实现文件读取：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read_file</span><span class="params">(fpath)</span>:</span> </span><br><span class="line">    BLOCK_SIZE = <span class="number">1024</span> </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(fpath, <span class="string">'rb'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f: </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">True</span>: </span><br><span class="line">            block = f.read(BLOCK_SIZE) </span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> block: </span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">yield</span> block </span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">else</span>: </span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>更加便利的方法是使用 <code>for</code> 循环直接对文件对象进行迭代：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'test.log'</span>,<span class="string">'r'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> f: <span class="comment"># f 是个迭代器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># for i in f.readlines(): # readline方法中，每个元素都是一行内容，如果文件有2G则全部加载到内存</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(i)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</h1><ul>
-<li>使用文件读取，找出文件中最长的行</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">max(len(x.strip()) <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> open(<span class="string">'/hello/abc'</span>,<span class="string">'r'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'test.log'</span>,<span class="string">'r'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> frd: <span class="comment"># frd 是个迭代器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># for i in frd.readlines(): </span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment"># readline 方法中，每个元素都是一行内容，如果文件有2G则全部加载到内存</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(i)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="send"><a href="#send" class="headerlink" title="send"></a>send</h2><p>生成器有个 <code>send()</code> 方法，用于传入值给生成器</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"ok"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    s = <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(s)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f = f()</span><br><span class="line">print(f.send(<span class="keyword">None</span>))  <span class="comment"># 等同于print(next(f))</span></span><br><span class="line">print(next(f))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以通过断点来观察执行流程：</p>
 <ul>
-<li>生成器有个 <code>send()</code> 方法，用于传入值给生成器</li>
+<li>打印 ok =&gt; yield 7</li>
+<li>当再 next 进来时，将 None 赋值给 s并打印</li>
+<li>然后返回 8</li>
 </ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"ok"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    s=<span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(s)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f=f()</span><br><span class="line">print(f.send(<span class="keyword">None</span>)) <span class="comment"># 等同于print(next(f))</span></span><br><span class="line">print(next(f))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 执行流程:打印ok,yield7,当再next进来时:将None赋值给s,然后返回8,可以通过断点来观察</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="生成器面试题"><a href="#生成器面试题" class="headerlink" title="生成器面试题"></a>生成器面试题</h1><p>试题1</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(n, i)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> n + i</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">4</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> i</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">g = test()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">10</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(g))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 20 21 22 23</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>解析</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 上述代码中</span></span><br><span class="line">g = test()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">10</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 可以写成</span></span><br><span class="line">g = test()  <span class="comment"># 第一个g，生成器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">n = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)  <span class="comment"># 第二个 g，生成器表达式</span></span><br><span class="line">n = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)  <span class="comment"># 第三个 g，生成器表达式</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 再推算</span></span><br><span class="line">g = test()</span><br><span class="line">n = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> test())</span><br><span class="line">n = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> test()))  <span class="comment"># 第三个g，生成器表达式</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此时的n为10即可算出结果</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="练习"><a href="#练习" class="headerlink" title="练习"></a>练习</h1><p>使用文件读取，找出文件中最长的行</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">LineLength = (len(x.strip()) <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> open(<span class="string">'/etc/resolv.conf'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(max(LineLength))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="生成器面试题"><a href="#生成器面试题" class="headerlink" title="生成器面试题"></a>生成器面试题</h1><p>请写出下面代码的执行结果：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(n, i)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> n + i</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">4</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> i</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">g = test()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">10</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(list(g))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>执行结果为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="number">20</span>, <span class="number">21</span>, <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="number">23</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在上述代码中</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">g = test()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">10</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以写成</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">g = test()  <span class="comment"># 第一个 g，生成器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">n = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)  <span class="comment"># 第二个 g，生成器表达式</span></span><br><span class="line">n = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">g = (add(n, i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> g)  <span class="comment"># 第三个 g，生成器表达式</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再进行推算</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/practice01.png" alt=""> </p>
+<p>也就是</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/practice02.png" alt=""> </p>
+<p>生成器在被取值之前不会进行运算，等最后交给 <code>list()</code> ，这时候就需要从生成器对象中取值，此时 <code>n</code> 的值是 <code>10</code>，计算完成后便是：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="number">20</span>, <span class="number">21</span>, <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="number">23</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><ul>
 <li>容器是一系列元素的集合，str、list、set、dict、file、sockets 对象都可以看作是容器，容器都可以被迭代（用在 for，while 等语句中），因此他们被称为可迭代对象。</li>
 <li>可迭代对象实现了 <code>iter()</code> 方法，该方法返回一个迭代器对象。</li>
-<li>迭代器持有一个内部状态的字段，用于记录下次迭代返回值，它实现了 <code>__next__</code> 和 <code>__iter__</code> 方法，迭代器不会一次性把所有元素加载到内存，而是需要的时候才生成返回结果。</li>
-<li>生成器是一种特殊的迭代器，它的返回值不是通过 <code>return</code> 而是用 <code>yield</code> </li>
+<li>迭代器持有一个内部状态的字段，用于记录下次迭代返回值，它实现了 <code>__next__()</code> 和 <code>__iter__()</code> 方法，迭代器不会一次性把所有元素加载到内存，而是需要的时候才生成返回结果。</li>
+<li>生成器是一种特殊的迭代器，它的返回值不是通过 <code>return</code> 而是用 <code>yield</code> 。</li>
 </ul>
 <p>参考链接：</p>
 <ul>
+<li><a href="https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types</a></li>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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@@ -871,25 +976,29 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
       <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+        <div class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
           <div class="post-toc">
 
             
-              
+            
+            
             
 
             
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#概要"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">概要</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#容器-container"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">容器(container)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#可迭代对象-iterable"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">可迭代对象(iterable)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#for循环的本质"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">for循环的本质</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#迭代器-iterator"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">迭代器(iterator)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#生成器-generator"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成器(generator)</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#生成器表达式-generator-expression"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成器表达式(generator expression)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#yield关键字"><span class="nav-number">6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">yield关键字</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#return"><span class="nav-number">6.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">return</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#练习"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">练习</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#生成器面试题"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成器面试题</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></div>
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#容器-container"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">容器(container)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#可迭代对象-iterable"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">可迭代对象(iterable)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#for循环的本质"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">for循环的本质</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#迭代器-iterator"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">迭代器(iterator)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#生成器-generator"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成器(generator)</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#生成器表达式-generator-expression"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成器表达式(generator expression)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#yield-关键字"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">yield 关键字</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#return"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">return</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#send"><span class="nav-number">5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">send</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#练习"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">练习</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#生成器面试题"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成器面试题</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></div>
             
 
           </div>
-        </section>
+        </div>
       <!--/noindex-->
       
 
@@ -897,6 +1006,7 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -905,24 +1015,59 @@ <h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+
+
 
 
 
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       <div class="back-to-top">
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+                
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-</ul>
-<p><strong>字符串类型代码的执行</strong></p>
-<p><a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/7266087.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/7266087.html</a></p>
-<p><strong>输入输出相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>input() 接收用户输入</li>
-<li>print() 输出  </li>
-</ul>
-<p><strong>数据类型相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>type(o) 返回变量o的数据类型 </li>
-</ul>
+        <p>Python 解释器内置了很多函数和类型，我们可以在任何时候使用它们。根据官网以及自己所学知识进行了梳理，做了下面的思维导图，供自己学习和查阅。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/builtins.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>官方文档链接：<a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.7/library/functions.html#func-set" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.7/library/functions.html#func-set</a></p>
+<p>下面是对一些函数进行的补充。</p>
 <p><strong>内存相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>id(o) o是参数，返回变量o的内存地址</li>
-<li>hash(o) o是参数，返回一个可hash数据的哈希值，不可hash的数据被hash之后会报错<ul>
-<li>hash函数会根据一个内部的算法对当前可hash变量进行处理，返回一个int数字</li>
-<li>每一次执行程序，内容相同的变量hash值在这一次执行过程中不会发生改变</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name = <span class="string">'Tom'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(hash(name))</span><br><span class="line">print(hash(name))</span><br><span class="line">print(hash(name))</span><br><span class="line">print(hash(name))</span><br><span class="line">print(hash(name))</span><br><span class="line">print(hash(name))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 323377793497756635</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 323377793497756635</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 323377793497756635</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 323377793497756635</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 323377793497756635</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 323377793497756635</span></span><br><span class="line">t = (<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">l = [<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line">print(hash(t))  <span class="comment">#可hash</span></span><br><span class="line">print(hash(l))  <span class="comment">#会报错</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>字典寻址方式：在查找时，首先对键进行hash运算，把求得的值当做“键-值对”的内存地址，在结构中按照此位置取“键-值对”进行比较，若键相等，则表示搜索成功。在存储“键-值对”的时候，依照相同的hash函数计算存储位置，并按此位置存放</p>
-<p><strong>文件操作相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>open()  打开一个文件，返回一个文件操作符(文件句柄)</li>
-</ul>
-<p><strong>迭代器/生成器相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>range() <ul>
-<li>只有 <code>__iter_</code> 方法，没有<code>__next__</code>，因此 <strong>range()是可迭代的对象而不是生成器</strong>，<code>range()</code> 返回的一个可迭代对象</li>
-<li>可以切片</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>next() 返回迭代器的下一个数据项</li>
-<li>iter()  将可迭代对象生成一个迭代器</li>
-</ul>
-<p><strong>模块操作相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li><code>__import__</code>导入一个模块</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 导入一个模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>不建议的导入方式：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">os = __import__(<span class="string">'os'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(os.path.abspath(<span class="string">'.'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><strong>帮助方法</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>help() 在控制台执行help()进入帮助模式<ul>
-<li>可以随意输入变量或者变量的类型。输入q退出</li>
-<li>或者直接执行help(o)，o是参数，查看和o有关的操作</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>dir()  默认查看全局空间内的属性，也接受一个参数，查看这个参数内的方法或变量 </li>
-</ul>
-<p><strong>调用相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>callable(o)，o是参数，看这个变量是不是可调用，如果o是一个函数名，就会返回True</li>
-</ul>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span><span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line">print(callable(func))  <span class="comment">#参数是函数名，可调用，返回True</span></span><br><span class="line">print(callable(<span class="number">123</span>))   <span class="comment">#参数是数字，不可调用，返回False</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p><strong>数字相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>数据类型相关：<ul>
-<li>bool，int，float，complex </li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>进制转换相关：<ul>
-<li>bin，oct，hex </li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>数学运算：<ul>
-<li>abs，divmod，min，max，sum，round，pow </li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<p><strong>数据结构相关</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>序列<ul>
-<li>列表元组：list()、tuple()</li>
-<li>字符串：str，<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/7266245.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">format</a>，bytes，bytearry，memoryview，ord，chr，ascii，repr </li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>集合<ul>
-<li>字典和集合：dict，<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/6993515.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">set，frozenset</a> </li>
-<li>数据集合：len，sorted，enumerate，all，any，zip，filter，map </li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="divmod"><a href="#divmod" class="headerlink" title="divmod"></a>divmod</h2><p><code>divmod(a, b)</code> 把除数和余数运算结果结合起来，返回一个包含商和余数的元组 <code>(a // b, a % b)</code> </p>
-<h2 id="ord"><a href="#ord" class="headerlink" title="ord"></a>ord</h2><p>ord() 函数是 chr() 函数（对于8位的ASCII字符串）或 unichr()  函数（对于Unicode对象）的配对函数，它以一个字符（长度为1的字符串）作为参数，返回对应的 ASCII 数值，或者 Unicode  数值，如果所给的 Unicode 字符超出了你的 Python 定义范围，则会引发一个 TypeError 的异常</p>
+<p>字典寻址方式：在查找 <code>key</code> 对应的 <code>value</code> 时，首先对 <code>key</code> 进行 hash 运算，把求得的值当做“key-value对” 的内存地址，在结构中按照此位置取“key-value对”进行比较，若键相等，则表示搜索成功。在存储“key-value对”的时候，依照相同的 hash 函数计算存储位置，并按此位置存放。</p>
+<p><strong>ord</strong></p>
+<p>ord() 函数是 chr() 函数（对于8位的ASCII字符串）或 unichr()  函数（对于Unicode对象）的配对函数，它以一个字符（长度为1的字符串）作为参数，返回对应的 ASCII 数值，或者 Unicode  数值，如果所给的 Unicode 字符超出了你的 Python 定义范围，则会引发一个 TypeError 的异常</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;ord(<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">97</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>ord(<span class="string">'b'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">98</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>ord(<span class="string">'c'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">99</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="chr"><a href="#chr" class="headerlink" title="chr"></a>chr</h2><p>chr(i) 用一个范围在 range（256）内的（就是0～255）整数作参数，返回一个对应的字符，i 可以是10进制也可以是16进制的形式的数字 </p>
+<p><strong>chr</strong></p>
+<p>chr(i) 用一个范围在 range（256）内的（就是0～255）整数作参数，返回一个对应的字符，i 可以是10进制也可以是16进制的形式的数字 </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;<span class="keyword">print</span> chr(<span class="number">0x30</span>), chr(<span class="number">0x31</span>), chr(<span class="number">0x61</span>)   <span class="comment"># 十六进制</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">1</span> a</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">print</span> chr(<span class="number">48</span>), chr(<span class="number">49</span>), chr(<span class="number">97</span>)         <span class="comment"># 十进制</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">1</span> a</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="repr"><a href="#repr" class="headerlink" title="repr"></a>repr</h2><p>将对象转化为供解释器读取的形式 </p>
+<p><strong>repr</strong></p>
+<p>将对象转化为供解释器读取的形式 </p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'RUNOOB'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>repr(s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"'RUNOOB'"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dict = &#123;<span class="string">'runoob'</span>: <span class="string">'runoob.com'</span>, <span class="string">'google'</span>: <span class="string">'google.com'</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>repr(dict)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"&#123;'google': 'google.com', 'runoob': 'runoob.com'&#125;"</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p><strong>%r 和 %s</strong></p>
-<ul>
-<li>%r用rper()方法处理对象</li>
-<li>%s用str()方法处理对象</li>
-</ul>
-<p>例：</p>
+<p>%r用 rper() 方法处理对象；%s用str()方法处理对象。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">text = <span class="string">"I am %d years old."</span> % <span class="number">22</span> </span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"I said: %s."</span> % text )</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"I said: %r."</span> % text )</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>返回结果：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">I said: I am <span class="number">22</span> years old.. </span><br><span class="line">I said: <span class="string">'I am 22 years old..'</span> <span class="comment"># %r 给字符串加了单引号</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="enumerate"><a href="#enumerate" class="headerlink" title="enumerate"></a>enumerate</h2><p>将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列，同时列出数据和数据下标，一般用在 for 循环当中</p>
+<p><strong>enumerate</strong> </p>
+<p>将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列，同时列出数据和数据下标，一般用在 for 循环当中。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">enumerate(sequence, [start=0])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<ul>
-<li>参数：<ul>
-<li>sequence  一个序列、迭代器或其他支持迭代对象</li>
-<li>start 下标起始位置</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>返回值：返回 enumerate(枚举) 对象</li>
-</ul>
+<p>其中 sequence 是 一个序列、迭代器或其他支持迭代对象，start 为下标起始位置。将返回 enumerate(枚举) 对象。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>seasons = [<span class="string">'Spring'</span>, <span class="string">'Summer'</span>, <span class="string">'Fall'</span>, <span class="string">'Winter'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(enumerate(seasons))</span><br><span class="line">[(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="string">'Spring'</span>), (<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'Summer'</span>), (<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="string">'Fall'</span>), (<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="string">'Winter'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(enumerate(seasons, start=<span class="number">1</span>))       <span class="comment"># 小标从 1 开始</span></span><br><span class="line">[(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'Spring'</span>), (<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="string">'Summer'</span>), (<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="string">'Fall'</span>), (<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="string">'Winter'</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>seq = [<span class="string">'one'</span>, <span class="string">'two'</span>, <span class="string">'three'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">for</span> i, element <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(seq,<span class="number">1</span>):</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span>    <span class="keyword">print</span> i, element</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">... </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span> one</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span> two</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span> three</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h2 id="eval"><a href="#eval" class="headerlink" title="eval"></a>eval</h2><p>eval (expression, globals=None, locals=None)  ，将字符串 str 当成有效的表达式来求值并返回计算结果</p>
-<p>example: </p>
+<p><strong>eval</strong></p>
+<p>eval (expression, globals=None, locals=None)  ，将字符串 str 当成有效的表达式来求值并返回计算结果</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a=<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">g=&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>:<span class="number">20</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">eval(<span class="string">"a+1"</span>,g)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 21</span></span><br><span class="line">print(eval(<span class="number">1</span>+<span class="number">3</span>*<span class="number">2</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 7</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">message = <span class="string">"&#123;'testhost': &#123;'status': 'disabled', 'ip': '192.168.1.1'&#125;&#125;"</span> </span><br><span class="line">print(eval(message))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将字符串类型解析成字典</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>安全性是eval最大的缺点，假设用户恶意输入，比如：</p>
+<p>安全性是 eval 最大的缺点，假设用户恶意输入，比如：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">__import__(<span class="string">'os'</span>).system(<span class="string">'dir'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>那么 <code>eval()</code> 之后，会发现当前文件夹文件都会展示到用户面前，如何避免这种情况？</p>
 <ul>
@@ -510,15 +489,15 @@ <h2 id="eval"><a href="#eval" class="headerlink" title="eval"></a>eval</h2><p>ev
 <li>使用 ast.literal_eval：<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/ast.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOCUMENT</a> </li>
 <li>其它：<a href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/496746-restricted-safe-/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Restricted “safe” eval(Python recipe)</a> </li>
 </ul>
-<h2 id="exec"><a href="#exec" class="headerlink" title="exec"></a>exec</h2><p>执行储存在字符串或文件中的 Python 语句，相比于 eval()，exec() 可以执行更复杂的 Python 代码，但是 exec() 没有返回值</p>
-<h2 id="zip"><a href="#zip" class="headerlink" title="zip"></a>zip</h2><ul>
-<li>将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表</li>
-<li>若各个迭代器的元素个数不一致，则返回列表长度与最短的对象相同，利用 <code>*</code> 操作符可以将元组解压为列表</li>
-</ul>
+<p><strong>zip</strong></p>
+<p>zip() 将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表。若各个迭代器的元素个数不一致，则返回列表长度与最短的对象相同，利用 <code>*</code> 操作符可以将元组解压为列表。</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = [<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = [<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">6</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>c = [<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">6</span>,<span class="number">7</span>,<span class="number">8</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>zipped = zip(a,b)     <span class="comment"># 打包为元组的列表</span></span><br><span class="line">[(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">4</span>), (<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">5</span>), (<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">6</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>zip(a,c)              <span class="comment"># 元素个数与最短的列表一致</span></span><br><span class="line">[(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">4</span>), (<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">5</span>), (<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">6</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>zip(*zipped)          <span class="comment"># 与 zip 相反，*zipped 可理解为解压，返回二维矩阵式</span></span><br><span class="line">[(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>), (<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>)]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
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+        <h1 id="什么是模块"><a href="#什么是模块" class="headerlink" title="什么是模块"></a>什么是模块</h1><p>在计算机程序的开发过程中，随着程序代码越写越多，在一个文件里代码就会越来越长，越来越不容易维护。为了编写可维护的代码，我们把很多函数分组，分别放到不同的文件里，这样，每个文件包含的代码就相对较少，很多编程语言都采用这种组织代码的方式。在 Python 中，常规情况下一个模块就是一个包含了 Python 定义和声明的文件，文件名就是模块名字加上 <code>.py</code> 的后缀。</p>
+<p>但事实上 <code>import</code> 加载的模块分为四个通用类别：　</p>
+<p>1、使用 Python 编写的代码（<code>.py</code> 文件）。<br>2、已被编译为共享库或 DLL 的 C 或 C++ 扩展。<br>3、包好一组模块的包。<br>4、使用C编写并链接到 Python 解释器的内置模块。</p>
+<h1 id="为什么要使用模块"><a href="#为什么要使用模块" class="headerlink" title="为什么要使用模块"></a>为什么要使用模块</h1><p>如果你退出 Python 解释器然后重新进入，之前定义的函数或者变量都将丢失，因此我们通常将程序写到文件中以便永久保存下来，需要时就通过 <code>python test.py</code> 方式去执行，此时 <code>test.py</code> 被称为脚本(script)。</p>
+<p>随着程序的开发和补充，功能越来越多，为了方便管理，我们通常将程序分成一个个的文件，这样做可以使程序的结构更清晰，方便管理。这时我们不仅仅可以把这些文件当做脚本去执行，还可以把他们当做模块来导入到其他的模块中，实现了功能的重复利用。我们在编写程序的时候，也经常引用其他模块，包括 Python 内置的模块和来自第三方的模块。</p>
+<p>使用模块还可以避免函数名和变量名冲突。相同名字的函数和变量完全可以分别存在不同的模块中，因此，我们自己在编写模块时，不必考虑名字会与其他模块冲突。但是也要注意，尽量不要与内置函数名字冲突。</p>
+<h1 id="如何使用模块"><a href="#如何使用模块" class="headerlink" title="如何使用模块"></a>如何使用模块</h1><p>示例文件：文件名 <code>hello.py</code>，模块名 <code>hello</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'from the hello.py'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">money = <span class="number">1000</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read1</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money'</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read2</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'hello-&gt;read2 calling read1'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    read1()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">change</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">global</span> money</span><br><span class="line">    money = <span class="number">0</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="import"><a href="#import" class="headerlink" title="import"></a>import</h2><p>模块可以包含可执行的语句和函数的定义，这些语句的目的是初始化模块，它们只在模块名第一次遇到导入 <code>import</code> 语句时才执行。</p>
+<p><code>import</code> 语句是可以在程序中的任意位置使用的，且针对同一个模块能 <code>import</code> 多次，为了防止重复导入，Python 的优化手段是：第一次导入之后就将模块名加载到内存，后续的 <code>import</code> 语句仅是对已经加载到内存中的模块对象增加了一次引用，不会重新执行模块内的语句，如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 只在第一次导入时才执行 hello.py 内的代码，此处的显式效果是只打印一次 'from the hello.py'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 当然其他的顶级代码也都被执行了，只不过没有显示效果。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>我们可以从 <code>sys.modules</code> 中找到当前已经加载的模块，<code>sys.modules</code> 是一个字典，内部包含模块名与模块对象的映射，该字典决定了导入模块时是否需要重新导入。</p>
+<p>每个模块都是一个独立的名称空间，定义在这个模块中的函数，把这个模块的名称空间当作全局名称空间，这样我们在编写自己的模块时，就不用担心我们定义在自己模块中全局变量会在被导入时，与使用者的全局变量冲突。</p>
+<p>测试一，<code>money</code> 与 <code>hello.money</code> 不冲突：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">money = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">print(hello.money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>测试二，<code>read1</code> 与 <code>hello.read1</code> 不冲突：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read1</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'========'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">hello.read1()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>测试三，执行 <code>hello.change()</code> 操作的全局变量 <code>money</code> 仍然是 <code>hello.py</code> 中的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">money = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">hello.change()</span><br><span class="line">print(money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>总结：</strong></p>
+<p>首次导入模块 <code>hello</code> 时会做三件事：</p>
+<p>1、为源文件 <code>hello.py</code> 创建新的名称空间，在 <code>hello</code> 中定义的函数和方法若是使用到了 global 时访问的就是这个命名空间。</p>
+<p>2、在新创建的命名空间中执行模块中包含的代码。</p>
+<p>3、创建名字 <code>hello</code> 来引用该命名空间。</p>
+<h2 id="import-…-as-…"><a href="#import-…-as-…" class="headerlink" title="import … as …"></a>import … as …</h2><p>使用 <code>as</code> 可以为模块起别名。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello <span class="keyword">as</span> hlo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(hlo.money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>为已经导入的模块起别名的方式对编写可扩展的代码很有用，假设有两个模块 <code>xmlreader.py</code> 和 <code>csvreader.py</code>，它们都定义了函数 <code>read_data(filename)</code> 用来从文件中读取一些数据，但采用不同的输入格式。可以编写代码来选择性地挑选读取模块，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> file_format == <span class="string">'xml'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">import</span> xmlreader <span class="keyword">as</span> reader</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">elif</span> file_format == <span class="string">'csv'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">import</span> csvreader <span class="keyword">as</span> reader</span><br><span class="line">data = reader.read_data(filename)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在一行导入多个模块也是可行的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> sys, os, re</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>但从维护性上考虑，不建议使用这种导入方法。</p>
+<h2 id="from-…-import-…"><a href="#from-…-import-…" class="headerlink" title="from … import …"></a>from … import …</h2><p>对比 <code>import hello</code>，会将源文件的名称空间 <code>hello</code> ‘带到当前名称空间中，使用时必须是 <code>hello.</code> 名字的方式。而 from 语句相当于 import，也会创建新的名称空间，但是将 <code>hello</code> 中的名字直接导入到当前的名称空间中，在当前名称空间中直接使用名字就可以了。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> hello <span class="keyword">import</span> read1,read2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这样在当前位置直接使用 <code>read1</code> 和 <code>read2</code> 就好了，执行时仍然以 <code>hello.py</code> 文件作为全局名称空间。</p>
+<p>测试一，导入的函数 <code>read1</code>，执行时仍然回到 <code>hello.py</code> 中寻找全局变量 <code>money</code> ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> hello <span class="keyword">import</span> read1</span><br><span class="line">money=<span class="number">1000</span></span><br><span class="line">read1()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>测试二，导入的函数 <code>read2</code>，执行时需要调用 <code>read1()</code>，仍然回到 <code>hello.py</code> 中找 <code>read1()</code>：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> hello <span class="keyword">import</span> read2</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read1</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'=========='</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">read2()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">hello-&gt;read2 calling read1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
+<p>如果当前有重名 <code>read1</code> 或者 <code>read2</code>，那么会有覆盖效果。</p>
+<p>测试三，导入的函数 <code>read1</code>，被当前位置定义的 <code>read1</code> 覆盖掉了。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># test.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> hello <span class="keyword">import</span> read1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read1</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'=========='</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">read1()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">==========</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>需要特别强调的一点是：Python 中的变量赋值不是一种存储操作，而只是一种绑定关系，如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> hello <span class="keyword">import</span> money, read1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">money = <span class="number">100</span>  <span class="comment"># 将当前位置的名字 money 绑定到了100</span></span><br><span class="line">print(money)  <span class="comment"># 打印当前的名字</span></span><br><span class="line">read1()  <span class="comment"># 读取 hello.py 中的名字 money,仍然为1000</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">100</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>支持 <code>as</code> </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> hello <span class="keyword">import</span> read1 <span class="keyword">as</span> read</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>也支持导入多行</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> hello <span class="keyword">import</span> (money,</span><br><span class="line">                   read1,</span><br><span class="line">                   read2)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="from-…-import"><a href="#from-…-import" class="headerlink" title="from … import *"></a>from … import *</h2><p><code>from hello import *</code> 会把 <code>hello</code> 中所有的不是以下划线(<code>_</code>)开头的名字都导入到当前位置，大部分情况下我们的 Python 程序不应该使用这种导入方式，因为 <code>*</code> 不知道你想要导入什么名字，很有可能会覆盖掉之前已经定义的名字。而且可读性极其差，不过，在交互式编译器中为了节省打字可以这么用。</p>
+<p>可以使用 <code>__all__</code> 来控制 <code>*</code>（多用来发布新版本）。在 <code>hello.py</code> 中新增一行：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">__all__ = [<span class="string">'money'</span>, <span class="string">'read1'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这样在另外一个文件中用 <code>from hello import *</code> 就只能导入列表中规定的两个名字。</p>
+<p>考虑到性能的原因，每个模块只被导入一次，放入字典 <code>sys.modules</code> 中，如果改变了模块的内容就必须重启程序，Python 不支持重新加载或卸载之前导入的模块。</p>
+<p>你可能会想到直接从 <code>sys.modules</code> 中删除一个模块不就可以卸载了吗？请注意，当删除了 <code>sys.modules</code> 中的模块对象，仍然可能被其他程序的组件所引用，因而不会被清除。</p>
+<p>特别是对于我们引用了这个模块中的一个类，用这个类产生了很多对象，因而这些对象都有关于这个模块的引用。如果只是交互测试一个模块，使用 <code>importlib.reload()</code>， 比如 <code>import importlib; importlib.reload(modulename)</code>，这只能用于测试环境。</p>
+<h1 id="把模块当做脚本执行"><a href="#把模块当做脚本执行" class="headerlink" title="把模块当做脚本执行"></a>把模块当做脚本执行</h1><p>我们可以通过模块的全局变量 <code>__name__</code>来查看模块名：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>当做脚本运行时，<code>__name__</code> 等于 <code>&#39;__main__&#39;</code>。</li>
+<li>当做模块导入时，<code>__name__</code> 等于 模块名。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>作用：用来控制 <code>.py</code> 文件在不同的应用场景下执行不同的逻辑：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fib</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    pre, curr = <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> curr &lt; n:</span><br><span class="line">        print(curr, end=<span class="string">' '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        pre, curr = curr, pre + curr</span><br><span class="line">    print()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">"__main__"</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    print(__name__)</span><br><span class="line">    num = input(<span class="string">'num :'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    fib(int(num))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:</code> 的意思是：当 <code>.py</code> 文件被直接运行时，<code>if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;</code> 之下的代码块将被运行；当 <code>.py</code> 文件以模块形式被导入时，<code>if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;</code> 之下的代码块不被运行。</p>
+<h1 id="模块搜索路径"><a href="#模块搜索路径" class="headerlink" title="模块搜索路径"></a>模块搜索路径</h1><p>Python 解释器在启动时会自动加载一些模块，可以使用 <code>sys.modules</code>查看。在第一次导入某个模块时（比如 <code>hello</code>），会先检查该模块是否已经被加载到内存中（当前执行文件的名称空间对应的内存），如果有则直接引用。如果没有，解释器则会查找同名的内建模块，如果还没有找到就从 <code>sys.path</code> 给出的目录列表中依次寻找 <code>hello.py</code> 文件。</p>
+<p>所以总结模块的查找顺序是：内存中已经加载的模块 =&gt; 内置模块 =&gt; <code>sys.path</code> 路径中包含的模块。</p>
+<p>需要特别注意的是：<strong>自定义的模块名不应该与系统内置模块重名</strong>。</p>
+<p><code>sys.path</code> 变量是一个字符串列表，用于确定解释器的模块搜索路径。该变量被初始化为从环境变量 <strong>PYTHONPATH</strong> 获取的默认路径，或者如果 <strong>PYTHONPATH</strong> 未设置，则从内置默认路径初始化。在初始化后，Python 程序可以修改 <code>sys.path</code>，路径放到前面的优先于标准库被加载。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> sys</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>sys.path.append(<span class="string">'/a/b/c/d'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>sys.path.insert(<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="string">'/x/y/z'</span>) <span class="comment">#排在前的目录，优先被搜索</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>搜索时按照 <code>sys.path</code> 中从左到右的顺序查找，位于前的优先被查找，<code>sys.path</code> 中还可能包含 <code>.zip</code> 归档文件和 <code>.egg</code> 文件，Python 会把 <code>.zip</code> 归档文件当成一个目录去处理。</p>
+<p>至于 <code>.egg</code> 文件是由 setuptools 创建的包，这是按照第三方 Pthon 和扩展时使用的一种常见格式，<code>·egg</code> 文件实际上只是添加了额外元数据(如版本号，依赖项等)的 <code>.zip</code> 文件。</p>
+<p>需要强调的一点是：只能从 <code>.zip</code> 文件中导入 <code>.py</code>，<code>.pyc</code> 等文件。使用 C 编写的共享库和扩展块无法直接从 <code>.zip</code> 文件中加载（此时 setuptools 等打包系统有时能提供一种规避方法），且从 <code>.zip</code> 中加载文件不会创建 <code>.pyc</code> 或者 <code>.pyo</code> 文件，因此一定要事先创建他们，来避免加载模块时性能下降。</p>
+<h1 id="编译-Python-文件"><a href="#编译-Python-文件" class="headerlink" title="编译 Python 文件"></a>编译 Python 文件</h1><p>为了加速模块载入(提高的是加载速度而程序非运行速度)，Python 在  <code>__pycache__</code> 目录里缓存了每个模块的编译后版本，名称为 <code>module.version.pyc</code> ，通常会包含 Python 的版本号。例如，在CPython3.7 版本下，<code>hello.py</code> 模块会被缓存成 <code>__pycache__/hello.cpython-37.pyc</code>。这种命名规范保证了编译后的结果多版本共存。</p>
+<p>Python检查源文件的修改时间与编译的版本进行对比，如果过期就需要重新编译。这是完全自动的过程。此外，编译的模块与平台无关，所以相同的库可以在不同的架构的系统之间共享，即 <code>pyc</code> 是一种跨平台的字节码，类似于 JAVA 、.NET，是由 Python 虚拟机来执行的，但是 pyc 的内容跟 Python 的版本相关，不同的版本编译后的 pyc 文件不同，2.5 编译的 pyc 文件不能到 3.5 上执行，并且 pyc 文件是可以反编译的，因而它的出现仅仅是用来提升模块的加载速度的。</p>
+<p>Python 在两种情况下不会检查缓存。首先，对于从命令行直接载入的模块，它从来都是重新编译并且不存储编译结果；其次，如果源文件不存在，那么缓存的结果也不会被使用，它不会检查缓存。为了支持无源文件（仅编译）发行版本， 编译模块必须是在源目录下，并且绝对不能有源模块。</p>
+<p>给专业人士的一些小建议：</p>
+<p>1、模块名区分大小写，<code>foo.py</code> 与 <code>FOO.py</code> 代表的是两个模块。</p>
+<p>2、你可以使用 <code>-O</code> 或者 <code>-OO</code> 转换 Python 命令来减少编译模块的大小。<code>-O</code> 开关去除(assert)断言语句，<code>-OO</code> 开关同时去除(assert)断言语句和 <code>__doc__</code> 字符串。由于一些程序可能依赖于assert语句或文档字符串，你应该在在确认需要的情况下使用这些选项。</p>
+<p>3、一个从 <code>.pyc</code> 文件读出的程序并不会比它从 <code>.py</code> 读出时运行的更快，<code>.pyc</code> 文件唯一快的地方在于载入速度。</p>
+<p>4、只有使用 <code>import</code> 语句时才将文件自动编译为 <code>.pyc</code> 文件，在命令行或标准输入中指定运行脚本则不会生成这类文件，因而我们可以使用 <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/compileall.html#module-compileall" target="_blank" rel="noopener">compieall</a> 模块为一个目录中的所有模块创建 <code>.pyc</code> 文件。</p>
+<h1 id="标准模块"><a href="#标准模块" class="headerlink" title="标准模块"></a>标准模块</h1><p>python提供了一个标准模块库，一些模块被内置到解释器中，这些提供了不属于语言核心部分的操作的访问，但它们是内置的，无论是为了效率还是提供对操作系统原语的访问。这些模块集合是依赖于底层平台的配置项，如winreg模块只能用于windows系统。特别需要注意的是，sys模块内建在每一个python解释器</p>
+<p>Python 附带了一个标准模块库，一些模块内置于解释器中，它们提供对不属于语言核心但仍然内置的操作的访问，以提高效率或提供对系统调用等操作系统原语的访问。这些模块的集合是一个配置选项，它也取决于底层平台。例如 <code>winreg</code> 模块只在 Windows 操作系统上提供。一个特别值得注意的模块 <code>sys</code> 它被内嵌到每一个 Python 解释器中。变量 <code>sys.ps1</code> 和 <code>sys.ps2</code> 定义用作主要和辅助提示的字符串：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> sys</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>sys.ps1</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'&gt;&gt;&gt; '</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>sys.ps2</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'... '</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>sys.ps1 = <span class="string">'C&gt; '</span></span><br><span class="line">C&gt; print(<span class="string">'Yuck!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Yuck!</span><br><span class="line">C&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这两个变量只有在编译器是交互模式下才被定义。</p>
+<h1 id="dir-函数"><a href="#dir-函数" class="headerlink" title="dir() 函数"></a>dir() 函数</h1><p>内置函数 <code>dir()</code> 用于查找模块定义的名称。 它返回一个排序过的字符串列表：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(dir(hello))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'change', 'money', 'read1', 'read2']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果没有参数 <code>dir()</code> 会列出你当前定义的名称：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> hello</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">a = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br><span class="line">print(dir())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from the hello.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'a', 'hello']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意：它列出所有类型的名称：变量，模块，函数，等等。</p>
+<p><code>dir()</code> 不会列出内置函数和变量的名称。如果你想要这些，它们的定义是在标准模块 builtins 中:</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> builtins</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dir(builtins)  </span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'ArithmeticError'</span>, <span class="string">'AssertionError'</span>, <span class="string">'AttributeError'</span>, <span class="string">'BaseException'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'BlockingIOError'</span>, <span class="string">'BrokenPipeError'</span>, <span class="string">'BufferError'</span>, <span class="string">'BytesWarning'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'ChildProcessError'</span>, <span class="string">'ConnectionAbortedError'</span>, <span class="string">'ConnectionError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'ConnectionRefusedError'</span>, <span class="string">'ConnectionResetError'</span>, <span class="string">'DeprecationWarning'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'EOFError'</span>, <span class="string">'Ellipsis'</span>, <span class="string">'EnvironmentError'</span>, <span class="string">'Exception'</span>, <span class="string">'False'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'FileExistsError'</span>, <span class="string">'FileNotFoundError'</span>, <span class="string">'FloatingPointError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'FutureWarning'</span>, <span class="string">'GeneratorExit'</span>, <span class="string">'IOError'</span>, <span class="string">'ImportError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'ImportWarning'</span>, <span class="string">'IndentationError'</span>, <span class="string">'IndexError'</span>, <span class="string">'InterruptedError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'IsADirectoryError'</span>, <span class="string">'KeyError'</span>, <span class="string">'KeyboardInterrupt'</span>, <span class="string">'LookupError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'MemoryError'</span>, <span class="string">'NameError'</span>, <span class="string">'None'</span>, <span class="string">'NotADirectoryError'</span>, <span class="string">'NotImplemented'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'NotImplementedError'</span>, <span class="string">'OSError'</span>, <span class="string">'OverflowError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'PendingDeprecationWarning'</span>, <span class="string">'PermissionError'</span>, <span class="string">'ProcessLookupError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'ReferenceError'</span>, <span class="string">'ResourceWarning'</span>, <span class="string">'RuntimeError'</span>, <span class="string">'RuntimeWarning'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'StopIteration'</span>, <span class="string">'SyntaxError'</span>, <span class="string">'SyntaxWarning'</span>, <span class="string">'SystemError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'SystemExit'</span>, <span class="string">'TabError'</span>, <span class="string">'TimeoutError'</span>, <span class="string">'True'</span>, <span class="string">'TypeError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'UnboundLocalError'</span>, <span class="string">'UnicodeDecodeError'</span>, <span class="string">'UnicodeEncodeError'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'UnicodeError'</span>, <span class="string">'UnicodeTranslateError'</span>, <span class="string">'UnicodeWarning'</span>, <span class="string">'UserWarning'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'ValueError'</span>, <span class="string">'Warning'</span>, <span class="string">'ZeroDivisionError'</span>, <span class="string">'_'</span>, <span class="string">'__build_class__'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'__debug__'</span>, <span class="string">'__doc__'</span>, <span class="string">'__import__'</span>, <span class="string">'__name__'</span>, <span class="string">'__package__'</span>, <span class="string">'abs'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'all'</span>, <span class="string">'any'</span>, <span class="string">'ascii'</span>, <span class="string">'bin'</span>, <span class="string">'bool'</span>, <span class="string">'bytearray'</span>, <span class="string">'bytes'</span>, <span class="string">'callable'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'chr'</span>, <span class="string">'classmethod'</span>, <span class="string">'compile'</span>, <span class="string">'complex'</span>, <span class="string">'copyright'</span>, <span class="string">'credits'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'delattr'</span>, <span class="string">'dict'</span>, <span class="string">'dir'</span>, <span class="string">'divmod'</span>, <span class="string">'enumerate'</span>, <span class="string">'eval'</span>, <span class="string">'exec'</span>, <span class="string">'exit'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'filter'</span>, <span class="string">'float'</span>, <span class="string">'format'</span>, <span class="string">'frozenset'</span>, <span class="string">'getattr'</span>, <span class="string">'globals'</span>, <span class="string">'hasattr'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'hash'</span>, <span class="string">'help'</span>, <span class="string">'hex'</span>, <span class="string">'id'</span>, <span class="string">'input'</span>, <span class="string">'int'</span>, <span class="string">'isinstance'</span>, <span class="string">'issubclass'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'iter'</span>, <span class="string">'len'</span>, <span class="string">'license'</span>, <span class="string">'list'</span>, <span class="string">'locals'</span>, <span class="string">'map'</span>, <span class="string">'max'</span>, <span class="string">'memoryview'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'min'</span>, <span class="string">'next'</span>, <span class="string">'object'</span>, <span class="string">'oct'</span>, <span class="string">'open'</span>, <span class="string">'ord'</span>, <span class="string">'pow'</span>, <span class="string">'print'</span>, <span class="string">'property'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'quit'</span>, <span class="string">'range'</span>, <span class="string">'repr'</span>, <span class="string">'reversed'</span>, <span class="string">'round'</span>, <span class="string">'set'</span>, <span class="string">'setattr'</span>, <span class="string">'slice'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'sorted'</span>, <span class="string">'staticmethod'</span>, <span class="string">'str'</span>, <span class="string">'sum'</span>, <span class="string">'super'</span>, <span class="string">'tuple'</span>, <span class="string">'type'</span>, <span class="string">'vars'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'zip'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>官方链接：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path</a></li>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是模块"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是模块</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#为什么要使用模块"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">为什么要使用模块</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#如何使用模块"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">如何使用模块</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#import"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">import</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#import-…-as-…"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">import … as …</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#from-…-import-…"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">from … import …</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#from-…-import"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">from … import *</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#把模块当做脚本执行"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">把模块当做脚本执行</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#模块搜索路径"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">模块搜索路径</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#编译-Python-文件"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">编译 Python 文件</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#标准模块"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">标准模块</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#dir-函数"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">dir() 函数</span></a></li></ol></div>
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diff --git "a/2019/03/18/154107-Python\347\232\204\345\214\205\345\217\212\345\205\266\345\257\274\345\205\245/index.html" "b/2019/03/18/154107-Python\347\232\204\345\214\205\345\217\212\345\205\266\345\257\274\345\205\245/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f81bdb8
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/2019/03/18/154107-Python\347\232\204\345\214\205\345\217\212\345\205\266\345\257\274\345\205\245/index.html"
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+        <h1 id="包"><a href="#包" class="headerlink" title="包"></a>包</h1><p>包是一种通过用 <code>.模块名</code> 来构造 Python 模块命名空间的方法。 例如，模块名 <code>A.B</code> 表示 <code>A</code> 包中名为 <code>B</code> 的子模块。正如模块的使用使得不同模块的作者不必担心彼此的全局变量名称一样，包 A 和包 B 下有同名模块也不会冲突，如 <code>A.a</code> 与 <code>B.a</code> 来自两个命名空间。</p>
+<h1 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意事项"></a>注意事项</h1><p>1、包是目录级的，目录是用来组成 <code>py</code> 文件的。<strong>包的本质就是一个包含 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件的目录</strong>。</p>
+<p>2、无论是 <code>import</code> 形式还是 <code>from...import</code> 形式，凡是在导入语句中（而不是在使用时），都必须遵循一个原则：凡是在导入时带点的，点的左边都必须是一个包，否则是错误的。可以带有一连串的点，如 <code>item.subitem.subsubitem</code>，但都必须遵循<strong>点的左边都必须是一个包</strong>个原则。对于导入后，在使用时就没有这种限制了，点的左边可以是包，模块，函数，类等，它们都可以用点的方式调用自己的属性。</p>
+<p>3、使用 <code>import</code> 导入文件时，产生的命名空间中的名字来源于文件；使用 <code>import</code> 导入包时，产生的命名空间的名字同样来源于文件，并且来源与对应的包下的 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件。</p>
+<p>4、<strong>导入包本质就是在导入包下的 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件</strong>。在 Python3 中，即使包下没有 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件，使用 <code>import</code> 导入包仍然不会报错，而在 Python2 中，包下一定要有该文件，否则 <code>import</code> 导入包会报错。</p>
+<p>5、创建包的目的不是为了直接去运行，而是用来被其他程序导入使用。包只是模块的一种组织形式而已，包即模块。</p>
+<p>6、对比 <code>import item</code> 和 <code>from item import name</code> 的应用场景，如果我们想直接使用 <code>name</code> 那必须使用后者。</p>
+<h1 id="创建一个简单的包环境"><a href="#创建一个简单的包环境" class="headerlink" title="创建一个简单的包环境"></a>创建一个简单的包环境</h1><p>文件结构：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">|-- glance/                        <span class="comment"># Top-level package</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |-- __init__.py                <span class="comment"># Initialize the glance package</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |</span><br><span class="line">|   |-- api                        <span class="comment"># Subpackage for api</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |   |-- __init__.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |   |-- policy.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |   `-- versions.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |</span><br><span class="line">|   |-- cmd                        <span class="comment"># Subpackage for cmd</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |   |-- __init__.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |   `-- manage.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |</span><br><span class="line">|   `-- db                         <span class="comment"># Subpackage for db</span></span><br><span class="line">|       |-- __init__.py</span><br><span class="line">|       `-- models.py</span><br><span class="line">|</span><br><span class="line">`-- test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>我用的是 Linux 环境，因此写了 shell 脚本 <code>mkWorkDir.sh</code> 来自动生成环境：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">mkdir -pv glance/&#123;api,cmd,db&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">touch glance/__init__.py </span><br><span class="line">touch glance/&#123;api,cmd,db&#125;/__init__.py</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;| glance/api/policy.py &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># policy.py</span></span><br><span class="line">def get():</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'from policy.py'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;| glance/api/versions.py &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># versions.py</span></span><br><span class="line">def create_resource(conf):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'from versions.py: '</span>, conf)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;| glance/cmd/manage.py &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># manage.py</span></span><br><span class="line">def main():</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'from manage.py'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;| glance/db/models.py &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># models.py</span></span><br><span class="line">def register_models(engine):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'from models.py: '</span>, engine)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果是 Windows 则使用如下代码创建目录，最后根据上述脚本中的文件内容粘贴进去。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> os</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">os.makedirs(<span class="string">'glance/api'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">os.makedirs(<span class="string">'glance/cmd'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">os.makedirs(<span class="string">'glance/db'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">l = []</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/__init__.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/api/__init__.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/api/policy.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/api/versions.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/cmd/__init__.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/cmd/manage.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/db/__init__.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">l.append(open(<span class="string">'glance/db/models.py'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">map(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> f: f.close(), l)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="包的导入"><a href="#包的导入" class="headerlink" title="包的导入"></a>包的导入</h1><p>我们在与包 <code>glance</code> 同级别的文件 <code>test.py</code> 中测试。包的用户可以从包中导入单个模块，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> glance.db.models</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这会加载子模块 <code>glance.db.models</code> 。但引用它时必须使用它的全名。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">glance.db.models.register_models(<span class="string">'mysql'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>导入子模块的另一种方法是：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> glance.db <span class="keyword">import</span> models</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这也会加载子模块 <code>models</code> ，并使其在没有包前缀的情况下可用，因此可以按如下方式使用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">models.register_models(<span class="string">'oracle'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>另一种形式是直接导入所需的函数或变量：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> glance.db.models <span class="keyword">import</span> register_models</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>同样，这也会加载子模块 <code>models</code>，但这会使其函数 <code>register_models()</code> 直接可用:</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">register_models(<span class="string">'oracle'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当使用 <code>from package import item</code> 时，<code>item</code> 可以是包的子模块（或子包），也可以是包中定义的其他名称，如函数，类或变量。。 <code>import</code> 语句首先测试是否在包中定义了 <code>item</code>；如果没有，<code>import</code> 语句假定它是一个模块并尝试加载它。如果找不到它，则引发 <code>ImportError</code> 异常。要注意 <code>from a import b.c</code> 的形式是错误的语法</p>
+<p>相反，当使用 <code>import item.subitem.subsubitem</code> 这样的语法时，除了最后一项之外的每一项都必须是一个包；最后一项可以是模块或包，但不能是前一项中定义的类或函数或变量。比如 <code>import urllib.request.urlopen</code> 中最后一项 <code>urlopen</code> 就它前一项 <code>request</code> 中定义的函数，这种导入就是错误的。 </p>
+<p>对于每个目录下的 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件，不管是哪种导入方式，只要是第一次导入包或者是包的任何其他部分，都会依次执行包下的 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件。这个文件可以为空，但是也可以存放一些初始化包的代码、作者、包版本等信息。</p>
+<h1 id="单独导入包"><a href="#单独导入包" class="headerlink" title="单独导入包"></a>单独导入包</h1><p>单独导入包名称时不会导入包中所有包含的所有子模块，如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> glance</span><br><span class="line">glance.cmd.manage.main()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">AttributeError: module 'glance' has no attribute 'cmd'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>解决方法是在每一个包的 <code>__init__.py</code> 中导入子包或子模块：</p>
+<p>在顶级包 <code>glance</code> 中的 <code>__init__.py</code> 中导入子包 <code>cmd</code>。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># glance/__init__.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> . <span class="keyword">import</span> cmd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在子包 <code>cmd</code> 中的 <code>__init__.py</code> 中导入模块 <code>manage</code>。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># glance/cmd/__init__.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> . <span class="keyword">import</span> manage</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>外部程序的执行结果：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> glance</span><br><span class="line">glance.cmd.manage.main()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from manage.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再比如我们平常所说的内置模块 <code>urllib</code> 和 <code>json</code>，找到实际的存放路径后发现，实际上这两个模块就是包，但是在导入上有差异。json 的导入：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> json</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Jerry'</span>, <span class="string">'sex'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(json.dumps(data, indent=<span class="number">4</span>))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    "name": "Jerry",</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    "sex": "male"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>urllib 的导入：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> urllib</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com'</span></span><br><span class="line">res = urllib.request.urlopen(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(res)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Traceback (most recent call last):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  File "/Python3/test.py", line 20, in &lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    res = urllib.request.urlopen(url)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">AttributeError: module 'urllib' has no attribute 'request'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这是因为在 json 目录下的 <code>__init__.py</code> 中定义了 <code>dump()</code> 、<code>dumps()</code>、<code>load()</code>、<code>loads()</code> 等方法，导入 json 包就会自动导入 <code>__init__.py</code> ，所以可以直接使用 <code>json.dumps()</code> 方法。</p>
+<p>而在 urllib 目录下的 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件内容为空，什么都没有定义。虽然可以正常导入包，但是这样的包直接导入后没有任何属性。所以这种情况的包，不应该直接导入，而是导入包中的模块来使用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> urllib.request</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">res = urllib.request.urlopen(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(res)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>或导入包中模块里定义的函数：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib.request <span class="keyword">import</span> urlopen</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">res = urlopen(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(res)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="从包中导入"><a href="#从包中导入" class="headerlink" title="从包中导入 *"></a>从包中导入 *</h1><p>当用户写 <code>from glance.api import *</code> 会发生什么？理想情况下，人们希望这会以某种方式传递给文件系统，找到包中存在哪些子模块，并将它们全部导入。这可能需要很长时间，导入子模块可能会产生不必要的副作用，这种副作用只有在显式导入子模块时才会发生。</p>
+<p>唯一的解决方案是让包作者提供一个包的显式索引。<code>import</code> 语句使用下面的规范：</p>
+<p>如果一个包的 <code>__init__.py</code> 代码定义了一个名为 <code>__all__</code> 的列表，它会被视为在遇到 <code>from package import *</code> 时应该导入的模块名列表。在发布该包的新版本时，包作者可以决定是否让此列表保持更新。包作者如果认为从他们的包中导入 <code>*</code> 的操作没有必要被使用，也可以决定不支持此列表。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">glance/</span><br><span class="line">`-- api</span><br><span class="line">    |-- __init__.py</span><br><span class="line">    |-- policy.py</span><br><span class="line">    `-- versions.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>例如文件 <code>glance/api/__init__.py</code> 可以包含以下代码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在 __init__.py 中定义</span></span><br><span class="line">x = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'from api.__init__.py'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">__all__ = [<span class="string">'x'</span>, <span class="string">'func'</span>, <span class="string">'policy'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此时我们在与 <code>glance</code> 同级的文件中执行 <code>from glance.api import *</code> 就导入 <code>__all__</code> 中的内容， 而 <code>versions</code> 不在 <code>__all__</code> 中，因此不能被导入。</p>
+<p>如果没有定义  <code>__all__</code>，那么 <code>from glance.api import *</code> 语句 <strong>不</strong> 会从包 <code>glance.api</code> 中导入所有子模块到当前命名空间；它只确保导入了包 <code>glance.api</code> （可能运行任何在 <code>__init__.py</code> 中的初始化代码），然后导入包中定义的任何名称。</p>
+<p>虽然某些模块被设计为在使用 <code>from ... import *</code> 时只导出遵循某些模式的名称，但在生产代码中它仍然被认为是不好的做法。请记住，使用 <code>from package import specific_submodule</code> 没有任何问题！ 实际上，除非导入的模块需要使用来自不同包的同名子模块，否则这是推荐的写法。</p>
+<h1 id="绝对导入与相对导入"><a href="#绝对导入与相对导入" class="headerlink" title="绝对导入与相对导入"></a>绝对导入与相对导入</h1><p>我们的最顶级包 <code>glance</code> 是写给别人用的，然后在 <code>glance</code> 包内部也会有彼此之间互相导入的需求，这时候就有绝对导入和相对导入两种方式：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>绝对导入：以 <code>glance</code> 作为起始。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>相对导入：用 <code>.</code> 或者 <code>..</code> 的方式最为起始（只能在一个包中使用，不能用于不同目录内）。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">|-- glance/                        <span class="comment"># Top-level package</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |-- __init__.py                <span class="comment"># Initialize the glance package</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |</span><br><span class="line">|   |-- api                        <span class="comment"># Subpackage for api</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |   |-- __init__.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |   |-- policy.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |   `-- versions.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |</span><br><span class="line">|   |-- cmd                        <span class="comment"># Subpackage for cmd</span></span><br><span class="line">|   |   |-- __init__.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |   `-- manage.py</span><br><span class="line">|   |</span><br><span class="line">|   `-- db                         <span class="comment"># Subpackage for db</span></span><br><span class="line">|       |-- __init__.py</span><br><span class="line">|       `-- models.py</span><br><span class="line">|</span><br><span class="line">`-- test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>例如：我们在 <code>glance/api/version.py</code> 中想要导入 <code>glance/cmd/manage.py</code>：</p>
+<p>绝对导入</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> glance.cmd <span class="keyword">import</span> manage</span><br><span class="line">manage.main()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>相对导入</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> ..cmd <span class="keyword">import</span> manage</span><br><span class="line">manage.main()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>然后在 <code>test.py</code> 中测试这两种导入：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> glance.api <span class="keyword">import</span> versions</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">versions.manage.main()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>注意</strong>：可以用 <code>import</code> 导入内置或者第三方模块（已经在 <code>sys.path</code> 中），但是要绝对避免使用 <code>import ...</code> 的方式来导入自定义包的子模块（没有在 <code>sys.path</code> 中），而应该使用 <code>from ... import ...</code> 的绝对或者相对导入，且包的相对导入只能用 <code>from</code> 的形式。</p>
+<p>比如我们想在 <code>glance/api/versions.py</code> 中导入 <code>glance/api/policy.py</code>，有可能你看到这两个模块是在同一个目录下，就直接这么来处理：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在 version.py 中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> policy</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">policy.get()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>没错，我们单独运行 <code>version.py</code> 是一点问题没有的，运行 <code>version.py</code> 的路径搜索就是从当前路径开始的，于是在导入 <code>policy</code> 时能在当前目录下找到。</p>
+<p>但是，子包中的模块 <code>version.py</code> 极有可能是被一个 <code>glance</code> 包同一级别的其他程序导入，比如在和 <code>glance</code> 同级下的一个 <code>test.py</code> 文件中导入 <code>version.py</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> glance.api <span class="keyword">import</span> versions</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Traceback (most recent call last):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  File "/Python3/test.py", line 12, in &lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    from glance.api import versions</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  File "/Python3/glance/api/versions.py", line 8, in &lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    import policy</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'policy'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这是因为，此时我们在 <code>test.py</code> 中导入 <code>versions</code>， 在 <code>versions.py</code> 中执行 <code>import policy</code> 需要找从 <code>sys.path</code> 也就是从当前目录（<code>test.py</code> 所在的目录）下找 <code>policy.py</code>，明显是无法找到的。</p>
+<p>所以，在 <code>glance/api/versions.py</code> 中应该将 <code>import policy</code> 改为 <code>from glance.api import policy</code> 或 <code>from . import policy</code>。</p>
+<p>两种导入方式的特点：</p>
+<p>使用绝对路径导入，不管在包内部还是外部导入了就能使用，好处是非常直观。缺点是但是一旦包的位置或目录结构发生了变化，就无法按照原有的路径正常导入，必须跟着路径一并发生修改，维护起来非常麻烦。</p>
+<p>使用相对路径导入，可以随意移动包，只要能找到包的位置，就可以使用包里的模块，并且包里的子包也可以正常使用其它兄弟包的子模块的内容。缺点是使用了相对路径后就不能在包内直接执行子模块了。因为相对导入是基于当前模块的名称 <code>__name__</code> 进行导入的：直接执行 <code>.py</code> 文件时 <code>__name__ == __main__</code>，而在外部程序导入子包（或模块）的时候， <code>__name__</code> 是包（或模块）所在的目录。</p>
+<p>例如直接执行子包里的 <code>versions.py</code> 时 <code>__name__ == __main__</code>，此时的 <code>import</code> 就无法从 <code>__main_</code> 中正常导入：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># versions.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">create_resource</span><span class="params">(conf)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'from versions.py: '</span>, conf)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在 version.py 中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'__name__ = '</span>, __name__)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> . <span class="keyword">import</span> policy</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">policy.get()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">__name__ =  __main__</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Traceback (most recent call last):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  File "/Python3/glance/api/versions.py", line 10, in &lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    from . import policy</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">ImportError: cannot import name 'policy' from '__main__' (/Python3/glance/api/versions.py)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>执行和 <code>glance</code> 同级下的一个 <code>test.py</code> 文件时，子模块中的 <code>.</code> 指的就是从该模块的 <code>__name__</code> 所在的目录导入，<code>glance.api.versions</code> 所在的目录就是 <code>glance.api</code>，因此导入 <code>policy</code> 正常：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> glance.api <span class="keyword">import</span> versions</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">versions.policy.get()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">__name__ =  glance.api.versions</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from policy.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from policy.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2019/03/19/130127-Python\347\232\204\345\274\202\345\270\270\345\244\204\347\220\206/01Error_01.png" "b/2019/03/19/130127-Python\347\232\204\345\274\202\345\270\270\345\244\204\347\220\206/01Error_01.png"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25329de6
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diff --git "a/2019/03/19/130127-Python\347\232\204\345\274\202\345\270\270\345\244\204\347\220\206/index.html" "b/2019/03/19/130127-Python\347\232\204\345\274\202\345\270\270\345\244\204\347\220\206/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dda958a
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+        <h1 id="错误和异常"><a href="#错误和异常" class="headerlink" title="错误和异常"></a>错误和异常</h1><h2 id="错误"><a href="#错误" class="headerlink" title="错误"></a>错误</h2><p>错误分为两种，一种是代码的语法错误，这类错误会被 Python 解释器的语法检测识别到，必须在程序执行前就进行修正。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 语法错误一</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">test</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 语法错误二</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    print(hello  <span class="comment"># 语法错误三</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>另一种属于程序的逻辑上的错误。比如数据类型的转换：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 比如输入为空，或者输入的不是数字</span></span><br><span class="line">num = input(<span class="string">"请输入一个数字&gt;&gt;: "</span>)</span><br><span class="line">int(num)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">请输入一个数字&gt;&gt;: f</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Traceback (most recent call last):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  File "/Python3/practice/test.py", line 6, in &lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    int(num)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'f'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>或是数学运算：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>res1 = <span class="number">1</span> / <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">ZeroDivisionError: division by zero</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>res1 = <span class="number">1</span> + <span class="string">'str'</span></span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) <span class="keyword">for</span> +: <span class="string">'int'</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="string">'str'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="异常"><a href="#异常" class="headerlink" title="异常"></a>异常</h2><p>异常指的就是就是程序运行时发生错误的信号，在 Python 中错误触发的异常如下：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/19/130127-Python的异常处理/01Error_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>在 Python 中不同的异常可以用不同的类型（Python 中统一了类与类型，类型即类）去标识，不同的类对象标识不同的异常，一个异常标识一种错误。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>l=[<span class="string">'egon'</span>,<span class="string">'aa'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>l[<span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">IndexError: list index out of range</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>:<span class="string">'egon'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic[<span class="string">'age'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">KeyError: <span class="string">'age'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>int(s)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">ValueError: invalid literal <span class="keyword">for</span> int() <span class="keyword">with</span> base <span class="number">10</span>: <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>常用的异常如下：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>AttributeError：试图访问一个对象没有的属性，比如 <code>foo.x</code>，但是 <code>foo</code> 没有属性 <code>x</code></li>
+<li>IOError：输入/输出异常；基本上是无法打开文件</li>
+<li>ImportError：无法引入模块或包；基本上是路径问题或名称错误</li>
+<li>IndentationError：语法错误（的子类）；代码没有正确对齐</li>
+<li>IndexError：下标索引超出序列边界，比如当 <code>x</code> 只有三个元素，却试图访问 <code>x[5]</code></li>
+<li>KeyError：试图访问字典里不存在的键</li>
+<li>KeyboardInterrupt：<code>Ctrl+C</code> 被按下</li>
+<li>NameError：使用一个还未被赋予对象的变量</li>
+<li>SyntaxError：Python 代码语法错误，代码不能编译</li>
+<li>TypeError：传入对象类型与要求的不符合</li>
+<li>UnboundLocalError：试图访问一个还未被设置的局部变量，基本上是由于另有一个同名的全局变量，导致编写者以为正在访问它</li>
+<li>ValueError：传入一个调用者不期望的值，即使值的类型是正确的</li>
+</ul>
+<h1 id="异常处理"><a href="#异常处理" class="headerlink" title="异常处理"></a>异常处理</h1><p>异常发生之后，异常之后的代码就不执行了。</p>
+<p>Python 解释器检测到错误，触发异常（也允许程序员自己触发异常）。程序员编写特定的代码，专门用来捕捉这个异常（这段代码与程序逻辑无关，与异常处理有关），如果捕捉成功则进入另外一个处理分支，执行为其定制的逻辑，使程序不会崩溃，这就是异常处理。异常处理机制可以增强程序的健壮性与容错性。</p>
+<h2 id="try-…-except"><a href="#try-…-except" class="headerlink" title="try … except"></a>try … except</h2><p>Python 为每一种异常定制了一个类型，然后提供了一种特定的语法结构用来进行异常处理。一个基本的异常处理语法如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">     被检测的代码块</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> 异常类型：</span><br><span class="line">     <span class="keyword">try</span>中一旦检测到异常，就执行这个位置的逻辑</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>异常类型只能用来处理指定的异常情况，如果遇到了非指定异常则无法处理：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 未捕获到异常，程序直接报错</span></span><br><span class="line">s1 = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    int(s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> IndexError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Traceback (most recent call last):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  File "/Python3/practice/test.py", line 7, in &lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    int(s1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用异常处理的多分支可以针对不同的异常，进行不同的处理：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s1 = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    int(s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> IndexError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> KeyError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> ValueError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 Python 的异常中，<code>Exception</code> 可以捕获任意异常。但这意味着在处理所有异常时都使用同一个逻辑去处理，这里说的逻辑即当前 <code>expect</code> 下面跟的代码块：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s1 = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    int(s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> Exception <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="finally"><a href="#finally" class="headerlink" title="finally"></a>finally</h2><p>如果存在 <code>finally</code>，它将进行清理工作。无论异常与否，<code>try</code> 子句会被执行，包括任何 <code>except</code> 和 <code>else</code> 子句。 </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s1 = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    int(s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> IndexError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> KeyError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> ValueError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'try内代码块没有异常则执行我'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">finally</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果在这些子句中发生任何未处理的异常，该异常会被临时保存。 <code>finally</code> 子句将被执行。 如果存在被保存的异常，它会在 <code>finally</code> 子句的末尾被重新抛出异常。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">s1 = <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    int(s1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> IndexError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'try内代码块没有异常则执行我'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">finally</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Traceback (most recent call last):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  File "/Python3/practice/test.py", line 6, in &lt;module&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    int(s1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果 <code>finally</code> 子句执行了 <code>return</code> 或 <code>break</code> 语句，被保存的异常会被丢弃:</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="number">1</span> / <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">finally</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">42</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(func())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">42</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 <code>finally</code> 子句执行期间，程序不能获取异常信息。当 <code>return</code>， <code>break</code> 或 <code>continue</code> 语句在一个 <code>try...finally</code> 语句的 <code>try</code> 子句体中被执行时，<code>finally</code> 子句也会 “在离开时” 被执行。函数的返回值是由最后被执行的 <code>return</code> 语句所决定的。 由于 <code>finally</code> 子句总是被执行，因此在 <code>finally</code> 子句中被执行的 <code>return</code> 语句总是最后被执行的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">3</span> + <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">finally</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'finally'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(func())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">finally</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="raise"><a href="#raise" class="headerlink" title="raise"></a>raise</h2><p>使用 raise 语句将会主动触发异常：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">raise</span> TypeError(<span class="string">'类型错误'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> Exception <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">    print(e)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="自定义异常"><a href="#自定义异常" class="headerlink" title="自定义异常"></a>自定义异常</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">myException</span><span class="params">(BaseException)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, msg)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.msg = msg</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__str__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.msg</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    x = <span class="number">3</span> + <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">raise</span> myException(<span class="string">'类型错误'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> myException <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">    print(e)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">执行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">类型错误</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="什么时候用异常处理"><a href="#什么时候用异常处理" class="headerlink" title="什么时候用异常处理"></a>什么时候用异常处理</h1><p>在编写 Python 程序时，<code>try...except</code> 应该尽量少用，因为它本身就是附加给程序的一种异常处理的逻辑，与代码主要工作是没有关系的。并且还会导致代码可读性变差。只有在有些异常无法预知的情况下，才应该加上 <code>try...except</code>，其他的逻辑错误应该尽量修正。</p>
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#错误和异常"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">错误和异常</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#错误"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">错误</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#异常"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">异常</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#异常处理"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">异常处理</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#try-…-except"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">try … except</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#finally"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">finally</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#raise"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">raise</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#自定义异常"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">自定义异常</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么时候用异常处理"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么时候用异常处理</span></a></li></ol></div>
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diff --git "a/2019/03/19/150131-Python\347\232\204re\346\250\241\345\235\227\344\270\216\346\255\243\345\210\231\350\241\250\350\276\276\345\274\217/index.html" "b/2019/03/19/150131-Python\347\232\204re\346\250\241\345\235\227\344\270\216\346\255\243\345\210\231\350\241\250\350\276\276\345\274\217/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bf274a9
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/2019/03/19/150131-Python\347\232\204re\346\250\241\345\235\227\344\270\216\346\255\243\345\210\231\350\241\250\350\276\276\345\274\217/index.html"
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+  <meta name="description" content="正则表达式即 regular expression ，描述了一种字符串匹配的模式（pattern），可以用来检查一个字符串是否含有某种子串，也可以将匹配的子串替换，还可以从某个字符串中取出符合某个条件的子串等。 模式和被搜索的字符串既可以是 Unicode 字符串 (str) ，也可以是 8 位字节串 (bytes)。 但是 Unicode 字符串与 8 位字节串不能混用：也就是说，你不能用一个字">
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+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python的re模块与正则表达式
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+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-19 15:01:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-19T15:01:31+08:00">2019-03-19</time>
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+        <p>正则表达式即 regular expression ，描述了一种字符串匹配的模式（pattern），可以用来检查一个字符串是否含有某种子串，也可以将匹配的子串替换，还可以从某个字符串中取出符合某个条件的子串等。</p>
+<p>模式和被搜索的字符串既可以是 Unicode 字符串 (str) ，也可以是 8 位字节串 (bytes)。 但是 Unicode 字符串与 8 位字节串不能混用：也就是说，你不能用一个字节串模式去匹配 Unicode 字符串，反之亦然；类似地，当进行替换操作时，替换字符串的类型也必须与所用的模式和搜索字符串的类型一致。</p>
+<p>正则表达式并不是 Python 语言独有的，在其他语言也很广泛地使用到正则表达式。Python 自 1.5 版本起增加了re 模块，它提供 Perl 风格的正则表达式模式。</p>
+<h1 id="正则表达式语法"><a href="#正则表达式语法" class="headerlink" title="正则表达式语法"></a>正则表达式语法</h1><h2 id="普通字符"><a href="#普通字符" class="headerlink" title="普通字符"></a>普通字符</h2><p>普通字符，即所有大写和小写字母、所有数字、所有标点符号和一些其他符号。</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>表达式</th>
+<th>待匹配字符</th>
+<th>匹配结果</th>
+<th>说明</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[0123456789]</code></td>
+<td>8</td>
+<td>True</td>
+<td>在一个字符组里枚举合法的所有字符，字符组里的任意一个字符和”待匹配字符”相同都视为可以匹配</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[0123456789]</code></td>
+<td>a</td>
+<td>False</td>
+<td>由于字符组中没有 <code>a</code> 字符，所以不能匹配</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[0-9]</code></td>
+<td>7</td>
+<td>True</td>
+<td>也可以用 <code>-</code> 表示范围，<code>[0-9]</code> 就等同于 <code>[0123456789]</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[a-z]</code></td>
+<td>s</td>
+<td>True</td>
+<td>同样的如果要匹配小写字母，直接用 <code>[a-z]</code> 就可以表示</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[A-Z]</code></td>
+<td>A</td>
+<td>True</td>
+<td><code>[A-Z]</code> 就表示匹配大写字母</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[0-9a-fA-F]</code></td>
+<td>e</td>
+<td>True</td>
+<td>可以匹配数字，大小写形式的 <code>a～f</code>，用来验证十六进制字符</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="元字符"><a href="#元字符" class="headerlink" title="元字符"></a>元字符</h2><table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>元字符</th>
+<th>匹配内容</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.</code></td>
+<td>匹配除换行符以外的任意单个字符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\w</code></td>
+<td>匹配 字母 或 数字 或 下划线</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\s</code></td>
+<td>匹配任意的空白符，包括空格和制表符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\d</code></td>
+<td>匹配一个数字</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\n</code></td>
+<td>匹配一个换行符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\t</code></td>
+<td>匹配一个制表符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\bhello</code></td>
+<td>匹配以 hello 为词首</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>hello\b</code></td>
+<td>匹配以 hello 为词尾</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\bhello\\b</code></td>
+<td>精确匹配一个单词 hello</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>^</code></td>
+<td>锚定开始</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>$</code></td>
+<td>锚定结尾</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\W</code></td>
+<td>匹配非 字母 或 数字 或 下划线</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\D</code></td>
+<td>匹配一个非数字的字符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\S</code></td>
+<td>匹配一个非空白符的字符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>()</code></td>
+<td>匹配括号内的表达式，也表示一个组</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[...]</code></td>
+<td>匹配字符组中的字符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>[^...]</code></td>
+<td>匹配除了字符组中字符的所有字符</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a|b   匹配 a 或 b</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="量词"><a href="#量词" class="headerlink" title="量词"></a>量词</h2><table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>量词</th>
+<th>用法说明</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>*</td>
+<td>其前面的字符出现任意次</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>+</td>
+<td>其前面的字符出现一次或多次</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>？</td>
+<td>其前面的字符出现一次或零次</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>{n}</td>
+<td>其前面的字符出现 n 次</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>{n,}</td>
+<td>其前面的字符至少出现 n 次</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>{n,m}</td>
+<td>其前面的字符至少出现 n 次，最多出现 m 次</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="分组及其捕获和后向引用"><a href="#分组及其捕获和后向引用" class="headerlink" title="分组及其捕获和后向引用"></a>分组及其捕获和后向引用</h2><p><strong>(…)</strong> </p>
+<p>除了简单地判断是否匹配之外，正则表达式还有利用分组来提取子字符串的强大功能。用 <code>()</code> 表示的就是要提取的分组（Group）。匹配完成后，组合的内容可以被获取，并可以在之后用 <code>\number</code> 转义序列进行后向引用再次匹配。要匹配字符 <code>(</code> 或者 <code>)</code>, 用 <code>\(</code> 或 <code>\)</code>，或者把它们包含在字符集合里： <code>[(]</code>， <code>[)]</code>。</p>
+<p>如果正则表达式中定义了组，就可以在 <code>match</code> 对象 或 <code>search</code> 对象上用 <code>group()</code> 或 <code>groups()</code> 方法提取出子字符串来。<code>group(1)</code>、<code>group(2)</code>……表示第1、2、……个个组匹配到的子字符串。  例如 <code>^(\d{3})-(\d{3,8})$</code> 分别定义了两个组，可以直接从匹配的字符串中提取出区号和本地号码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r'^(\d&#123;3&#125;)-(\d&#123;3,8&#125;)$'</span>, <span class="string">'010-12345'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m  <span class="comment"># 返回一个匹配对象</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">9</span>), match=<span class="string">'010-12345'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group()   <span class="comment"># 返回整个正则表达式匹配到的内容</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'010-12345'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">1</span>)  <span class="comment"># 返回被第一个分组匹配到的内容</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'010'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">2</span>)  <span class="comment"># 返回被第二个分组匹配到的内容</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'12345'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()  <span class="comment"># 返回所有分组匹配到的内容</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'010'</span>, <span class="string">'12345'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>但是需要注意如果没有定义组 <code>group(0)</code> （等价于 <code>group()</code>）返回的将永远是正则匹配到的所有内容，而不会有子字符串。<code>group(1)</code>、<code>group(2)</code>……表示第1、2、……个个组匹配到的子字符串串。  </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r'^\d&#123;3&#125;-\d&#123;3&#125;'</span>, <span class="string">'010-12345'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m</span><br><span class="line">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">7</span>), match=<span class="string">'010-123'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'010-123'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>(?:…)</strong></p>
+<p>这将禁止正则捕获分组。它匹配在括号内的任何正则表达式，但该分组所匹配的子字符串 不能 在执行匹配后被获取或是之后在模式中被引用。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.findall(<span class="string">'www.(baidu|google).com'</span>, <span class="string">'www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'baidu'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这是因为findall会优先把匹配结果组里内容返回,如果想要匹配结果，使用 (?:) 取消优先权即可</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.findall(<span class="string">'www.(?:baidu|google).com'</span>, <span class="string">'www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'www.baidu.com'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>(?P\&lt;name>…)</strong></p>
+<p>（命名组合）类似正则组合，但是匹配到的子字符串组在外部是通过定义的 name 来获取的。组合名必须是有效的 Python 标识符，并且每个组合名只能用一个正则表达式定义，只能定义一次。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'&lt;body&gt;something&lt;/body&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m =  re.search(<span class="string">r'(?P&lt;tag_start&gt;.*?&gt;).*?(?P&lt;tag_end&gt;/.*?&gt;)'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'&lt;body&gt;something&lt;/body&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'&lt;body&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'/body&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'&lt;body&gt;'</span>, <span class="string">'/body&gt;'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="string">'tag_start'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'&lt;body&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="string">'tag_end'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'/body&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>命名组合可以在三种上下文中引用。如果样式是 <code>(?P&lt;quote&gt;[&#39;&quot;]).*?(?P=quote)</code> （也就是说，匹配单引号或者双引号括起来的字符串)：</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>引用组合 “quote” 的上下文</th>
+<th>引用方法</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>在正则式自身内</td>
+<td><code>(?P=quote)</code> 或 <code>\1</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>处理匹配对象 m</td>
+<td><code>m.group(&#39;quote&#39;)</code> 或 <code>m.end(&#39;quote&#39;)</code> 等</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>传递到 <code>re.sub()</code> 里的 <code>repl</code> 参数中</td>
+<td><code>\g&lt;quote&gt;</code> 或  <code>\g&lt;1&gt;</code>  或 <code>\1</code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><strong>(?P=name)</strong></p>
+<p>后向引用一个命名组合；它匹配和前面那个叫 name 的命名组中匹配到的字符串一模一样的字符串。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;百度一下，你就知道&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.search(<span class="string">r'&lt;(?P&lt;tag_start&gt;title)&gt;(?P&lt;content&gt;.*?)&lt;/(?P=tag_start)&gt;'</span>, s)   </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group() </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'&lt;title&gt;百度一下，你就知道&lt;/title&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'title'</span>, <span class="string">'百度一下，你就知道'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'title'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="string">'tag_start'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'title'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'百度一下，你就知道'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="string">'content'</span>)  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'百度一下，你就知道'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">IndexError: no such group</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="转义符"><a href="#转义符" class="headerlink" title="转义符 \"></a>转义符 \</h2><p>正则表达式使用反斜杠（<code>\</code>）来表示特殊形式，或者把特殊字符转义成普通字符。 而反斜杠在普通的 Python 字符串里也有相同的作用，所以就产生了冲突。比如说，要匹配一个字面上的反斜 杠<code>\</code>，正则表达式模式不得不写成 <code>\\\\</code>，因为正则表达式里匹配一个反斜杠必须是 <code>\\</code> ，而每个反斜杠在普通的 Python 字符串里都要写成 <code>\\</code> 。</p>
+<p>这样就太麻烦了，比较人性化的解决办法是对于正则表达式样式使用 Python 的原始字符串表示法；在带有 <code>r</code> 前缀的字符串字面值中，反斜杠就不必做任何特殊处理。也就是说这种方法会让字符串中的 <code>\</code> 失去转义功能，仅仅代表 <code>\</code> 这个字符。 因此 <code>r&quot;\n&quot;</code> 表示包含 <code>\</code> 和 <code>n</code> 两个字符的字符串，而 <code>&quot;\n&quot;</code> 则表示只包含一个换行符的字符串。 </p>
+<h2 id="贪婪匹配"><a href="#贪婪匹配" class="headerlink" title="贪婪匹配"></a>贪婪匹配</h2><p>在满足匹配时，匹配尽可能长的字符串，这种匹配模式就是贪婪匹配。当在量词之后加一个问号 <code>?</code>，则尽可能少的匹配，这就是懒惰匹配。在 Python 中默认情况下，采用是贪婪匹配。</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>正则</th>
+<th>待匹配字符</th>
+<th>匹配 结果</th>
+<th>说明</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&lt;.*&gt;</code></td>
+<td><code>&lt;script&gt;...&lt;script&gt;</code></td>
+<td><code>&lt;script&gt;...&lt;script&gt;</code></td>
+<td>默认为贪婪匹配模式，会匹配尽量长的字符串</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&lt;.*?&gt;</code></td>
+<td><code>&lt;script&gt;...&lt;script&gt;</code></td>
+<td><code>&lt;script&gt;</code>  <code>&lt;script&gt;</code></td>
+<td>加上<code>?</code> 则将贪婪匹配模式转为非贪婪匹配模式，会匹配尽量短的字符串</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>几个常用的非贪婪匹配 Pattern</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">*? 重复任意次，但尽可能少重复</span><br><span class="line">+? 重复1次或更多次，但尽可能少重复</span><br><span class="line">?? 重复0次或1次，但尽可能少重复</span><br><span class="line">&#123;n,m&#125;? 重复n到m次，但尽可能少重复</span><br><span class="line">&#123;n,&#125;? 重复n次以上，但尽可能少重复</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对于正则表达式 <code>.*?</code> ，其中 <code>.</code> 是任意字符，<code>*</code> 是取任意长度，<code>?</code> 是非贪婪模式。合在一起就是匹配尽量少的任意字符，一般不会这么单独写。比如 <code>.*?x</code> 就是取前面任意长度的字符，直到一个字符 <code>x</code> 出现。</p>
+<h1 id="模块内容"><a href="#模块内容" class="headerlink" title="模块内容"></a>模块内容</h1><p>re 模块定义了几个函数，有些函数是编译后的正则表达式方法的简化版本（少了一些特性）。绝大部分重要的应用，当我们在使用正则表达式时，re 模块内部会做两件事情：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>编译正则表达式，如果正则表达式的字符串本身不合法，会报错；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>用编译后的正则表达式去匹配字符串</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>在 Python 的交互式解释器中先导入 re 模块，然后输入 <code>re._all__</code> 命令，即可看到该模块所包含的全部属性和函数。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.__all__</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'match'</span>, <span class="string">'fullmatch'</span>, <span class="string">'search'</span>, <span class="string">'sub'</span>, <span class="string">'subn'</span>, <span class="string">'split'</span>, <span class="string">'findall'</span>, <span class="string">'finditer'</span>, <span class="string">'compile'</span>, <span class="string">'purge'</span>, <span class="string">'template'</span>, <span class="string">'escape'</span>, <span class="string">'error'</span>, <span class="string">'A'</span>, <span class="string">'I'</span>, <span class="string">'L'</span>, <span class="string">'M'</span>, <span class="string">'S'</span>, <span class="string">'X'</span>, <span class="string">'U'</span>, <span class="string">'ASCII'</span>, <span class="string">'IGNORECASE'</span>, <span class="string">'LOCALE'</span>, <span class="string">'MULTILINE'</span>, <span class="string">'DOTALL'</span>, <span class="string">'VERBOSE'</span>, <span class="string">'UNICODE'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="compile"><a href="#compile" class="headerlink" title="compile"></a>compile</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.compile(pattern, flags=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>将正则表达式的样式 pattern 编译为一个 正则表达式对象 （正则对象），通过这个对象的 <code>match()</code> ， <code>search()</code> 等方法来用于匹配。</p>
+<p>这个表达式的行为可以通过 flags 指定 <strong>标记</strong> 的值来改变。具体的请参照本文最后 <strong>正则标志位 flags</strong> 相关内容。</p>
+<p>对于如下正则</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'Hello World'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">pattern1 = re.compile(<span class="string">'hello'</span>, flags=re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line">result1 = pattern1.findall(s)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['hello']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其实等价于：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'Hello World'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">result2 = re.findall(<span class="string">'hello'</span>, s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['hello']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果一个正则表达式要重复使用几千次，使用 <code>re.compile()</code> 方法预编译保存这个正则对象以便复用，接下来重复使用时就不需要编译这个步骤了，直接匹配，可以让程序更加高效。</p>
+<p><strong>注意:</strong> 通过 <code>re.compile()</code> 编译后的样式，和模块级的函数会被缓存， 所以少数的正则表达式使用无需考虑编译的问题。</p>
+<h2 id="findall"><a href="#findall" class="headerlink" title="findall"></a>findall</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.findall(pattern, string, flags=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 string 中从左到右进行扫描，找到 pattern 所匹配到的所有子字符串，并按照找到的顺序返回一个列表，如果没有找到匹配的就返回一个空列表。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.findall(<span class="string">'abc[0-9]+'</span>, <span class="string">'123abc223abc323abcde'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">r2 = re.findall(<span class="string">'abc'</span>, <span class="string">'bcd'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">r3 = re.findall(<span class="string">'.*?c'</span>, <span class="string">'abc1234abcccc'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line">print(r2)</span><br><span class="line">print(r3)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['abc223', 'abc323']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">[]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['abc', '1234abc', 'c', 'c', 'c']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>注意：</strong> 如果 pattern 中有分组，findall 会优先把分组匹配到的内容返回，如果想要整个正则的匹配结果，则使用 <code>(?:)</code> 取消优先权即可。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.findall(<span class="string">'www.(baidu|google).com'</span>, <span class="string">'www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'baidu'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.findall(<span class="string">'www.(?:baidu|google).com'</span>, <span class="string">'www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'www.baidu.com'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="finditer"><a href="#finditer" class="headerlink" title="finditer"></a>finditer</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.finditer(pattern, string, flags=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>和 findall 类似，在字符串中找到正则表达式所匹配的所有子字符串，并把匹配到的内容保存到一个迭代器后返回。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'Hello World\nOne world, one dream.'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.finditer(<span class="string">'world'</span>, s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> r1:</span><br><span class="line">    print(i.group())</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;callable_iterator object at 0x7f7ddd3dc2b0&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">World</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">world</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对于匹配到的内容特别多的情况，这种方法可以节省内存空间。</p>
+<h2 id="search"><a href="#search" class="headerlink" title="search"></a>search</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.search(pattern, string, flags=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>扫描整个 string 寻找第一个被 pattern 匹配的位置后不再匹配， 并返回一个相应的匹配对象。如果没有匹配，就返回 None。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 <code>(abc)?</code> 去匹配字符串 <code>123</code> 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'Hello World\nOne world, one dream.'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.search(<span class="string">'world'</span>, s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line">print(r1.group())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(6, 11), match='World'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">world</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="match"><a href="#match" class="headerlink" title="match"></a>match</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.match(pattern, string, flags=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从字符串 string 的起始位置进行匹配，<strong>匹配到第一个则不再匹配</strong> 并返回一个对象，如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话，就返回 None 。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 <code>(abc)?</code> 去匹配字符串 <code>123</code> 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'Hello World\nOne world, one dream.'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.match(<span class="string">'world'</span>, s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line">r2 = re.match(<span class="string">'hello.*dream'</span>, s, flags=re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line">print(r2)</span><br><span class="line">print(r2.group())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 32), match='Hello World\nOne world, one dream'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Hello World</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">One world, one dream</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="split"><a href="#split" class="headerlink" title="split"></a>split</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.split(pattern, string[, maxsplit=<span class="number">0</span>, flags=<span class="number">0</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>用 pattern 分开 string 。如果 maxsplit 非零， 最多进行 maxsplit 次分隔， 剩下的字符全部返回到列表的最后一个元素。默认情况下 maxsplit 值为 0 ，即不限制分割次数。对于一个没有被 pattern 匹配的字符串而言，split 不会对其作出分割。</p>
+<p>如果在 pattern 中没有出现括号 <code>()</code>（捕获组合），那么只会返回被 pattern 分隔的结果，不会保留 pattern 所匹配到的内容：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'one1two2three3four4five5'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.split(<span class="string">r'\d+'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'one'</span>, <span class="string">'two'</span>, <span class="string">'three'</span>, <span class="string">'four'</span>, <span class="string">'five'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果在 pattern 中有括号 <code>()</code> （捕获组合），那么所有的组合里的文字也会包含在列表里，对于结尾的地方也是一样：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.split(<span class="string">r'(\d+)'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'one'</span>, <span class="string">'1'</span>, <span class="string">'two'</span>, <span class="string">'2'</span>, <span class="string">'three'</span>, <span class="string">'3'</span>, <span class="string">'four'</span>, <span class="string">'4'</span>, <span class="string">'five'</span>, <span class="string">'5'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这样的话，分隔组中的文字将会出现在结果列表中同样的位置。</p>
+<h2 id="sub"><a href="#sub" class="headerlink" title="sub"></a>sub</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.sub(pattern, repl, string, count=<span class="number">0</span>, flags=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 string 中使用 pattern 进行匹配，将所有被匹配到的内容使用 repl 将其替换掉，并将替换掉的字符串返回。如果整个 string 没有被 pattern 匹配到，则不加改变的返回 string 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'def myfunc():'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.sub(<span class="string">r'def\s+[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_]*\s*\(\s*\)'</span>, <span class="string">r'I replaced your func'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'I replaced your func:'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其中 repl 参数可以是字符串，也可以是函数。如果是字符串，则其中任何反斜杠转义序列都会被处理。 也就是说，<code>\n</code> 会被转换为一个换行符，<code>\r</code> 会被转换为一个回车符，依此类推。 未知的 ASCII 字符转义序列保留在未来使用，会被当作错误来处理。 其他未知转义序列例如 <code>\&amp;</code> 会保持原样。 向后引用像是 <code>\6</code> 会使用 pattern 中第 6 组所匹配到的子字符串来替换。</p>
+<p>在字符串类型的 repl 参数里，如上所述的转义和向后引用中，<code>\g&lt;name&gt;</code> 会使用命名组合 <code>name</code>（在 <code>(?P&lt;name&gt;…)</code> 语法中定义）， <code>\g&lt;number&gt;</code> 会使用数字组；<code>\g&lt;2&gt;</code> 就是 <code>\2</code>，但它避免了二义性，如 <code>\g&lt;2&gt;0</code>。 <code>\20</code> 就会被解释为组 20，而不是组 2 后面跟随一个字符 <code>0</code>。后向引用 <code>\g&lt;0&gt;</code> 把 pattern 作为一整个组进行引用。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'hello w012345rld'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.sub(<span class="string">r'(hello w)([0-9]+)(.*)'</span>, <span class="string">r'\1o\3 \2'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'hello world 012345'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.sub(<span class="string">r'(hello w)(?P&lt;number&gt;\d+)(.*)'</span>, <span class="string">r'\1o\3 \g&lt;number&gt;'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'hello world 012345'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可选参数 count 是要替换的最大次数。count 必须是非负整数。如果忽略这个参数，或者设置为0，所有被匹配到的内容都会被替换。空匹配只在不相临连续的情况被更替，所以 <code>sub(&#39;x*&#39;, &#39;-&#39;, &#39;abxd&#39;)</code> 返回 <code>-a-b--d-</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'Hello w00000rld'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.sub(<span class="string">'\d'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, s, <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Hello wo0000rld'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.sub(<span class="string">'\d'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Hello wooooorld'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="subn"><a href="#subn" class="headerlink" title="subn"></a>subn</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">re.subn(pattern, repl, string, count=<span class="number">0</span>, flags=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>用法与 <code>sub()</code> 相同，但是会返回一个元组 (字符串, 替换次数)：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'Hello w00000rld'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.sub(<span class="string">'\d'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Hello wooooorld'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>re.subn(<span class="string">'\d'</span>, <span class="string">'o'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'Hello wooooorld'</span>, <span class="number">5</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="正则表达式对象"><a href="#正则表达式对象" class="headerlink" title="正则表达式对象"></a>正则表达式对象</h1><p>编译后的正则表达式对象支持以下方法和属性：</p>
+<h2 id="search-1"><a href="#search-1" class="headerlink" title="search"></a>search</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.search(string[, pos[, endpos]])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>扫描整个 string 寻找第一个被 pattern 匹配的位置后不再匹配， 并返回一个相应的匹配对象。如果没有匹配，就返回 None。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 <code>(abc)?</code> 去匹配字符串 <code>123</code> 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">"d"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>pattern.search(<span class="string">"dog"</span>)     <span class="comment"># Match at index 0</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;re.Match object; span=(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>), match=<span class="string">'d'</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可选的第二个参数 pos 给出了字符串中开始搜索的位置索引；默认为 0，它不完全等价于字符串切片；</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r = re.compile(<span class="string">'abc'</span>, flags=re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'abc1ABC2aBc3'</span>).group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'abc'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'abc1ABC2aBc3'</span>,<span class="number">2</span>).group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'ABC'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'abc1ABC2aBc3'</span>,<span class="number">5</span>).group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'aBc'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>^</code> 样式字符匹配字符串真正的开头，和换行符后面的第一个字符，但不会匹配索引规定开始的位置。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r = re.compile(<span class="string">'^d'</span>, flags=re.MULTILINE | re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'Tom\nJerry\nDog'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">11</span>), match=<span class="string">'D'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'Tom and Jerry and Dog'</span>, <span class="number">6</span>)  <span class="comment"># 索引为6的字符是 and 中 d 的位置，但 ^ 不会匹配此处开始的字符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'Tom and Jerry and Dog'</span>, <span class="number">6</span>).group()</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">AttributeError: <span class="string">'NoneType'</span> object has no attribute <span class="string">'group'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可选参数 endpos 限定了字符串搜索的结束；它假定字符串长度到 endpos ， 所以只有从 pos 到 endpos  - 1 的字符会被匹配。如果 endpos 小于 pos，就不会有匹配产生；</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r = re.compile(<span class="string">r'\d&#123;3&#125;'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'0123456789'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">3</span>), match=<span class="string">'012'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r.search(<span class="string">'0123456789'</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">8</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">5</span>), match=<span class="string">'234'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>另外，如果 rx 是一个编译后的正则对象， <code>rx.search(string, 0, 50)</code> 等价于 <code>rx.search(string[:50], 0)</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>rx = re.compile(<span class="string">r'\d&#123;3&#125;'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>rx.search(<span class="string">'0123456789'</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">7</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">6</span>), match=<span class="string">'345'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="comment"># 等价于</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>rx.search(<span class="string">'01234567890'</span>[:<span class="number">7</span>], <span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">6</span>), match=<span class="string">'345'</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="match-1"><a href="#match-1" class="headerlink" title="match"></a>match</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.match(string[, pos[, endpos]])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从字符串 string 的起始位置进行匹配，匹配到第一个则不再匹配 并返回一个对象，如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话，就返回 None 。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 <code>(abc)?</code> 去匹配字符串 <code>123</code> 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">"o"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>pattern.match(<span class="string">"dog"</span>)      <span class="comment"># No match as "o" is not at the start of "dog".</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>pattern.match(<span class="string">"dog"</span>, <span class="number">1</span>)   <span class="comment"># Match as "o" is the 2nd character of "dog".</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;re.Match object; span=(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>), match=<span class="string">'o'</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可选参数 pos 和 endpos 与 search() 中的含义相同。</p>
+<h2 id="split-1"><a href="#split-1" class="headerlink" title="split"></a>split</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.split(string, maxsplit=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>等价于 split() 函数，使用了编译后的样式。</p>
+<h2 id="findall-1"><a href="#findall-1" class="headerlink" title="findall"></a>findall</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.findall(string[, pos[, endpos]])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>类似函数 findall() ， 使用了编译后样式，但也可以接收可选参数 pos 和 endpos ，限制搜索范围，就像 search()。</p>
+<h2 id="finditer-1"><a href="#finditer-1" class="headerlink" title="finditer"></a>finditer</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.finditer(string[, pos[, endpos]])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>类似函数 finiter() ， 使用了编译后样式，但也可以接收可选参数 pos 和 endpos ，限制搜索范围，就像 search()。对于匹配到的内容特别多的情况，这种方法可以节省内存空间。</p>
+<h2 id="sub-1"><a href="#sub-1" class="headerlink" title="sub"></a>sub</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.sub(repl, string, count=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>等价于 sub() 函数，使用了编译后的样式。</p>
+<h2 id="subn-1"><a href="#subn-1" class="headerlink" title="subn"></a>subn</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.subn(repl, string, count=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>等价于 subn() 函数，使用了编译后的样式。</p>
+<h2 id="flags"><a href="#flags" class="headerlink" title="flags"></a>flags</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.flags</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>正则匹配标记。这是可以传递给 compile() 的参数，任何 (?…) 内联标记，隐性标记比如 UNICODE 的结合。</p>
+<h2 id="groups"><a href="#groups" class="headerlink" title="groups"></a>groups</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.groups</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>捕获组合的数量。</p>
+<h2 id="pattern"><a href="#pattern" class="headerlink" title="pattern"></a>pattern</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Pattern.pattern</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>编译对象的原始样式字符串。</p>
+<h1 id="匹配对象"><a href="#匹配对象" class="headerlink" title="匹配对象"></a>匹配对象</h1><p>匹配对象总是有一个布尔值 True。如果没有匹配的话 <code>match()</code> 和 <code>search()</code> 返回 None 。所以你可以简单的用 <code>if</code> 语句就能来判断是否匹配：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">match = re.search(pattern, string)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> match:</span><br><span class="line">    process(match)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>下面列举了匹配对象常用的方法和属性。</p>
+<h2 id="group"><a href="#group" class="headerlink" title="group"></a>group</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Match.group([group1, ...])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>返回一个或者多个匹配的子字符串分组。如果只有一个参数，结果就是一个字符串，如果有多个参数，结果就是一个元组（每个参数对应一个项）。当要获得整个匹配的子串时，可直接使用 <code>group()</code> 或 <code>group(0)</code> 。 如果它是 1 到 99 内的一个数字，结果就是相应的括号组字符串。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'Hello world! One world, one dream'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>matched=re.match(<span class="string">r'(\w+) (\w+)'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>matched.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Hello world'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>matched.group(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Hello world'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>matched.group(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'world'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>matched.group(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'Hello'</span>, <span class="string">'world'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果正则表达式使用了 <code>(?P&lt;name&gt;…)</code> 语法， <code>groupN</code> 参数就也可能是命名组合的名字：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r"(?P&lt;first_name&gt;\w+) (?P&lt;last_name&gt;\w+)"</span>, <span class="string">"Malcolm Reynolds"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Malcolm Reynolds'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="string">'first_name'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Malcolm'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="string">'last_name'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Reynolds'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>命名组合同样可以通过索引值引用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Malcolm'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Reynolds'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'Malcolm'</span>, <span class="string">'Reynolds'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果一个组匹配成功多次，就只返回最后一个匹配：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r"(..)+"</span>, <span class="string">"a1b2c3"</span>)  <span class="comment"># Matches 3 times.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">1</span>)                        <span class="comment"># Returns only the last match.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'c3'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">IndexError: no such group</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="getitem"><a href="#getitem" class="headerlink" title="__getitem__"></a>__getitem__</h2><p>这个等价于 <code>m.group(g)</code>。这允许更方便地引用一个匹配：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r"(\w+) (\w+)"</span>, <span class="string">"Isaac Newton, physicist"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m[<span class="number">0</span>]       <span class="comment"># The entire match</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Isaac Newton'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m[<span class="number">1</span>]       <span class="comment"># The first parenthesized subgroup.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Isaac'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m[<span class="number">2</span>]       <span class="comment"># The second parenthesized subgroup.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Newton'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="groups-1"><a href="#groups-1" class="headerlink" title="groups"></a>groups</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Match.groups(default=<span class="keyword">None</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>返回一个元组，包含所有匹配的子字符串分组。 default 参数用于某个分组没有匹配到的情况，默认为 None 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r'(\d+)\.(\d+)'</span>, <span class="string">'3.1415926'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'3.1415926'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'3'</span>, <span class="string">'1415926'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果我们使小数点可选，那么不是所有的组都能匹配到内容。对于这些没有匹配到的分组默认会返回一个 None ，除非指定了 default 参数。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r"(\d+)\.?(\d+)?"</span>, <span class="string">"24"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()              <span class="comment"># Second group defaults to None.</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'24'</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups(default=<span class="string">'0'</span>)   <span class="comment"># Now, the second group defaults to '0'.</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'24'</span>, <span class="string">'0'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="start-和-end"><a href="#start-和-end" class="headerlink" title="start 和 end"></a>start 和 end</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Match.start([group])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>用于获取分组匹配的子串在整个字符串中的起始位置（子串第一个字符的索引），参数默认值为 0；</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Match.end([group])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>用于获取分组匹配的子串在整个字符串中的结束位置（子串最后一个字符的索引+1），参数默认值为 0；</p>
+<p>这两个方法中， group 默认都为 0，意思是针对正则匹配到的整个子字符串取其所在位置。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'01234567_abc_'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.search(<span class="string">r'_[a-z]+_'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.end()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">13</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果正则中使用了分组，没有指定参数就返回分组所匹配到的字符串的开始索引和结束索引标号，指定了参数就返回对应分组匹配到的字符串的开始索引和结束索引标号。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'hello world, one world one dream'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.search(<span class="string">r'(\w+) (world).*?(world).*'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'hello'</span>, <span class="string">'world'</span>, <span class="string">'world'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.end()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">32</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">17</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.end(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.end(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.end(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果正则中使用了分组，但未产生匹配，就返回 -1 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>s = <span class="string">'01234567_abc_'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.match(<span class="string">r'(\d+)_[a-z]+_(\d+)?'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'01234567'</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">-1</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意，如果分组匹配到的是一个空字符串的话 <code>m.start(group)</code> 将会等于 <code>m.end(group)</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.search(<span class="string">'b(c?)'</span>, <span class="string">'cba'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups()   <span class="comment"># 结果说明第一个分组匹配到的是空字符串</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">''</span>,)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group()    <span class="comment"># 结果说明整个正则匹配到的是 b</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'b'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start()    <span class="comment"># 整个字符串中匹配到的内容起始索引</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.end()      <span class="comment"># 整个字符串中匹配到的内容结束索引</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start(<span class="number">1</span>)   <span class="comment"># 第一个分组匹配到的是一个空字符串，在字符串 cba 中 b 跟 a 之间的空字符串，起始和结束索引都为2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个例子会从 email 地址中移除掉 <code>remove_this</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>email = <span class="string">"tony@tiremove_thisger.net"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.search(<span class="string">'remove_this'</span>, email)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'remove_this'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.start()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.end()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>email[:m.start()] + email[m.end():]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'tony@tiger.net'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="span"><a href="#span" class="headerlink" title="span"></a>span</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Match.span([group])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对于一个匹配对象 m ， 返回一个二元组 <code>(m.start(group), m.end(group))</code> 。 注意如果对应的分组没有成功匹配，就返回 (-1, -1) 。group 默认为0，也就是整个匹配。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m = re.search(<span class="string">r'(\d+)\.(\d+)(\w+)([A-Z]+)?'</span>, <span class="string">'3.1415926'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.groups() <span class="comment"># 返回所有分组匹配到的结果</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'3'</span>, <span class="string">'141592'</span>, <span class="string">'6'</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.group()  <span class="comment"># 返回整个正则匹配到的结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'3.1415926'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.span()   <span class="comment"># 整个正则匹配到的字符串的起始结束索引</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">9</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.span(<span class="number">1</span>)  <span class="comment"># 第一个分组匹配到的字符串的起始结束索引</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.span(<span class="number">2</span>)  <span class="comment"># 第二个分组匹配到的字符串的起始结束索引</span></span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">8</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.span(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">9</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>m.span(<span class="number">4</span>)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">-1</span>, <span class="number">-1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="正则标志位-flags"><a href="#正则标志位-flags" class="headerlink" title="正则标志位 flags"></a>正则标志位 flags</h1><p>正则函数中的 flags 是可选标志位，用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式，比如是否区分大小写，是否进行多行匹配等等。标志可以使用两种名字，一种是全名如 <code>IGNORECASE</code>，一种是缩写如 <code>I</code> 。多个标志可以通过按位 OR(|) 它们来指定。如 <code>re.I | re.M</code> 被设置成 <code>I</code> 和 <code>M</code> 标志。</p>
+<p>re.<strong>I</strong><br>re.<strong>IGNORECASE</strong></p>
+<p>进行忽略大小写匹配；表达式如 <code>[A-Z]</code> 也会匹配小写字符。Unicode 匹配（比如 <code>Ü</code> 匹配 <code>ü</code>）同样有用，除非设置了 <code>re.ASCII</code> 标记来禁用非 <code>ASCII</code> 匹配。当前语言区域不会改变这个标记，除非设置了 <code>re.LOCALE</code> 标记。这个相当于内联标记 <code>(?i)</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.findall(<span class="string">'[a-e]+'</span>, <span class="string">'abCDEF'</span>, flags=re.IGNORECASE)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['abCDE']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>re.<strong>L</strong><br>re.<strong>LOCALE</strong></p>
+<p>由当前语言区域决定 <code>\w</code> ， <code>\W</code> ， <code>\b</code>，  <code>\B</code> ， 和大小写敏感匹配。举个例子，如果你正在处理法文文本，想用 <code>w+</code> 来匹配文字，但 <code>w</code> 只匹配字符类 <code>[A-Za-z]</code>，它并不能匹配 <code>é</code> 或 <code>?</code>。如果你的系统配置适当且本地化设置为法语，那么内部的 C 函数将告诉程序 <code>é</code> 也应该被认为是一个字母。当在编译正则表达式时使用 LOCALE 标志会得到用这些 C 函数来处理 <code>w</code> 后的编译对象；这会更慢，但也会像你希望的那样可以用 <code>w+</code> 来匹配法文文本。</p>
+<p>这个标记只能对 byte 样式有效，并且不推荐使用，因为语言区域机制很不可靠，它一次只能处理一个 “习惯”，而且只对 8 位字节有效。Unicode 匹配在 Python 3 里默认启用，并可以处理不同语言。</p>
+<p>这个对应内联标记 <code>(?L)</code> 。</p>
+<p>re.<strong>M</strong><br>re.<strong>MULTILINE</strong></p>
+<p>使用 <code>^</code> 只匹配以某个字符串为开头，而 <code>$</code> 则只匹配以某个字符串为结尾。设置了此标志将会改变 <code>^</code> 和 <code>$</code> 的行为，此时 <code>^</code> 匹配以某个字符串为开头，还匹配每一行的开始（换行符后面紧跟的内容，如果有的话）；并且 <code>$</code> 匹配以某个字符串为结尾，还匹配每一行的结尾（换行符前面的内容，如果有的话）。说地直白点，就是开启多行模式的匹配。对应内联标记 <code>(?m)</code> 。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.findall(<span class="string">'^a\w+$'</span>, <span class="string">'abCDEF\nafda'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">r2 = re.findall(<span class="string">'^a\w+$'</span>, <span class="string">'abCDEF\nafda'</span>, flags=re.MULTILINE)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line">print(r2)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">[]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['abCDEF', 'afda']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>re.<strong>S</strong><br>re.<strong>DOTALL</strong></p>
+<p>默认情况下 <code>.</code> 会匹配除了换行符外的任何单个字符，如果设置了此标志将会使 <code>.</code> 匹配任何一个字符，包括换行符。对应内联标记 <code>(?s)</code> 。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.findall(<span class="string">'^H.*'</span>, <span class="string">'Hello\nWorld'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">r2 = re.findall(<span class="string">'^H.*'</span>, <span class="string">'Hello\nWorld'</span>, flags=re.DOTALL)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line">print(r2)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['Hello']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['Hello\nWorld']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>re.<strong>X</strong><br>re.<strong>VERBOSE</strong></p>
+<p>该标志通过给予你更灵活的格式以便你将正则表达式写得更容易理解。当设置了这个标志后，在 正则表达式 字符串中的空白符被忽略，除非该空白符在字符类中或在反斜杠之后；这可以让你更清晰地组织和缩进 正则表达式。它也可以允许你将注释写入 正则表达式，这些注释会被正则引擎忽略；注释用 <code>#</code>号 来标识，不过该符号不能在字符串或反斜杠之后。对应内联标记 <code>(?x)</code> 。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'123.456 2.0 3 4.5'</span></span><br><span class="line">r1 = re.findall(<span class="string">r'''\d+    # 一个或多个数字</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">                    \.     # 一个小数点</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">                    \d*    # 任意个数的数字'''</span>, s, flags=re.VERBOSE)</span><br><span class="line">r2 = re.findall(<span class="string">'\d+\.\d*'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(r1)</span><br><span class="line">print(r2)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['123.456', '2.0', '4.5']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['123.456', '2.0', '4.5']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>re.<strong>DEBUG</strong></p>
+<p>显示编译时的 debug 信息，没有内联标记。</p>
+<h1 id="正则表达式例子"><a href="#正则表达式例子" class="headerlink" title="正则表达式例子"></a>正则表达式例子</h1><p>给定赋值操作  <code>aline = &#39;&lt;title&gt;Python的正则练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;&#39;</code> ，利用 re 模块取出标记 <code>&lt;title</code> <code>&lt;/title</code> 之间的内容 <code>Python的正则练习-获取tag间的内容</code>。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">astring = <span class="string">'&lt;title&gt;Python的正则练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">m1 = re.search(</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">r'&lt;(?P&lt;tag_start&gt;.*?)&gt;(?P&lt;content&gt;.*?)&lt;/(?P=tag_start)'</span>, astring)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(m1.group(<span class="string">'content'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">m2 = re.search(</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">r'&lt;(.*?)&gt;(.*?)&lt;/\1&gt;'</span>, astring</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(m2.group(<span class="number">2</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在爬虫时 Python 利用正则的分组十分广泛，例如我们要爬取豆瓣网站的 top250 电影信息：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib.request <span class="keyword">import</span> urlopen</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">douban_top250_url = <span class="string">'https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=%s&amp;filter='</span> % <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 第一页的 URL</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url_response = urlopen(douban_top250_url)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 使用 url 模块通过网络将网页获取下来，网络传输的内容为 bytes 类型</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">web_resource = url_response.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(type(web_resource))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将 utf-8 格式的 bytes 类型的内容 再以 utf-8 编码进行解码 decode</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 解码后的内容是 unicode格式，也就是 str 类型， 此时的内容和我们在网页上查看源代码一模一样</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">recomp = re.compile(  <span class="comment"># 预编译正则表达式</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'&lt;div class="item"&gt;.*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'&lt;div class="pic"&gt;.*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'&lt;em class=""&gt;(?P&lt;id&gt;\d+).*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'&lt;span class="title"&gt;(?P&lt;title&gt;.*?)&lt;/span&gt;'</span>, re.DOTALL</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">the_matched = recomp.finditer(web_resource)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> the_matched:</span><br><span class="line">    print(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"ID"</span>: i.group(<span class="string">"id"</span>),</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 此处的id ，即 compile中的 (?P&lt;id&gt;\d+)中匹配到的内容</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># (?P&lt;name&gt;正则表达式)，即可为正则匹配到的内容分组并为组添加名字为 'name'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 如果分组较多的话，使用名称比数字更方便</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"title"</span>: i.group(<span class="string">"title"</span>),</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>爬取的结果：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'2'</span>, <span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="string">'霸王别姬'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'3'</span>, <span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="string">'这个杀手不太冷'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'4'</span>, <span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="string">'阿甘正传'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'5'</span>, <span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="string">'美丽人生'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ... 省略其他内容</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>加强版：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> json</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib.request <span class="keyword">import</span> urlopen</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parsePage</span><span class="params">(s)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    repattern = re.compile(</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'&lt;div class="item"&gt;.*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'&lt;div class="pic"&gt;.*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'&lt;em class=""&gt;(?P&lt;id&gt;\d+).*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'&lt;span class="title"&gt;(?P&lt;title&gt;.*?)&lt;/span&gt;.*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'&lt;span class="rating_num".*?&gt;(?P&lt;rating_num&gt;(\d|\.)+)&lt;/span&gt;.*?'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'&lt;span&gt;(?P&lt;comment_num&gt;\d+)人评价&lt;/span&gt;'</span>, flags=re.DOTALL</span><br><span class="line">    )</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    re_match = repattern.finditer(s)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> re_match:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'id'</span>: i.group(<span class="string">'id'</span>),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'title'</span>: i.group(<span class="string">'title'</span>),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'rating_num'</span>: i.group(<span class="string">'rating_num'</span>),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'comment_num'</span>: i.group(<span class="string">'comment_num'</span>),</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    url = <span class="string">'https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=%s&amp;filter='</span> % n</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 第 n 页的url</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    html_response = urlopen(url)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 使用url模块通过网络将网页获取下来，内容为bytes类型</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    web_resource = html_response.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'douban_movie'</span>, <span class="string">'a'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fwt:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> obj <span class="keyword">in</span> parsePage(web_resource):</span><br><span class="line">            print(obj)</span><br><span class="line">            data = json.dumps(obj, ensure_ascii=<span class="keyword">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            fwt.write(data + <span class="string">'\n'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    count = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">10</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        main(count)</span><br><span class="line">        count += <span class="number">25</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#正则表达式语法"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">正则表达式语法</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#普通字符"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">普通字符</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#元字符"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">元字符</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#量词"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">量词</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#分组及其捕获和后向引用"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">分组及其捕获和后向引用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#转义符"><span class="nav-number">1.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">转义符 \</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#贪婪匹配"><span class="nav-number">1.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">贪婪匹配</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#模块内容"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">模块内容</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#compile"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">compile</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#findall"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">findall</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#finditer"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">finditer</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#search"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">search</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#match"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">match</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#split"><span class="nav-number">2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">split</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#sub"><span class="nav-number">2.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">sub</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#subn"><span class="nav-number">2.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">subn</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#正则表达式对象"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">正则表达式对象</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#search-1"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">search</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#match-1"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">match</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#split-1"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">split</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#findall-1"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">findall</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#finditer-1"><span class="nav-number">3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">finditer</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#sub-1"><span class="nav-number">3.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">sub</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#subn-1"><span class="nav-number">3.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">subn</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#flags"><span class="nav-number">3.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">flags</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#groups"><span class="nav-number">3.9.</span> <span class="nav-text">groups</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#pattern"><span class="nav-number">3.10.</span> <span class="nav-text">pattern</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#匹配对象"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">匹配对象</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#group"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">group</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#getitem"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">__getitem__</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#groups-1"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">groups</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#start-和-end"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">start 和 end</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#span"><span class="nav-number">4.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">span</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#正则标志位-flags"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">正则标志位 flags</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#正则表达式例子"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">正则表达式例子</span></a></li></ol></div>
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+
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+
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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diff --git "a/2019/03/20/154147-Python\347\232\204collections\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html" "b/2019/03/20/154147-Python\347\232\204collections\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dec6a90a
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/2019/03/20/154147-Python\347\232\204collections\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html"
@@ -0,0 +1,1479 @@
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+
+
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+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
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+    root: '/',
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="在内置数据类型（dict、list、set、tuple）的基础上，collections 模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型：Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple 和 OrderedDict 等。 namedtuplenamedtuple 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的 tuple。 我们知道 tuple 可以表示不变集合，例如，一个点的二维坐标就可以表示成： 1">
+<meta name="keywords" content="Python3,Python Modules">
+<meta property="og:type" content="article">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Python的collections模块">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/20/154147-Python的collections模块/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="在内置数据类型（dict、list、set、tuple）的基础上，collections 模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型：Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple 和 OrderedDict 等。 namedtuplenamedtuple 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的 tuple。 我们知道 tuple 可以表示不变集合，例如，一个点的二维坐标就可以表示成： 1">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-07-07T10:30:07.747Z">
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+        <p>在内置数据类型（dict、list、set、tuple）的基础上，collections 模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型：Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple 和 OrderedDict 等。</p>
+<h1 id="namedtuple"><a href="#namedtuple" class="headerlink" title="namedtuple"></a>namedtuple</h1><p>namedtuple 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的 tuple。</p>
+<p>我们知道 tuple 可以表示不变集合，例如，一个点的二维坐标就可以表示成：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>p = (<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>但是，看到 <code>(1, 2)</code>，很难看出这个 tuple 是用来表示一个坐标的。这时 namedtuple 就派上了用场：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> namedtuple</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>Point = namedtuple(<span class="string">'坐标'</span>, [<span class="string">'x'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a = Point(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a.x</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a.y</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>a</span><br><span class="line">坐标(x=<span class="number">1</span>, y=<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>类似的，如果要用坐标和半径表示一个圆，也可以用 namedtuple 定义：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># namedtuple('名称', [属性list]):</span></span><br><span class="line">Circle = namedtuple(<span class="string">'Circle'</span>, [<span class="string">'x'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>还可以表示扑克牌的花色和数值：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> namedtuple</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>Card = namedtuple(<span class="string">'扑克牌'</span>, [<span class="string">'suits'</span>, <span class="string">'number'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>c1 = Card(<span class="string">'红桃'</span>, <span class="string">'2'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>c1</span><br><span class="line">扑克牌(suits=<span class="string">'红桃'</span>, number=<span class="string">'2'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>c1.number</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'2'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>c1.suits</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'红桃'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="deque"><a href="#deque" class="headerlink" title="deque"></a>deque</h1><p>双端队列，可以快速的从另外一侧追加和推出对象。使用 list 存储数据时，按索引访问元素很快，但是插入和删除元素就很慢了，因为 list 是线性存储，数据量大的时候，插入和删除效率很低。</p>
+<p>deque 是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表，适合用于队列和栈：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> deque</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dqls = deque([<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dqls.append(<span class="string">'x'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dqls.appendleft(<span class="string">'y'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dqls</span><br><span class="line">deque([<span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>, <span class="string">'x'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>deque 除了实现 list 的 <code>append()</code> 和 <code>pop()</code> 外，还支持 <code>appendleft()</code> 和 <code>popleft()</code>，这样就可以非常高效地往头部添加或删除元素。</p>
+<h1 id="OrderedDict"><a href="#OrderedDict" class="headerlink" title="OrderedDict"></a>OrderedDict</h1><p>在 Python 3.6 之前使用 dict 时 Key 是无序的，在对 dict 做迭代时，我们无法确定 Key 的顺序。用 OrderedDict 可以保持字典中 Key 的顺序：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> OrderedDict</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>d = &#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>: <span class="number">3</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>d <span class="comment"># dict 的 Key 是无序的</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>: <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>od = OrderedDict(&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>: <span class="number">3</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>od <span class="comment"># OrderedDict 的 Key 是有序的</span></span><br><span class="line">OrderedDict([(<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="number">1</span>), (<span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="number">2</span>), (<span class="string">'c'</span>, <span class="number">3</span>)])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>另外，需要注意的是 OrderedDict 的 Key 会按照插入的顺序排列，不是 Key 本身排序：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>od = OrderedDict()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>od[<span class="string">'z'</span>] = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>od[<span class="string">'y'</span>] = <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>od[<span class="string">'x'</span>] = <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>od.keys() <span class="comment"># 按照插入的 Key 的顺序返回</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'z'</span>, <span class="string">'y'</span>, <span class="string">'x'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>注意：</strong> 从 Python 3.6 开始，字典的 Key 将会保留插入或声明时候的顺序，但并不是可以被排序的那种顺序。从 3.7 开始这成了正式的 Python 语言特性，3.6 改进的字典更节省内存，运行效率差不多，有一个 “副作用” 就是字典变成有序的了。</p>
+<h1 id="defaultdict"><a href="#defaultdict" class="headerlink" title="defaultdict"></a>defaultdict</h1><p>defaultdict 是带有默认值的字典。例如有如下值集合：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">values = [<span class="number">11</span>, <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="number">33</span>, <span class="number">44</span>, <span class="number">55</span>, <span class="number">66</span>, <span class="number">77</span>, <span class="number">88</span>, <span class="number">99</span>, <span class="number">90</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个 key 中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个 key 的值中。即： {‘k1’: 大于66 , ‘k2’: 小于66}</p>
+<p>原生字典的解决方法：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">values = [<span class="number">11</span>, <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="number">33</span>, <span class="number">44</span>, <span class="number">55</span>, <span class="number">66</span>, <span class="number">77</span>, <span class="number">88</span>, <span class="number">99</span>, <span class="number">90</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">my_dict = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> value <span class="keyword">in</span> values:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> value &gt; <span class="number">66</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> my_dict.has_key(<span class="string">'k1'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="comment"># 如果不确定字典是否有对应的 key ，需要做判断</span></span><br><span class="line">            my_dict[<span class="string">'k1'</span>].append(value)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            my_dict[<span class="string">'k1'</span>] = [value]</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="comment"># 不确定字典中 key 对应的值，还需要声明</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> my_dict.has_key(<span class="string">'k2'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">            my_dict[<span class="string">'k2'</span>].append(value)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            my_dict[<span class="string">'k2'</span>] = [value]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(my_dict)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>defaultdict 字典的解决方法：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> defaultdict</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">values = [<span class="number">11</span>, <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="number">33</span>, <span class="number">44</span>, <span class="number">55</span>, <span class="number">66</span>, <span class="number">77</span>, <span class="number">88</span>, <span class="number">99</span>, <span class="number">90</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">my_dict = defaultdict(list)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 直接创建一个字典，字典中所有的 key 对应的值 value 都是默认的 list</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> value <span class="keyword">in</span>  values:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> value&gt;<span class="number">66</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        my_dict[<span class="string">'k1'</span>].append(value)</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="comment"># 在不判断 key 是否存在的情况下直接更新数据</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        my_dict[<span class="string">'k2'</span>].append(value)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 dict 时，如果引用的 Key 不存在，就会抛出 KeyError 。如果希望 key 不存在时，返回一个默认值，就可以用 defaultdict：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> defaultdict</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd = defaultdict(<span class="keyword">lambda</span>: <span class="string">'N/A'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd[<span class="string">'key1'</span>] = <span class="string">'abc'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd[<span class="string">'key1'</span>] <span class="comment"># key1存在</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'abc'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd[<span class="string">'key2'</span>] <span class="comment"># key2不存在，返回默认值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'N/A'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 defaultdict 中默认值必须是 callable 的，如果想使用不可 callable 的值作为默认值，可以使用不带参数的匿名函数 lambda 解决，因为 lambda 是 callable 的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">from</span> collections <span class="keyword">import</span> defaultdict</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd = defaultdict(list)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd[<span class="string">'k'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd = defaultdict(<span class="number">5</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">TypeError: first argument must be callable <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="keyword">None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd = defaultdict(<span class="keyword">lambda</span> : <span class="number">5</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dd[<span class="string">'k'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="Counter"><a href="#Counter" class="headerlink" title="Counter"></a>Counter</h1><p>Counter 类的目的是用来跟踪不可变条目中值出现的次数。它是一个无序的容器类型，以字典的键值对形式存储，其中元素作为key，其计数作为 value。计数值可以是任意的 Interger（包括 0 和负数）。Counter 类和其他语言的 bags 或 multisets 很相似。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>c = Counter(<span class="string">'abcdeabcdabcaba'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>c</span><br><span class="line">Counter(&#123;<span class="string">'a'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>: <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>: <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="string">'e'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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new file mode 100644
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+        <h1 id="时间术语解释"><a href="#时间术语解释" class="headerlink" title="时间术语解释"></a>时间术语解释</h1><p><strong>epoch</strong></p>
+<p>假设我们要将时间表示成毫秒数，比方说1000000毫秒，那有一个问题必须解决，这个1000000毫秒的起点是什么时间，也就是我们的时间基准点是什么时间？好比身高1.8米，是指相对于站立的地面来说的。这个时间基准点就是 epoch，在 Unix 系统中，这个基准点就是1970年1月1日0点整那个时间点。</p>
+<p><strong>格林威治标准时间 GMT</strong></p>
+<p>十七世纪，格林威治皇家天文台为了海上霸权的扩张计划而进行天体观测。1675年旧皇家观测所(Old Royal Observatory) 正式成立，到了1884年决定以通过格林威治的子午线作为划分地球东西两半球的经度零度。观测所门口墙上有一个标志 24 小时的时钟，显示当下的时间。</p>
+<p>对全球而言，这里所设定的时间是世界时间的参考点，全球都以格林威治的时间作为标准来设定时间，这就是我们耳熟能详的「格林威治标准时间」(Greenwich Mean Time，简称G.M.T.)的由来。如果标示在手表上，则代表此表具有两地时间功能，也就是同时可以显示原居地和另一个国度的时间。</p>
+<p><strong>世界协调时间 UTC</strong></p>
+<p>多数的两地时间表都以GMT来表示，但也有些两地时间表上看不到GMT字样，出现的反而是UTC这3个英文字母，究竟何谓UTC？事实上，UTC指的是 Coordinated Universal Time－ 世界协调时间（又称世界标准时间、世界统一时间），是经过平均太阳时(以格林威治时间GMT为准)、地轴运动修正后的新时标以及以「秒」为单位的国际原子时所综合精算而成的时间，计算过程相当严谨精密，因此若以「世界标准时间」的角度来说，UTC比GMT来得更加精准。其误差值必须保持在0.9秒以内，若大于0.9秒则由位于巴黎的国际地球自转事务中央局发布闰秒，使UTC与地球自转周期一致。所以基本上UTC的本质强调的是比GMT更为精确的世界时间标准，不过对于现行表款来说，GMT与UTC的功能与精确度是没有差别的。</p>
+<p><strong>夏日节约时间 DST</strong></p>
+<p>所谓「夏日节约时间」Daylight Saving Time（简称D.S.T.），是指在夏天太阳升起的比较早时，将时钟拨快一小时，以提早日光的使用，在英国则称为夏令时间(Summer Time)。这个构想于1784年由美国班杰明·富兰克林提出来，1915年德国成为第一个正式实施夏令日光节约时间的国家，以削减灯光照明和耗电开支。 自此以后，全球以欧洲和北美为主的约70个国家都引用这个做法。</p>
+<p><strong>系统时间</strong></p>
+<p>一般说来就是我们在 Linux 系统上执行 <code>date</code> 命令看到的时间，系统下所有的时间调用（除了直接访问硬件时间的命令）都是使用的这个时间。</p>
+<p><strong>硬件时间</strong></p>
+<p>主板上BIOS中的时间，由主板电池供电来维持运行，系统开机时要读取这个时间，并根据它来设定系统时间（注意：系统启动时根据硬件时间设定系统时间的过程可能存在时区换算，这要视具体的系统及相关设置而定）。</p>
+<p><strong>世界时间</strong></p>
+<p>（Universal Time）世界标准时间即UTC。</p>
+<p><strong>地方时间</strong></p>
+<p>（本地时间，Local Time）由于处在不同的时区，本地时间一般与UTC是不同的，换算方法就是：<br>本地时间 = UTC + 时区 或 UTC = 本地时间 – 时区。</p>
+<h1 id="time-模块"><a href="#time-模块" class="headerlink" title="time 模块"></a>time 模块</h1><p>time 模块中时间表现的格式主要有三种：timestamp、struct_time、format time。</p>
+<h2 id="timestamp"><a href="#timestamp" class="headerlink" title="timestamp"></a>timestamp</h2><p>time 模块中获取时间的基本方法是：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>time.time()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1562824183.531237</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>它返回的是从 epoch 到现在的秒数（即：表示的是从1970年1月1日 00:00:00 开始到现在经历了多少秒），也就是时间戳，用的是 UTC 时间。</p>
+<h2 id="struct-time-元组元素结构"><a href="#struct-time-元组元素结构" class="headerlink" title="struct_time 元组元素结构"></a>struct_time 元组元素结构</h2><p>time 模块给我们提供了两个方法：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">time.gmtime(t)</span><br><span class="line">time.localtime(t)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>两种方法都返回一个 struct_time 的时间元组，该元组包含九个元素：</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>属性</th>
+<th>值</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_year（年）</td>
+<td>比如 2011</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_mon（月）</td>
+<td>1 - 12</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_mday（日）</td>
+<td>1 - 31</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_hour（时）</td>
+<td>0 - 23</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_min（分）</td>
+<td>0 - 59</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_sec（秒）</td>
+<td>0 - 61</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_wday（weekday）</td>
+<td>0 - 6（0表示周一）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_yday（一年中的第几天）</td>
+<td>1 - 366</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>tm_isdst（是否是夏令时）</td>
+<td>默认为-1</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>相比用秒数表示的时间，这样的表示更适合我们理解。这两个函数如果调用时不传参数，它们内部会调用 <code>time.time()</code>，并用返回的秒数做转换。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>time.gmtime()</span><br><span class="line">time.struct_time(tm_year=<span class="number">2019</span>, tm_mon=<span class="number">7</span>, tm_mday=<span class="number">11</span>, tm_hour=<span class="number">5</span>, tm_min=<span class="number">56</span>, tm_sec=<span class="number">19</span>, tm_wday=<span class="number">3</span>, tm_yday=<span class="number">192</span>, tm_isdst=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>time.localtime()</span><br><span class="line">time.struct_time(tm_year=<span class="number">2019</span>, tm_mon=<span class="number">7</span>, tm_mday=<span class="number">11</span>, tm_hour=<span class="number">13</span>, tm_min=<span class="number">56</span>, tm_sec=<span class="number">26</span>, tm_wday=<span class="number">3</span>, tm_yday=<span class="number">192</span>, tm_isdst=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>python 同样也提供了将这种 struct_time 转为秒数的方法。<code>time.mktime()</code> 用来把时间元组 struct_time 转为时间戳 timestamp。也就是说 mktime 方法会先找到系统中的时区和 DST 信息，并利用这个信息对 struct_time 进行调整后再换算成秒数。</p>
+<h2 id="format-time-格式化时间"><a href="#format-time-格式化时间" class="headerlink" title="format time 格式化时间"></a>format time 格式化时间</h2><p>格式化时间指的是已格式化的结构，使时间更具可读性，包括自定义格式和固定格式。time 模块中提供了两个方法专门处理时间元组与格式化时间的互相转换：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>strftime 即 string format time，用来将时间格式化成字符串。</li>
+<li>strptime 即 Parse a string to a time tuple ，用来将字符串解析成时间元组。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>对于格式化的时间有如下表示格式：</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>格式</th>
+<th>含义</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>%a</td>
+<td>本地（locale）简化星期名称</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%A</td>
+<td>本地完整星期名称</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%b</td>
+<td>本地简化月份名称</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%B</td>
+<td>本地完整月份名称</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%c</td>
+<td>本地相应的日期和时间表示</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%d</td>
+<td>一个月中的第几天（01 - 31）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%H</td>
+<td>一天中的第几个小时（24小时制，00 - 23）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%I</td>
+<td>第几个小时（12小时制，01 - 12）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%j</td>
+<td>一年中的第几天（001 - 366）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%m</td>
+<td>月份（01 - 12）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%M</td>
+<td>分钟数（00 - 59）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%p</td>
+<td>本地am或者pm的相应符</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%S</td>
+<td>秒（01 - 61）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%U</td>
+<td>一年中的星期数。（00 - 53星期天是一个星期的开始。）第一个星期天之前的所有天数都放在第0周</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%w</td>
+<td>一个星期中的第几天（0 - 6，0是星期天）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%W</td>
+<td>和%U基本相同，不同的是%W以星期一为一个星期的开始</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%x</td>
+<td>本地相应日期</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%X</td>
+<td>本地相应时间</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%y</td>
+<td>去掉世纪的年份（00 - 99）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%Y</td>
+<td>完整的年份</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%Z</td>
+<td>时区的名字（如果不存在为空字符）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>%%</td>
+<td>% 字符本身</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="时间格式转换"><a href="#时间格式转换" class="headerlink" title="时间格式转换"></a>时间格式转换</h2><p>为了便于记忆，这里画了一张图来说明三种时间格式的转换关系：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/01time_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>下面列出了时间格式之间的转换示例以及一些其他的方法：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成 timestamp</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.time())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1521117670.6779785</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成 struct_time 本地时间</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.localtime())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=20, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成 struct_time 格林威治时间</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.gmtime())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=12, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># timestamp to struct_time 本地时间</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.localtime(time.time()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=20, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># timestamp to struct_time 格林威治时间</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.gmtime(time.time()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=12, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># struct_time to timestamp</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.mktime(time.localtime()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1521117670.0</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># format_time to struct_time</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.strptime(<span class="string">'2011-05-05 16:37:06'</span>, <span class="string">'%Y-%m-%d %X'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=16, tm_min=37, tm_sec=6, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=125, tm_isdst=-1)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成format_time</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.strftime(<span class="string">"%Y-%m-%d %X"</span>))</span><br><span class="line">print(time.strftime(<span class="string">'%F %T'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2018-03-15 20:46:24</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># struct_time to format_time</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.strftime(<span class="string">"%Y-%m-%d %X"</span>, time.localtime()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2018-03-15 20:46:24</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">time.sleep(t)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># t 推迟执行的秒数，表示进程挂起的时间</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成固定格式的时间表示格式</span></span><br><span class="line">time.asctime(time.localtime())</span><br><span class="line">time.ctime(time.time())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Thu Mar 15 20:46:24 2018</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 , 改成了time.process_time()测量处理器运算时间,不包括sleep时间,不稳定</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.clock())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回与utc时间的时间差,以秒计算</span></span><br><span class="line">print(time.altzone)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="datetime"><a href="#datetime" class="headerlink" title="datetime"></a>datetime</h1><p>datatime 模块重新封装了 time 模块，提供更多接口，提供的类有：date，time，datetime，timedelta，tzinfo 。</p>
+<h2 id="date-类"><a href="#date-类" class="headerlink" title="date 类"></a>date 类</h2><p>语法格式</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">datetime.date(year, month, day)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>静态方法和字段 </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.date.max: '</span>, datetime.date.max)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># date 对象所能表示的最大日期</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.date.min: '</span>, datetime.date.min)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># date对象所能表示的最小日期</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.date.today(): '</span>, datetime.date.today())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回一个表示当前本地日期的date对象</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.date.fromtimestamp(): '</span>, datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 根据给定的时间戮，返回一个date对象</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.date.max:  9999-12-31</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.date.min:  0001-01-01</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.date.today():  2018-03-18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.date.fromtimestamp():  2018-03-18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>方法和属性</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">now = datetime.date(<span class="number">2018</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">18</span>)  <span class="comment"># date 对象</span></span><br><span class="line">tomorrow = now.replace(day=<span class="number">19</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成一个新的日期对象，用参数指定的年，月，日代替原有对象中的属性，原有对象仍保持不变</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(now.year, now.month, now.day)  <span class="comment"># 年 月 日</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'now: '</span>, now)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'tomorrow: '</span>, tomorrow)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">2018 3 18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">now:  2018-03-18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">tomorrow:  2018-03-19</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'timetuple():'</span>, now.timetuple())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回日期对应的time.struct_time对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">timetuple(): time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=18, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, # tm_wday=6, tm_yday=77, tm_isdst=-1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'weekday():'</span>, now.weekday())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回weekday，如果是星期一，返回0；如果是星期2，返回1，以此类推；</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">weekday(): 6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'isoweekday():'</span>, now.isoweekday())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回weekday，如果是星期一，返回1；如果是星期2，返回2，以此类推；</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">isoweekday(): 7</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'isocalendar():'</span>, now.isocalendar())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回格式如(year，month，day)的元组；</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">isocalendar(): (2018, 11, 7)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'isoformat():'</span>, now.isoformat())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回格式如'YYYY-MM-DD’的字符串；</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">isoformat(): 2018-03-18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'strftime():'</span>, now.strftime(<span class="string">"%Y-%m-%d"</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 和time模块的format相同</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">strftime(): 2018-03-18</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="time-类"><a href="#time-类" class="headerlink" title="time 类"></a>time 类</h2><p>语法格式</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">datetime.time(hour[ , minute[ , second[ , microsecond[ , tzinfo] ] ] ] )</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>静态方法和字段 </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.time.max: '</span>, datetime.time.max)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time 对象所能表示的最大时间</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.time.min: '</span>, datetime.time.min)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time 对象所能表示的最小时间</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.time.resolution: '</span>, datetime.time.resolution)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># time 对象的最小单位，这里是1微秒</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.time.max:  23:59:59.999999</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.time.min:  00:00:00</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.time.resolution:  0:00:00.000001</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>方法和属性</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">tm = datetime.time(<span class="number">23</span>, <span class="number">46</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)  <span class="comment"># time 对象</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'tm:'</span>, tm)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'time zone: '</span>, tm.tzinfo)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 时区信息</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'hour: %d, minute: %d, second: %d, microsecond: %d'</span> % (tm.hour, tm.minute, tm.second, tm.microsecond))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 时 分 秒 微秒</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">tm1 = tm.replace(hour=<span class="number">20</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建一个新的时间对象，用参数指定的时、分、秒、微秒代替原有对象中的属性,原有对象仍保持不变</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'tm1:'</span>, tm1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'isoformat(): '</span>, tm.isoformat())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回型如"HH:MM:SS"格式的字符串表示</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'strftime(): '</span>, tm.strftime(<span class="string">"%X"</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 和time模块的format相同</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">tm: 23:46:10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">time zone:  None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">hour: 23, minute: 46, second: 10, microsecond: 0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">tm1: 20:46:10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">isoformat():  23:46:10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">strftime():  23:46:10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="datetime-类"><a href="#datetime-类" class="headerlink" title="datetime 类"></a>datetime 类</h2><p>datetime 相当于 date 和 time 结合起来。语法格式：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">datetime.datetime(year, month, day[ , hour[ , minute[ , second[ , microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>静态方法和字段</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.max: '</span>, datetime.datetime.max)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.min: '</span>, datetime.datetime.min)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'datetime.resolution: '</span>, datetime.datetime.resolution)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'today(): '</span>, datetime.datetime.today())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回一个表示当前本地时间的datetime对象</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'now(): '</span>, datetime.datetime.now())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回一个表示当前本地时间的datetime对象，如果提供了参数tz，则获取tz参数所指时区的本地时间</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'utcnow(): '</span>, datetime.datetime.utcnow())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回一个当前utc时间的datetime对象；格林威治时间</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'fromtimestamp(tmstmp): '</span>, datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 根据时间戮创建一个datetime对象，参数tz指定时区信息</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'utcfromtimestamp(tmstmp): '</span>, datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(time.time()))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 根据时间戮创建一个datetime对象</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.max:  9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.min:  0001-01-01 00:00:00</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">datetime.resolution:  0:00:00.000001</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">today():  2018-10-24 11:42:26.772787</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">now():  2018-10-24 11:42:26.772817</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">utcnow():  2018-10-24 03:42:26.772829</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">fromtimestamp(tmstmp):  2018-03-18 08:24:10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">utcfromtimestamp(tmstmp):  2018-03-18 00:24:10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>方法和属性 </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt = datetime.datetime.now()  <span class="comment"># datetime对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.year</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2019</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.month</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.day</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.hour</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">21</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.minute</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">13</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.second</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">35</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.microsecond</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">348424</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.date()  <span class="comment"># 获取date对象；</span></span><br><span class="line">datetime.date(<span class="number">2019</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">7</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.time()  <span class="comment"># 获取time对象；</span></span><br><span class="line">datetime.time(<span class="number">21</span>, <span class="number">13</span>, <span class="number">35</span>, <span class="number">348424</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.timetuple()</span><br><span class="line">time.struct_time(tm_year=<span class="number">2019</span>, tm_mon=<span class="number">7</span>, tm_mday=<span class="number">7</span>, tm_hour=<span class="number">21</span>, tm_min=<span class="number">13</span>, tm_sec=<span class="number">35</span>, tm_wday=<span class="number">6</span>, tm_yday=<span class="number">188</span>, tm_isdst=<span class="number">-1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt. utctimetuple ()</span><br><span class="line">time.struct_time(tm_year=<span class="number">2019</span>, tm_mon=<span class="number">7</span>, tm_mday=<span class="number">7</span>, tm_hour=<span class="number">21</span>, tm_min=<span class="number">13</span>, tm_sec=<span class="number">35</span>, tm_wday=<span class="number">6</span>, tm_yday=<span class="number">188</span>, tm_isdst=<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt. weekday ()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt. isocalendar ()</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="number">2019</span>, <span class="number">27</span>, <span class="number">7</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt. isoformat ()  <span class="comment"># 返回格式如'YYYY-MM-DD’的字符串；</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'2019-07-07T21:13:35.348424'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt. ctime ()  <span class="comment"># 返回一个日期时间的C格式字符串，等效于time.ctime(time.mktime(dt.timetuple()))；</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Sun Jul  7 21:13:35 2019'</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dt.strftime(<span class="string">'%F %T'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'2019-07-07 21:13:35'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="timedelta-类-时间加减"><a href="#timedelta-类-时间加减" class="headerlink" title="timedelta 类 时间加减"></a>timedelta 类 时间加减</h2><p>使用 timedelta 可以很方便的在日期上做天 day，小时，分钟，秒，毫秒，微秒的时间计算，如果要计算月份则需要另外的办法。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(datetime.datetime.now()) </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回 2018-03-20 23:33:04.677979</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) )  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 时间戳直接转成日期格式 2018-03-20 23:33:04.677979</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 时间加减</span></span><br><span class="line">print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(<span class="number">3</span>)) <span class="comment"># 当前时间+3天</span></span><br><span class="line">print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(<span class="number">-3</span>)) <span class="comment"># 当前时间-3天</span></span><br><span class="line">print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=<span class="number">3</span>)) <span class="comment"># 当前时间+3小时</span></span><br><span class="line">print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=<span class="number">30</span>)) <span class="comment"># 当前时间+30分</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 时间替换</span></span><br><span class="line">c_time  = datetime.datetime.now()</span><br><span class="line">print(c_time.replace(minute=<span class="number">3</span>,hour=<span class="number">2</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+      // start loading animation
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+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                      return index;
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+
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+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
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+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
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+                    var hits = [];
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+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
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+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
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+
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+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
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+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
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+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
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+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
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+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
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+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
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+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
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+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
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+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
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+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
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+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2019/03/22/112119-Python\347\232\204random\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html" "b/2019/03/22/112119-Python\347\232\204random\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11ccdc60
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/2019/03/22/112119-Python\347\232\204random\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html"
@@ -0,0 +1,1425 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
+
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
+
+
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
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+
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+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="random() 方法返回随机生成的一个实数，它在 (0, 1) 范围内。 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; import random&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; # 随机小数&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; random.random()      # 大于0且小于1之间的随机小数0.7664338663654585&amp;gt;&amp;g">
+<meta name="keywords" content="Python3,Python Modules">
+<meta property="og:type" content="article">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Python的random模块">
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+        <p>random() 方法返回随机生成的一个实数，它在 (0, 1) 范围内。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> random</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="comment"># 随机小数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.random()      <span class="comment"># 大于0且小于1之间的随机小数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0.7664338663654585</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.uniform(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)  <span class="comment"># 大于1小于3的小数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1.6270147180533838</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="comment"># 随机整数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.randint(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">5</span>)  <span class="comment"># 大于等于1且小于等于5之间的整数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.randrange(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">5</span>) <span class="comment"># 大于等于1且小于5之间的整数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.randrange(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">10</span>,<span class="number">2</span>) <span class="comment"># 大于等于1且小于10之间的奇数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="comment"># 从对象中随机选择一个元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.choice([<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="string">'23'</span>,[<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>]])  <span class="comment"># 1 或 23 或 [4,5]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="comment"># 随机选择指定个数的元素，返回的个数为函数的第二个参数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.sample([<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="string">'23'</span>,[<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>]],<span class="number">2</span>) <span class="comment"># 列表元素任意2个组合</span></span><br><span class="line">[[<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>], <span class="string">'23'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="comment">#  打乱列表顺序，洗牌功能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>item=[<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">7</span>,<span class="number">9</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.shuffle(item) <span class="comment"># 打乱次序</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>item</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">9</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>random.shuffle(item)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>item</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>练习：生成随机验证码</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> random</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">make_verification_code</span><span class="params">(codelen=<span class="number">6</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    code = <span class="string">''</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(codelen):</span><br><span class="line">        digit = str(random.randrange(<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">10</span>))</span><br><span class="line">        alpha_upper = chr(random.randrange(<span class="number">65</span>,<span class="number">91</span>))</span><br><span class="line">        alpha_lower = chr(random.randrange(<span class="number">97</span>,<span class="number">122</span>))</span><br><span class="line">        code += random.choice([all_digit,all_alpha_lower,all_alpha_upper])</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> code</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(make_verification_code(codelen=<span class="number">9</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                </span>
+              
+                <span class="links-of-author-item">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                </span>
+              
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
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+          
+          
+            <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
+              <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
+                友情链接
+              </div>
+              <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
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+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
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+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
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+    function proceedsearch() {
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+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
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+    // search function;
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+      'use strict';
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+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
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+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
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+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
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+                var searchTextCount = 0;
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+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
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+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
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+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
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+                      }
+                    });
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+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
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+                    var hits = [];
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+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
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+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
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+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
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+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  }
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+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
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+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
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+                    if(start < 0){
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+                    if(end > content.length){
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+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
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+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
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+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
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+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
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+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
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+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
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+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
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+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
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+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
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+              })
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+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
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+            } else {
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+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
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+  
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diff --git "a/2019/03/23/090143-Python\347\232\204os\345\222\214sys\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html" "b/2019/03/23/090143-Python\347\232\204os\345\222\214sys\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..981fab29
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/2019/03/23/090143-Python\347\232\204os\345\222\214sys\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html"
@@ -0,0 +1,1648 @@
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
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+        <h1 id="os"><a href="#os" class="headerlink" title="os"></a>os</h1><p>os 模块是与操作系统交互的一个接口，它提供了一些方便使用操作系统相关功能的函数。</p>
+<p>关于这些函数的可用性的说明：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>所有 Python 内建的操作系统相关的模块的设计都是为了使得在同一功能可用的情况下，保持接口的一致性；例如，函数 <code>os.stat(path)</code> 以相同的格式返回关于 path 的统计信息（这个函数同时也是起源于 POSIX 接口）。</li>
+<li>针对特定的操作的拓展同样在可用于 os 模块，但是使用它们必然会对可移植性产生威胁。</li>
+<li>所有接受路径或文件名的函数都同时支持字节串和字符串对象，并在返回路径或文件名时使用相应类型的对象作为结果。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>文件名，命令行参数，以及环境变量</strong></p>
+<p>在 Python 中使用字符串类型表示文件名、命令行参数和环境变量。 在某些系统上，在将这些字符串传递给操作系统之前，必须将这些字符串解码为字节。 Python 使用文件系统编码来执行此转换（请参阅 <a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</a> ）。</p>
+<p><strong>方法和参数说明</strong></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>方法</th>
+<th>说明</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>os.getcwd()</td>
+<td>获取当前工作目录，绝对路径，即当前python脚本工作的目录</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.chdir(“dirname”)</td>
+<td>改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于 shell 下 cd</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.curdir</td>
+<td>返回当前目录: (‘.’)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.pardir</td>
+<td>获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：(‘..’)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2’)</td>
+<td>递归创建目录，相当于 shell 的 mkdir -pv</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.removedirs(‘dirname1’)</td>
+<td>递归删除空目录，若不是空目录无法删除，会报错</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.mkdir(‘dirname’)</td>
+<td>生成单级目录；相当于 shell 的 mkdir dirname</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.rmdir(‘dirname’)</td>
+<td>删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于 shell 中 rmdir dirname</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.listdir(‘dirname’)</td>
+<td>列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.remove()</td>
+<td>删除一个普通文件，不能删除目录</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.rename(“oldname”,”newname”)</td>
+<td>重命名文件/目录，相当于 shell 中的 mv</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.stat(‘path/filename’)</td>
+<td>获取 文件/目录 状态信息</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.sep</td>
+<td>输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为”\“,Linux下为”/“</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.linesep</td>
+<td>输出当前平台使用的换行符，win下为”\t\n”,Linux下为”\n”</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.pathsep</td>
+<td>输出系统环境变量中每个路径的分隔符，linux是’:’，windows是’;’</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.name</td>
+<td>输出字符串指示当前使用平台 win-&gt;’nt’; Linux-&gt;’posix’</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.system(“bash command”)</td>
+<td>运行 shell 命令，直接显示</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.popen(“bash command”)</td>
+<td>运行 shell 命令，获取执行结果</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.environ</td>
+<td>获取系统环境变量</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.abspath(path)</td>
+<td>返回 path 规范化的绝对路径</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.split(path)</td>
+<td>将 path 分割成目录和文件名二元组返回</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.dirname(path)</td>
+<td>返回 path 的目录。其实就是 os.path.split(path) 的第一个元素</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.basename(path)</td>
+<td>返回 path 最后的文件名。若 path 以 <code>/</code> 或 <code>\</code> 结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path) 的第二个元素</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.exists(path)</td>
+<td>如果 path 存在，返回 True；如果 path 不存在，返回 False</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.isabs(path)</td>
+<td>如果 path 是绝对路径，返回 True</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.isfile(path)</td>
+<td>如果 path 是一个存在的文件，返回 True。否则返回 False</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.isdir(path)</td>
+<td>如果 path 是一个存在的目录，则返回 True。否则返回 False</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.join(path1,path2, …)</td>
+<td>将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.getatime(path)</td>
+<td>返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的最后访问时间</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.getctime(path)</td>
+<td>返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的文件属性被修改的时间</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.getmtime(path)</td>
+<td>返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的文件内容被修改的时间</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>os.path.getsize(path)</td>
+<td>返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的文件大小</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>注意：<code>os.stat(&#39;path/filename&#39;)</code>  获取 文件/目录信息 的结构说明 </p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">st_mode: inode 保护模式</span><br><span class="line">st_ino: inode 节点号。</span><br><span class="line">st_dev: inode 驻留的设备。</span><br><span class="line">st_nlink: inode 的链接数。</span><br><span class="line">st_uid: 所有者的用户ID。</span><br><span class="line">st_gid: 所有者的组ID。</span><br><span class="line">st_size: 普通文件以字节为单位的大小；包含等待某些特殊文件的数据。</span><br><span class="line">st_atime: 最后一次文件被访问的时间。</span><br><span class="line">st_mtime: 最后一次文件内容发生修改的时间。</span><br><span class="line">st_ctime: 最后一次文件属性发生改变的时间。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="sys"><a href="#sys" class="headerlink" title="sys"></a>sys</h1><p>sys 模块是与 Python 解释器交互的一个接口。它提供了一些变量和函数，这些变量可能被解释器使用，也可能由解释器提供。这些函数会影响解释器。</p>
+<p> sys.<strong>argv</strong></p>
+<p>一个列表，其中包含了被传递给 Python 脚本的命令行参数。 <code>argv[0]</code> 为脚本的名称（是否是完整的路径名取决于操作系统）。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment"># cat test.py </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">import sys</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(sys.argv)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(sys.argv[0])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment"># python3 test.py </span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'test.py'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">test.py</span><br><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment"># python3 test.py --help --pidfile abc 1234</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'test.py'</span>, <span class="string">'--help'</span>, <span class="string">'--pidfile'</span>, <span class="string">'abc'</span>, <span class="string">'1234'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">test.py</span><br><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果是通过 Python 解释器的命令行参数 <code>-c</code> 来执行的， <code>argv[0]</code> 会被设置成字符串 ‘-c’ 。如果没有脚本名被传递给 Python 解释器， <code>argv[0]</code> 为空字符串。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment"># python3 -c 'import os, sys; print(os.name); print(sys.argv[0])'</span></span><br><span class="line">posix</span><br><span class="line">-c</span><br><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>sys.<strong>version</strong></p>
+<p>获取 Python 解释程序的版本信息</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment"># python3 -c 'import sys; print(sys.version)'</span></span><br><span class="line">3.7.3 (default, Jun 24 2019, 15:02:19) </span><br><span class="line">[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28)]</span><br><span class="line">[root@Python-dev practice]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其他方法和参数说明</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>方法</th>
+<th>说明</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>sys.exit(n)</td>
+<td>退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>sys.maxint</td>
+<td>最大的Int值</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>sys.path</td>
+<td>返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用 PYTHONPATH 环境变量的值</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>sys.path.append()</td>
+<td>添加模块的搜索路径</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>sys.platform</td>
+<td>返回操作系统平台名称</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>sys.stdout.write(‘please:’)</td>
+<td>向屏幕输出一句话,等价于：print(‘please:’)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>val=sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]</td>
+<td>获取输入的</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>示例</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> os</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> sys</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 文件写入</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'/home/test/a.txt'</span>,<span class="string">'w'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fw:</span><br><span class="line">    fw.write(<span class="string">'ddddd'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    fw.write(os.linesep)</span><br><span class="line">    fw.write(<span class="string">'taayy'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    fw.write(os.linesep)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 获得脚本自身名称</span></span><br><span class="line">me = os.path.basename(sys.argv[<span class="number">0</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
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+      ta.readOnly = true;
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+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
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+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
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+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
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+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
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+
+
+  
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+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/01serialization.png" "b/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/01serialization.png"
new file mode 100644
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diff --git "a/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/02_json_object.png" "b/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/02_json_object.png"
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Binary files /dev/null and "b/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/02_json_object.png" differ
diff --git "a/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/03_json_value.png" "b/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/03_json_value.png"
new file mode 100644
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diff --git "a/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html" "b/2019/03/24/172115-Python\347\232\204\345\272\217\345\210\227\345\214\226\346\250\241\345\235\227/index.html"
new file mode 100644
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+  <meta name="description" content="什么是序列化在程序运行的过程中，所有的变量存储的数据都是加载在内存中，一旦程序结束，数据所占用的内存就被操作系统全部回收。各种类型的数据从内存中变成可存储或传输的过程称之为序列化，序列化之后，就可以把序列化后的内容写入磁盘，或者通过网络传输到别的机器上。反过来，把数据内容从序列化的对象重新读到内存里称之为反序列化。 序列化的目的：  以某种存储形式使自定义对象持久化； 将对象可以从一个地方传递到另">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
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+        <h1 id="什么是序列化"><a href="#什么是序列化" class="headerlink" title="什么是序列化"></a>什么是序列化</h1><p>在程序运行的过程中，所有的变量存储的数据都是加载在内存中，一旦程序结束，数据所占用的内存就被操作系统全部回收。各种类型的数据从内存中变成可存储或传输的过程称之为序列化，序列化之后，就可以把序列化后的内容写入磁盘，或者通过网络传输到别的机器上。反过来，把数据内容从序列化的对象重新读到内存里称之为反序列化。</p>
+<p>序列化的目的：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>以某种存储形式使自定义对象持久化；</li>
+<li>将对象可以从一个地方传递到另一个地方；</li>
+<li>使程序更具有维护性。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/01serialization.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>在 Python 中，序列化其实就是从其他数据类型转向一个字符串数据类型的过程，而反序列化是从字符串数据类型反向转换成其他数据类型的过程，这里所说的序列其实可以理解为字符串。</p>
+<h1 id="在-Python-中为什么要使用序列化模块"><a href="#在-Python-中为什么要使用序列化模块" class="headerlink" title="在 Python 中为什么要使用序列化模块"></a>在 Python 中为什么要使用序列化模块</h1><p>当我们在 Python 代码中计算的一个数据需要给另外一段程序使用，那我们怎么给？现在我们能想到的方法就是存在文件里，然后另一个 Python 程序再从文件里读出来。但是我们都知道，对于文件来说是没有字典这个概念的，所以我们只能将数据转换成字典放到文件中。你一定会问，将字典转换成一个字符串很简单，用 <code>str(dic)</code> 就可以办到了，为什么我们还要学习序列化模块呢？</p>
+<p>序列化的过程就是从 dic  变成 <code>str(dic)</code> 的过程。现在你可以通过 <code>str(dic)</code> 将一个名为 <code>dic</code> 的字典转换成一个字符串，但是你要怎么把一个字符串转换成字典呢？聪明的你肯定想到了 <code>eval()</code>，如果我们将一个字符串类型的字典 <code>str_dic</code> 传给 <code>eval()</code>，就会得到一个返回的字典类型了。<code>eval()</code> 函数十分强大，但是 <code>eval()</code> 的官方 demo 解释为：将字符串 str 当成有效的表达式来求值并返回计算结果。但是强大的函数有代价，安全性是其最大的缺点。想象一下，如果我们从文件中读出的不是一个数据结构，而是一句类似于 <code>os.remove()</code> 类似的破坏性语句，那么后果将不堪设想。所以，我们并不推荐用 <code>eva()</code> l方法来进行反序列化操作(将 str 转换成 python 中的数据结构)。</p>
+<p>Python 中提供了  <code>pickle</code>、<code>json</code> 、 <code>shelve</code> 模块来实现序列化和反序列化。</p>
+<h1 id="pickle-模块"><a href="#pickle-模块" class="headerlink" title="pickle 模块"></a>pickle 模块</h1><p>使用 pickle 模块可以对所有的 Python 中的数据类型进行序列化和反序列化操作，并且 pickle 序列化的内容只能使用 Python 才能操作，且反序列化依赖代码。</p>
+<p>在写入文件时由于 <strong>pickle 写入的是二进制数据</strong>，所以文件对象打开方式需要用 <code>wb</code> 和 <code>rb</code> 的模式 。下面是 pickle 模块中常用的方法：</p>
+<h2 id="dump"><a href="#dump" class="headerlink" title="dump"></a>dump</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pickle.dump(obj, file, protocol=<span class="keyword">None</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>必备参数 obj 表示将要封装的对象，必备参数 file 表示 obj 要写入的文件对象，file 必须以二进制可写模式打开，即 <code>wb</code>。可选参数 protocol 表示告知 pickler 使用的协议，支持的协议有 0,1,2,3，默认的协议是添加在 Python 3 中的协议 3。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pickle</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = [<span class="string">'1a'</span>, <span class="string">'2b'</span>, <span class="string">'3c'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'test.pickle'</span>, <span class="string">'wb'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fwt:</span><br><span class="line">    pickle.dump(data, fwt)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有 Python 语言认识的字符串，并写入文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="load"><a href="#load" class="headerlink" title="load"></a>load</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pickle.load(file, *, fix_imports=<span class="keyword">True</span>, encoding=<span class="string">"utf-8"</span>, errors=<span class="string">"strict"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>必备参数 file 必须以二进制可读模式打开，即 <code>rb</code>，其他都为可选参数。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pickle</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'test.pickle'</span>, <span class="string">'rb'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">    data = pickle.load(frd, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(data)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">load 从数据文件中读取数据，并转换为 Python 的数据结构</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="dumps"><a href="#dumps" class="headerlink" title="dumps"></a>dumps</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pickle.dumps(obj, protocol=<span class="keyword">None</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>以字节对象形式返回封装的对象，不需要写入文件中。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pickle</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = [<span class="string">'1a'</span>, <span class="string">'2b'</span>, <span class="string">'3c'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">pkle_str = pickle.dumps(data)</span><br><span class="line">print(pkle_str)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">dumps 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有 Python 语言认识的字符串</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">b'\x80\x03]q\x00(X\x02\x00\x00\x001aq\x01X\x02\x00\x00\x002bq\x02X\x02\x00\x00\x003cq\x03e.'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="loads"><a href="#loads" class="headerlink" title="loads"></a>loads</h2><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pickle.loads(bytes_object, fix_imports=<span class="keyword">True</span>, encoding=<span class="string">"utf-8"</span>, errors=<span class="string">"strict"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从字节对象中读取被封装的对象并返回。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pickle</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = [<span class="string">'1a'</span>, <span class="string">'2b'</span>, <span class="string">'3c'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">pkle_str = pickle.dumps(data)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">mess = pickle.loads(pkle_str)</span><br><span class="line">print(mess)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">loads 将 pickle 数据转换为 Python 的数据结构</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">['1a', '2b', '3c']</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="json-模块"><a href="#json-模块" class="headerlink" title="json 模块"></a>json 模块</h1><p><a href="http://www.json.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">json</a> 是一种轻量级的数据交换格式，JSON 数据的书写格式是：名称/值对。名称/值对包括字段名称（在双引号中），然后着是一个冒号(<code>:</code>)，最后是值。比如 <code>{ &quot;name&quot; : &quot;Python&quot; }</code>，类似于Python中的字典。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/02_json_object.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>JSON值可以是数字（整数或浮点数），字符串（在双引号中），逻辑值（True 或 False），数组（在中括号中，Python 中是列表），对象（在大括号中）和 null。例如 <code>{ &quot;age&quot;: 21，&quot;graduated &quot;:true }</code>。JSON值的基本格式如下图所示。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/03_json_value.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>json 作为一种通用的序列化格式具有更好的可读性和跨平台性，但是在 Python 中只有很少一部分数据类型能够通过 json 转化成字符串，不过这已经能能够满足大多数的需求。</p>
+<p>json 模块提供了四个方法： dumps、dump、loads、load<br>在 Python 中其实就是字典格式，里面可以包含方括号括起来的数组，也就是 Python 里面的列表。</p>
+<h2 id="dumps-和-loads"><a href="#dumps-和-loads" class="headerlink" title="dumps 和 loads"></a>dumps 和 loads</h2><p>dumps 和 loads 都是对内存中的数据进行操作。注意，要用 json 的 loads 功能来处理的 字符串类型的 字典中的字符串必须由 <code>&quot;&quot;</code> 表示。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> json</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic = &#123;<span class="string">'k1'</span>:<span class="string">'v1'</span>,<span class="string">'k2'</span>:<span class="string">'v2'</span>,<span class="string">'k3'</span>:<span class="string">'v3'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>str_dic = json.dumps(dic)  <span class="comment"># 序列化：将一个字典转换成一个字符串</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>str_dic</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'&#123;"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2", "k3": "v3"&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(type(str_dic))</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">str</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; dic2 = json.loads(str_dic)  # 反序列化：将一个字符串格式的字典转换成一个字典</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>dic2</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'k1'</span>: <span class="string">'v1'</span>, <span class="string">'k2'</span>: <span class="string">'v2'</span>, <span class="string">'k3'</span>: <span class="string">'v3'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(type(dic2))</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">dict</span>'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对于嵌套的数据类型也是同样适用的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="keyword">import</span> json</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list_dic = [<span class="number">1</span>, [<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>], <span class="number">3</span>, &#123;<span class="string">'k1'</span>: <span class="string">'v1'</span>, <span class="string">'k2'</span>: <span class="string">'v2'</span>&#125;]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>str_dic = json.dumps(list_dic)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>str_dic</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'[1, ["a", "b", "c"], 3, &#123;"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"&#125;]'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(type(str_dic))</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">str</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt; list_dic2 = json.loads(str_dic)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list_dic2</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, [<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>], <span class="number">3</span>, &#123;<span class="string">'k1'</span>: <span class="string">'v1'</span>, <span class="string">'k2'</span>: <span class="string">'v2'</span>&#125;]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>print(type(list_dic2))</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">list</span>'&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="dump-和-load"><a href="#dump-和-load" class="headerlink" title="dump 和 load"></a>dump 和 load</h2><p>dump 和 load 是对文件对象中的数据进行操作。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> json</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">dic = &#123;<span class="string">'k1'</span>: <span class="string">'v1'</span>, <span class="string">'k2'</span>: <span class="string">'v2'</span>, <span class="string">'k3'</span>: <span class="string">'v3'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'json_file'</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fwt:</span><br><span class="line">    json.dump(dic, fwt)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># dump方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将字典转换成json字符串写入文件</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'json_file'</span>, <span class="string">'r'</span>, encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> frd:</span><br><span class="line">    dic2 = json.load(frd)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># load方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将文件中的json字符串转换成数据结构返回</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(type(dic2), dic2)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">输出结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;class 'dict'&gt; &#123;'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="其他参数"><a href="#其他参数" class="headerlink" title="其他参数"></a>其他参数</h2><p>这里的其他参数是针对 dump 和 dumps 方法而言的。</p>
+<p><strong>ensure_ascii</strong>：当它为 True 的时候，所有非 ASCII 码字符显示为 <code>\uXXXX</code> 序列，只需在 dump 时将 <code>ensure_ascii</code> 设置为 False 即可，此时存入 json 的字符就会原样输出，包括中文字符。</p>
+<p><strong>indent</strong>：如果 indent 是一个非负整数或者字符串，那么 JSON 数组元素和对象成员会被美化输出为该值指定的缩进等级。如果缩进等级为零、负数或者 <code>&quot;&quot;</code>，则只会添加换行符。如果不设置 indent 则使用默认值 <code>None</code> 以最紧凑的形式来显示。使用一个正整数会让每一层缩进同样数量的空格。如果 <code>indent</code> 的值是一个字符串（比如 <code>&quot;\t&quot;</code>），那么这个字符串会被用于每一层的缩进。</p>
+<p><strong>separators</strong>：分隔符，实际上是 <code>(item_separator, dict_separator)</code> 的一个元组。当 indent 为 <code>None</code> 时，默认值取 <code>(&#39;, &#39;, &#39;: &#39;)</code>，否则取 <code>(&#39;,&#39;, &#39;: &#39;)</code>。为了得到最紧凑的 json 格式的数据，应该指定其为 <code>(&#39;,&#39;, &#39;:&#39;)</code> 以消除空白字符。</p>
+<p>默认的就是 <code>(&#39;,&#39;,&#39;:&#39;)</code> ；这表示 dictionary 内 keys 之间用 <code>,</code> 隔开，而 key 和 value之间用 <code>:</code> 隔开。 </p>
+<p><strong>sort_keys</strong>：默认为 False，如果设置其值是 true ，那么字典的输出会以键的顺序排序。</p>
+<p><strong>Skipkeys</strong>：默认值是 False，如果字典的键不是 Python 的基本类型（包括 str, int、float、bool、None），在设置为 <code>Skipkeys=False</code>  时，就会报 <code>TypeError</code> 的错误。此时设置成 True，则会跳过这类 key 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> json</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">province_city = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'山西'</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'太原'</span>: [<span class="string">'小店区'</span>, <span class="string">'迎泽区'</span>, <span class="string">'杏花岭区'</span>, <span class="string">'古交市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'大同'</span>: [<span class="string">'城区'</span>, <span class="string">'矿区'</span>, <span class="string">'南郊区'</span>, <span class="string">'灵丘县'</span>, <span class="string">'浑源县'</span>, <span class="string">'左云县'</span>, <span class="string">'大同县'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'吕梁'</span>: [<span class="string">'离石区'</span>, <span class="string">'文水县'</span>, <span class="string">'岚县'</span>, <span class="string">'方山县'</span>, <span class="string">'孝义市'</span>, <span class="string">'汾阳市'</span>, <span class="string">'其他'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">json_dic2 = json.dumps(province_city,</span><br><span class="line">                       ensure_ascii=<span class="keyword">False</span>, sort_keys=<span class="keyword">True</span>, indent=<span class="number">4</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(json_dic2)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>输出格式：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"山西"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"吕梁"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"离石区"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"文水县"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"岚县"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"方山县"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"孝义市"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"汾阳市"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"其他"</span></span><br><span class="line">        ],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"大同"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"城区"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"矿区"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"南郊区"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"灵丘县"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"浑源县"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"左云县"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"大同县"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"其他"</span></span><br><span class="line">        ],</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"太原"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"小店区"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"迎泽区"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"杏花岭区"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"古交市"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">"其他"</span></span><br><span class="line">        ]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意事项"></a>注意事项</h2><p>JSON 中的键-值对中的键永远是 str 类型的。当一个对象被转化为 JSON 时，字典中所有的键都会被强制转换为字符串。这所造成的结果是字典被转换为 JSON 然后转换回字典时可能和原来的不相等。换句话说，如果 x 具有非字符串的键，则有 <code>loads(dumps(x)) != x</code> 。</p>
+<h2 id="json-和-pickle-的区别"><a href="#json-和-pickle-的区别" class="headerlink" title="json 和 pickle 的区别"></a>json 和 pickle 的区别</h2><p> json 和 picle 模块都有  dumps、dump、loads、load 四种方法，而且用法一样。二者不同之处是 json 模块序列化出来的是通用格式，其它编程语言都认识，就是普通的字符串，而 pickle 模块序列化出来的只有 Python 可以认识，其他编程语言无法识别，表现为乱码。</p>
+<h1 id="shelve-模块"><a href="#shelve-模块" class="headerlink" title="shelve 模块"></a>shelve 模块</h1><p>shelve 模块是 Python3 新出现的方式，特点是操作简单，使用序列化句柄直接操作，非常方便。缺点是目前不太常用。使用 shelve 模块时，通常使用一个 <code>open</code> 方法即可，shelve 以键值对的形式存储数据。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> shelve</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> shelve.open(<span class="string">'aa'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    f[<span class="string">'person'</span>] = &#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">23</span>, <span class="string">'job'</span>: <span class="string">'student'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    f[<span class="string">'person'</span>][<span class="string">'age'</span>] = <span class="number">44</span>  <span class="comment"># 这里试图改变原来的年龄23</span></span><br><span class="line">    f[<span class="string">'numbers'</span>] = [i <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">10</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> shelve.open(<span class="string">'aa'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    person = f[<span class="string">'person'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    print(person)  <span class="comment"># &#123;'age': 23, 'job': 'student'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    nums = f[<span class="string">'numbers'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    print(nums)  <span class="comment"># [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 shelve 模块操作文件时 <strong>文件最好不要有后缀名</strong>，因为 shelve 会生成独有的三个文件。其中以 bak 和 dir 为后缀的文件是可以查看的。</p>
+<p>而且 shelve 模块有一个特点就是允许写回（writeback）。在上面的代码中有个细节，我们读取键 <code>person</code> 时候，发现 <code>age</code> 还是 23 岁，<code>f[&#39;person&#39;][&#39;age&#39;] = 44</code> 后并没有变成 44 。默认情况下直接使用 <code>f[&#39;person&#39;]</code> 改变其中的值之后，不会更新已存储的值，也就是没有把更新写回到文件，即使是文件被 close 后。</p>
+<p>如果有改变值的需要，在 open 函数中添加一个参数 <code>writeback=True</code> ，再次运行下即可看到 <code>age</code> 的值已经发生了改变。</p>
+<p>另外要注意，shelve 模块是有 close 函数的，因此如果不是用 <code>with</code> 方法打开的文件，关闭时需要主动 close 。</p>
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+                  </li>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+            
+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是序列化"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是序列化</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#在-Python-中为什么要使用序列化模块"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">在 Python 中为什么要使用序列化模块</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#pickle-模块"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">pickle 模块</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#dump"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">dump</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#load"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">load</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#dumps"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">dumps</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#loads"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">loads</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#json-模块"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">json 模块</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#dumps-和-loads"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">dumps 和 loads</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#dump-和-load"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">dump 和 load</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#其他参数"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">其他参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#注意事项"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">注意事项</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#json-和-pickle-的区别"><span class="nav-number">4.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">json 和 pickle 的区别</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#shelve-模块"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">shelve 模块</span></a></li></ol></div>
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+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
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+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
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+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
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+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
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+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
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+                      }
+                    });
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+                  // merge hits into slices
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+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
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+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
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+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
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+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
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+        <h1 id="类"><a href="#类" class="headerlink" title="类"></a>类</h1><p>类是面向对象的重要内容，可以把类当成一种自定义类型，可以使用类来定义变量，也可以使用类来创建对象。</p>
+<h2 id="定义类"><a href="#定义类" class="headerlink" title="定义类"></a>定义类</h2><p>在面向对象的程序设计过程中有两个重要概念： 类（ class ）和对象（ object ，也被称为实例，instance ），其中类是某一批对象的抽象，可以把类理解成某种概念；对象才是一个具体存在的实体。从这个意义上看，日常所说的人，其实都是人这个类的实体，而不是人这个类。</p>
+<p>类定义由类头（指 class 关键字和 类名部分）和统一缩进的类体构成。Python 定义类的简单语法如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> 类名:</span></span><br><span class="line">    执行语句．．．</span><br><span class="line">    零个到多个类变量．．．</span><br><span class="line">    一个到多个方法．．．</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>Python 的类名必须是由一个或多个有意义的单词连缀而成的，每个单词首字母大写，其他字母全部小写，单词与单词之间不要使用任何分隔符。</p>
+<p>Python 类所包含的最重要的两个成员就是变量和方法，其中类变量属于类本身，用于定义该类本身所包含的属性，比如人类的角色属性是人。而实例变量则属于该类的对象，用于定义对象所包含的属性，比如某个人的姓名、年龄、性别。方法则用于定义该类的对象的行为或功能，比如人类都会走、会说话。类中各成员之间的定义顺序没有任何影响，各成员之间可以相互调用。</p>
+<p>下面程序将定义一个 Person 类：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""定义一个 Person 类"""</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'person'</span>  <span class="comment"># 人的角色属性都是人</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 下面定义了一个 Person 类的 say 方法（功能）</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">say</span><span class="params">(self, content)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 人都可以说话，也就是有一个说话的功能</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s say: %s'</span> % (self.name, content))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="属性引用"><a href="#属性引用" class="headerlink" title="属性引用"></a>属性引用</h2><p>在定义了类之后，接下来即可使用该类了。对于类的属性，如果想要引用则使用 <code>类.变量</code> 的格式：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(Person.role)  <span class="comment"># 查看人的 role 属性</span></span><br><span class="line">print(Person.say)  <span class="comment"># 引用人的走路方法，注意，这里不是在调用</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="类的实例化"><a href="#类的实例化" class="headerlink" title="类的实例化"></a>类的实例化</h2><p>在类中定义的方法默认是实例方法，定义实例方法与定义函数基本相同，只是实例方法的第一个参数会被绑定到方法的调用者（该类的实例）—— 因此实例方法至少应该定义一个参数，该参数通常会被命名为 <code>self</code> 。</p>
+<p>在类中有一个特别的方法：<code>__init__</code> ，这个方法被称为构造方法。构造方法用于构造该类的对象， Python 通过调用构造方法返回该类的对象 。如果没有为该类定义任何构造方法，那么 Python 会自动为该类定义一个只包含一个 <code>self</code> 参数的默认的构造方法。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""定义一个 Person 类"""</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'person'</span>  <span class="comment"># 人的角色属性都是人</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name=<span class="string">'Silence'</span>, age=<span class="number">18</span>)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 定义一个对象的构造方法</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 下面为 Person 类的对象增加两个实例变量</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.age = age</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 下面定义了一个 Person 类的 say 方法（功能）</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">say</span><span class="params">(self, content)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 人都可以说话，也就是有一个说话的功能</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s say: %s'</span> % (self.name, content))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>注意：</strong> 实例方法的第一个参数并不一定要叫 <code>self</code>，其实完全可以叫任意参数名，只是约定俗成地把该参数命名为 <code>self</code>，这样具有最好的可读性。</p>
+<p>类名加括号就是实例化，这将会自动触发 <code>__init__</code> 函数的运行，可以用它来为每个实例定制自己的特征。实例化的过程其实就是从类构造出对象的过程。调用某个类的构造方法即可创建这个类的对象：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">p = Person()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 调用 Person 类的构造方法，返回一个 Person 对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Person() 就等于在执行 Person.__init__()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 执行完 __init__() 就会返回一个对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这个对象类似一个字典，存着属于这个人本身的一些属性和方法</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="对象的使用"><a href="#对象的使用" class="headerlink" title="对象的使用"></a>对象的使用</h2><p>原本我们只有一个 Person 类，在这个过程中产生了一个  p 对象，有自己具体的名字、年龄。</p>
+<p>查看对象属性的语法是 <code>对象.变量</code> ，调用对象方法的语法是  <code>对象.方法(参数)</code> 。在这种方式中，对象是主调者，用于访问该对象的变量或方法。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输出 p 的 name、age 实例变量</span></span><br><span class="line">print(p.name, p.age)  <span class="comment"># Sinence 18</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 访问 p 的 name 实例变量，直接为该实例变量赋值</span></span><br><span class="line">p.name = <span class="string">'李刚'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 调用 p 的 say() 方法，在声明 say() 方法时定义了两个形参</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 但第一个形参(self) 是自动绑定的，因此调用该方法只需为第二个形参指定一个值</span></span><br><span class="line">p.say(<span class="string">'Python 很简单，学习很容易！'</span>)  <span class="comment"># 李刚 say: Python 很简单，学习很容易！</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 再次输出 p 的 name、 age 实例变量</span></span><br><span class="line">print(p.name, p.age)  <span class="comment"># 李刚 18</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上面程序开始访问了 p 对象的 name 、age 两个实例变量。这两个变量是何时定义的？留意在 Person 的构造方法中有如下两行代码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">self.age = age</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这两行代码用传入的 name 、age 参数（这两个参数都有默认值）对 <code>self</code>  的 name 、age 变量赋值。由于 Python 的第一个 self 参数是自动绑定的（在构造方法中自动绑定到该构造方法初始化的对象），而这两行代码就是对 self  的 name 、age 两个变量赋值，也就是对该构造方法初始化的对象( p 对象）的 name 、age 变量赋值，即为 p 对象增加了 name 、age 两个实例变量。self 最大的作用就是引用当前方法的调用者</p>
+<p>上面代码中通过 Person 对象调用了 <code>say()</code> 方法，在调用方法时必须为方法的形参赋值。但 <code>say ()</code> 方法的第一个形参 self 是自动绑定的，它会被绑定到方法的调用者（ p ），因此程序只需要为 <code>say()</code> 方法传入一个字符串作为参数值，这个字符串将被传给 <code>content</code> 参数。</p>
+<p>我们定义的类的属性到底存到哪里了？有两种方式查看：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>dir(类名)</code>：查出的是一个名字列表</li>
+<li><code>类名.__dict__</code>：查出的是一个字典，key为属性名，value为属性值</li>
+</ul>
+<p>特殊的类属性</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">类名.__name__  <span class="comment"># 类的名字(字符串)</span></span><br><span class="line">类名.__doc__  <span class="comment"># 类的文档字符串</span></span><br><span class="line">类名.__base__  <span class="comment"># 类的第一个父类</span></span><br><span class="line">类名.__bases__  <span class="comment"># 类所有父类构成的元组</span></span><br><span class="line">类名.__dict__  <span class="comment"># 类的字典属性</span></span><br><span class="line">类名.__module__  <span class="comment"># 类定义所在的模块</span></span><br><span class="line">类名.__class__  <span class="comment"># 实例对应的类(仅新式类中)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="对象"><a href="#对象" class="headerlink" title="对象"></a>对象</h1><p>假设你现在是一家游戏公司的开发人员，现在需要你开发一款叫做 &lt;人狗大战&gt; 的游戏，这个游戏中至少需要 2 个角色，一个是人， 一个是狗，且人和狗都有不同的技能，比如人拿棍打狗， 狗可以咬人，怎么描述这种不同的角色和功能呢？</p>
+<p>人类除了有自己的昵称之外，还应该具备攻击力，生命值等属性：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""定义一个 Person 类"""</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'person'</span>  <span class="comment"># 人的角色属性都是人</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 定义一个对象的构造方法</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name  <span class="comment"># 每一个对象都应该有自己的昵称</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.aggressivity = aggressivity  <span class="comment"># 每一个角色都有自己的攻击力</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value  <span class="comment"># 每一个角色都有自己的生命值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">attack</span><span class="params">(self, dog)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 人可以攻击狗，这里的狗也是一个对象。</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 人攻击狗，那么狗的生命值就会根据人的攻击力而下降</span></span><br><span class="line">        dog.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对象是关于类而实际存在的一个例子，即实例。对象（实例）只有一种作用，即属性引用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">liubei = Person(<span class="string">'刘备'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(liubei.name)</span><br><span class="line">print(liubei.aggressivity)</span><br><span class="line">print(liubei.life_value)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">刘备</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当然了，对象也可以引用一个方法，因为方法也是一个属性，只不过是一个类似函数的属性，我们也管它叫动态属性。引用动态属性并不是执行这个方法，要想调用方法和调用函数是一样的，都需要在后面加上括号：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(liubei.attack)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;bound method Person.attack of &lt;__main__.Person object at 0x7fb57de2f860&gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可能有些难以理解，下面用函数的实现方式来解释一下类：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">Person</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    self = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">attack</span><span class="params">(self, dog)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        dog[<span class="string">'life_value'</span>] -= self[<span class="string">'aggressivity'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(name, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self[<span class="string">'name'</span>] = name</span><br><span class="line">        self[<span class="string">'aggressivity'</span>] = aggressivity</span><br><span class="line">        self[<span class="string">'life_value'</span>] = life_value</span><br><span class="line">        self[<span class="string">'attack'</span>] = attack</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    __init__(*args, **kwargs)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> self</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">liubei = Person(<span class="string">'刘备'</span>, <span class="number">78</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(liubei[<span class="string">'name'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>理解了对象之后，接下来我们定义一个圆形类，并为其提供计算面积和周长的方法：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> math <span class="keyword">import</span> pi</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Circle</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    定义了一个圆形类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    提供计算面积（area）和周长（perimeter）的方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, radius)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.radius = radius</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">area</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> pi * (self.radius ** <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">perimeter</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">2</span> * pi * self.radius</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">c1 = Circle(<span class="number">5</span>)  <span class="comment"># 从圆形类实例化出一个圆 c1</span></span><br><span class="line">print(c1.area())  <span class="comment"># 计算圆的面积</span></span><br><span class="line">print(c1.perimeter())  <span class="comment"># 计算圆的周长</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="对象之间的交互"><a href="#对象之间的交互" class="headerlink" title="对象之间的交互"></a>对象之间的交互</h1><p>现在已经有一个人类了，通过给人类一些具体的属性我们就可以拿到一个实实在在的人。现在要再创建一个狗类，狗就不能打人了，只能咬人，所以我们给狗一个 bite 方法。有了狗类，我们还要实例化一只实实在在的狗出来。然后人和狗就可以打架了。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 定义一个狗类</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'dog'</span>  <span class="comment"># 狗的角色属性都是狗</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, breed, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的昵称</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.breed = breed  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的品种</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.aggressivity = aggressivity  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的攻击力</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的生命值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">bite</span><span class="params">(self, preson)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 狗可以咬人，这里的狗也是一个对象。</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 狗咬人，那么人的生命值就会根据狗的攻击力而下降</span></span><br><span class="line">        person.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>实例化出一只实实在在的二哈：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ha2 = Dog(<span class="string">'二愣子'</span>, <span class="string">'哈士奇'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)  <span class="comment"># 创造了一只实实在在的狗ha2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>交互 ha2 与 liubei 打一下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)  <span class="comment"># 看看ha2的生命值</span></span><br><span class="line">liubei.attack(ha2)  <span class="comment"># liubei 打了 ha2 一下</span></span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)  <span class="comment"># ha2 掉了10 点血</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">990</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>完整代码如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""定义一个 Person 类"""</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'person'</span>  <span class="comment"># 人的角色属性都是人</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 定义一个对象的构造方法</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name  <span class="comment"># 每一个对象都应该有自己的昵称</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.aggressivity = aggressivity  <span class="comment"># 每一个角色都有自己的攻击力</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value  <span class="comment"># 每一个角色都有自己的生命值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">attack</span><span class="params">(self, dog)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 人可以攻击狗，这里的狗也是一个对象。</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 人攻击狗，那么狗的生命值就会根据人的攻击力而下降</span></span><br><span class="line">        dog.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="string">"""定义一个狗类"""</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'dog'</span>  <span class="comment"># 狗的角色属性都是狗</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, breed, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的昵称</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.breed = breed  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的品种</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.aggressivity = aggressivity  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的攻击力</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value  <span class="comment"># 每一只狗都有自己的生命值</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">bite</span><span class="params">(self, preson)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 狗可以咬人，这里的狗也是一个对象。</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 狗咬人，那么人的生命值就会根据狗的攻击力而下降</span></span><br><span class="line">        person.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">liubei = Person(<span class="string">'刘备'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line">ha2 = Dog(<span class="string">'二愣子'</span>, <span class="string">'哈士奇'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)  <span class="comment"># 创造了一只实实在在的狗ha2</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)  <span class="comment"># 看看ha2的生命值</span></span><br><span class="line">liubei.attack(ha2)  <span class="comment"># liubei 打了 ha2 一下</span></span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)  <span class="comment"># ha2 掉了10 点血</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">990</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="命名空间"><a href="#命名空间" class="headerlink" title="命名空间"></a>命名空间</h1><p>创建一个类就会创建一个类的名称空间，用来存储类中定义的所有名字，这些名字称为类的属性。而类有两种属性：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>静态属性：接在类中定义的变量</li>
+<li>动态属性：定义在类中的方法</li>
+</ul>
+<p>并且类的数据属性是共享给所有对象的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(id(ha2.role))</span><br><span class="line">print(id(Dog.role))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">140481389229648</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">140481389229648</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>类的动态属性是绑定到所有对象的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(ha2.bite)</span><br><span class="line">print(Dog.bite)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;bound method Dog.bite of &lt;__main__.Dog object at 0x7f6bac22db00&gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;function Dog.bite at 0x7f6bac199d90&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>创建一个对象（实例）就会创建一个对象（实例）的名称空间，存放对象（实例）的名字，称为对象（实例）的属性。</strong></p>
+<p>在 <code>obj.name</code> 会先从 <code>obj</code> 自己的名称空间里找 <code>name</code>，找不到则去类中找，类也找不到就找父类…最后都找不到就抛出异常。</p>
+<h1 id="面向对象的组合用法"><a href="#面向对象的组合用法" class="headerlink" title="面向对象的组合用法"></a>面向对象的组合用法</h1><p>代码重用的重要方式除了继承之外还有另外一种方式，即组合。在一个类中以另外一个类的对象作为数据属性，称为类的组合。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Weapon</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">prick</span><span class="params">(self, obj)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 这是该装备的主动技能,扎死对方</span></span><br><span class="line">        obj.life_value -= <span class="number">500</span>  <span class="comment"># 假设攻击力是500</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'person'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, aggr, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.aggr = aggr</span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value</span><br><span class="line">        self.weapon = Weapon()  <span class="comment"># 给角色绑定一个武器;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">attack</span><span class="params">(self, dog)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        dog.life_value -= self.aggr</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    role = <span class="string">'dog'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, aggr, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.aggr = aggr</span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">bite</span><span class="params">(self, person)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        person.life_value -= self.aggr</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ha2 = Dog(name=<span class="string">'二哈'</span>, aggr=<span class="number">100</span>, life_value=<span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line">liubei = Person(name=<span class="string">'刘备'</span>, aggr=<span class="number">120</span>, life_value=<span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)</span><br><span class="line">liubei.weapon.prick(ha2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># liubei 组合了一个武器的对象，可以直接 liubei.weapon 来使用组合类中的所有方法</span></span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1000</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">500</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>圆环是由两个圆组成的，圆环的面积是外面圆的面积减去内部圆的面积。圆环的周长是内部圆的周长加上外部圆的周长。这个时候，我们就首先实现一个圆形类，计算一个圆的周长和面积。然后在 “环形类” 中组合圆形的实例作为自己的属性来用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> math <span class="keyword">import</span> pi</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Circle</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    定义了一个圆形类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    提供计算面积（area）和周长（perimeter）的方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, radius)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.radius = radius</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">area</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> pi * (self.radius ** <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">perimeter</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">2</span> * pi * self.radius</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">c1 = Circle(<span class="number">5</span>)  <span class="comment"># 从圆形类实例化出一个圆 c1</span></span><br><span class="line">print(c1.area())  <span class="comment"># 计算圆的面积</span></span><br><span class="line">print(c1.perimeter())  <span class="comment"># 计算圆的周长</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Ring</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    定义一个圆环类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    提供圆环的面积和周长计算方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, radius_outside, radius_inside)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.outside_circle = Circle(radius_outside)</span><br><span class="line">        self.inside_circle = Circle(radius_inside)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">area</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.outside_circle.area() - self.inside_circle.area()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">perimeter</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.outside_circle.perimeter() + self.inside_circle.perimeter()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ring = Ring(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">5</span>)  <span class="comment"># 实例化出一个圆环对象</span></span><br><span class="line">print(ring.area())  <span class="comment"># 计算圆环的面积</span></span><br><span class="line">print(ring.perimeter())  <span class="comment"># 计算圆环的周长</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>用组合的方式建立了类与组合的类之间的关系，它是一种 ‘有’ 的关系，比如教授有生日，教授教 Python 课程。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">BirthDate</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, year, month, day)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.year = year</span><br><span class="line">        self.month = month</span><br><span class="line">        self.day = day</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Course</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, price, period)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.price = price</span><br><span class="line">        self.period = period</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Teacher</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, gender, birth, course)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.gender = gender</span><br><span class="line">        self.birth = birth</span><br><span class="line">        self.course = course</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">teach</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'teaching'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">t1 = Teacher(</span><br><span class="line">    name=<span class="string">'Jerry'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    gender=<span class="string">'male'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    birth=BirthDate(year=<span class="string">'1995'</span>, month=<span class="string">'3'</span>, day=<span class="string">'17'</span>),</span><br><span class="line">    course=Course(name=<span class="string">'Python'</span>, price=<span class="string">'30000'</span>, period=<span class="string">'4 months'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(t1.birth.year, t1.birth.month, t1.birth.day)</span><br><span class="line">print(t1.course.name, t1.course.price, t1.course.period)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1995 3 17</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Python 30000 4 months</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当类之间有显著不同，并且较小的类是较大的类所需要的组件时，用组合比较好。</p>
+<h1 id="类的三大特性之继承"><a href="#类的三大特性之继承" class="headerlink" title="类的三大特性之继承"></a>类的三大特性之继承</h1><p>继承是一种创建新类的方式，在 Python 中，新建的类可以继承一个或多个父类，父类又可称为基类或超类，新建的类称为派生类或子类。</p>
+<p>Python 中类的继承分为：单继承和多继承。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ParentClass1</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 定义父类</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ParentClass2</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 定义父类</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">SubClass1</span><span class="params">(ParentClass1)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 单继承，基类是 ParentClass1，派生类是 SubClass1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">SubClass2</span><span class="params">(ParentClass1, ParentClass2)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># Python 支持多继承，用逗号分隔开多个继承的类</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用类的内置属性 <code>__bases__</code> 即可查看对应的类所有继承的父类：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(SubClass1.__bases__)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">(&lt;class '__main__.ParentClass1'&gt;,)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(SubClass2.__bases__)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">(&lt;class '__main__.ParentClass1'&gt;, &lt;class '__main__.ParentClass2'&gt;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果对应的类没有所继承的父类，则 Python 会默认继承 <code>object</code> 类。并且 <code>object</code> 是所有 Python 类的父类，它提供了一些常见方法（如 <code>__str__</code> ）的实现。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(ParentClass1.__bases__)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">(&lt;class 'object'&gt;,)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(ParentClass2.__bases__)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">(&lt;class 'object'&gt;,)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="继承与抽象"><a href="#继承与抽象" class="headerlink" title="继承与抽象"></a>继承与抽象</h2><p>抽象，即抽取类似或者说比较相像的部分。抽象最主要的作用是划分类别（可以隔离关注点，降低复杂度）。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/01object_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>如上图所示，抽象分成两个层次： </p>
+<p>1、将小明和小红这两个对象比较像的部分抽取成人类； </p>
+<p>2、将人类，猪类，熊类这三个类比较像的部分抽取成父类。</p>
+<p>继承，是基于抽象的结果，通过编程语言去实现它，肯定是实现经历了抽象这个过程，才能通过继承的方式去表达出抽象的结构。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/01object_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>抽象只是在分析和设计的过程中的一个动作或者说一种技巧，通过抽象可以得到类。</p>
+<h2 id="继承与代码重用"><a href="#继承与代码重用" class="headerlink" title="继承与代码重用"></a>继承与代码重用</h2><p>对于猫类和狗类，我们可以按如下方式定义：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Cat</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.breed = <span class="string">'猫'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">eat</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"%s 吃 "</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">drink</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"%s 喝 "</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">climb</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'爬树'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.breed = <span class="string">'狗'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">eat</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"%s 吃 "</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">drink</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"%s 喝 "</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">look_after_house</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'汪汪叫'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从上述代码中不难看出，吃和喝是猫类和狗类都具有的功能，但是这共有的功能在上面分别为猫和狗的类中编写了两次。如果使用了类的继承则可以实现代码的重用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">lass Animal:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">eat</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"%s 吃 "</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">drink</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"%s 喝 "</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Cat</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.breed = <span class="string">'猫'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">climb</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'爬树'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        self.breed = <span class="string">'狗'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">look_after_house</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'汪汪叫'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">c1 = Cat(<span class="string">'小白家的小黑猫'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">c1.eat()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">c2 = Cat(<span class="string">'小黑家的小白猫'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">c2.drink()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">d1 = Dog(<span class="string">'胖子家的小瘦狗'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">d1.eat()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">小白家的小黑猫 吃 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">小黑家的小白猫 喝 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">胖子家的小瘦狗 吃 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这就是常说的软件重用，不仅可以重用自己的类，也可以继承别人的，比如标准库，来定制新的数据类型，这样就是大大缩短了软件开发周期，对大型软件开发来说，意义重大。</p>
+<h2 id="派生"><a href="#派生" class="headerlink" title="派生"></a>派生</h2><p>子类也可以添加自己新的属性或者自己重新定义这些属性（不会影响到父类）。需要注意的是，一旦重新定义了自己的属性且与父类重名，那么调用新增的属性时，就以自己为准了。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Animal</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    人和狗都是动物，所以创造一个 Animal 基类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name  <span class="comment"># 人和狗都有自己的昵称;</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.aggressivity = aggressivity  <span class="comment"># 人和狗都有自己的攻击力;</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value  <span class="comment"># 人和狗都有自己的生命值;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">eat</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s is eating'</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    狗类，继承 Animal 类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">bite</span><span class="params">(self, people)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        派生：狗有咬人的技能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param people:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        '''</span></span><br><span class="line">        people.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    人类，继承 Animal</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">attack</span><span class="params">(self, dog)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        派生：人有攻击的技能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param dog:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        '''</span></span><br><span class="line">        dog.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">liubei = Person(<span class="string">'刘备'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line">ha2 = Dog(<span class="string">'二哈'</span>, <span class="number">50</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)</span><br><span class="line">print(liubei.attack(ha2))</span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.life_value)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在上述代码中，像 <code>ha2.life_value</code> 之类的属性引用，会先从实例的命名空间中找 <code>life_value</code> ，然后去类中找，然后再去父类中找，直到最顶级的父类。</p>
+<h2 id="super"><a href="#super" class="headerlink" title="super"></a>super</h2><p>在子类中，新建的重名的函数属性，在编辑函数内功能的时候，有可能需要重用父类中重名的那个函数功能，应该是用调用普通函数的方式，即：<code>类名.func()</code>，此时就与调用普通函数无异了，因此即便是 <code>self</code> 参数也要为其传值。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">A</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hahaha</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'A'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">B</span><span class="params">(A)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hahaha</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        A.hahaha(self)</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'B'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">a = A()</span><br><span class="line">b = B()</span><br><span class="line">b.hahaha()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">A</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">B</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 Python3 中，子类执行父类的方法也可以直接用 <code>super</code> 方法：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">A</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hahaha</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'A'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">B</span><span class="params">(A)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hahaha</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 方法一:</span></span><br><span class="line">        super().hahaha()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 方法二:</span></span><br><span class="line">        super(B, self).hahaha()</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'B'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">a = A()</span><br><span class="line">b = B()</span><br><span class="line">b.hahaha()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 方法三:</span></span><br><span class="line">super(B, b).hahaha()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">A</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">A</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">B</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">A</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再比如人狗大战中的应用：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Animal</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    人和狗都是动物，所以创造一个 Animal 基类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.name = name  <span class="comment"># 人和狗都有自己的昵称;</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.aggressivity = aggressivity  <span class="comment"># 人和狗都有自己的攻击力;</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.life_value = life_value  <span class="comment"># 人和狗都有自己的生命值;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">eat</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s is eating'</span> % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    狗类，继承Animal类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, breed, aggressivity, life_value)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        super().__init__(name, aggressivity, life_value)  <span class="comment"># 执行父类Animal的init方法</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.breed = breed  <span class="comment"># 派生出了新的属性</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">bite</span><span class="params">(self, people)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        派生出了新的技能：狗有咬人的技能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param people:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        '''</span></span><br><span class="line">        people.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">eat</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># Animal.eat(self)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># super().eat()</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'from Dog'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    人类，继承Animal</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, name, aggressivity, life_value, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># Animal.__init__(self, name, aggressivity, life_value)</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># super(Person, self).__init__(name, aggressivity, life_value)</span></span><br><span class="line">        super().__init__(name, aggressivity, life_value)  <span class="comment"># 执行父类的init方法</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.money = money  <span class="comment"># 派生出了新的属性</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">attack</span><span class="params">(self, dog)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        派生出了新的技能：人有攻击的技能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param dog:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        '''</span></span><br><span class="line">        dog.life_value -= self.aggressivity</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">eat</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># super().eat()</span></span><br><span class="line">        Animal.eat(self)</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'from Person'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">liubei = Person(<span class="string">'刘备'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>, <span class="number">600</span>)</span><br><span class="line">ha2 = Dog(<span class="string">'二哈'</span>, <span class="string">'哈士奇'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(liubei.name)</span><br><span class="line">print(ha2.name)</span><br><span class="line">liubei.eat()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">刘备</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">二哈</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">刘备 is eating</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">from Person</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>通过继承建立了派生类与基类之间的关系，它是一种 ‘是’ 的关系，比如白马是马，人是动物。当类之间有很多相同的功能，提取这些共同的功能做成基类，用继承比较好，比如教授是老师。</p>
+<h2 id="抽象类与接口类"><a href="#抽象类与接口类" class="headerlink" title="抽象类与接口类"></a>抽象类与接口类</h2><h3 id="接口类"><a href="#接口类" class="headerlink" title="接口类"></a>接口类</h3><p>继承有两种用途：</p>
+<p>一：继承基类的方法，并且做出自己的改变或者扩展（代码重用）。</p>
+<p>二：声明某个子类兼容于某基类，定义一个接口类 Interface，接口类中定义了一些接口名（就是函数名）且并未实现接口的功能，子类继承接口类，并且实现接口中的功能。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Alipay</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付宝支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'支付宝支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Applepay</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    apple pay支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'Applepay支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(payment, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付函数，总体负责支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    对应支付的对象和要支付的金额</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line">    payment.pay(money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">p = Alipay()</span><br><span class="line">pay(p, <span class="number">200</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">支付宝支付了200元</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>开发中容易出现的问题，当一个程序员写好程序后，由于需求变更需要另外一个程序员补充功能：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Alipay</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付宝支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'支付宝支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Applepay</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    apple pay支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'apple pay支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Wechatpay</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fuqian</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        实现了pay的功能，但是名字不一样</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        '''</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'微信支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(payment, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付函数，总体负责支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    对应支付的对象和要支付的金额</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line">    payment.pay(money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">p = Wechatpay()</span><br><span class="line">pay(p, <span class="number">200</span>)  <span class="comment"># 执行会报错</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">AttributeError: 'Wechatpay' object has no attribute 'pay'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>接口初成：主动抛出报异常 <code>NotImplementedError</code> 来解决开发中遇到的问题：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Payment</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    创建一个基类，使其他类都继承这个类，在子类中如果没有定义pay方法则会到这个类来调用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">raise</span> NotImplementedError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Alipay</span><span class="params">(Payment)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付宝支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'支付宝支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Applepay</span><span class="params">(Payment)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    apple pay支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'apple pay支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Wechatpay</span><span class="params">(Payment)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fuqian</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        实现了pay的功能，但是名字不一样</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        '''</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'微信支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(payment, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付函数，总体负责支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    对应支付的对象和要支付的金额</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line">    payment.pay(money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">p = Wechatpay()  <span class="comment"># 这里不报错</span></span><br><span class="line">pay(p, <span class="number">200</span>)  <span class="comment"># 这里报错了</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">NotImplementedError</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>借用 abc 模块来实现接口：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> abc <span class="keyword">import</span> ABCMeta, abstractmethod</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Payment</span><span class="params">(metaclass=ABCMeta)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    创建一个基类，使其他类都继承这个作为规范的类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">	要求实现一个 pay 的方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @abstractmethod</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Alipay</span><span class="params">(Payment)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付宝支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'支付宝支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Applepay</span><span class="params">(Payment)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    apple pay支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'apple pay支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Wechatpay</span><span class="params">(Payment)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fuqian</span><span class="params">(self, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        实现了pay的功能，但是名字不一样</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        '''</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'微信支付了%s元'</span> % money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pay</span><span class="params">(payment, money)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    支付函数，总体负责支付</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    对应支付的对象和要支付的金额</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    '''</span></span><br><span class="line">    payment.pay(money)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">p = Wechatpay()  <span class="comment"># 实例化的时候就报错了，能很快的定位到问题所在</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">报错很明显：无法用抽象方法 pay 实例化抽象类 Wechatpay</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Wechatpay with abstract methods pay</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>实践中，继承的第一种用途意义并不很大，甚至常常是有害的。因为它使得子类与基类出现强耦合。</p>
+<p>继承的第二种用途非常重要。它又叫“接口继承”。接口继承实质上是要求“做出一个良好的抽象，这个抽象规定了一个兼容接口，使得外部调用者无需关心具体细节，可一视同仁的处理实现了特定接口的所有对象”——这在程序设计上，叫做归一化。</p>
+<p>归一化使得外部使用者可以不加区分地处理所有接口兼容的对象集合——就好象 linux 一样，一切皆文件，不必关心它是内存、磁盘、网络还是屏幕（对于底层设计者，当然也可以区分出“字符设备”和“块设备”，然后做出针对性的设计：细致到什么程度，视需求而定）。</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">依赖倒置原则：</span><br><span class="line">高层模块不应该依赖低层模块，二者都应该依赖其抽象；抽象不应该应该依赖细节；细节应该依赖抽象。换言之，要针对接口编程，而不是针对实现编程</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 Python 中根本就没有一个叫做 interface 的关键字，上面的代码只是看起来像接口，其实并没有起到接口的作用，子类完全可以不用去实现接口 ，如果非要去模仿接口的概念，可以借助第三方模块：<a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/zope.interface" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/zope.interface</a> 。twisted 的 <code>twisted\internet\interface.py</code> 里使用 <code>zope.interface</code>，文档 <a href="https://zopeinterface.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://zopeinterface.readthedocs.io/en/latest/</a> 。设计模式：<a href="https://github.com/faif/python-patterns" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/faif/python-patterns</a></p>
+<p>为什么要用接口呢？</p>
+<p>接口提取了一群类共同的函数，可以把接口当做一个函数的集合。然后让子类去实现接口中的函数。</p>
+<p>这么做的意义在于归一化，什么叫归一化，就是只要是基于同一个接口实现的类，那么所有的这些类产生的对象在使用时，从用法上来说都一样。</p>
+<p>归一化，让使用者无需关心对象的类是什么，只需要的知道这些对象都具备某些功能就可以了，这极大地降低了使用者的使用难度。</p>
+<p>比如：我们定义一个动物接口，接口里定义了有跑、吃、呼吸等接口函数，这样老鼠的类去实现了该接口，松鼠的类也去实现了该接口，由二者分别产生一只老鼠和一只松鼠送到你面前，即便是你分别不到底哪只是什么鼠你肯定知道他俩都会跑，都会吃，都能呼吸。</p>
+<p>再比如：我们有一个汽车接口，里面定义了汽车所有的功能，然后由本田汽车的类，奥迪汽车的类，大众汽车的类，他们都实现了汽车接口，这样就好办了，大家只需要学会了怎么开汽车，那么无论是本田，还是奥迪，还是大众我们都会开了，开的时候根本无需关心开的是哪一类车，操作手法（函数调用）都一样。</p>
+<h3 id="抽象类"><a href="#抽象类" class="headerlink" title="抽象类"></a>抽象类</h3><p><strong>什么是抽象类</strong></p>
+<p>与 Java 一样，Python 也有抽象类的概念。但是同样需要借助模块实现，抽象类是一个特殊的类，它的特殊之处在于只能被继承，不能被实例化。</p>
+<p><strong>为什么要有抽象类</strong></p>
+<p>如果说类是从一堆对象中抽取相同的内容而来的，那么抽象类就是从一堆类中抽取相同的内容而来的，内容包括数据属性和函数属性。</p>
+<p>比如我们有香蕉的类，有苹果的类，有桃子的类，从这些类抽取相同的内容就是水果这个抽象的类，在吃水果时，要么是吃一个具体的香蕉，要么是吃一个具体的桃子，但永远无法吃到一个叫做水果的东西。</p>
+<p>从设计角度去看，如果类是从现实对象抽象而来的，那么抽象类就是基于类抽象而来的。</p>
+<p>从实现角度来看，抽象类与普通类的不同之处在于：抽象类中有抽象方法，该类不能被实例化，只能被继承，且子类必须实现抽象方法。这一点与接口有点类似，但其实是不同的。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 一切皆文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> abc  <span class="comment"># 利用abc模块实现抽象类</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">All_file</span><span class="params">(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    all_type = <span class="string">'file'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @abc.abstractmethod  # 定义抽象方法，无需实现功能</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'子类必须定义读功能'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @abc.abstractmethod  # 定义抽象方法，无需实现功能</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">write</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'子类必须定义写功能'</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># class Txt(All_file):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#     pass</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># t1=Txt() #报错,子类没有定义抽象方法</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Txt</span><span class="params">(All_file)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'文本数据的读取方法'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">write</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'文本数据的读取方法'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Sata</span><span class="params">(All_file)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'硬盘数据的读取方法'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">write</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'硬盘数据的读取方法'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Process</span><span class="params">(All_file)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'进程数据的读取方法'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">write</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'进程数据的读取方法'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">wenbenwenjian = Txt()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">yingpanwenjian = Sata()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">jinchengwenjian = Process()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这样大家都是被归一化了,也就是一切皆文件的思想</span></span><br><span class="line">wenbenwenjian.read()</span><br><span class="line">yingpanwenjian.write()</span><br><span class="line">jinchengwenjian.read()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(wenbenwenjian.all_type)</span><br><span class="line">print(yingpanwenjian.all_type)</span><br><span class="line">print(jinchengwenjian.all_type)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="抽象类与接口类-1"><a href="#抽象类与接口类-1" class="headerlink" title="抽象类与接口类"></a>抽象类与接口类</h3><p>抽象类的本质还是类，指的是一组类的相似性，包括数据属性（如 all_type）和函数属性（如 read、write），而接口只强调函数属性的相似性。</p>
+<p>抽象类是一个介于类和接口之间的一个概念，同时具备类和接口的部分特性，可以用来实现归一化设计 </p>
+<p>在 Python 中，并没有接口类这种东西，即便不通过专门的模块定义接口，我们也应该有一些基本的概念。</p>
+<h1 id="类的三大特性之多态"><a href="#类的三大特性之多态" class="headerlink" title="类的三大特性之多态"></a>类的三大特性之多态</h1><p><strong>多态</strong></p>
+<p>多态指的是一类事物有多种形态。比如动物有多种形态：人，狗，猪</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> abc</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Animal</span><span class="params">(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 同一类事物:动物</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @abc.abstractmethod</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">talk</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">People</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 动物的形态之一:人</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">talk</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'say hello'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Dog</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 动物的形态之二:狗</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">talk</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'say wangwang'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Pig</span><span class="params">(Animal)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 动物的形态之三:猪</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">talk</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'say aoao'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再比如，文件有多种形态：文本文件，可执行文件：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> abc</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">File</span><span class="params">(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 同一类事物:文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @abc.abstractmethod</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">click</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Text</span><span class="params">(File)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 文件的形态之一:文本文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">click</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'open file'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ExeFile</span><span class="params">(File)</span>:</span>  <span class="comment"># 文件的形态之二:可执行文件</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">click</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'execute file'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>多态性</strong></p>
+<p>多态性是指在不考虑实例类型的情况下使用实例（在继承的背景下使用时，有时也称为多态性）。在面向对象方法中一般是这样表述多态性：</p>
+<p>向不同的对象发送同一条消息（<code>obj.func()</code>: 是调用了 obj 的方法 func ，又称为向 obj 发送了一条消息 func ），不同的对象在接收时会产生不同的行为（即方法）。</p>
+<p>也就是说，每个对象可以用自己的方式去响应共同的消息。所谓消息就是调用函数，不同的行为就是指不同的实现，即执行不同的函数。比如：<code>老师.下课铃响了()</code> 和 <code>学生.下课铃响了()</code>，老师执行的是下班操作，学生执行的是放学操作，虽然二者消息一样，但是执行的效果不同。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">peo = People()</span><br><span class="line">dog = Dog()</span><br><span class="line">pig = Pig()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># peo、dog、pig 都是动物,只要是动物肯定有talk方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 于是我们可以不用考虑它们三者的具体是什么类型,而直接使用</span></span><br><span class="line">peo.talk()</span><br><span class="line">dog.talk()</span><br><span class="line">pig.talk()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 更进一步,我们可以定义一个统一的接口来使用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(obj)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    obj.talk()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>鸭子类型</strong></p>
+<p>Python 崇尚鸭子类型，即 “如果看起来像、叫声像而且走起路来像鸭子，那么它就是鸭子”</p>
+<p>Python 程序员通常根据这种行为来编写程序。例如，如果想编写现有对象的自定义版本，可以继承该对象</p>
+<p>也可以创建一个外观和行为很像，但与它无任何关系的全新对象，后者通常用于保存程序组件的松耦合度。</p>
+<p>例1：利用标准库中定义的各种 ”与文件类似“ 的对象，尽管这些对象的工作方式像文件，但他们没有继承内置文件对象的方法。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 二者都像鸭子,二者看起来都像文件,因而就可以当文件一样去用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">TxtFile</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">write</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">DiskFile</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">read</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">write</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>鸭子类型不崇尚根据继承所得来的相似，只是自己实现功能就可以了。如果两个类刚好相似，并不产生父类的子类间兄弟关系，这就是鸭子类型。list 和 tuple 两个类比较相似，他们是在写代码的时候约束的，而不是通过父类约束的。</p>
+<p>鸭子类型的优点是松耦合，每个相似的类之间都没有影响；缺点是代码写起来太随意，只能靠自觉。</p>
+<p>例2：序列类型有多种形态：字符串，列表，元组，但他们之间没有直接的继承关系。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">List</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__len__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Tuple</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__len__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">len</span><span class="params">(obj)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> obj.__len__()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">l = Tuple()</span><br><span class="line">len(l)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="类的三大特性之封装"><a href="#类的三大特性之封装" class="headerlink" title="类的三大特性之封装"></a>类的三大特性之封装</h1>
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#类"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">类</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#定义类"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">定义类</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#属性引用"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">属性引用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#类的实例化"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">类的实例化</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#对象的使用"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">对象的使用</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#对象"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">对象</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#对象之间的交互"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">对象之间的交互</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#命名空间"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">命名空间</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#面向对象的组合用法"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">面向对象的组合用法</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#类的三大特性之继承"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">类的三大特性之继承</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#继承与抽象"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">继承与抽象</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#继承与代码重用"><span class="nav-number">6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">继承与代码重用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#派生"><span class="nav-number">6.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">派生</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#super"><span class="nav-number">6.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">super</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#抽象类与接口类"><span class="nav-number">6.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">抽象类与接口类</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#接口类"><span class="nav-number">6.5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">接口类</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#抽象类"><span class="nav-number">6.5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">抽象类</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#抽象类与接口类-1"><span class="nav-number">6.5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">抽象类与接口类</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#类的三大特性之多态"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">类的三大特性之多态</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#类的三大特性之封装"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">类的三大特性之封装</span></a></li></ol></div>
+            
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      <!--/noindex-->
+      
+
+      
+
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+  
+
+
+        
+      </div>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
+  
+
+  
+</div>
+
+
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
+
+
+        
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
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+
+        
+      </div>
+    </footer>
+
+    
+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
+        
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
+      </div>
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+  </div>
+
+  
+
+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git "a/2019/06/18/190143-\345\201\232\347\273\203\344\271\240\351\242\230\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\257\271\350\261\241/index.html" "b/2019/06/18/190143-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\277\205\350\200\203\351\227\256\351\242\2301/index.html"
similarity index 55%
rename from "2019/06/18/190143-\345\201\232\347\273\203\344\271\240\351\242\230\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\257\271\350\261\241/index.html"
rename to "2019/06/18/190143-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\277\205\350\200\203\351\227\256\351\242\2301/index.html"
index 8c70975d..c61f2dda 100644
--- "a/2019/06/18/190143-\345\201\232\347\273\203\344\271\240\351\242\230\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\257\271\350\261\241/index.html"
+++ "b/2019/06/18/190143-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\277\205\350\200\203\351\227\256\351\242\2301/index.html"
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,71 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">做练习题理解Python中的对象</h1>
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@@ -382,28 +455,39 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">做练习题理解Python中的
       
 
       
-        <h1 id="练习1"><a href="#练习1" class="headerlink" title="练习1"></a>练习1</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">extendList</span><span class="params">(val, list=[])</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    list.append(val)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> list</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">list1 = extendList(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">list2 = extendList(<span class="number">123</span>, [])</span><br><span class="line">list3 = extendList(<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list1 = %s"</span> % list1)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list2 = %s"</span> % list2)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list3 = %s"</span> % list3)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+        <p>下面这段代码的输出结果是什么？请解释。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">extendList</span><span class="params">(val, list=[])</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    list.append(val)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> list</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">list1 = extendList(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">list2 = extendList(<span class="number">123</span>, [])</span><br><span class="line">list3 = extendList(<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list1 = %s"</span> % list1)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list2 = %s"</span> % list2)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list3 = %s"</span> % list3)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>上面代码输出结果将是：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">list1 = [10, &apos;a&apos;]</span><br><span class="line">list2 = [123]</span><br><span class="line">list3 = [10, &apos;a&apos;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>很多人都会误认为 <code>list1=[10]</code>，<code>list3=[&#39;a&#39;]</code>，因为他们以为每次 <code>extendList</code> 被调用时，列表参数的默认值都将被设置为 <code>[]</code>，但实际上并不是这样，新的默认列表在函数被定义的那一刻只会创建一次。</p>
 <p>当 <code>extendList</code> 被调用时，如果没有指定特定参数，默认的 <code>list</code> 的值随后将被使用。这是因为默认值参数会在函数<strong>被定义</strong>的时候被创建和计算，而不是在<strong>被调用</strong>的时候被创建和计算。因此 <code>list1</code> 和 <code>list3</code> 指向的是同一个对象，也就是默认列表。而 <code>list2</code> 是函数被调用时另外指定了一个对象，而不是使用默认的。</p>
-<p><img src="/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/object1.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>画图来分步理解一下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">extendList</span><span class="params">(val, list=[])</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    list.append(val)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> list</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>定义函数，设置位置参数 <code>val</code>，默认参数 <code>list</code> 指向空列表。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/questioin1_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">list1 = extendList(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>调用函数 <code>extendList</code>，并使用默认参数 <code>list</code>，函数执行过程中向列表中追加元素。空列表追加元素后，第一个位置指向了 <code>10</code></p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/questioin1_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">list2 = extendList(<span class="number">123</span>, [])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>调用函数 <code>extendList</code>，指定了另外一个空列表作为参数，而不是使用默认参数 <code>list</code>。函数执行过程中向手动指定的空列表中追加元素 <code>123</code> 。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/questioin1_03.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">list3 = extendList(<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>调用函数 <code>extendList</code>，并使用默认参数 <code>list</code>，此时默认参数 <code>list</code> 所指向的列表已经有了元素，函数执行过程中向列表中追加元素，列表中的第二个位置指向了 <code>&#39;a&#39;</code> 。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/questioin1_04.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>所有的操作已经执行完，接下来进行打印输出。此时的 <code>list1</code> 和 <code>list3</code> 指向了同一个列表对象，即定义函数时的默认列表。而 <code>list2</code> 指向的是它调用函数时手动传给函数的另一个列表对象。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list1 = %s"</span> % list1)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list2 = %s"</span> % list2)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list3 = %s"</span> % list3)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>于是输出结果就是：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">list1 = [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="string">'a'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">list2 = [<span class="number">123</span>]</span><br><span class="line">list3 = [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="string">'a'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>我们可以在函数中使用 <code>id()</code> 方法获取函数操作的 <code>list</code> 的内存地址来验证操作的是否是同一个对象：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">extendList</span><span class="params">(val, list=[])</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    list.append(val)</span><br><span class="line">    print(id(list))</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> list</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">list1 = extendList(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">list2 = extendList(<span class="number">123</span>, [])</span><br><span class="line">list3 = extendList(<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list1 = %s"</span> % list1)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list2 = %s"</span> % list2)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list3 = %s"</span> % list3)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">extendList</span><span class="params">(val, list=[])</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    list.append(val)</span><br><span class="line">    print(id(list))</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> list</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">list1 = extendList(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">list2 = extendList(<span class="number">123</span>, [])</span><br><span class="line">list3 = extendList(<span class="string">'a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list1 = %s"</span> % list1)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list2 = %s"</span> % list2)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"list3 = %s"</span> % list3)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 <p>执行结果：</p>
 <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="number">140494594992264</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">140494594992328</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">140494594992264</span></span><br><span class="line">list1 = [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="string">'a'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">list2 = [<span class="number">123</span>]</span><br><span class="line">list3 = [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="string">'a'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练习2</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(ls[<span class="number">-2</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>乍一看，你能猜到执行的结果么？</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>这个是因为什么呢？画个图来理解一下：</p>
-<p><img src="/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/object2.png" alt=""></p>
-<p>那么到底是不是这样呢？我们打印每个元素的内存地址来验证一下：</p>
-<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(id(i))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;33m ls[-2] is \033[0m"</span>, ls[<span class="number">-2</span>], end=<span class="string">' ; '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;32m ls is \033[0m"</span>, ls, end=<span class="string">' ; '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;31m id ls[-2] is \033[0m"</span>, id(ls[<span class="number">-2</span>]))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
-<p>执行结果：</p>
-<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">139930381165920</span><br><span class="line">139930381165952</span><br><span class="line">139930381165984</span><br><span class="line">139930381166016</span><br><span class="line">139930381166048</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  1 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 1, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165920</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  2 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 2, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165952</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  3 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165984</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  3 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381165984</span><br><span class="line"> ls[-2] is  5 ;  ls is  [1, 2, 3, 5, 5] ;  id ls[-2] is  139930381166048</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
       
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+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -644,122 +736,133 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
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@@ -767,32 +870,20 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
           
 
           
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-      <!--noindex-->
-        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
-          <div class="post-toc">
-
-            
-              
             
+          
+          
 
-            
-              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#练习1"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">练习1</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#练习2"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">练习2</span></a></li></ol></div>
-            
+        </div>
+      </div>
 
-          </div>
-        </section>
-      <!--/noindex-->
       
 
       
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -801,24 +892,59 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -834,14 +960,21 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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+<script>
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@@ -855,10 +988,8 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
 
 
 
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@@ -870,85 +1001,63 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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@@ -1030,8 +1141,9 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
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@@ -1272,25 +1384,67 @@ <h1 id="练习2"><a href="#练习2" class="headerlink" title="练习2"></a>练
   
 
   
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+
 
   
 
diff --git "a/2019/06/18/190143-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\277\205\350\200\203\351\227\256\351\242\2301/questioin1_01.png" "b/2019/06/18/190143-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\277\205\350\200\203\351\227\256\351\242\2301/questioin1_01.png"
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diff --git "a/2019/06/18/190143-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\277\205\350\200\203\351\227\256\351\242\2301/questioin1_04.png" "b/2019/06/18/190143-Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\277\205\350\200\203\351\227\256\351\242\2301/questioin1_04.png"
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diff --git "a/2019/06/18/190143-\345\201\232\347\273\203\344\271\240\351\242\230\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\257\271\350\261\241/object1.png" "b/2019/06/18/190143-\345\201\232\347\273\203\344\271\240\351\242\230\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\257\271\350\261\241/object1.png"
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diff --git "a/2019/06/18/190143-\345\201\232\347\273\203\344\271\240\351\242\230\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\257\271\350\261\241/object2.png" "b/2019/06/18/190143-\345\201\232\347\273\203\344\271\240\351\242\230\347\220\206\350\247\243Python\344\270\255\347\232\204\345\257\271\350\261\241/object2.png"
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+        <p>下面这段代码的输出结果将是什么？请解释。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(ls[<span class="number">-2</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上面代码输出结果将是：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>画图来分步理解一下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>创建对象引用，变量 <code>ls</code> 指向一个列表对象，列表中的每个位置指向了对应的值。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/question2_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>接下来使用 <code>for</code> 循环进行迭代，我们知道 <code>for</code> 循环的本质是先用 <code>iter()</code> 方法将可迭代的对象做成一个迭代器（iterator），然后再对其不断地调用 <code>next()</code> 取出值，最后处理 <code>StopIteration</code> 异常。</p>
+<p>现在，我们将每一次迭代拆开看一下。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] = ls[<span class="number">0</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此时，<code>ls[-2]</code> 指向列表中第一个位置所指向的元素，也就是 <code>ls[-2] = 1</code>，此时列表就变成了 <code>ls = [1, 2, 3, 1, 5]</code> 。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/question2_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] = ls[<span class="number">1</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此时，<code>ls[-2]</code> 指向列表中第二个位置所指向的元素，也就是 <code>ls[-2] = 2</code>，此时列表就变成了 <code>ls = [1, 2, 3, 2, 5]</code> 。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/question2_03.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] = ls[<span class="number">2</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此时，<code>ls[-2]</code> 指向列表中第三个位置所指向的元素，也就是 <code>ls[-2] = 3</code>，此时列表就变成了 <code>ls = [1, 2, 3, 3, 5]</code> 。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/question2_04.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] = ls[<span class="number">3</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此时，<code>ls[-2]</code> 指向列表中第四个位置所指向的元素，请注意此时列表的第四个位置就是倒数第二个位置，即 <code>ls[3]</code> 等同于 <code>ls[-2]</code>，而此时的 <code>ls[-2]</code> 指向的是上一次迭代时所指向的对象，也就是 <code>ls[-2] = ls[-2]</code>，进一步地 <code>ls[-2] = 3</code> 而不是 <code>4</code>，此时列表就变成了 <code>ls = [1, 2, 3, 3, 5]</code> 。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/question2_05.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] = ls[<span class="number">4</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>此时，<code>ls[-2]</code> 指向列表中第五个位置所指向的元素，也就是 <code>ls[-2] = 5</code>，此时列表就变成了 <code>ls = [1, 2, 3, 5, 5]</code> 。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/question2_06.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>最后我们将每一次迭代过程中的 <code>ls[-2]</code> 所指向的数值汇总，也就是：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>现在，我们修改代码打印每个元素的内存地址来做进一步的验证：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> idx, val <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(ls):</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'ID of ls[%s] is %s'</span> % (idx, id(val)))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> ls[<span class="number">-2</span>] <span class="keyword">in</span> ls:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;33m The value of ls[-2] is \033[0m"</span>, ls[<span class="number">-2</span>], end=<span class="string">' ; '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;32m ls is \033[0m"</span>, ls, end=<span class="string">' ; '</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\033[0;31m ID of ls[-2] is \033[0m"</span>, id(ls[<span class="number">-2</span>]))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>最后得到的执行结果说明我们的推算是正确的：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/question2_07.png" alt=""></p>
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+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
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+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
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+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
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+                    }
+                  });
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+                  // select top N slices in content
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+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
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+                  // highlight title and content
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+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
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+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
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+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
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+<meta property="og:description" content="考虑下列代码片段： 1234567891011ls = [[]] * 5print(ls)  # output?ls[0].append(10)print(ls)  # output?ls[1].append(20)print(ls)  # output?ls.append(30)print(ls)  # output? 第 2，5，8，11 行将输出什么结果？请解释。 输出的结果如下： 1234">
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+        <p>考虑下列代码片段：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls = [[]] * 5</span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  # output?</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls[0].append(10)</span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  # output?</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls[1].append(20)</span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  # output?</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ls.append(30)</span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  # output?</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>第 2，5，8，11 行将输出什么结果？请解释。</p>
+<p>输出的结果如下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[[], [], [], [], []]</span><br><span class="line">[[<span class="number">10</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>]]</span><br><span class="line">[[<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>]]</span><br><span class="line">[[<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], [<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>], <span class="number">30</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>解释如下：</p>
+<p>默认情况下，我们认为序列是支持 <code>+</code> 和 <code>*</code> 操作的。通常 <code>+</code> 号两侧的序列由相同类型的数据所构成，在拼接的过程中，两个被操作的序列都不会被修改，Python 会新建一个包含同样类型数据的序列来作为拼接的结果。如果想要把一个序列复制几份然后再拼接起来，更快捷的做法是把这个序列乘以一个整数。同样，这个操作会产生一个新序列：</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>ls = [<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>ls * <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="string">'abc'</span> * <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'abcabcabcabcabc'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>Python 中 <code>+</code> 和 <code>*</code> 都遵循这个规律，不修改原有的操作对象，而是构建一个全新的序列。</p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls = [[]] * <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  <span class="comment"># output?</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其中 <code>[[]]</code> 是一列表中包含了一个空列表，即列表的第一个位置指向一个空的列表：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/question3_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>要格外注意的是，在 <code>ls = [[]] * 5</code> 这个语句中，得到的列表 <code>ls</code> 里面包含的 5 个元素（空列表）其实是 5 个对象引用，而且这 5 个引用指向的都是同一个对象。如图所示：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/question3_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls[<span class="number">0</span>].append(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  <span class="comment"># output?</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个语句是在 <code>ls</code> 的第 1 个元素所指向的列表对象中追加一个元素 <code>10</code>。但由于 <code>ls</code> 的 5 个元素是引用的同一个列表，所以这个结果将是 <code>[[10], [10], [10], [10], [10]]</code> 。即</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/question3_03.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls[<span class="number">1</span>].append(<span class="number">20</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  <span class="comment"># output?</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>同理，这个语句是在 <code>ls</code> 的第 2 个元素所指向的列表对象中追加一个元素 <code>10</code>。但由于 <code>ls</code> 的 5 个元素同样是引用的同一个列表，所以输出结果现在是 <code>[[10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20]]</code>。即：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/question3_04.png" alt=""></p>
+<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ls.append(<span class="number">30</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(ls)  <span class="comment"># output?</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>作为对比，这个语句是在外列表上追加了新的元素 <code>30</code>，因此产生的结果是： <code>[[10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], 30]</code>。也就是：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/question3_05.png" alt=""></p>
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+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
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+      </div>
+    </footer>
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+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+      </div>
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+    
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+  </div>
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+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
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+    // Popup Window;
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+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
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+      const selection = document.getSelection();
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
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+      if (selected) {
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
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+
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
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+        <p>产生背景：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>开发人员将测试并运行正常的代码，交给运维人员部署后，部署失败，这就导致了开发人员和运维人员之间因为环境的不同出现很多矛盾，因此慢慢地出现了 DevOps 的概念。所谓的环境不同，指的是不同的操作系统、软件环境、组件版本、应用配置等。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>在集群环境下，每台服务器都需要配置相同的环境，配置起来十分麻烦。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>解决开发人员常说的 “我不管，在我的机器上是可以正常工作的” 的问题。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h1 id="Docker-简介"><a href="#Docker-简介" class="headerlink" title="Docker 简介"></a>Docker 简介</h1><h2 id="什么是-Docker-？"><a href="#什么是-Docker-？" class="headerlink" title="什么是 Docker ？"></a>什么是 Docker ？</h2><p>Docker 是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们开发的应用程序以及程序的依赖包到一个可移植的容器中，然后发布到任何流行的 Linux 机器上，也可以实现虚拟化。</p>
+<p>Docker 使用 Google 公司推出的 Go 语言进行开发实现，基于 Linux 内核的 <strong>cgroup</strong>，<strong>namespace</strong>，以及 AUFS 类的 Union FS 等技术，<strong>对进程进行封装隔离</strong>，属于操作系统层面的虚拟化技术。由于隔离的进程独立于宿主机和其它的隔离的进程，因此也称其为容器。</p>
+<p>Docker 在容器的基础上，进行了进一步的封装，从文件系统、网络互联到进程隔离等等，极大的简化了容器的创建和维护。使得 Docker 技术比虚拟机技术更为轻便、快捷。</p>
+<h2 id="容器和虚拟机"><a href="#容器和虚拟机" class="headerlink" title="容器和虚拟机"></a>容器和虚拟机</h2><p>下面的图片比较了 Docker 容器技术和传统虚拟机技术的不同之处：</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/01_docker_and_vm_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>虚拟机（VM）是虚拟出一套硬件（CPU、Memory 等）后，在其上运行一个完整操作系统，它是将一台服务器转变为多台服务器的物理硬件的抽象。系统管理程序允许多个VM在单台计算机上运行。每个VM包含操作系统，应用程序，必要的二进制文件和库的完整副本，这种方式占用大量资源（数十GB），并且VM也可能启动缓慢。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/01_docker_and_vm_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>容器将代码和依赖项打包在一起，容器内的应用进程直接运行于宿主的内核，容器内没有自己的内核，而且也没有进行硬件虚拟。</p>
+<p>多个容器可以在同一台计算机上运行，并与其他容器共享宿主机的内核，每个容器在用户空间中作为隔离的进程运行。容器占用的空间少于VM（容器镜像的大小通常为几十MB），可以处理更多的应用程序，启动速度更快，并且需要的 VM 和操作系统数量更少。</p>
+<h2 id="为什么要使用-Docker-？"><a href="#为什么要使用-Docker-？" class="headerlink" title="为什么要使用 Docker ？"></a>为什么要使用 Docker ？</h2><p>作为一种新兴的虚拟化方式，Docker 跟传统的虚拟化方式相比具有众多的优势。</p>
+<p><strong>更高效的利用系统资源</strong></p>
+<p>容器不需要进行硬件虚拟以及运行完整操作系统等额外开销，Docker 对系统资源的利用率更高。无论是应用执行速度、内存损耗或者文件存储速度，都要比传统虚拟机技术更高效。因此，相比虚拟机技术，一个相同配置的物理主机，能运行的容器远大于虚拟机的数量，但是容器不能拿来当作虚拟机给客户使用。</p>
+<p><strong>更快速的启动时间</strong></p>
+<p>传统的虚拟机技术启动应用服务往往需要数分钟(实际上 OpenStack 虚拟化技术也能达到秒级启动)，而 Docker 容器应用，由于直接运行于宿主内核，无需启动完整的操作系统，因此可以做到秒级、甚至毫秒级的启动时间。大大的节约了开发、测试、部署的时间。</p>
+<p><strong>一致的运行环境</strong></p>
+<p>开发过程中一个常见的问题是环境一致性问题。由于开发环境、测试环境、生产环境不一致，导致有些 bug 并未在开发过程中被发现。而 Docker 的镜像提供了除内核外完整的运行时环境，确保了应用运行环境一致性，从而不会再出现 “这段代码在我机器上没问题啊” 这类问题。</p>
+<p><strong>持续交付和部署</strong></p>
+<p>对开发和运维（DevOps）人员来说，最希望的就是一次创建或配置，可以在任意地方正常运行。使用 Docker 可以通过定制应用镜像来实现持续集成、持续交付、部署。开发人员可以通过 Dockerfile 来进行镜像构建，并结合 持续集成(Continuous Integration) 系统进行集成测试，而运维人员则可以直接在生产环境中快速部署该镜像，甚至结合 持续部署(Continuous Delivery/Deployment) 系统进行自动部署。而且使用 Dockerfile 使镜像构建透明化，不仅仅开发团队可以理解应用运行环境，也方便运维团队理解应用运行所需条件，帮助更好的生产环境中部署该镜像。</p>
+<p><strong>更轻松的迁移</strong></p>
+<p>由于 Docker 确保了执行环境的一致性，使得应用的迁移更加容易。Docker 可以在很多平台上运行，无论是物理机、虚拟机、公有云、私有云，甚至是笔记本，其运行结果是一致的。因此用户可以很轻易的将在一个平台上运行的应用，迁移到另一个平台上，而不用担心运行环境的变化导致应用无法正常运行的情况。</p>
+<p><strong>更轻松的维护和扩展</strong></p>
+<p>Docker 使用的分层存储以及镜像的技术，使得应用重复部分的复用更为容易，也使得应用的维护更新更加简单，基于基础镜像进一步扩展镜像也变得非常简单。此外，Docker 团队同各个开源项目团队一起维护了一大批高质量的 官方镜像，既可以直接在生产环境使用，又可以作为基础进一步定制，大大的降低了应用服务的镜像制作成本。</p>
+<h2 id="容器技术对比传统虚拟机总结"><a href="#容器技术对比传统虚拟机总结" class="headerlink" title="容器技术对比传统虚拟机总结"></a>容器技术对比传统虚拟机总结</h2><table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>特性</th>
+<th>容器</th>
+<th>虚拟机</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>启动</td>
+<td>秒级</td>
+<td>分钟级</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>硬盘</td>
+<td>使用一般为 MB</td>
+<td>一般为 GB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>性能</td>
+<td>接近原生</td>
+<td>弱于原生</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>系统</td>
+<td>支持量单机支持上千个容器</td>
+<td>一般几十个</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>容器技术属于进程之间的隔离，虚拟机技术可以实现系统级别隔离。物理机没有快照的概念，虚拟机的快照功能极大的提高了容灾性、数据备份等功能。我们可以授权给容器来操作宿主机，而虚拟机是无法操作宿主机的。</p>
+<p>总而言之，容器技术虽然比虚拟机技术有着更多的优点，但是容器和虚拟机一起使用，在部署和管理应用程序时提供了很大的灵活性。</p>
+<h1 id="基本概念"><a href="#基本概念" class="headerlink" title="基本概念"></a>基本概念</h1><p>Docker <strong>Host</strong>：安装了 Docker 程序的主机，运行 Docker 守护进程</p>
+<p>Docker <strong>Image</strong>：镜像，将软件环境打包好的模板，用来创建容器的，一个镜像可以创建多个容器。</p>
+<p>Docker <strong>Container</strong>：容器，运行镜像后生成的实例称为容器，每运行一次镜像就会产生一个容器，容器可以启动、停止或删除。容器使用是沙箱机制，互相隔离，是独立是安全的。可以把容器看作是一个简易版的 Linux 环境，包括用户权限、文件系统和运行的应用等。</p>
+<p>Docker <strong>Repository</strong>：仓库，用来保存镜像，仓库中包含许多镜像，每个镜像都有不同的标签 Tag，在 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">官方仓库</a> 中可以搜索出很多镜像。</p>
+<h1 id="安装-Docker"><a href="#安装-Docker" class="headerlink" title="安装 Docker"></a>安装 Docker</h1><p>Docker 划分为 CE 和 EE。CE 即社区版（免费，支持周期三个月），EE 即企业版，强调安全，付费使用。在官方网站上有各种环境下的 <a href="https://docs.docker.com/install/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">安装指南</a>  。</p>
+<p>由于各项新技术（Systemd、Cgroup 等）的出现，以及容器技术的优势和不断成熟，进一步促进了内核更新，为了对容器技术有着更好的支持。建议使用较新版本的 Linux 系统，这里以 Docker CE 在 CentOS7 上的安装为例。</p>
+<p>Docker CE 支持 64 位版本 CentOS 7，并且要求内核版本不低于 3.10。 CentOS 7 满足最低内核的要求，但由于内核版本比较低，部分功能（如 overlay2 存储层驱动）无法使用，并且部分功能可能不太稳定。</p>
+<h2 id="系统环境的配置"><a href="#系统环境的配置" class="headerlink" title="系统环境的配置"></a>系统环境的配置</h2><h3 id="运行环境配置"><a href="#运行环境配置" class="headerlink" title="运行环境配置"></a>运行环境配置</h3><p>时区，selinux、系统运行级别等的配置。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Set timezone</span></span><br><span class="line">timedatectl <span class="built_in">set</span>-timezone Asia/Shanghai</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Maintain the RTC in universal time. Use RTC in UTC by calling</span></span><br><span class="line">timedatectl <span class="built_in">set</span>-local-rtc 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Sync system time to hwclock</span></span><br><span class="line">hwclock --systohc --localtime</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Set runlevel</span></span><br><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">set</span>-default multi-user.target</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Turn off selinux</span></span><br><span class="line">setenforce 0</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'s/(^SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/'</span> /etc/sysconfig/selinux /etc/selinux/config</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="系统服务配置"><a href="#系统服务配置" class="headerlink" title="系统服务配置"></a>系统服务配置</h3><p>firewalld 功能更强大，但是生成的防火墙规则和链比较繁琐，使用 iptables 命令完全够用，这里将其停止并禁止开机自启：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">disable</span> --now firewalld.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>NetworkManager 服务早期一直用来管理图形化界面 Linux 的网络，从 CentOS8 开始，它已经完全取代了 network 服务，并且使用 <code>nmcli</code> 命令来管理非图形化界面 Linux 的网络。因此不建议对 NetworkManager 做操作，如果对 NetworkManager 比较了解，你也可以选择在 CentOS7 上将其关停：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">disable</span> --now NetworkManager.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在图形界面 Linux 上默认会安装 Dnsmasq 来配置本地自有 DNS 服务器，这有可能会导致 <code>nameserver</code>  被设置为 <code>127.0.0.1</code>，从而导致容器无法解析域名。因此将其关停：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">disable</span> --now dnsmasq.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="资源使用限定"><a href="#资源使用限定" class="headerlink" title="资源使用限定"></a>资源使用限定</h3><p>默认的 limit 数值较小，手动改 <code>/etc/security/limits.conf</code> 或在 <code>/etc/security/limits.d/</code> 创建自定义配置文件，来修改资源的限定：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Modify shell resource limits</span></span><br><span class="line">cat &gt; /etc/security/limits.d/my-limits.conf &lt;&lt; EOF</span><br><span class="line">*       soft    nproc   131072</span><br><span class="line">*       hard    nproc   131072</span><br><span class="line">*       soft    nofile  131072</span><br><span class="line">*       hard    nofile  131072</span><br><span class="line">root    soft    nproc   131072</span><br><span class="line">root    hard    nproc   131072</span><br><span class="line">root    soft    nofile  131072</span><br><span class="line">root    hard    nofile  131072</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对 Systemd 的资源使用做设置：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Modify systemd resource limits</span></span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/^DefaultLimit(NOFILE|NPROC)/d'</span> /etc/systemd/&#123;system,user&#125;.conf</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;&gt; /etc/systemd/system.conf &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line">DefaultLimitNOFILE=131072</span><br><span class="line">DefaultLimitNPROC=131072</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;&gt; /etc/systemd/user.conf &lt;&lt; <span class="string">'EOF'</span></span><br><span class="line">DefaultLimitNOFILE=131072</span><br><span class="line">DefaultLimitNPROC=131072</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="内核参数设置"><a href="#内核参数设置" class="headerlink" title="内核参数设置"></a>内核参数设置</h3><p>设置 iptables 不对 bridge 的数据进行处理：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cat &lt;&lt; EOF &gt; /etc/sysctl.d/docker.conf</span><br><span class="line">net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1</span><br><span class="line">net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1</span><br><span class="line">net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 1</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sysctl -p</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>修改内核的环境变量配置文件 <code>/etc/default/grub</code>，在 <code>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=</code> 中启用内核的 <code>user_namespaces</code> ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.old&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">sed -ri <span class="string">'/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX/s#('</span><span class="string">"'"</span><span class="string">'|")$# user_namespace.enable=1 \1#'</span>  /etc/default/grub</span><br><span class="line">grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>grubby</code> 命令也可以直接修改 <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> 中的 grub 策略：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">grubby --args=<span class="string">"user_namespace.enable=1"</span> --update-kernel=<span class="string">"<span class="variable">$(grubby --default-kernel)</span>"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>注意：</strong> 这并不会更新 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> ，所以最稳妥的办法还是修改 <code>/etc/default/grub</code> 然后重新生成配置。</p>
+<p>配置完成后需要重启系统才能让参数生效：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl reboot</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="安装-Docker-1"><a href="#安装-Docker-1" class="headerlink" title="安装 Docker"></a>安装 Docker</h2><p>官方提供了配置检查脚本，用来检查环境是否符合要求：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/docker/docker/master/contrib/check-config.sh -o check-config.sh</span><br><span class="line">bash ./check-config.sh</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用官方脚本安装，为了有更快的速度，可以将镜像下载源指定为 <code>Aliyun</code> ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh &amp;&amp; sh get-docker.sh --mirror Aliyun</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>安装完成后查看版本，验证安装是否成功：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker version</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="后续配置"><a href="#后续配置" class="headerlink" title="后续配置"></a>后续配置</h2><p>安装 bash 补全包，安装后可以为 <code>systemd</code> 、<code>ip</code> 、 <code>docker</code> 等命令做子命令的补全，当然还可以自定义。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum -y install bash-completion</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>安装完成后重新登录机器即可生效，如果未生效则可以拷贝 Docker 自己生成的补全脚本到系统的 bash 补全配置目录下：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cp -a /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/docker <span class="variable">$&#123;BASH_COMPLETION_COMPAT_DIR&#125;</span>/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="配置-Docker-守护进程"><a href="#配置-Docker-守护进程" class="headerlink" title="配置 Docker 守护进程"></a>配置 Docker 守护进程</h2><p>官方文档：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://docs.docker.com/config/daemon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">配置并运行Docker</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/dockerd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">守护进程的命令行选项</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>常用配置：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>网络：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>默认情况下 docker0 网卡分配的 IP 地址是 <code>172.17.0.1</code>，所在的地址段是 <code>172.17.0.0/16</code> ， 如果有冲突可以自行定义。</li>
+<li>DNS：如果不想让 Docker 使用主机的 <code>nameserver</code> ，可以使用 <code>dns</code> 来指定自定义的 DNS 服务器。</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p>存储驱动：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>默认存储引擎和受支持的存储引擎列表取决于主机的 Linux 发行版和可用的内核驱动程序，建议使用 <code>overlay2</code>，详情请看 <a href="https://docs.docker.com/storage/storagedriver/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">官方扫盲</a>。</li>
+<li>允许覆盖 overlay2 的 Linux 内核版本检查：在 4.0.0 版本内核中，添加了对 overlay2 所需的多个较低目录的支持。但是，可能会修补某些较旧的内核版本，以添加对 OverlayFS 的多个较低目录支持。仅在验证内核中存在此支持后，才应使用此选项。在没有此支持的情况下在内核上应用此选项将导致安装失败。</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p>日志驱动：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Docker 提供了通过一系列日志记录驱动程序，用来收集和查看主机上运行的所有容器的日志数据。默认的日志记录驱动程序 <code>json-file</code> 将日志数据写入主机文件系统上的 JSON 格式的文件。</li>
+<li>日志轮转：随着时间的推移，这些日志文件的大小会扩大，从而可能导致磁盘资源耗尽。要缓解此类问题，请配置备用日志记录驱动程序（例如 Splunk 或 Syslog ），或为默认驱动程序<a href="https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/logging/configure/#configure-the-default-logging-driver" target="_blank" rel="noopener">设置日志轮转</a>。</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p>runtime：使用 <code>--exec-opt</code> 标志指定的选项来配置 runtime。所有标志的选项都有 <code>native</code> 前缀，有一个 <code>native.cgroupdriver</code> 选项可用。该选项指定用什么来进行容器的 cgroup 管理。只能指定 <code>cgroupfs</code> 或 <code>systemd</code> 。如果指定 <code>systemd</code> 并且不可用，则系统会出错。如果没有配置 <code>native.cgroupdriver</code> 选项，则使用 <code>cgroupfs</code> 进行管理。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mkdir -pv /etc/docker/</span><br><span class="line">cat &gt;| /etc/docker/daemon.json &lt;&lt; EOF</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"bip"</span>: <span class="string">"172.17.0.1/16"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"dns"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"8.8.8.8"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"8.8.4.4"</span></span><br><span class="line">    ],</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"storage-driver"</span>: <span class="string">"overlay2"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"storage-opts"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"overlay2.override_kernel_check=true"</span></span><br><span class="line">    ],</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"log-driver"</span>: <span class="string">"json-file"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"log-opts"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"max-size"</span>: <span class="string">"10m"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"max-file"</span>: <span class="string">"5"</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"exec-opts"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"native.cgroupdriver=systemd"</span></span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="配置-Docker-镜像加速器"><a href="#配置-Docker-镜像加速器" class="headerlink" title="配置 Docker 镜像加速器"></a>配置 Docker 镜像加速器</h2><p>国内访问 Docker Hub 下载镜像有时候会比较慢，此时可以配置镜像加速器。国内一些云服务商提供了容器镜像加速服务，例如：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><a href="https://cr.console.aliyun.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">阿里云加速器</a></p>
+</li>
+<li><p><a href="https://www.daocloud.io/mirror#accelerator-doc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DaoCloud 加速器</a></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>如果网络质量较好，这一步可以忽略不做。以阿里云为例，以下是配置步骤：</p>
+<p>1、注册并登录 “阿里云的容器镜像服务控制台” <a href="https://cr.console.aliyun.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://cr.console.aliyun.com/</a></p>
+<p>2、查看专属的加速器地址。</p>
+<p>3、配置自己的 Docker 加速器，注意一定要保证该文件符合 json 规范，否则 Docker 将不能启动。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">vim /etc/docker/daemon.json</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"registry-mirrors"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"https://sswv6yx0.mirror.aliyuncs.com"</span></span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">systemctl daemon-reload</span><br><span class="line">systemctl restart docker.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>检查加速器是否生效：配置加速器之后，如果拉取镜像仍然十分缓慢，请手动检查加速器配置是否生效，在命令行<br>执行 <code>docker info</code> ，如果从结果中看到了如下内容，说明配置成功：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Registry Mirrors:</span><br><span class="line"> https://sswv6yx0.mirror.aliyuncs.com/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="使用-Systemd-控制-Docker"><a href="#使用-Systemd-控制-Docker" class="headerlink" title="使用 Systemd 控制 Docker"></a>使用 Systemd 控制 Docker</h2><p>将 docker 设置为开机自启，并启动该服务程序：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">enable</span> --now docker.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>查看服务的运行状态：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl status docker.service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="使用镜像"><a href="#使用镜像" class="headerlink" title="使用镜像"></a>使用镜像</h1><p>Docker 运行容器前需要本地存在对应的镜像，如果本地不存在该镜像，Docker 会从镜像仓库下载该镜像。</p>
+<h2 id="查找镜像"><a href="#查找镜像" class="headerlink" title="查找镜像"></a>查找镜像</h2><p>Docker 提供了一个官方专业存放镜像的地方，即镜像仓库 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Docker Hub</a>，在这上面有大量的高质量的镜像可以使用。打开 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Docker Hub</a> 后点击 “Explore” 即可进入仓库列表页面。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/02_docker_repository_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>在搜索框可以输入相关的镜像名称进行搜索，以 Nginx 为例，在搜索到的镜像中会有 “Tags” 按钮，这就是镜像的标签列表，标签表示了不同的版本。</p>
+<p>为什么要有标签呢？<code>镜像 = &lt;仓库&gt;:[Tag]</code>。一个 Docker Registry 中可以包含多个仓库 （Repository）；每个仓库可以包含多个标签 （Tag）；每个标签对应一个镜像 （Image）。</p>
+<p>在命令行可以使用 <code>docker search</code> 进行搜索，命令基本语法为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker search [选项] &lt;镜像ID/镜像名称&gt;[:标签]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其中 <code>[]</code> 表示可选，<code>&lt;&gt;</code> 表示必选。镜像名称一般为 “&lt;用户名&gt;/&lt;软件名&gt;”，只有软件名的一般是官方镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker search nginx</span></span><br><span class="line">NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED</span><br><span class="line">nginx                             Official build of Nginx.                        12311               [OK]                </span><br><span class="line">jwilder/nginx-proxy               Automated Nginx reverse proxy <span class="keyword">for</span> docker con…   1698                                    [OK]</span><br><span class="line">richarvey/nginx-php-fpm           Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   746                                     [OK]</span><br><span class="line">linuxserver/nginx                 An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…   83</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从上面的命令执行的结果中，并不能看到镜像的标签，所以要下载特定镜像还需要在网页上搜索查找。</p>
+<h2 id="获取镜像"><a href="#获取镜像" class="headerlink" title="获取镜像"></a>获取镜像</h2><p>从 Docker 镜像仓库获取镜像的命令是 <code>docker pull</code> 。其命令格式为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker pull [选项] [Docker Registry 地址[:端口号]/]仓库名[:标签]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>镜像名称的格式：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Docker 镜像仓库地址：地址的格式一般是 <code>&lt;域名/IP&gt;[:端口号]</code> 。默认地址是 Docker Hub。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>仓库名：如之前所说，这里的仓库名是两段式名称，即 <code>&lt;用户名&gt;/&lt;软件名&gt;</code> 。对于 Docker Hub，如果不给出用户名，则默认为 library ，也就是官方镜像。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>下面的命令中没有给出 Docker 镜像仓库地址，因此将会从 Docker Hub 获取镜像。而镜像名称是 <code>nginx:latest</code> ，因此将会获取官方镜像 <code>library/nginx</code> 仓库中标签为 <code>latest</code> 的镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker pull nginx:latest</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>从下载过程中可以看到分层存储的概念，镜像是由多层存储所构成。下载也是一层层的去下载，并非单一文件。下载过程中给出了每一层的 ID 的前 12 位。并且下载结束后，给出该镜像完整的 sha256 的摘要信息，以确保下载一致性。</p>
+<p>有可能你看到的层 ID 以及 sha256 的摘要和这里的不一样。这是因为官方镜像是一直在维护的，有任何新的 bug，或者版本更新，都会进行修复再以原来的标签发布，这样可以确保任何使用这个标签的用户可以获得更安全、更稳定的镜像。</p>
+<h2 id="列出镜像"><a href="#列出镜像" class="headerlink" title="列出镜像"></a>列出镜像</h2><p>要想列出已经下载下来的镜像，可以使用 <code>docker image ls</code> 命令或 <code>docker images</code> 命令。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">httpd               latest              2ae34abc2ed0        12 days ago         165MB</span><br><span class="line">python              latest              0a3a95c81a2b        2 weeks ago         932MB</span><br><span class="line">mysql               latest              d435eee2caa5        2 weeks ago         456MB</span><br><span class="line">nginx               latest              231d40e811cd        2 weeks ago         126MB</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              18.04               775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              latest              775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">centos              latest              0f3e07c0138f        2 months ago        220MB</span><br><span class="line">hello-world         latest              fce289e99eb9        11 months ago       1.84kB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker images</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">httpd               latest              2ae34abc2ed0        12 days ago         165MB</span><br><span class="line">python              latest              0a3a95c81a2b        2 weeks ago         932MB</span><br><span class="line">mysql               latest              d435eee2caa5        2 weeks ago         456MB</span><br><span class="line">nginx               latest              231d40e811cd        2 weeks ago         126MB</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              18.04               775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              latest              775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">centos              latest              0f3e07c0138f        2 months ago        220MB</span><br><span class="line">hello-world         latest              fce289e99eb9        11 months ago       1.84kB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>不加任何参数则列出所有镜像，也可以指定镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls ubuntu</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              18.04               775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              latest              775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker images ubuntu  </span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              18.04               775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              latest              775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>列表包含了 <code>仓库名</code> 、 <code>标签</code> 、 <code>镜像 ID</code> 、 <code>创建时间</code> 以及 <code>所占用的空间</code> 。其中 <code>镜像 ID</code> 是镜像的唯一标识，一个镜像可以对应多个标签。因此，在上面命令执行结果中，可以看到 <code>ubuntu:18.04</code> 和 <code>ubuntu:latest</code> 拥有相同的 ID，因为它们对应的是同一个镜像。</p>
+<h3 id="镜像体积"><a href="#镜像体积" class="headerlink" title="镜像体积"></a>镜像体积</h3><p>在 Docker Hub 中显示的镜像的体积是压缩后的体积。在镜像下载和上传过程中镜像是保持着压缩状态的，因此 Docker Hub 所显示的大小是网络传输中更关心的流量大小。而 <code>docker image ls</code> 显示的是镜像下载到本地后，展开的大小，准确说，是展开后的各层所占空间的总和，因为镜像到本地后，查看空间的时候，更关心的是本地磁盘空间占用的大小。</p>
+<p>另外一个需要注意的问题是， <code>docker image ls</code> 列表中的镜像体积总和并非是所有镜像实际硬盘消耗。由于 Docker 镜像是多层存储结构，并且可以继承、复用，因此不同镜像可能会因为使用相同的基础镜像，从而拥有共同的层。由于 Docker 使用 Union FS，相同的层只需要保存一份即可，因此实际镜像硬盘占用空间很可能要比这个列表镜像大小的总和要小的多。</p>
+<p>使用 <code>docker system df</code> 命令可以便捷地查看镜像、容器、数据卷所占用的空间。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker system df</span></span><br><span class="line">TYPE                TOTAL               ACTIVE              SIZE                RECLAIMABLE</span><br><span class="line">Images              7                   1                   1.894GB             1.798GB (94%)</span><br><span class="line">Containers          2                   0                   28B                 28B (100%)</span><br><span class="line">Local Volumes       0                   0                   0B                  0B</span><br><span class="line">Build Cache         0                   0                   0B                  0B</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="虚悬镜像"><a href="#虚悬镜像" class="headerlink" title="虚悬镜像"></a>虚悬镜像</h3><p>在镜像列表中，有可能看到特殊的镜像，既没有仓库名，也没有标签，均为 <code>&lt;none&gt;</code> 。这种镜像原本是有镜像名和标签的，比如原来为 <code>mongo:3.2</code> ，随着官方镜像维护，发布了新版本后，重新 <code>docker pull mongo:3.2</code> 时，<code>mongo:3.2</code> 这个镜像名被转移到了新下载的镜像身上，而旧的镜像上的这个名称则被取消，从而成为了 <code>&lt;none&gt;</code> 。除了 <code>docker pull</code> 可能导致这种情况， <code>docker build</code> 也同样可以导致这种现象。由于新旧镜像同名，旧镜像名称被取消，从而出现仓库名、标签均为 <code>&lt;none&gt;</code> 的镜像。这类无标签镜像也被称为 虚悬镜像 (dangling image) ，可以用下面的命令专门显示这类镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image ls --filter dangling=<span class="literal">true</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>一般来说，虚悬镜像已经失去了存在的价值，是可以随意删除的，可以用下面的命令删除没有被使用到的镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image prune</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="中间层镜像"><a href="#中间层镜像" class="headerlink" title="中间层镜像"></a>中间层镜像</h3><p>为了加速镜像构建、重复利用资源，Docker 会利用中间层镜像。所以在使用一段时间后，可能会看到一些依赖的中间层镜像。默认的 <code>docker image ls</code> 列表中只会显示顶层镜像，如果希望显示包括中间层镜像在内的所有镜像的话，需要加 <code>-a</code> 参数。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image ls -a</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这样会看到很多无标签的镜像，与之前的虚悬镜像不同，这些无标签的镜像很多都是中间层镜像，是其它镜像所依赖的镜像。这些无标签镜像不应该删除，否则会导致上层镜像因为依赖丢失而出错。实际上，这些镜像也没必要删除，因为相同的层只会存一遍，而这些镜像是别的镜像的依赖，因此并不会因为它们被列出来而多存了一份。删除镜像后，依赖的中间层镜像也会被连带删除。</p>
+<h3 id="列出部分镜像"><a href="#列出部分镜像" class="headerlink" title="列出部分镜像"></a>列出部分镜像</h3><p>不加任何参数的情况下， <code>docker image ls</code> 会列出所有顶级镜像，但是有时候我们只希望列出部分镜像。 <code>docker image ls</code> 有好几个参数可以帮助做到这个事情。</p>
+<p>根据仓库名列出镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls ubuntu</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              18.04               775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              latest              775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>列出特定的某个镜像，也就是说指定仓库名和标签：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls ubuntu:18.04 </span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              18.04               775349758637        5 weeks ago         64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>除此以外， <code>docker image ls</code> 还支持强大的过滤器参数 <code>--filter</code> ，或者简写 <code>-f</code> 。之前使用过滤器来列出虚悬镜像的用法：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image ls --filter dangling=<span class="literal">true</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果想要看到在 <code>ubuntu:19.04</code> 之后建立的镜像，可以用下面的命令：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --filter since=ubuntu:19.04 </span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">httpd               latest              2ae34abc2ed0        12 days ago         165MB</span><br><span class="line">python              latest              0a3a95c81a2b        2 weeks ago         932MB</span><br><span class="line">mysql               latest              d435eee2caa5        2 weeks ago         456MB</span><br><span class="line">nginx               latest              231d40e811cd        2 weeks ago         126MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>想查看某个位置之前的镜像，只需要把 <code>since</code> 换成 <code>before</code> 即可。此外，如果镜像构建时，定义了 <code>LABEL</code> ，还可以通过 <code>LABEL</code> 来过滤。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image ls --filter label=com.example.version=0.1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="以特定格式显示"><a href="#以特定格式显示" class="headerlink" title="以特定格式显示"></a>以特定格式显示</h3><p>默认情况下， <code>docker image ls</code> 会输出一个完整的表格，但是并非所有时候都会需要这些内容。比如，删除虚悬镜像的时候，需要利用 <code>docker image ls</code> 把所有的虚悬镜像的 ID 列出来，然后才可以交给 <code>docker image rm</code> 命令作为参数来删除指定的这些镜像，这时候就用到了 <code>-q</code> 参数。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls  -q</span></span><br><span class="line">2ae34abc2ed0</span><br><span class="line">0a3a95c81a2b</span><br><span class="line">d435eee2caa5</span><br><span class="line">231d40e811cd</span><br><span class="line">51b0783967fc</span><br><span class="line">775349758637</span><br><span class="line">775349758637</span><br><span class="line">0f3e07c0138f</span><br><span class="line">fce289e99eb9</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>--filter</code> 配合 <code>-q</code> 产生出指定范围的 ID 列表，然后送给另一个 docker 命令作为参数，从<br>而针对这组实体成批的进行某种操作。这种做法在 Docker 命令行使用过程中非常常见，不仅仅是<br>镜像命令，在各个命令中都可以使用这类搭配以完成很强大的功能。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --filter since=nginx:latest </span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">httpd               latest              2ae34abc2ed0        12 days ago         165MB</span><br><span class="line">python              latest              0a3a95c81a2b        2 weeks ago         932MB</span><br><span class="line">mysql               latest              d435eee2caa5        2 weeks ago         456MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --filter since=nginx:latest -q</span></span><br><span class="line">2ae34abc2ed0</span><br><span class="line">0a3a95c81a2b</span><br><span class="line">d435eee2caa5</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果只是对表格的结构不满意，希望自己组织列；或者不希望有标题，这样方便其它程序解析结果等，这就用到了 <a href="https://gohugo.io/templates/introduction/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Go 的模板语法</a>。比如只接列出镜像结果，并且只包含镜像ID和仓库名：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --format "&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;: &#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;"            </span></span><br><span class="line">2ae34abc2ed0: httpd</span><br><span class="line">0a3a95c81a2b: python</span><br><span class="line">d435eee2caa5: mysql</span><br><span class="line">231d40e811cd: nginx</span><br><span class="line">51b0783967fc: ubuntu</span><br><span class="line">775349758637: ubuntu</span><br><span class="line">775349758637: ubuntu</span><br><span class="line">0f3e07c0138f: centos</span><br><span class="line">fce289e99eb9: hello-world</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --format "&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;: &#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125; &#123;&#123;.Size&#125;&#125;"</span></span><br><span class="line">2ae34abc2ed0: httpd 165MB</span><br><span class="line">0a3a95c81a2b: python 932MB</span><br><span class="line">d435eee2caa5: mysql 456MB</span><br><span class="line">231d40e811cd: nginx 126MB</span><br><span class="line">51b0783967fc: ubuntu 70MB</span><br><span class="line">775349758637: ubuntu 64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">775349758637: ubuntu 64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">0f3e07c0138f: centos 220MB</span><br><span class="line">fce289e99eb9: hello-world 1.84kB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果想要以表格等距显示，并且有标题行，和默认一样，但是想定义列：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --format "table &#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Tag&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Size&#125;&#125;"              </span></span><br><span class="line">IMAGE ID            REPOSITORY          TAG                 SIZE</span><br><span class="line">2ae34abc2ed0        httpd               latest              165MB</span><br><span class="line">0a3a95c81a2b        python              latest              932MB</span><br><span class="line">d435eee2caa5        mysql               latest              456MB</span><br><span class="line">231d40e811cd        nginx               latest              126MB</span><br><span class="line">51b0783967fc        ubuntu              19.04               70MB</span><br><span class="line">775349758637        ubuntu              18.04               64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">775349758637        ubuntu              latest              64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">0f3e07c0138f        centos              latest              220MB</span><br><span class="line">fce289e99eb9        hello-world         latest              1.84kB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="删除本地镜像"><a href="#删除本地镜像" class="headerlink" title="删除本地镜像"></a>删除本地镜像</h2><p>如果要删除本地的镜像，可以使用 <code>docker image rm</code> 命令，其格式为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image rm [选项] &lt;镜像1&gt; [&lt;镜像2&gt; ...]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="用-ID、镜像名、摘要删除镜像"><a href="#用-ID、镜像名、摘要删除镜像" class="headerlink" title="用 ID、镜像名、摘要删除镜像"></a>用 ID、镜像名、摘要删除镜像</h3><p>其中， <code>&lt;镜像&gt;</code> 可以是 <code>镜像短 ID</code> 、 <code>镜像长 ID</code> 、 <code>镜像名</code> 或者 <code>镜像摘要</code> 。可以用镜像的完整 ID，也称为 <code>长 ID</code> ，来删除镜像，但是更多的时候是用 <code>短 ID</code> 来删除镜像。</p>
+<p>默认情况下  <code>docker image ls</code> 列出的是短 ID ，一般取前3个字符以上，只要足够区分于别的镜像即可。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls redis</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">redis               latest              dcf9ec9265e0        2 weeks ago         98.2MB</span><br><span class="line">redis               alpine              a49ff3e0d85f        2 weeks ago         29.3MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>比如要删除 <code>redis:alpine</code> 镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image rm a49ff3e0d85f</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>也可以用 镜像名 ，也就是 <code>&lt;仓库名&gt;:&lt;标签&gt;</code>  来删除镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image rm redis:latest</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当然，更精确的是使用 <code>镜像摘要</code> 删除镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --digests  --format "table&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Digest&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Tag&#125;&#125;" redis </span></span><br><span class="line">IMAGE ID            DIGEST                                                                    REPOSITORY          TAG</span><br><span class="line">dcf9ec9265e0        sha256:1eedfc017b0cd3e232878ce38bd9328518219802a8ef37fe34f58dcf591688ef   redis               latest</span><br><span class="line">a49ff3e0d85f        sha256:ee13953704783b284c080b5b0abe4620730728054f5c19e9488d7a97ecd312c5   redis               alpine</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image rm redis@sha256:ee13953704783b284c080b5b0abe4620730728054f5c19e9488d7a97ecd312c5</span></span><br><span class="line">Untagged: redis@sha256:ee13953704783b284c080b5b0abe4620730728054f5c19e9488d7a97ecd312c5</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls --digests  --format "table&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Digest&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Tag&#125;&#125;" redis</span></span><br><span class="line">IMAGE ID            DIGEST                                                                    REPOSITORY          TAG</span><br><span class="line">dcf9ec9265e0        sha256:1eedfc017b0cd3e232878ce38bd9328518219802a8ef37fe34f58dcf591688ef   redis               latest</span><br><span class="line">a49ff3e0d85f        &lt;none&gt;                                                                    redis               alpine</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="Untagged-和-Deleted"><a href="#Untagged-和-Deleted" class="headerlink" title="Untagged 和 Deleted"></a>Untagged 和 Deleted</h3><p>删除行为分为两类，一类是 <code>Untagged</code> ，另一类是 <code>Deleted</code> 。镜像的唯一标识是其 ID 和摘要，而一个镜像可以有多个标签。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls redis</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">redis               latest              dcf9ec9265e0        2 weeks ago         98.2MB</span><br><span class="line">redis               alpine              a49ff3e0d85f        2 weeks ago         29.3MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>因此当删除镜像的时候，实际上是在要求删除某个标签的镜像。所以首先需要做的是将满足要求的所有镜像标签都取消，这就是我们看到的 Untagged 的信息。因为一个镜像可以对应多个标签，因此当我们删除了所指定的标签后，可能还有别的标签指向了这个镜像，如果是这种情况，那么 <code>Delete</code> 行行为就不会发生。所以并非所有的 <code>docker rm</code> 都会产生删除镜像的行为，有可能仅仅是取消了某个标签而已。</p>
+<p>当该镜像所有的标签都被取消了，该镜像很可能会失去了存在的意义，因此会触发删除行为。镜像是多层存储结构，因此在删除的时候也是从上层向基础层方向依次进行判断删除。镜像的多层结构让镜像复用变动非常容易，因此很有可能某个其它镜像正依赖于当前镜像的某一层。这种情况，依旧不会触发删除该层的行为。直到没有任何层依赖当前层时，才会真实的删除当前层。这就是有时候明明没有别的标签指向这个镜像，但是它还是存在的原因，也是为什么有时候会发现所删除的层数和自己 <code>docker pull</code> 看到的层数不一样的原因。</p>
+<p>除了镜像依赖以外，还需要注意的是容器对镜像的依赖。如果有用这个镜像启动的容器存在（即使容器没有运行），那么同样不可以删除这个镜像。容器是以镜像为基础，再加一层容器存储层，组成这样的多层存储结构去运行的。因此该镜像如果被这个容器所依赖的，那么删除必然会导致故障。如果这些容器是不需要的，应该先将它们删除，然后再来删除镜像。</p>
+<h3 id="用-docker-image-ls-命令来配合"><a href="#用-docker-image-ls-命令来配合" class="headerlink" title="用 docker image ls 命令来配合"></a>用 docker image ls 命令来配合</h3><p>使用 <code>docker image ls -q</code> 来配合使用 <code>docker image rm</code> ，可以批量删除镜像。比如，要删除所有仓库名为 <code>redis</code> 的镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image rm $(docker image ls -q redis)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>或者删除所有在 <code>mongo:3.2</code> 之前的镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image rm $(docker image ls -q --filter before=mongo:3.2)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="CentOS-RHEL-的注意事项"><a href="#CentOS-RHEL-的注意事项" class="headerlink" title="CentOS/RHEL 的注意事项"></a>CentOS/RHEL 的注意事项</h3><p>在 Ubuntu/Debian 上有 UnionFS 可以使用，如 <code>aufs</code> 或者 <code>overlay2</code> ，而 CentOS 和 RHEL 的内核中没有相关驱动。因此对于这类系统，一般使用 <code>devicemapper</code> 驱动利用 LVM 的一些机制来模拟分层存储。这样的做法除了性能比较差外，稳定性一般也不好，而且配置相对复杂。Docker 安装在 CentOS/RHEL 上后，会默认选择 <code>devicemapper</code> ，但是为了简化配置，其 <code>devicemapper</code> 是跑在一个稀疏文件模拟的块设备上，也被称为 <code>loop-lvm</code> 。这样的选择是因为不需要额外配置就可以运行 Docker，这是自动配置唯一能做到的事情。但是 <code>loop-lvm</code> 的做法非常不好，其稳定性、性能更差，无论是日志还是 <code>docker info</code> 中都会看到警告信息。官方文档有明确的文章讲解了如何配置块设备给 <code>devicemapper</code> 驱动做存储层的做法，这类做法也被称为配置 <code>direct-lvm</code> 。</p>
+<p>除了前面说到的问题外， <code>devicemapper</code> + <code>loop-lvm</code> 还有一个缺陷，因为它是稀疏文件，所以它会不断增长。用户在使用过程中会注意到 <code>/var/lib/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/data</code> 不断增长，而且无法控制。很多人会希望删<br>除镜像或者可以解决这个问题，结果发现效果并不明显。原因就是这个稀疏文件的空间释放后基本不进行垃圾回收的问题。因此往往会出现即使删除了文件内容，空间却无法回收，只能随着使用这个稀疏文件一直在不断增长。所以对于 CentOS/RHEL 的用户来说，在没有办法使用 UnionFS 的情况下，一定要配置 <code>direct-lvm</code> 给 <code>devicemapper</code> ，无论是为了性能、稳定性还是空间利用率。或许有人注意到了 CentOS 7 中存在被 backports 回来的 <code>overlay</code> 驱动，不过 CentOS 里的这个驱动达不到生产环境使用的稳定程度，所以不推荐使用。</p>
+<h1 id="操作容器"><a href="#操作容器" class="headerlink" title="操作容器"></a>操作容器</h1><h2 id="启动容器"><a href="#启动容器" class="headerlink" title="启动容器"></a>启动容器</h2><p>启动容器有两种方式，一种是基于镜像新建一个容器并启动，另外一个是将在终止状态（ stopped ）的容器重新启动。</p>
+<h3 id="新建并启动"><a href="#新建并启动" class="headerlink" title="新建并启动"></a>新建并启动</h3><p>所需要的命令主要为 <code>docker run</code> 。例如运行一个容器，执行 <code>echo</code> 命令输出一个 “Hello World”，之后终止容器：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker run centos:latest /bin/echo "Hello World"</span></span><br><span class="line">Hello World</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果要为容器分配一个伪终端，并进入用户交互式的 bash 终端：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker run --tty --interactive  centos /bin/bash         </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@876dabff426e /]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其中， <code>--tty</code> 选项让 Docker 分配一个伪终端（pseudo-tty）并绑定到容器的标准输入上， <code>--interactive</code> 则让容器的标准输入保持打开。</p>
+<p>在交互模式下，用户可以通过所创建的终端来输入命令，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@876dabff426e /]<span class="comment"># uname -r</span></span><br><span class="line">3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64</span><br><span class="line">[root@876dabff426e /]<span class="comment"># cat /etc/centos-release</span></span><br><span class="line">CentOS Linux release 8.0.1905 (Core) </span><br><span class="line">[root@876dabff426e /]<span class="comment"># pwd</span></span><br><span class="line">/</span><br><span class="line">[root@876dabff426e /]<span class="comment"># ls</span></span><br><span class="line">bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当利用 <code>docker run</code> 来创建容器时，Docker 在后台运行的标准操作包括：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>检查本地是否存在指定的镜像，不存在就从公有仓库下载。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>利用镜像创建并启动一个容器。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>分配一个文件系统，并在只读的镜像层外面挂载一层可读写层。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>从宿主主机配置的网桥接口中桥接一个虚拟接口到容器中去。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>从地址池配置一个 ip 地址给容器。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>执行用户指定的应用程序。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>执行完毕后容器被终止。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="启动已终止容器"><a href="#启动已终止容器" class="headerlink" title="启动已终止容器"></a>启动已终止容器</h3><p>可以利用 <code>docker container start</code> 命令，指定容器名字或者容器 ID 来直接将一个已经终止的容器启动运行。</p>
+<p>容器的核心为所执行的应用程序，所需要的资源都是应用程序运行所必需的。除此之外，并没有其它的资源。可以在伪终端中利用 <code>ps</code> 或 <code>top</code> 来查看进程信息。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker run --tty --interactive centos /bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@486ea60a9965 /]<span class="comment"># ps </span></span><br><span class="line">   PID TTY          TIME CMD</span><br><span class="line">     1 pts/0    00:00:00 bash</span><br><span class="line">    14 pts/0    00:00:00 ps</span><br><span class="line">[root@486ea60a9965 /]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可见，容器中仅运行了指定的 bash 进程。这种特点使得 Docker 对资源的利用率极高，是货真价实的轻量级虚拟化。</p>
+<h2 id="后台运行"><a href="#后台运行" class="headerlink" title="后台运行"></a>后台运行</h2><p>多数情况下，需要让 Docker 在后台运行而不是直接把执行命令的结果输出在当前宿主机下。此时，可以通过添加 <code>-d</code> 参数来实现。</p>
+<p>如果不使用 <code>-d</code> 参数运行容器，容器会把输出的结果 (STDOUT) 打印到宿主机上面：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker run centos /bin/bash -c 'for i in &#123;1..10&#125;; do echo $&#123;i&#125;: hello world; sleep 1; done' </span></span><br><span class="line">1: hello world</span><br><span class="line">2: hello world</span><br><span class="line">3: hello world</span><br><span class="line">4: hello world</span><br><span class="line">5: hello world</span><br><span class="line">6: hello world</span><br><span class="line">7: hello world</span><br><span class="line">8: hello world</span><br><span class="line">9: hello world</span><br><span class="line">10: hello world</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果使用了 -d 参数运行容器，此时容器会在后台运行并不会把输出的结果 (STDOUT) 打印到宿主机上面(输出结果可以用 <code>docker container logs</code> 查看)。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#  docker run -d centos /bin/bash -c 'for i in &#123;1..10&#125;; do echo $&#123;i&#125;: hello world; sleep 1; done'</span></span><br><span class="line">18bf6e162699c582f52e6b07c5aa1fbaa037db6dbab6ad852efd27a0d25cc22a</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container ls</span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">18bf6e162699        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   4 seconds ago       Up 3 seconds                            hardcore_edison</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container logs 18bf6e162699</span></span><br><span class="line">1: hello world</span><br><span class="line">2: hello world</span><br><span class="line">3: hello world</span><br><span class="line">4: hello world</span><br><span class="line">5: hello world</span><br><span class="line">6: hello world</span><br><span class="line">7: hello world</span><br><span class="line">8: hello world</span><br><span class="line">9: hello world</span><br><span class="line">10: hello world</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>注意</strong>： 容器是否会长久运行，和 <code>docker run</code> 指定的命令有关，和 <code>-d</code> 参数无关。</p>
+<p>使用 <code>-d</code> 参数启动后会返回一个唯一的 id，也可以通过 <code>docker container ls</code> 或 <code>docker ps</code> 命令来查看容器信息。</p>
+<h2 id="终止容器"><a href="#终止容器" class="headerlink" title="终止容器"></a>终止容器</h2><p>可以使用<code>docker container stop</code> 来终止一个运行中的容器。</p>
+<p>此外，当 Docker 容器中指定的应用程序停止运行时，容器也自动终止。终止状态的容器可以用 <code>docker container ls -a</code> 命令看到。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container ls</span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container ls -a</span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">18bf6e162699        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   6 minutes ago       Exited (0) 5 minutes ago                        hardcore_edison</span><br><span class="line">a048af484e83        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   8 minutes ago       Exited (0) 7 minutes ago                        goofy_liskov</span><br><span class="line">19a32d81172c        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   16 minutes ago      Exited (0) 16 minutes ago                       zen_dubinsky</span><br><span class="line">bfb5bce2a413        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   16 minutes ago      Exited (0) 16 minutes ago                       hungry_black</span><br><span class="line">3ebbcd2fdad0        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   17 minutes ago      Exited (0) 16 minutes ago                       affectionate_panini</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>处于终止状态的容器，可以通过 <code>docker container start</code> 命令来重新启动。如果使用 <code>docker container restart</code> 命令，则会将一个运行态的容器终止，然后再重新启动它。</p>
+<h2 id="进入容器"><a href="#进入容器" class="headerlink" title="进入容器"></a>进入容器</h2><p>在使用 <code>-d</code> 参数时，容器启动后会进入后台运行，某些时候需要进入容器进行操作，这时候就要用到 <code>docker attach</code> 命令或 <code>docker exec</code> 命令，建议使用 <code>docker exec</code> 命令，原因会在下面说明。</p>
+<p><strong>attach 命令</strong></p>
+<p><code>docker attach</code> 是 Docker 自带的命令。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker run -d --interactive --tty ubuntu</span></span><br><span class="line">251418a512097c21296454a39caee45c882645774827437b9cfde0f23bb94688</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container ls </span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">251418a51209        ubuntu              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>         36 seconds ago      Up 35 seconds                           festive_agnesi</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker attach 251418a51209</span></span><br><span class="line">root@251418a51209:/<span class="comment"># ls</span></span><br><span class="line">bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var</span><br><span class="line">root@251418a51209:/<span class="comment"># exit</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exit</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container ls</span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container ls -a</span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">251418a51209        ubuntu              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>              About a minute ago   Exited (0) 19 seconds ago                       festive_agnesi</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意： 如果从这个 stdin 中 exit，会导致容器的停止。</p>
+<p><strong>exec 命令</strong></p>
+<p>使用 <code>docker exec</code> 命令，后边可以跟多个参数，这里主要说明 <code>--interactive</code> <code>--tty</code> 参数。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>在 <code>exec</code> 后只用 <code>--interactive</code> 参数时，由于没有分配伪终端，界面没有我们熟悉的 Linux 命令提示符，但命令执<br>行结果仍然可以返回。</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>当 <code>--interactive</code> <code>--tty</code> 参数一起使用时，则可以看到我们熟悉的 Linux 命令提示符。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker run -d --interactive --tty ubuntu</span></span><br><span class="line">0df9982d6e2049883dda10f2129e77d90fe9b2c48571202be7e2db5a7293c4ed</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker ps </span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">0df9982d6e20        ubuntu              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>         18 seconds ago      Up 17 seconds                           hopeful_austin</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker exec --interactive 0df9982d6e20 /bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line">ls</span><br><span class="line">bin</span><br><span class="line">boot</span><br><span class="line">dev</span><br><span class="line">.........</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker exec --interactive --tty 0df9982d6e20 /bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line">root@0df9982d6e20:/<span class="comment"># ls</span></span><br><span class="line">bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var</span><br><span class="line">root@0df9982d6e20:/<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果从这个 stdin 中 exit，不会导致容器的停止。这就是为什么建议使用 <code>docker exec</code> 。</p>
+<h2 id="导出和导入容器"><a href="#导出和导入容器" class="headerlink" title="导出和导入容器"></a>导出和导入容器</h2><p><strong>导出容器</strong></p>
+<p>如果要导出本地某个容器，可以使用 <code>docker export</code> 命令。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker ps -a    </span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                       PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">0df9982d6e20        ubuntu              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>              5 minutes ago       Up 5 minutes                                     hopeful_austin</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker export 0df9982d6e20 &gt; ubuntu.tar</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这样将导出容器快照到本地文件。</p>
+<p><strong>导入容器快照</strong></p>
+<p>可以使用 <code>docker import</code> 从容器快照文件中再导入为镜像，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker import ubuntu.tar </span></span><br><span class="line">sha256:1c23f8ca16af29220e2b1a02fb24cae5b000e29cb360ee967ce7bc32bfa51b99</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker import ubuntu.tar test/ubuntu:v1.0</span></span><br><span class="line">sha256:a3c9818fb4521028df427dd0737a6d6b0404e879bdd472945171b990501dd762</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED              SIZE</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">test</span>/ubuntu         v1.0                a3c9818fb452        6 seconds ago        64.2MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>还可以通过指定 URL 或者某个目录来导入，例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker import http://example.com/exampleimage.tgz example/imagerepo</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>注意</strong>：用户既可以使用 <code>docker load</code> 来导入镜像存储文件到本地镜像库，也可以使用 <code>docker
+import</code> 来导入一个容器快照到本地镜像库。这两者的区别在于容器快照文件将丢弃所有的历史记录和元数据信息（即仅保存容器当时的快照状态），而镜像存储文件将保存完整记录，体积也要大。此外，从容器快照文件导入时可以重新指定标签等元数据信息。</p>
+<h2 id="删除"><a href="#删除" class="headerlink" title="删除"></a>删除</h2><p><strong>删除容器</strong></p>
+<p>可以使用 <code>docker container rm</code> 来删除一个或多个处于终止状态的容器。例如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker ps -a --filter exited=0                       </span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">9e0a785c5a9f        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>              15 minutes ago      Exited (0) 15 minutes ago                       beautiful_tereshkova</span><br><span class="line">714d20ff760e        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>              16 minutes ago      Exited (0) 16 minutes ago                       great_bhabha</span><br><span class="line">251418a51209        ubuntu              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>              23 minutes ago      Exited (0) 21 minutes ago                       festive_agnesi</span><br><span class="line">18bf6e162699        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   36 minutes ago      Exited (0) 35 minutes ago                       hardcore_edison</span><br><span class="line">a048af484e83        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   38 minutes ago      Exited (0) 37 minutes ago                       goofy_liskov</span><br><span class="line">19a32d81172c        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   46 minutes ago      Exited (0) 46 minutes ago                       zen_dubinsky</span><br><span class="line">bfb5bce2a413        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   46 minutes ago      Exited (0) 46 minutes ago                       hungry_black</span><br><span class="line">3ebbcd2fdad0        centos              <span class="string">"/bin/bash -c 'for i…"</span>   47 minutes ago      Exited (0) 46 minutes ago                       affectionate_panini</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker container rm $(docker ps -aq --filter exited=0)</span></span><br><span class="line">9e0a785c5a9f</span><br><span class="line">714d20ff760e</span><br><span class="line">251418a51209</span><br><span class="line">18bf6e162699</span><br><span class="line">a048af484e83</span><br><span class="line">19a32d81172c</span><br><span class="line">bfb5bce2a413</span><br><span class="line">3ebbcd2fdad0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker ps -a --filter exited=0                        </span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果要删除一个运行中的容器，可以添加 -f 参数。Docker 会发送 SIGKILL 信号给容器。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker ps </span></span><br><span class="line">CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES</span><br><span class="line">0df9982d6e20        ubuntu              <span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>         15 minutes ago      Up 15 minutes                           hopeful_austin</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker rm -f 0df9982d6e20</span></span><br><span class="line">0df9982d6e20</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>清理所有处于终止状态的容器用 <code>docker ps -a</code> 命令可以查看所有已经创建的包括终止状态的容器，如果数量太多要一个个删除可能会很麻烦，用下面的命令可以清理掉所有处于终止状态的容器。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker container prune</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h1 id="构建镜像"><a href="#构建镜像" class="headerlink" title="构建镜像"></a>构建镜像</h1><h2 id="利用-commit-理解镜像构成"><a href="#利用-commit-理解镜像构成" class="headerlink" title="利用 commit 理解镜像构成"></a>利用 commit 理解镜像构成</h2><p>注意： <code>docker commit</code> 命令除了学习之外，还有一些特殊的应用场合，比如被入侵后保存现场等。但是，不要使用 <code>docker commit</code> 定制镜像，定制镜像应该使用 <code>Dockerfile</code> 来完成。</p>
+<p>镜像是容器的基础，每次执行 <code>docker run</code> 的时候都会指定哪个镜像作为容器运行的基础。镜像是多层存储，每一层是在前一层的基础上进行的修改；而容器同样也是多层存储，是在以镜像为基础层，在其基础上加一层作为容器运行时的存储层。以定制一个 Web 服务器为例，来认识镜像是如何构建的。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker run --name WebServer01 -d -p 80:80 nginx</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这条命令会用 <code>nginx</code> 镜像启动一个容器，命名为 <code>WebServer01</code> ，并且把宿主机的 80 端口映射到了容器的 80 端口，这样用浏览器访问宿主机就会被映射到容器了。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/05_docker_image_01.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>直接用浏览器访问的会看到默认的 Nginx 欢迎页面。现在，假设想要修改这个欢迎页面，改成欢迎 Docker 的文字，可以使用 <code>docker exec</code> 命令进入容器，修改其内容。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker exec --interactive --tty WebServer01 /bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line">root@93cbd0a33ac5:/<span class="comment">#  echo '&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;' &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html </span></span><br><span class="line">root@93cbd0a33ac5:/<span class="comment"># exit</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exit</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>上面的命令时以交互式终端方式进入 <code>WebServer01</code> 容器，并执行了 <code>/bin/bash</code> 命令，也就是获得一个可操作的 Shell 。然后，我们用 <code>&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;</code> 覆盖了 <code>/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html</code> 的内容。再刷新浏览器会发现内容被改变了。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/05_docker_image_02.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>修改了容器的文件，也就是改动了容器的存储层。可以通过 <code>docker diff</code> 命令看到具体的改动。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker diff WebServer01 </span></span><br><span class="line">C /root</span><br><span class="line">A /root/.bash_history</span><br><span class="line">C /usr</span><br><span class="line">C /usr/share</span><br><span class="line">C /usr/share/nginx</span><br><span class="line">C /usr/share/nginx/html</span><br><span class="line">C /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html</span><br><span class="line">C /run</span><br><span class="line">A /run/nginx.pid</span><br><span class="line">C /var</span><br><span class="line">C /var/cache</span><br><span class="line">C /var/cache/nginx</span><br><span class="line">A /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp</span><br><span class="line">A /var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp</span><br><span class="line">A /var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp</span><br><span class="line">A /var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp</span><br><span class="line">A /var/cache/nginx/client_temp</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>现在定制好了变化，我们希望能将其保存下来形成镜像。当运行一个容器的时候（如果不使用卷的话），在容器中做的任何文件修改都会被记录于容器存储层里。而 Docker 提供了一个 <code>docker commit</code> 命令，可以将容器的存储层保存下来成为镜像。换句话说，就是在原有镜像的基础上，再叠加上容器的存储层，并构成新的镜像。以后运行这个新镜像的时候，就会拥有原有容器最后的文件变化。</p>
+<p><code>docker commit</code> 的语法格式为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker commit [选项] &lt;容器ID或容器名&gt; [&lt;仓库名&gt;[:&lt;标签&gt;]]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以用下面的命令将容器保存为镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker commit --author "Silence" --message "修改了默认欢迎页" WebServer01 nginx:v1.1</span></span><br><span class="line">sha256:0827c34a921a886018f25687f12587564985805afe4a7d6b38839cfb330b23b7</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其中 <code>--author</code> 是指定修改的作者，而 <code>--message</code> 则是记录本次修改的内容。这和 <code>git</code> 版本控制相似，不过这里这些信息可以省略不写。使用 <code>docker image ls</code> 可以看到这个新定制的镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image ls nginx</span></span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">nginx               v1.1                0827c34a921a        17 seconds ago      126MB</span><br><span class="line">nginx               latest              231d40e811cd        2 weeks ago         126MB</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>还可以用 <code>docker image history</code> 具体查看镜像内的历史记录，如果比较 <code>nginx:latest</code> 的历史记录，可以发现新增了刚刚提交的这一层。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image history nginx:v1.1 </span></span><br><span class="line">IMAGE               CREATED             CREATED BY                                      SIZE                COMMENT</span><br><span class="line">0827c34a921a        4 minutes ago       nginx -g daemon off;                            99B                 修改了默认欢迎页</span><br><span class="line">231d40e811cd        2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  CMD ["nginx" "-g" "daemon…   0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  STOPSIGNAL SIGTERM           0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  EXPOSE 80                    0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c ln -sf /dev/stdout /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/nginx…   22B                 </span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="built_in">set</span> -x     &amp;&amp; addgroup --system -…   57.1MB              </span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  ENV PKG_RELEASE=1~buster     0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  ENV NJS_VERSION=0.3.7        0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  ENV NGINX_VERSION=1.17.6     0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  LABEL maintainer=NGINX Do…   0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  CMD ["bash"]                 0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop) ADD file:bc8179c87c8dbb3d9…   69.2MB              </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># docker image history nginx:latest </span></span><br><span class="line">IMAGE               CREATED             CREATED BY                                      SIZE                COMMENT</span><br><span class="line">231d40e811cd        2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  CMD ["nginx" "-g" "daemon…   0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  STOPSIGNAL SIGTERM           0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  EXPOSE 80                    0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c ln -sf /dev/stdout /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/nginx…   22B                 </span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="built_in">set</span> -x     &amp;&amp; addgroup --system -…   57.1MB              </span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  ENV PKG_RELEASE=1~buster     0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  ENV NJS_VERSION=0.3.7        0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  ENV NGINX_VERSION=1.17.6     0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  LABEL maintainer=NGINX Do…   0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop)  CMD ["bash"]                 0B                  </span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;missing&gt;           2 weeks ago         /bin/sh -c <span class="comment">#(nop) ADD file:bc8179c87c8dbb3d9…   69.2MB              </span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>新的镜像定制好后，就可以来运行这个镜像了：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker run --name WebServer02 -d -p 81:80 nginx:v1.1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这里容器命名为新的服务为 <code>WebServer02</code> ，并且映射宿主机 81 端口到容器的 80 端口。在浏览器直接访问看到的结果，其内容应该和之前修改后的 <code>WebServer01</code> 一样。</p>
+<p><img src="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/05_docker_image_03.png" alt=""></p>
+<h2 id="慎用-docker-commit"><a href="#慎用-docker-commit" class="headerlink" title="慎用 docker commit"></a>慎用 docker commit</h2><p>使用 <code>docker commit</code> 命令虽然可以比较直观地帮助理解镜像分层存储的概念，但是生产环境中并不会这样使用。</p>
+<p>首先，如果仔细观察之前的 <code>docker diff WebServer01</code> 的结果，会发现除了真正想要修改的 <code>/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html</code> 文件外，由于命令的执行，还有很多文件被改动或添加了。这仅仅是最简单的操作，如果是安装软件包、编译构建，就会有大量的无关内容被添加进来，如果不小心清理，将会导致镜像非常臃肿。</p>
+<p>此外，使用 <code>docker commit</code> 意味着所有对镜像的操作都是黑箱操作，生成的镜像也被称为黑箱镜像，换句话说，就是除了制作镜像的人知道执行过什么命令、怎么生成的镜像，别人根本无从得知。而且，即使是这个制作镜像的人，过一段时间后也无法记清具体在操作的。虽然 <code>docker diff</code> 或许可以告诉得到一些线索，但是远远不到可以确保生成一致镜像的地步。这种黑箱镜像的维护工作是非常痛苦的。</p>
+<p>而且，按照镜像所使用的分层存储的概念，除当前层外，之前的每一层都是不会发生改变的，换句话说，任何修改的结果仅仅是在当前层进行标记、添加、修改，而不会改动上一层。如果使用 <code>docker commit</code> 制作镜像，以及后期修改的话，每一次修改都会让镜像更加臃肿一次，所删除的上一层的东西并不会丢失，会一直如影随形的跟着这个镜像，即使根本无法访问到。这会让镜像更加臃肿。</p>
+<h2 id="使用-Dockerfile-定制镜像"><a href="#使用-Dockerfile-定制镜像" class="headerlink" title="使用 Dockerfile 定制镜像"></a>使用 Dockerfile 定制镜像</h2><p>镜像的定制实际上就是定制每一层所添加的配置、文件。如果可以把每一层修改、安装、构建、操作的命令都写入一个脚本，用这个脚本来构建、定制镜像，那么之前提及的无法重复的问题、镜像构建透明性的问题、体积的问题就都会解决。这个脚本就是 Dockerfile。</p>
+<p>Dockerfile 是一个文本文件，其内包含了一条条的指令(Instruction)，每一条指令构建一层，因此每一条指令的内容，就是描述该层应当如何构建。还以定制 Nginx 镜像为例，现在使用 Dockerfile 来定制。</p>
+<p>在一个空白目录中，建立一个文本文件，并命名为 <code>Nginx-Dockerfile</code> ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># mkdir -pv mynginx</span></span><br><span class="line">mkdir: created directory ‘mynginx’</span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon ~]<span class="comment"># cd mynginx</span></span><br><span class="line">[root@bogon mynginx]<span class="comment"># &gt; Nginx-Dockerfile</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>其内容为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> nginx</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定基础镜像，即当前新镜像是基于哪个镜像的</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">MAINTAINER</span> Silence</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定作者(维护者)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;'</span> &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"><span class="comment"># 指定构建过程中要运行的命令</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>FROM 指定基础镜像</strong></p>
+<p>定制镜像，是以一个镜像为基础，在其之上进行定制。就像之前运行了一个 <code>nginx</code> 镜像的容器，再进行修改一样，基础镜像是必须指定的。而 <code>FROM</code> 就是指定基础镜像，因此一个 Dockerfile 中 <code>FROM</code> 是必备的指令，并且必须是第一条指令。</p>
+<p>在 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Docker Hub</a> 上有非常多的高质量的官方镜像，有可以直接拿来使用的服务类的镜像，如 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/nginx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nginx</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/redis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">redis</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/mongo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mongo</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mysql</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/httpd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">httpd</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">php</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/tomcat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tomcat</a> 等；也有一些方便开发、构建、运行各种语言应用的镜像，如 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/node" target="_blank" rel="noopener">node</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/openjdk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">openjdk</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/python" target="_blank" rel="noopener">python</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/ruby" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ruby</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/golang" target="_blank" rel="noopener">golang</a> 等。可以在其中寻找一个最符合我们最终目标的镜像为基础镜像进行定制。如果没有找到对应服务的镜像，官方镜像中还提供了一些更为基础的操作系统镜像，如 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/ubuntu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ubuntu</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/debian" target="_blank" rel="noopener">debian</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/centos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">centos</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/fedora" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fedora</a> 、 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/alpine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alpine</a> 等，这些操作系统的软件库为提供了更广阔的扩展空间。</p>
+<p>除了选择现有镜像为基础镜像外，Docker 还存在一个特殊的镜像，名为 <code>scratch</code> 。这个镜像是虚拟的概念，并不实际存在，它表示一个空白的镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> scratch</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果以 <code>scratch</code> 为基础镜像，意味着不以任何镜像为基础，接下来所写的指令将作为镜像第一层开始存在。</p>
+<p>不以任何系统为基础，直接将可执行文件复制进镜像的做法并不罕见，比如 swarm 、 coreos/etcd 。对于 Linux 下静态编译的程序来说，并不需要有操作系统提供运行时支持，所需的一切库都已经在可执行文件里了，因此直接 <code>FROM scratch</code> 会让镜像体积更加小巧。使用 Go 语言 开发的应用很多会使用这种方式来制作镜像，这也是为什么有人认为 Go 是特别适合容器微服务架构的语言的原因之一。</p>
+<p><strong>RUN 执行命令</strong></p>
+<p><code>RUN</code> 指令是用来执行命令行命令的。由于命令行的强大能力， <code>RUN</code> 指令在定制镜像时是最常用的指令之一。其格式有两种：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>shell 格式： <code>RUN &lt;命令&gt;</code> ，就像直接在命令行中输入的命令一样。例如  <code>RUN echo &#39;&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;&#39; &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html</code></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>exec 格式： <code>RUN [&quot;可执行文件&quot;, &quot;参数1&quot;, &quot;参数2&quot;]</code> ，这更像是函数调用中的格式。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>RUN</code> 就像 Shell 脚本一样可以执行命令，那么也就可以像 Shell 脚本一样把每个命令对应一个 <code>RUN</code> 。比如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> debian:jessie</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apt-get update</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN apt-get install -y gcc libc6-dev make</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN wget -O redis.tar.gz <span class="string">"http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.2.5.tar.gz"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN mkdir -p /usr/src/redis</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN tar -xzf redis.tar.gz -C /usr/src/redis --strip-components=1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN make -C /usr/src/redis</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN make -C /usr/src/redis install</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>Dockerfile 中每一个指令都会建立一层， <code>RUN</code> 也不例外。每一个 <code>RUN</code> 的行为，都会新建立一层，在此之上执行这些命令，执行结束后， <code>commit</code> 这一层的修改，构成新的镜像。</p>
+<p>上面的这种写法，创建了 7 层镜像。这是完全没有意义的，而且很多运行时不需要的东西，都被装进了镜像里，比如编译环境、更新的软件包等等。结果就是产生非常臃肿、非常多层的镜像，不仅仅增加了构建部署的时间，也很容易出错。 </p>
+<p>Union FS 是有最大层数限制的，比如 AUFS，曾经是最大不得超过 42 层，现在是不得超过 127 层。</p>
+<p>上面的 <code>Dockerfile</code> 正确的写法应该是这样：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> debian:jessie</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> buildDeps=<span class="string">'gcc libc6-dev make'</span> \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; apt-get update \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y <span class="variable">$buildDeps</span> \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; wget -O redis.tar.gz <span class="string">"http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.2.5.tar.gz"</span> \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /usr/src/redis \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; tar -xzf redis.tar.gz -C /usr/src/redis --strip-components=1 \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; make -C /usr/src/redis \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; make -C /usr/src/redis install \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; rm redis.tar.gz \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; rm -r /usr/src/redis \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; apt-get purge -y --auto-remove <span class="variable">$buildDeps</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>首先，之前所有的命令只有一个目的，就是编译、安装 redis 可执行文件。因此没有必要建立很多层，这只是一层的事情。因此，这里没有使用很多个 RUN 对一一对应不同的命令，而是仅仅使用一个 <code>RUN</code> 指令，并使用 <code>&amp;&amp;</code> 将各个所需命令串联起来。将之前的 7 层，简化为了1 层。在撰写 Dockerfile 的时候，要经常提醒自己，这并不是在写 Shell 脚本，而是在定义每一层该如何构建。</p>
+<p>并且，这里为了格式化还进行了换行。Dockerfile 支持 Shell 类的行尾添加 <code>\</code> 的命令换行方式，以及行首 <code>#</code> 进行注释的格式。良好的格式，比如换行、缩进、注释等，会让维护、排障更为容易，这是一个比较好的习惯。</p>
+<p>此外，还可以看到这一组命令的最后添加了清理工作的命令，删除了为了编译构建所需要的软件，清理了所有下载、展开的文件，并且还清理了 <code>apt</code> 缓存文件。这是很重要的一步，因为镜像是多层存储，每一层的东西并不会在下一层被删除，会一直跟随着镜像。因此镜像构建时，一定要确保每一层只添加真正需要添加的东西，任何无关的东西都应该清理掉。</p>
+<p><strong>构建镜像</strong></p>
+<p>回到之前定制的 nginx 镜像的 Dockerfile 来构建这个镜像。在 Dockerfile 文件所在目录执行：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image build --file ./Nginx-Dockerfile  --tag <span class="string">'nginx:v3'</span> .</span><br><span class="line">Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB</span><br><span class="line">Step 1/3 : FROM nginx</span><br><span class="line"> ---&gt; f7bb5701a33c</span><br><span class="line">Step 2/3 : MAINTAINER Silence</span><br><span class="line"> ---&gt; Using cache</span><br><span class="line"> ---&gt; 5c2f0d4390e4</span><br><span class="line">Step 3/3 : RUN <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;'</span> &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html</span><br><span class="line"> ---&gt; Running <span class="keyword">in</span> 59e17fb13c2b</span><br><span class="line">Removing intermediate container 59e17fb13c2b</span><br><span class="line"> ---&gt; 96de03b40a2f</span><br><span class="line">Successfully built 96de03b40a2f</span><br><span class="line">Successfully tagged nginx:v3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在 <code>Step 3</code> 中，如同之前所说， <code>RUN</code> 指令启动了一个容器 <code>59e17fb13c2b</code> ，执行了所要求的命令，并最后提交了这一层 <code>96de03b40a2f</code> ，随后删除了所用到的这个容器 <code>59e17fb13c2b</code> 。</p>
+<p>这里使用了 <code>docker image build</code> 命令进行镜像构建。其格式为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker image build [选项] &lt;上下文路径/URL/-&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在这里指定了最终镜像的名称 <code>--tag nginx:v3</code> ，构建成功后就可以运行这个镜像了。</p>
+<p><strong>镜像构建上下文（Context）</strong></p>
+<p>如果注意，会看到 <code>docker image build</code> 命令最后有一个 <code>.</code> ，这个 <code>.</code> 和 <code>./</code> 相同，表示的是当前目录。这其实是在指定上下文路径。那么什么是上下文呢？</p>
+<p>首先要理解 <code>docker image build</code> 的工作原理。Docker 在运行时分为 Docker 引擎（也就是服务端守护进程）和客户端工具。Docker 的引擎提供了一组 REST API，被称为 <a href="https://docs.docker.com/develop/sdk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Docker Remote API</a>，而 <code>docker</code> 命令这样的客户端工具，则是通过这组 API 与 Docker 引擎交互，从而完成各种功能。因此，虽然表面上好像是在本机执行各种 <code>docker</code> 功能，但实际上，一切都是使用的远程调用形式在服务端（Docker 引擎）完成。也因为这种 C/S 设计，让操作远程服务器的 Docker 引擎变得轻而易举。</p>
+<p>当进行镜像构建的时候，并非所有定制都会通过 <code>RUN</code> 指令完成，经常会需要将一些本地文件复制进镜像，比如通过 <code>COPY</code> 指令、 <code>ADD</code> 指令等。而 <code>docker image build</code> 命令构建镜像，其实并非在本地构建，而是在服务端，也就是 Docker 引擎中构建的。那么在这种 客户端/服务端 的架构中，如何才能让服务端获得本地文件呢？</p>
+<p>这就引入了上下文的概念。当构建的时候，用户会指定构建镜像上下文的路径， <code>docker image build</code> 命令得知这个路径后，会将路径下的所有内容打包，然后上传给 Docker 引擎。这样 Docker 引擎收到这个上下文包后，展开就会获得构建镜像所需的一切文件。</p>
+<p>如果在 Dockerfile 中这么写：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="bash"> ./package.json /app/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这并不是要复制执行 <code>docker image build</code> 命令所在的目录下的 <code>package.json</code> ，也不是复制 Dockerfile 所在目录下的 <code>package.json</code> ，而是复制指定的上下文（<strong>context</strong>） 目录下的 <code>package.json</code> 。</p>
+<p>因此， <code>COPY</code> 这类指令中的源文件的路径不管看上去是相对路径还是绝对路径，其实都是 <strong>相对路径</strong>，是相对于上下文路径来说的。很多时候，<code>COPY ../package.json /app</code> 或者 <code>COPY /opt/xxxx /app</code> 无法工作，都是因为这些路径已经超出了上下文的范围，Docker 引擎无法获得这些位置的文件。如果真的需要那些文件，应该将它们复制到上下文目录中去。</p>
+<p>如果观察 <code>docker  image build</code> 输出，其实可以看到这个发送上下文的过程：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image build --file ./Nginx-Dockerfile  --tag <span class="string">'nginx:v3'</span> ./</span><br><span class="line">Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如此一来，<code>docker image build</code> 就会将该目录下的内容打包交给 Docker 引擎以帮助构建镜像。</p>
+<p>理解构建上下文对于镜像构建是很重要的， 可以避免犯一些不应该的错误。 比如有些人在发现 <code>COPY /opt/xxxx /app</code> 不工作后， 于是干脆将 Dockerfile 放到了硬盘根目录去构建， 结果发现 <code>docker image build</code> 执行后， 在发送一个几十 GB 的东西， 极为缓慢而且很容易构建失败。 那是因为这种做法是在让 <code>docker image build</code> 打包整个硬盘， 这显然是错误的用法。</p>
+<p>一般情况下，应该将 <code>Dockerfile</code> 置于一个空目录下，或者项目根目录下。如果该目录下没有所需文件，那么应该把所需文件复制一份过来。如果目录下有些东西确实不希望构建时传给 Docker 引擎，那么可以用 <code>.gitignore</code> 一样的语法写一个 <code>.dockerignore</code> ，该文件是用于剔除不需要作为上下文传递给 Docker 引擎的。</p>
+<p>那么为什么会有人误以为 <code>.</code> 是指定 <code>Dockerfile</code> 所在目录呢？这是因为在默认情况下，如果不额外指定 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的话，会将上下文目录下的名为 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的文件作为 Dockerfile。</p>
+<p>这只是默认行为，实际上 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的文件名并不要求必须为 <code>Dockerfile</code> ，而且并不要求必须位于上下文目录中，比如可以用 <code>--file ../Dockerfile.php</code> 参数指定某个文件作为 <code>Dockerfile</code> 。</p>
+<p><strong>其它 docker image build 的用法</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>从 URL 构建，比如可以直接从 Git repo 中构建：</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image build https://github.com/twang2218/gitlab-ce-zh.git\<span class="comment">#:8.14</span></span><br><span class="line">Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB</span><br><span class="line">Step 1 : FROM gitlab/gitlab-ce:8.14.0-ce.0</span><br><span class="line">8.14.0-ce.0: Pulling from gitlab/gitlab-ce</span><br><span class="line">aed15891ba52: Already exists</span><br><span class="line">773ae8583d14: Already exists</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这行命令指定了构建所需的 Git repo，并且指定默认的 <code>master</code> 分支，构建目录为 <code>/8.14/</code> ，然后 Docker 就会自己去 <code>git clone</code> 这个项目、切换到指定分支、并进入到指定目录后开始构建。</p>
+<ul>
+<li>用给定的 <strong>tar</strong> 压缩包构建：</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker build http://server/context.tar.gz</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果所给出的 URL 不是个 Git repo，而是个 <code>tar</code> 压缩包，那么 Docker 引擎会下载这个包，并自动解压缩，并把它作为上下文，开始构建。</p>
+<ul>
+<li>从标准输入中读取 Dockerfile 进行构建：</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker build - &lt; Dockerfile</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 或</span></span><br><span class="line">cat Dockerfile | docker build -</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果标准输入传入的是文本文件，则将其视为 <code>Dockerfile</code> ，并开始构建。这种形式由于直接从标准输入中读取 Dockerfile 的内容，它没有上下文，因此不可以像其他方法那样可以将本地文件 <code>COPY</code> 进镜像。</p>
+<ul>
+<li>从标准输入中读取上下文压缩包进行构建：</li>
+</ul>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker build - &lt; context.tar.gz</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果发现标准输入的文件格式是 <code>gzip</code> 、 <code>bzip2</code> 以及 <code>xz</code> 的话，将会使其为上下文压缩包，直接将其展开，将里面视为上下文，并开始构建。</p>
+<h2 id="Dockerfile-指令详解"><a href="#Dockerfile-指令详解" class="headerlink" title="Dockerfile 指令详解"></a>Dockerfile 指令详解</h2><h3 id="COPY-复制文件"><a href="#COPY-复制文件" class="headerlink" title="COPY 复制文件"></a>COPY 复制文件</h3><p>格式：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>COPY &lt;源路径&gt;... &lt;目标路径&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>COPY [&quot;&lt;源路径1&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;源路径2&gt;&quot;,... &quot;&lt;目标路径&gt;&quot;]</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>和 RUN 指令一样，也有两种格式，一种类似于命令行，一种类似于函数调用。<code>COPY</code> 指令将从构建上下文目录中 <code>&lt;源路径&gt;</code> 的文件目录复制到新的一层的镜像内的 <code>&lt;目标路径&gt;</code> 位置。比如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="bash"> package.json /usr/src/app/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>&lt;源路径&gt;</code> 可以是多个，甚至可以是通配符，其通配符规则要满足 Go 的 <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match" target="_blank" rel="noopener">filepath.Match</a> 规则，如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="bash"> hom* /mydir/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY hom?.txt /mydir/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><code>&lt;目标路径&gt;</code> 可以是容器内的绝对路径，也可以是相对于工作目录的相对路径（工作目录可以用 <code>WORKDIR</code> 指令来指定）。目标路径不需要事先创建，如果目录不存在会在复制文件前先行创建缺失目录。</p>
+<p>此外，还需要注意一点，使用 <code>COPY</code> 指令，源文件的各种元数据都会保留。比如读、写、执行权限、文件变更时间等。这个特性对于镜像定制很有用。特别是构建相关文件都在使用 Git 进行管理的时候。</p>
+<h3 id="ADD-更高级的复制文件"><a href="#ADD-更高级的复制文件" class="headerlink" title="ADD 更高级的复制文件"></a>ADD 更高级的复制文件</h3><p><code>ADD</code> 指令和 <code>COPY</code> 的格式和性质基本一致。但是在 <code>COPY</code> 基础上增加了一些功能。</p>
+<p>比如 <code>&lt;源路径&gt;</code> 可以是一个 <code>URL</code> ，这种情况下，Docker 引擎会试图去下载这个链接的文件放到 <code>&lt;目标路径&gt;</code> 去。下载后的文件权限自动设置为 <code>600</code> ，如果这并不是想要的权限，那么还需要增加额外的一层 <code>RUN</code> 进行权限调整，另外，如果下载的是个压缩包，需要解压缩，也一样还需要额外的一层 <code>RUN</code> 指令进行解压缩。所以不如直接使用 <code>RUN</code> 指令，然后使用 <code>wget</code> 或者 <code>curl</code> 工具下载，处理权限、解压缩、然后清理无用文件更合理。因此，这个功能其实并不实用，而且不推荐使用。</p>
+<p>如果 <code>&lt;源路径&gt;</code> 为一个 <code>tar</code> 压缩文件的话，压缩格式为 <code>gzip</code> , <code>bzip2</code> 以及 <code>xz</code> 的情况下， <code>ADD</code> 指令将会自动解压缩这个压缩文件到 <code>&lt;目标路径&gt;</code> 去。在某些情况下，这个自动解压缩的功能非常有用，比如官方镜像 <code>ubuntu</code> 中：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> scratch</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ADD</span><span class="bash"> ubuntu-xenial-core-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.gz /</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>但在某些情况下，如果只是希望复制个压缩文件进去，而不解压缩，这时就不可以使用 <code>ADD</code> 命令了。</p>
+<p>在 Docker 官方的 <a href="https://docs.docker.com/develop/develop-images/dockerfile_best-practices/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dockerfile 最佳实践文档</a> 中要求，尽可能的使用 <code>COPY</code> ，因为 <code>COPY</code> 的语义很明确，就是复制文件而已，而 <code>ADD</code> 则包含了更复杂的功能，其行为也不一定很清晰。最适合使用 <code>ADD</code> 的场合，就是所提及的需要自动解压缩的场合。</p>
+<p>另外需要注意的是， <code>ADD</code> 指令会让镜像构建缓存失效，从而可能会使镜像构建变得比较缓慢。</p>
+<p>因此在 <code>COPY</code> 和 <code>ADD</code> 指令中选择的时候，可以遵循这样的原则，所有的文件复制均使用 <code>COPY</code> 指令，仅在需要自动解压缩的场合使用 <code>ADD</code> 。</p>
+<h3 id="CMD-容器启动命令"><a href="#CMD-容器启动命令" class="headerlink" title="CMD 容器启动命令"></a>CMD 容器启动命令</h3><p><code>CMD</code> 指令的格式和 <code>RUN</code> 相似，也是两种格式：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>shell</code> 格式： <code>CMD &lt;命令&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>exec</code> 格式： <code>CMD [&quot;可执行文件&quot;, &quot;参数1&quot;, &quot;参数2&quot;...]</code></li>
+<li>参数列表格式： <code>CMD [&quot;参数1&quot;, &quot;参数2&quot;...]</code> 。在指定了 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 指令后，用 <code>CMD</code> 指定具体的参数。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>容器不是虚拟机，说到底就是进程。既然是进程，那么在启动容器的时候，需要指定所运行的程序及参数。<code>CMD</code> 指令就是用于指定默认的容器主进程的启动命令的。</p>
+<p>在运行时可以指定新的命令来替代镜像设置中的这个默认命令，比如， <code>ubuntu</code> 镜像默认的 <code>CMD</code> 是 <code>/bin/bash</code> ，如果直接 <code>docker run --interactive --tty ubuntu</code> 的话，会直接进入 <code>bash</code> 。也可以在运行时指定运行别的命令，如 <code>docker run -it ubuntu cat /etc/os-release</code> 。这就是用 <code>cat /etc/os-release</code> 命令替换了默认的 <code>/bin/bash</code> 命令了，输出了系统版本信息。</p>
+<p>在指令格式上，一般推荐使用 <code>exec</code> 格式，这类格式在解析时会被解析为 JSON 数组，因此一定要使用双引号 <code>&quot;</code> ，而不要使用单引号。</p>
+<p>如果使用 shell 格式的话，实际的命令会被包装为 <code>sh -c</code> 的参数的形式进行执行。比如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CMD</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$HOME</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在实际执行中，会将其变更为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CMD</span><span class="bash"> [ <span class="string">"sh"</span>, <span class="string">"-c"</span>, <span class="string">"echo <span class="variable">$HOME</span>"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这就是可以使用环境变量的原因，因为这些环境变量会被 shell 进行解析处理。</p>
+<p>提到 CMD 就不得不提容器中应用在前台执行和后台执行的问题。Docker 不是虚拟机，容器中的应用都应该以前台执行，而不是像虚拟机、物理机里面那样，用 upstart/systemd 去启动后台服务，容器内没有后台服务的概念。</p>
+<p>如果将 CMD 写为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CMD</span><span class="bash"> service nginx start</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>然后发现容器执行后就立即退出了。甚至在容器内去使用 <code>systemctl</code> 命令结果却发现根本执行不了。这就是因为没有搞明白前台、后台的概念，没有区分容器和虚拟机的差异，依旧在以传统虚拟机的角度去理解容器。</p>
+<p>对于容器而言，其启动程序就是容器应用进程，容器就是为了主进程而存在的，主进程退出，容器就失去了存在的意义，从而退出，其它辅助进程不是它需要关心的东西。</p>
+<p>而使用 <code>service nginx start</code> 命令，则是希望 upstart 来以后台守护进程形式启动 <code>nginx</code> 服务。而刚才说了 <code>CMD service nginx start</code> 会被理解为 <code>CMD [ &quot;sh&quot;, &quot;-c&quot;, &quot;service nginxstart&quot;]</code> ，因此主进程实际上是 <code>sh</code> 。那么当 <code>service nginx start</code> 命令结束后， <code>sh</code> 也就结束了， <code>sh</code> 作为主进程退出了，自然就会令容器退出。</p>
+<p>正确的做法是直接执行 <code>nginx</code> 可执行文件，并且要求以前台形式运行。比如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CMD</span><span class="bash"> [<span class="string">"nginx"</span>, <span class="string">"-g"</span>, <span class="string">"daemon off;"</span>]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="ENTRYPOINT-入口点"><a href="#ENTRYPOINT-入口点" class="headerlink" title="ENTRYPOINT 入口点"></a>ENTRYPOINT 入口点</h3><p><code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 的格式和 <code>RUN</code> 指令格式一样，分为 <code>exec</code> 格式和 <code>shell</code> 格式。<code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 的目的和 <code>CMD</code> 一样，都是在指定容器启动程序及参数。 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 在运行时也可以替代，不过比 <code>CMD</code> 要略显繁琐，需要通过 <code>docker run</code> 的参数 <code>--entrypoint</code> 来指定。</p>
+<p>当指定了 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 后， <code>CMD</code> 的含义就发生了改变，不再是直接的运行其命令，而是将 <code>CMD</code> 的内容作为参数传给 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 指令，换句话说实际执行时，将变为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;<span class="keyword">ENTRYPOINT</span><span class="bash">&gt; <span class="string">"&lt;CMD&gt;"</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>那么有了 <code>CMD</code> 后，为什么还要有 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 呢？这种 <code>&lt;ENTRYPOINT&gt; &quot;&lt;CMD&gt;&quot;</code> 有什么好处么？来看几个场景。</p>
+<p><strong>场景一：让镜像变成像命令一样使用</strong></p>
+<p>假设我们需要一个得知自己当前公网 IP 的镜像，那么可以先用 <code>CMD</code> 来实现：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> ubuntu:<span class="number">16.04</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apt-get update \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y curl \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">	</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [ <span class="string">"curl"</span>, <span class="string">"-s"</span>, <span class="string">"https://ip.cn"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>假如使用 <code>docker image build --file ./Dockerfile.myip --tag myip .</code> 来构建镜像的话，如果需要查询当前公网 IP，只需要执行：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker run myip</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">"ip"</span>: <span class="string">"1.202.112.148"</span>, <span class="string">"country"</span>: <span class="string">"北京市"</span>, <span class="string">"city"</span>: <span class="string">"电信"</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>看起来好像可以直接把镜像当做命令使用了，不过命令总会有参数，如果现在希望加参数呢？比如从上面的 <code>CMD</code> 中可以看到实质的命令是 <code>curl</code> ，那么如果现在希望显示 HTTP 头信息，就需要加上 <code>-i</code> 参数。那么可以直接加 <code>-i</code> 参数给 <code>docker run myip</code> 么？</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker run myip -i</span><br><span class="line">docker: Error response from daemon: OCI runtime create failed: container_linux.go:346: starting container process caused <span class="string">"exec: \"-i\": executable file not found in <span class="variable">$PATH</span>"</span>: unknown.</span><br><span class="line">ERRO[0000] error waiting <span class="keyword">for</span> container: context canceled</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以看到可执行文件找不到的报错， <code>executable file not found</code> 。之前说过，跟在镜像名后面的是 <code>command</code> ，运行时会替换 <code>CMD</code> 的默认值。因此这里的 <code>-i</code> 替换了原来的 <code>CMD</code> ，而不是添加在原来的 <code>curl -s https://ip.cn</code> 后面。而 <code>-i</code> 根本不是命令，所以自然找不到。</p>
+<p>如果希望加入 <code>-i</code> 这参数，就必须重新完整的输入这个命令：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker run myip curl -s https://ip.cn -i</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这样就非常不人性化，而使用 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 就可以解决这个问题。现在重新用 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 来实现这个镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> ubuntu:<span class="number">16.04</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apt-get update \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y curl \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; apt-get purge -y --auto-remove </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">ENTRYPOINT [ <span class="string">"curl"</span>, <span class="string">"-s"</span>, <span class="string">"https://ip.cn"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>删除之前的残留，重新构建镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker container rm $(docker container ps -a | awk <span class="string">'/myip/&#123;print $1&#125;'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">2244e4afa733</span><br><span class="line">3795eaaaaa15</span><br><span class="line">96dbcb291be5</span><br><span class="line">ef39e73b52b5</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$ docker image rm myip</span><br><span class="line">Untagged: myip:latest</span><br><span class="line">Deleted: sha256:f27178606c7dcd69f942d85049ad05298f97cfa5831909079faf845fe934906c</span><br><span class="line">Deleted: sha256:baebe74eefc04cf55256aa4d6400a0b1f2ce2f7ac1d3a707c924505fe1ddc8f8</span><br><span class="line">Deleted: sha256:b4fba85e9cb69380a6ef088b8224332989989ac306e069cdefa562b741942a10</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$ docker image build --file ./Dockerfile.myip --tag <span class="string">'myip'</span> .</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>再次尝试直接使用 <code>-i</code> 选项：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker run myip</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">"ip"</span>: <span class="string">"1.202.112.148"</span>, <span class="string">"country"</span>: <span class="string">"北京市"</span>, <span class="string">"city"</span>: <span class="string">"电信"</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$ docker run myip -i</span><br><span class="line">HTTP/1.1 200 OK</span><br><span class="line">Date: Fri, 03 Jan 2020 05:19:52 GMT</span><br><span class="line">Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8</span><br><span class="line">Transfer-Encoding: chunked</span><br><span class="line">Connection: keep-alive</span><br><span class="line">Set-Cookie: __cfduid=d8a583dfdf42b5b551f86b83368b6264d1578028792; expires=Sun, 02-Feb-20 05:19:52 GMT; path=/; domain=.ip.cn; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax</span><br><span class="line">CF-Cache-Status: DYNAMIC</span><br><span class="line">Expect-CT: max-age=604800, report-uri=<span class="string">"https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"</span></span><br><span class="line">Server: cloudflare</span><br><span class="line">CF-RAY: 54f2852f6ddae7fd-LAX</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">"ip"</span>: <span class="string">"1.202.112.148"</span>, <span class="string">"country"</span>: <span class="string">"北京市"</span>, <span class="string">"city"</span>: <span class="string">"电信"</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以看到，这次成功了。这是因为当存在 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 后， <code>CMD</code> 的内容将会作为参数传给 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> ，而这里 <code>-i</code> 就是新的 <code>CMD</code> ，因此会作为参数传给 <code>curl</code> ，从而达到了预期的效果。</p>
+<p><strong>场景二：应用运行前的准备工作</strong></p>
+<p>启动容器就是启动主进程，但有些时候，启动主进程前，需要一些准备工作。比如 <code>mysql</code> 类的数据库，可能需要一些数据库配置、初始化的工作，这些工作要在最终的 <code>mysql</code> 服务器运行之前解决。</p>
+<p>此外，可能希望避免使用 <code>root</code> 用户去启动服务，从而提高安全性，而在启动服务前还需要以 <code>root</code> 身份执行一些必要的准备工作，最后切换到服务用户身份启动服务。或者除了服务外，其它命令依旧可以使用 <code>root</code> 身份执行，方便调试等。</p>
+<p>这些准备工作是和容器 <code>CMD</code> 无关的，无论 <code>CMD</code> 是什么，都需要事先进行一个预处理的工作。这种情况下，可以写一个脚本，然后放入 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 中去执行，而这个脚本会将接到的参数（也就是 <code>&lt;CMD&gt;</code> ）作为命令，在脚本最后执行。比如官方镜像 <code>redis</code> 中就是这么做的：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> alpine:<span class="number">3.4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># .........</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> addgroup -S redis &amp;&amp; adduser -S -G redis redis</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"><span class="comment"># .........</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY docker-entrypoint.sh /usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/bin/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">ENTRYPOINT [<span class="string">"docker-entrypoint.sh"</span>]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">EXPOSE 6379</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [ <span class="string">"redis-server"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以看到其中为 redis 服务创建了 redis 用户，并在最后指定了 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 为 <code>docker-entrypoint.sh</code> 脚本。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/sh</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">set</span> -e</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># first arg is `-f` or `--some-option`</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># or first arg is `something.conf`</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;1#-&#125;</span>"</span> != <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$1</span>"</span> ] || [ <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$&#123;1%.conf&#125;</span>"</span> != <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$1</span>"</span> ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">set</span> -- redis-server <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$@</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># allow the container to be started with `--user`</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> [ <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$1</span>"</span> = <span class="string">'redis-server'</span> -a <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$(id -u)</span>"</span> = <span class="string">'0'</span> ]; <span class="keyword">then</span></span><br><span class="line">	find . \! -user redis -<span class="built_in">exec</span> chown redis <span class="string">'&#123;&#125;'</span> +</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">exec</span> gosu redis <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$0</span>"</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$@</span>"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">fi</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exec</span> <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$@</span>"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>该脚本的内容就是根据 <code>CMD</code> 的内容来判断，如果是 <code>redis-server</code> 的话，则切换到 <code>redis</code> 用户身份启动服务器，否则依旧使用 <code>root</code> 身份执行。比如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker run -it redis id</span><br><span class="line">uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="ENV-设置环境变量"><a href="#ENV-设置环境变量" class="headerlink" title="ENV 设置环境变量"></a>ENV 设置环境变量</h3><p>格式有两种：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>ENV &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>ENV &lt;key1&gt;=&lt;value1&gt; &lt;key2&gt;=&lt;value2&gt;...</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>这个指令很简单，就是设置环境变量而已，无论是后面的其它指令，如 <code>RUN</code> , 还是容器内运行时的应用程序，都可以直接使用这里定义的环境变量。</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ENV</span> VERSION=<span class="number">1.0</span> DEBUG=on \</span><br><span class="line">NAME=<span class="string">"Happy Feet"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这个例子中演示了如何换行，以及对含有空格的值用双引号括起来的办法，这和 Shell 下的行为是一致的。定义了环境变量，那么在后续的指令中，就可以使用这个环境变量。比如在官方 <code>node</code> 镜像 <code>Dockerfile</code> 中，就有类似这样的代码：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ENV</span> NODE_VERSION <span class="number">7.2</span>.<span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> curl -SLO <span class="string">"https://nodejs.org/dist/v<span class="variable">$NODE_VERSION</span>/node-v<span class="variable">$NODE_VERSION</span>-linux-x64.tar.xz"</span> \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; curl -SLO <span class="string">"https://nodejs.org/dist/v<span class="variable">$NODE_VERSION</span>/SHASUMS256.txt.asc"</span> \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; gpg --batch --decrypt --output SHASUMS256.txt SHASUMS256.txt.asc \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; grep <span class="string">" node-v<span class="variable">$NODE_VERSION</span>-linux-x64.tar.xz\$"</span> SHASUMS256.txt | sha256sum -c - \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; tar -xJf <span class="string">"node-v<span class="variable">$NODE_VERSION</span>-linux-x64.tar.xz"</span> -C /usr/<span class="built_in">local</span> --strip-components=1 \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; rm <span class="string">"node-v<span class="variable">$NODE_VERSION</span>-linux-x64.tar.xz"</span> SHASUMS256.txt.asc SHASUMS256.txt \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; ln -s /usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/bin/node /usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/bin/nodejs</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在这里先定义了环境变量 <code>NODE_VERSION</code> ，其后的 <code>RUN</code> 这层里，多次使用 <code>$NODE_VERSION</code> 来进行操作定制。可以看到，将来升级镜像构建版本的时候，只需要更新 <code>7.2.0</code> 即可， <code>Dockerfile</code> 构建维护变得更轻松了。</p>
+<p>下列指令可以支持环境变量展开：</p>
+<p><code>ADD</code> 、 <code>COPY</code> 、 <code>ENV</code> 、 <code>EXPOSE</code> 、 <code>LABEL</code> 、 <code>USER</code> 、 <code>WORKDIR</code> 、 <code>VOLUME</code> 、 <code>STOPSIGNAL</code> 、 <code>ONBUILD</code> 。</p>
+<p>环境变量可以使用的地方很多，通过环境变量，可以让一份 <code>Dockerfile</code> 制作更多的镜像，只需使用不同的环境变量即可。</p>
+<h3 id="ARG-构建参数"><a href="#ARG-构建参数" class="headerlink" title="ARG 构建参数"></a>ARG 构建参数</h3><p>格式： <code>ARG &lt;参数名&gt;[=&lt;默认值&gt;]</code></p>
+<p>构建参数和 <code>ENV</code> 的效果一样，都是设置环境变量。所不同的是， <code>ARG</code> 所设置的构建环境的环境变量，在将来容器运行时是不会存在这些环境变量的。但是不要因此就使用 <code>ARG</code> 保存密码之类的信息，因为 <code>docker history</code> 还是可以看到所有值的。</p>
+<p><code>Dockerfile</code> 中的 <code>ARG</code> 指令是定义参数名称，以及定义其默认值。该默认值可以在构建命令 <code>docker image build</code> 中用 <code>--build-arg &lt;参数名&gt;=&lt;值&gt;</code> 来覆盖。</p>
+<p>在 1.13 之前的版本，要求 <code>--build-arg</code> 中的参数名，必须在 <code>Dockerfile</code> 中用 <code>ARG</code> 定义过了，换句话说，就是 <code>--build-arg</code> 指定的参数，必须在 <code>Dockerfile</code> 中使用了。如果对应参数没有被使用，则会报错退出构建。从 1.13 开始，这种严格的限制被放开，不再报错退出，而是显示警告信息，并继续构建。这对于使用 CI 系统，用同样的构建流程构建不同的 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的时候比较有帮助，避免构建命令必须根据每个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的内容修改。</p>
+<h3 id="VOLUME-定义匿名卷"><a href="#VOLUME-定义匿名卷" class="headerlink" title="VOLUME 定义匿名卷"></a>VOLUME 定义匿名卷</h3><p>格式为：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>VOLUME [&quot;&lt;路径1&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;路径2&gt;&quot;...]</code></li>
+<li><code>VOLUME &lt;路径&gt;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>容器运行时应该尽量保持容器存储层不发生写操作，对于数据库类需要保存动态数据的应用，其数据库文件应该保存于卷(volume)中。为了防止运行时用户忘记将动态文件所保存目录挂载为卷，在 <code>Dockerfile</code> 中，可以事先指定某些目录挂载为匿名卷，这样在运行时如果用户不指定挂载，其应用也可以正常运行，不会向容器存储层写入大量数据。</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">VOLUME</span><span class="bash"> /data</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这里的 <code>/data</code> 目录就会在运行时自动挂载为匿名卷，任何向 <code>/data</code> 中写入的信息都不会记录进容器存储层，从而保证了容器存储层的无状态化。当然，运行时可以覆盖这个挂载设置。比如：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker run -d -v mydata:/data xxxx</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>在这行命令中，就使用了 <code>mydata</code> 这个命名卷挂载到了 <code>/data</code> 这个位置，替代了 <code>Dockerfile</code> 中定义的匿名卷的挂载配置。</p>
+<h3 id="EXPOSE-声明暴露的端口"><a href="#EXPOSE-声明暴露的端口" class="headerlink" title="EXPOSE 声明暴露的端口"></a>EXPOSE 声明暴露的端口</h3><p>格式为 <code>EXPOSE &lt;端口1&gt; [&lt;端口2&gt;...]</code></p>
+<p><code>EXPOSE</code> 指令是声明运行时容器提供的服务端口，这只是一个声明，在运行时并不会因为这个声明应用就会开启这个端口的服务。在 <code>Dockerfile</code> 中写入这样的声明有两个好处，一个是帮助镜像使用者理解这个镜像服务的守护端口，以方便配置映射；另一个用处则是在运行时使用随机端口映射时，也就是<code>docker run -P</code>  时，会自动随机映射 <code>EXPOSE</code> 的端口。</p>
+<p>此外，在早期 Docker 版本中还有一个特殊的用处。以前所有容器都运行于默认桥接网络中，因此所有容器互相之间都可以直接访问，这样存在一定的安全性问题。于是有了一个 Docker 引擎参数 <code>--icc=false</code> ，当指定该参数后，容器间将默认无法互访，除非互相间使用了 <code>--links</code> 参数的容器才可以互通，并且只有镜像中 <code>EXPOSE</code> 所声明的端口才可以被访问。这个<code>--icc=false</code> 的用法，在引入了 <code>docker network</code> 后已经基本不用了，通过自定义网络可以很轻松的实现容器间的互联与隔离。</p>
+<p>要将 <code>EXPOSE</code> 和在运行时使用 <code>-p &lt;宿主端口&gt;:&lt;容器端口&gt;</code> 区分开来。<code>-p</code> ，是映射宿主端口和容器端口，换句话说，就是将容器的对应端口服务公开给外界访问，而 <code>EXPOSE</code> 仅仅是声明容器打算使用什么端口而已，并不会自动在宿主进行端口映射。</p>
+<h3 id="WORKDIR-指定工作目录"><a href="#WORKDIR-指定工作目录" class="headerlink" title="WORKDIR 指定工作目录"></a>WORKDIR 指定工作目录</h3><p>格式为 <code>WORKDIR &lt;工作目录路径&gt;</code> 。</p>
+<p>使用 <code>WORKDIR</code> 指令可以来指定工作目录（或者称为当前目录），以后各层的当前目录就被改为指定的目录，如该目录不存在， <code>WORKDIR</code> 会自动建立目录。</p>
+<p>不应该把 <code>Dockerfile</code> 看成是在写 Shell 脚本，因为可能会导致出现下面这样的错误：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">cd</span> /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span> &gt; world.txt</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果将这个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 进行构建镜像运行后，会发现找不到 <code>/app/world.txt</code> 文件，或者其内容不是 <code>hello</code> 。原因其实很简单，在 Shell 中，连续两行是同一个进程执行环境，因此前一个命令修改的内存状态，会直接影响后一个命令；而在 <code>Dockerfile</code> 中，这两行 <code>RUN</code> 命令的执行环境根本不同，是两个完全不同的容器。这就是对 <code>Dockerfile</code> 构建分层存储的概念不了解所导致的错误。</p>
+<p>每一个 <code>RUN</code> 都是启动一个容器、执行命令、然后提交存储层文件变更。第一层 <code>RUN cd /app</code> 的执行仅仅是当前进程的工作目录变更，一个内存上的变化而已，其结果不会造成任何文件变更。而到第二层的时候，启动的是一个全新的容器，跟第一层的容器更完全没关系，自然不可能继承前一层构建过程中的内存变化。因此如果需要改变以后各层的工作目录的位置，那么应该使用 <code>WORKDIR</code> 指令。</p>
+<h3 id="USER-指定当前用户"><a href="#USER-指定当前用户" class="headerlink" title="USER 指定当前用户"></a>USER 指定当前用户</h3><p>格式：<code>USER &lt;用户名&gt;</code></p>
+<p><code>USER</code> 指令和 <code>WORKDIR</code> 相似，都是改变环境状态并影响以后的层。 <code>WORKDIR</code> 是改变工作目录， <code>USER</code> 则是改变之后层的执行 <code>RUN</code> , <code>CMD</code> 以及 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 这类命令的身份。当然，和 <code>WORKDIR</code> 一样， <code>USER</code> 只是帮助你切换到指定用户而已，这个用户必须是事先建立好的，否则无法切换。</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> groupadd -r redis &amp;&amp; useradd -r -g redis redis</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">USER redis</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN [ <span class="string">"redis-server"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果以 <code>root</code> 执行的脚本，在执行期间希望改变身份，比如希望以某个已经建立好的用户来运行某个服务进程，不使用 <code>su</code> 或者 <code>sudo</code> ，这些都需要比较麻烦的配置，而且在 TTY 缺失的环境下经常出错。建议使用 <a href="https://github.com/tianon/gosu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gosu</a> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 建立 redis 用户，并使用 gosu 换另一个用户执行命令</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> groupadd -r redis &amp;&amp; useradd -r -g redis redis</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"><span class="comment"># 下载 gosu</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN wget -O /usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/bin/gosu <span class="string">"https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/1.7/gosu-amd64"</span> \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; chmod +x /usr/<span class="built_in">local</span>/bin/gosu \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; gosu nobody <span class="literal">true</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"><span class="comment"># 设置 CMD，并以另外的用户执行</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [ <span class="string">"exec"</span>, <span class="string">"gosu"</span>, <span class="string">"redis"</span>, <span class="string">"redis-server"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="HEALTHCHECK-健康检查"><a href="#HEALTHCHECK-健康检查" class="headerlink" title="HEALTHCHECK 健康检查"></a>HEALTHCHECK 健康检查</h3><p>格式：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>HEALTHCHECK [选项] CMD &lt;命令&gt;</code> ：设置检查容器健康状况的命令。</li>
+<li><code>HEALTHCHECK NONE</code> ：如果基础镜像有健康检查指令，使用这行可以屏蔽掉其健康检查指令。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 指令是告诉 Docker 应该如何进行判断容器的状态是否正常，这是 Docker 1.12 引入的新指令。<br>在没有 <code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 指令前，Docker 引擎只可以通过容器内主进程是否退出来判断容器是否状态异常。很多情况下这没问题，但是如果程序进入死锁状态，或者死循环状态，应用进程并不退出，但是该容器已经无法提供服务了。在 1.12 以前，Docker 不会检测到容器的这种状态，从而不会重新调度，导致可能会有部分容器已经无法提供服务了却还在接受用户请求。</p>
+<p>而自 1.12 之后，Docker 提供了 <code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 指令，通过该指令指定一行命令，用这行命令来判断容器主进程的服务状态是否还正常，从而比较真实的反应容器实际状态。</p>
+<p>当在一个镜像指定了 <code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 指令后，用其启动容器，初始状态会为 <code>starting</code> ，在 <code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 指令检查成功后变为 <code>healthy</code> ，如果连续一定次数失败，则会变为 <code>unhealthy</code> 。</p>
+<p><code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 支持下列选项：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>--interval=&lt;间隔&gt;</code> ：两次健康检查的间隔，默认为 30 秒；</li>
+<li><code>--timeout=&lt;时长&gt;</code> ：健康检查命令运行超时时间，如果超过这个时间，本次健康检查就被视为失败，默认 30 秒；</li>
+<li><code>--retries=&lt;次数&gt;</code> ：当连续失败指定次数后，则将容器状态视为 <code>unhealthy</code> ，默认 3次。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>和 <code>CMD</code> , <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 一样， <code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 只可以出现一次，如果写了多个，只有最后一个生效。</p>
+<p>在 <code>HEALTHCHECK [选项] CMD</code> 后面的命令，格式和 <code>ENTRYPOINT</code> 一样，分为 <code>shell</code> 格式，和 <code>exec</code> 格式。命令的返回值决定了该次健康检查的成功与否：<code>0</code> ：成功； <code>1</code> ：失败； <code>2</code> ：保留，不要使用这个值。</p>
+<p>假设有个镜像是个最简单的 Web 服务，现在希望增加健康检查来判断其 Web 服务是否在正常工作，可以用 <code>curl</code> 来帮助判断，其 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的 <code>HEALTHCHECK</code> 可以这么写：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> nginx</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apt-get update &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y curl &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=3s \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    CMD curl -fs http://localhost/ || <span class="built_in">exit</span> 1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这里为了试验，设置了每 5 秒检查一次，实际应该相对较长，如果健康检查命令超过 3 秒没响应就视为失败，并且使用 <code>curl -fs http://localhost/ || exit 1</code> 作为健康检查命令。</p>
+<p>使用 <code>docker image build</code> 来构建这个镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image build --file ./Dockerfile.mynginx --tag <span class="string">'mynginx:v1'</span> .</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>构建好了后，启动一个容器，并查看状态：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker container run -d   --name web01 -p 80:80  mynginx:v1 &amp;&amp; docker container ls</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>当运行该镜像后，通过 <code>docker container ls</code> 看到最初的状态为 <code>(health: starting)</code> 。在等待几秒钟后，再次 <code>docker container ls</code> ，就会看到健康状态变化为了 <code>(healthy)</code>。如果健康检查连续失败超过了重试次数，状态就会变为 <code>(unhealthy)</code> 。</p>
+<p>为了帮助排障，健康检查命令的输出（包括 <code>stdout</code> 以及 <code>stderr</code> ）都会被存储于健康状态里，可以用 <code>docker container inspect</code>  来查看。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker container inspect --format <span class="string">'&#123;&#123;json .State.Health&#125;&#125;'</span> web01 | python -m json.tool</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="ONBUILD-为他人做嫁衣裳"><a href="#ONBUILD-为他人做嫁衣裳" class="headerlink" title="ONBUILD 为他人做嫁衣裳"></a>ONBUILD 为他人做嫁衣裳</h3><p>格式： <code>ONBUILD &lt;其它指令&gt;</code> 。</p>
+<p><code>ONBUILD</code> 是一个特殊的指令，它后面跟的是其它指令，比如 <code>RUN</code> , <code>COPY</code> 等，而这些指令，在当前镜像构建时并不会被执行。只有当以当前镜像为基础镜像，去构建下一级镜像的时候才会被执行。</p>
+<p><code>Dockerfile</code> 中的其它指令都是为了定制当前镜像而准备的，唯有 <code>ONBUILD</code> 是为了帮助别人定制自己而准备的。</p>
+<p>假设要制作 Node.js 所写的应用的镜像。而 Node.js 使用 <code>npm</code> 进行包管理，所有依赖、配置、启动信息等会放到 <code>package.json</code> 文件里。在拿到程序代码后，需要先进行 <code>npm install</code> 才可以获得所有需要的依赖。然后就可以通过 <code>npm start</code> 来启动应用。因此，一般情况下，应该这样写 <code>Dockerfile</code> ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> node:slim</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> mkdir /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY ./package.json /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN [ <span class="string">"npm"</span>, <span class="string">"install"</span> ]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY . /app/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [ <span class="string">"npm"</span>, <span class="string">"start"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>把这个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 放到 Node.js 项目的根目录，构建好镜像后，就可以直接拿来启动容器运行。但是如果还有第二个 Node.js 项目也差不多呢？好吧，那就再把这个 Dockerfile 复制到第二个项目里。那如果有第三个项目呢？再复制么？文件的副本越多，版本控制就越困难。</p>
+<p>如果第一个 Node.js 项目在开发过程中，发现这个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 里存在问题，比如敲错字了、或者需要安装额外的包，然后开发人员修复了这个 Dockerfile ，再次构建，问题解决。第一个项目没问题了，但是第二个项目呢？虽然最初 <code>Dockerfile</code> 是复制、粘贴自第一个项目的，但是并不会因为第一个项目修复了他们的 <code>Dockerfile</code> ，而第二个项目的 <code>Dockerfile</code> 就会被自动修复。</p>
+<p>那么可不可以做一个基础镜像，然后各个项目使用这个基础镜像呢？这样基础镜像更新，各个项目不用同步 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的变化，重新构建后就继承了基础镜像的更新。那么上面的这个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 就会变为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> node:slim</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> mkdir /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [ <span class="string">"npm"</span>, <span class="string">"start"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这里把项目相关的构建指令拿出来，放到子项目里去。假设这个基础镜像的名字为 mynode ，各个项目内的自己的 <code>Dockerfile</code> 就变为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> my-node</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="bash"> ./package.json /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN [ <span class="string">"npm"</span>, <span class="string">"install"</span> ]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY . /app/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>基础镜像变化后，各个项目都用这个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 重新构建镜像，会继承基础镜像的更新。那么，问题解决了么？没有。准确说，只解决了一半。如果这个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 里面有些东西需要调整呢？比如所有的项目中 <code>npm install</code> 都需要加一些参数，这一行 <code>RUN</code> 是不可能放入基础镜像的，因为涉及到了当前项目的 <code>./package.json</code> ，难道又要一个个修改么？所以说，这样制作基础镜像，只解决了原来的 <code>Dockerfile</code> 的前 4 条指令的变化问题，而后面三条指令的变化则完全没办法处理。</p>
+<p><code>ONBUILD</code> 可以解决这个问题。用 <code>ONBUILD</code> 重新写一下基础镜像的 <code>Dockerfile</code> :</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> node:slim</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> mkdir /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">ONBUILD COPY ./package.json /app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">ONBUILD RUN [ <span class="string">"npm"</span>, <span class="string">"install"</span> ]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">ONBUILD COPY . /app/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [ <span class="string">"npm"</span>, <span class="string">"start"</span> ]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>回到原始的 <code>Dockerfile</code> ，这次将项目相关的指令加上 <code>ONBUILD</code> ，这样在构建基础镜像的时候，这三行并不会被执行。然后各个项目的 <code>Dockerfile</code> 就变成了简单地：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> my-node</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>是的，只有这么一行。当在各个项目目录中，用这个只有一行的 Dockerfile 构建镜像时，之前基础镜像的那三行 <code>ONBUILD</code> 就会开始执行，成功地将当前项目的代码复制进镜像、并且针对本项目执行 <code>npm install</code> ，生成应用镜像。</p>
+<h3 id="参考文档"><a href="#参考文档" class="headerlink" title="参考文档"></a>参考文档</h3><ul>
+<li>Dockerfie 官方文档：<a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/</a></li>
+<li>Dockerfile 最佳实践文档：<a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/userguide/engimage/dockerfile_best-practices/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.docker.com/engine/userguide/engimage/dockerfile_best-practices/</a></li>
+<li>Docker 官方镜像 Dockerfile ：<a href="https://github.com/docker-library/docs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/docker-library/docs</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="多阶段构建"><a href="#多阶段构建" class="headerlink" title="多阶段构建"></a>多阶段构建</h2><h3 id="之前的做法"><a href="#之前的做法" class="headerlink" title="之前的做法"></a>之前的做法</h3><p>在 Docker 17.05 版本之前，构建 Docker 镜像时，通常会采用两种方式：</p>
+<h3 id="全部放入一个-Dockerfile"><a href="#全部放入一个-Dockerfile" class="headerlink" title="全部放入一个 Dockerfile"></a>全部放入一个 Dockerfile</h3><p>一种方式是将所有的构建过程编包含在一个 Dockerfile 中，包括项目及其依赖库的编译、测试、打包等流程，这里可能会带来的一些问题：</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Dockerfile 特别长，可维护性降低</li>
+<li>镜像层次多，镜像体积较大，部署时间变长</li>
+<li>源代码存在泄露的风险</li>
+</ul>
+<p>例如，编写 <code>app.go</code> 文件，该程序输出 <code>Hello World!</code> ：</p>
+<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> main</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="string">"fmt"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    fmt.Printf(<span class="string">"Hello World!"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>编写 <code>Dockerfile.one</code> 文件：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> golang:<span class="number">1.9</span>-alpine</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apk --no-cache add git ca-certificates</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY app.go .</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app . \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; cp /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app /root</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /root/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [<span class="string">"./app"</span>]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>构建镜像</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image build --tag <span class="string">'go/helloworld:1'</span> --file Dockerfile.one .</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="分散到多个-Dockerfile"><a href="#分散到多个-Dockerfile" class="headerlink" title="分散到多个 Dockerfile"></a>分散到多个 Dockerfile</h3><p>另一种方式，就是事先在一个 Dockerfile 将项目及其依赖库编译测试打包好后，再将其拷贝到运行环境中，这种方式需要我们编写两个 <code>Dockerfile</code> 和一些编译脚本才能将其两个阶段自动整合起来，这种方式虽然可以很好地规避第一种方式存在的风险，但明显部署过程较复杂。</p>
+<p>例如，编写 <code>Dockerfile.build</code> 文件：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> golang:<span class="number">1.9</span>-alpine</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apk --no-cache add git</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY app.go .</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql \</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">    &amp;&amp; CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app .</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>编写 Dockerfile.copy 文件：</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> alpine:latest</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apk --no-cache add ca-certificates</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /root/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY app .</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [<span class="string">"./app"</span>]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>新建 <code>build.sh</code>：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/sh</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'Building go/helloworld:build'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">docker build --tag go/helloworld:build . --file Dockerfile.build</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">docker create --name extract go/helloworld:build</span><br><span class="line">docker cp extract:/go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app ./app</span><br><span class="line">docker rm -f extract</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">'Building go/helloworld:2'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">docker build --no-cache -t go/helloworld:2 . -f Dockerfile.copy</span><br><span class="line">rm ./app</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>现在运行脚本即可构建镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ chmod +x build.sh</span><br><span class="line">$ ./build.sh</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对比两种方式生成的镜像大小</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image ls</span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY     TAG         IMAGE         ID  CREATED  SIZE</span><br><span class="line">go/helloworld  2           f7cf3465432c  22  seconds  ago   6.47MB</span><br><span class="line">go/helloworld  1           f55d3e16affc  2   minutes  ago   295MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h3 id="使用多阶段构建"><a href="#使用多阶段构建" class="headerlink" title="使用多阶段构建"></a>使用多阶段构建</h3><p>从 Docker v17.05 开始支持多阶段构建 ( <code>multistage builds</code> )。使用多阶段构建就可以很容易解决前面提到的问题，并且只需要编写一个 Dockerfile ：</p>
+<p>例如：</p>
+<p>编写 Dockerfile 文件</p>
+<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> golang:<span class="number">1.9</span>-alpine</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="bash"> apk --no-cache add git</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY app.go .</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app .</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">FROM alpine:latest</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">RUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificates</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">WORKDIR /root/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">COPY --from=0 /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app .</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="bash">CMD [<span class="string">"./app"</span>]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>构建镜像</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker build -t go/helloworld:3 .</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>对比三个镜像大小</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image ls</span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY     TAG         IMAGE         ID  CREATED  SIZE</span><br><span class="line">go/helloworld  3           d6911ed9c846  7   seconds  ago   6.47MB</span><br><span class="line">go/helloworld  2           f7cf3465432c  22  seconds  ago   6.47MB</span><br><span class="line">go/helloworld  1           f55d3e16affc  2   minutes  ago   295MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>很明显使用多阶段构建的镜像体积小，同时也完美解决了上边提到的问题。</p>
+<h3 id="其它制作镜像的方式"><a href="#其它制作镜像的方式" class="headerlink" title="其它制作镜像的方式"></a>其它制作镜像的方式</h3><p>除了标准的使用 Dockerfile 生成镜像的方法外，由于各种特殊需求和历史原因，还提供了一些其它方法用以生成镜像。</p>
+<h4 id="从-rootfs-压缩包导入"><a href="#从-rootfs-压缩包导入" class="headerlink" title="从 rootfs 压缩包导入"></a>从 rootfs 压缩包导入</h4><p>格式： <code>docker import [选项] &lt;文件&gt;|&lt;URL&gt;|- [&lt;仓库名&gt;[:&lt;标签&gt;]]</code></p>
+<p>压缩包可以是本地文件、远程 Web 文件，甚至是从标准输入中得到。压缩包将会在镜像 <code>/</code> 目录展开，并直接作为镜像第一层提交。</p>
+<p>比如要创建一个 <a href="https://openvz.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OpenVZ</a> 的 Ubuntu 14.04 <a href="https://wiki.openvz.org/Download/template/precreated" target="_blank" rel="noopener">模板</a> 的镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker import \</span><br><span class="line">    http://download.openvz.org/template/precreated/ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-minimal.tar.gz \</span><br><span class="line">    openvz/ubuntu:14.04 </span><br><span class="line">Downloading from http://download.openvz.org/template/precreated/ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-mi nimal.tar.gz</span><br><span class="line">sha256:f477a6e18e989839d25223f301ef738b69621c4877600ae6467c4e5289822a79B/78.42 MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这条命令自动下载了 <code>ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-minimal.tar.gz</code> 文件，并且作为根文件系统展开导入，并保存为镜像 <code>openvz/ubuntu:14.04</code> 。</p>
+<p>导入成功后，可以看到这个导入的镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image ls openvz/ubuntu</span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY     TAG         IMAGE         ID  CREATED  SIZE</span><br><span class="line">openvz/ubuntu  14.04       f477a6e18e98  55  seconds  ago   214.9MB</span><br><span class="line">MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>如果查看其历史的话，会看到描述中有导入的文件链接：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker <span class="built_in">history</span> openvz/ubuntu:14.04</span><br><span class="line">IMAGE               CREATED             CREATED BY       SIZE           COMMENT</span><br><span class="line">f477a6e18e98        About a minute ago                   214.9 MB       Imported from http://download.openvz.org/template/precreated/ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-minimal.tar.gz</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h4 id="docker-save-和-docker-load"><a href="#docker-save-和-docker-load" class="headerlink" title="docker save 和 docker load"></a>docker save 和 docker load</h4><p>Docker 还提供了 <code>docker load</code> 和 <code>docker save</code> 命令，用以将镜像保存为一个 <code>tar</code> 文件，然后传输到另一个位置上，再加载进来。这是在没有 Docker Registry 时的做法，现在已经不推荐，镜像迁移应该直接使用 Docker Registry，无论是直接使用 Docker Hub 还是使用内网私有 Registry 都可以。</p>
+<p><strong>保存镜像</strong></p>
+<p>使用 <code>docker save</code> 命令可以将镜像保存为归档文件。比如保存 <code>ubuntu</code> 镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image ls ubuntu</span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              latest              775349758637        2 months ago        64.2MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>保存镜像的命令为：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image save ubuntu | gzip &gt; ubuntu-latest.tar.gz</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>然后将 <code>ubuntu-latest.tar.gz</code> 文件复制到到了另一个机器上，用下面这个命令加载镜像：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker load -i ubuntu-latest.tar.gz</span><br><span class="line">Loaded image: ubuntu:latest</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="镜像的实现原理"><a href="#镜像的实现原理" class="headerlink" title="镜像的实现原理"></a>镜像的实现原理</h2><p>Docker 镜像是怎么实现增量的修改和维护的？</p>
+<p>每个镜像都由很多层次构成，Docker 使用 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnionFS" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Union FS</a> 将这些不同的层结合到一个镜像中去。</p>
+<p>通常 Union FS 有两个用途, 一方面可以实现不借助 LVM、RAID 将多个 disk 挂到同一个目录下，另一个更常用的就是将一个只读的分支和一个可写的分支联合在一起，Live CD 正是基于此方法可以允许在镜像不变的基础上允许用户在其上进行一些写操作。</p>
+<p>Docker 在 AUFS 上构建的容器也是利用了类似的原理。</p>
+<h1 id="访问仓库"><a href="#访问仓库" class="headerlink" title="访问仓库"></a>访问仓库</h1><p>仓库（ <code>Repository</code> ）是集中存放镜像的地方。</p>
+<p>一个容易混淆的概念是注册服务器（ <code>Registry</code> ）。实际上注册服务器是管理仓库的具体服务器，每个服务器上可以有多个仓库，而每个仓库下面有多个镜像。从这方面来说，仓库可以被认为是一个具体的项目或目录。例如对于仓库地址 <code>dl.dockerpool.com/ubuntu</code> 来说， <code>dl.dockerpool.com</code> 是注册服务器地址， <code>ubuntu</code> 是仓库名。</p>
+<p>大部分时候，并不需要严格区分这两者的概念。</p>
+<h2 id="Docker-Hub"><a href="#Docker-Hub" class="headerlink" title="Docker Hub"></a>Docker Hub</h2><p>目前 Docker 官方维护了一个公共仓库 <a href="https://hub.docker.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Docker Hub</a>，其中已经包括了数量超过 15,000 的镜像。大部分需求都可以通过在 Docker Hub 中直接下载镜像来实现。</p>
+<p><strong>注册</strong></p>
+<p>可以在 <a href="https://hub.docker.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://hub.docker.com/signup</a> 免费注册一个 Docker 账号。</p>
+<p>登录</p>
+<p>可以通过执行 <code>docker login</code> 命令交互式的输入用户名及密码来完成在命令行界面登录 Docker Hub。通过 <code>docker logout</code> 退出登录。</p>
+<p><strong>拉取镜像</strong></p>
+<p>通过 <code>docker search</code> 命令来查找官方仓库中的镜像，并利用 <code>docker pull</code> 命令来将它下载到本地。</p>
+<p>例如以 <code>centos</code> 为关键词进行搜索：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker search centos</span><br><span class="line">NAME                               DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED</span><br><span class="line">centos                             The official build of CentOS.                   5758                [OK]                </span><br><span class="line">ansible/centos7-ansible            Ansible on Centos7                              126                                     [OK]</span><br><span class="line">jdeathe/centos-ssh                 OpenSSH / Supervisor / EPEL/IUS/SCL Repos - …   114                                     [OK]</span><br><span class="line">consol/centos-xfce-vnc             Centos container with <span class="string">"headless"</span> VNC session…   107                                     [OK]</span><br><span class="line">centos/mysql-57-centos7            MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   67                                      </span><br><span class="line">imagine10255/centos6-lnmp-php56    centos6-lnmp-php56                              57                                      [OK]</span><br><span class="line">tutum/centos                       Simple CentOS docker image with SSH access      44                                      </span><br><span class="line">centos/postgresql-96-centos7       PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   39                                      </span><br><span class="line">kinogmt/centos-ssh                 CentOS with SSH                                 29                                      [OK]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>可以看到返回了很多包含关键字的镜像，其中包括镜像名字、描述、收藏数（表示该镜像的受关注程度）、是否官方创建、是否自动创建。</p>
+<p>官方的镜像说明是官方项目组创建和维护的，automated 资源允许用户验证镜像的来源和内容。</p>
+<p>根据是否是官方提供，可将镜像资源分为两类。</p>
+<p>一种是类似 <code>centos</code> 这样的镜像，被称为基础镜像或根镜像。这些基础镜像由 Docker 公司创建、验证、支持、提供。这样的镜像往往使用单个单词作为名字。</p>
+<p>还有一种类型，比如 <code>tianon/centos</code> 镜像，它是由 Docker 的用户创建并维护的，往往带有用户名称前缀。可以通过前缀 <code>username/</code> 来指定使用某个用户提供的镜像，比如 <code>tianon</code> 用户</p>
+<p>另外，在查找的时候通过 <code>--filter=stars=N</code> 参数可以指定仅显示收藏数量为 N 以上的镜像。</p>
+<p>下载官方 centos 镜像到本地。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker pull centos</span><br><span class="line">Pulling repository centos</span><br><span class="line">0b443ba03958: Download complete</span><br><span class="line">539c0211cd76: Download complete</span><br><span class="line">511136ea3c5a: Download complete</span><br><span class="line">7064731afe90: Download complete</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>推送镜像</strong></p>
+<p>用户也可以在登录后通过 <code>docker push</code> 命令来将自己的镜像推送到 Docker Hub。以下命令中的 <code>username</code> 请替换为你的 Docker 账号用户名。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker tag ubuntu:17.10 username/ubuntu:17.10</span><br><span class="line">$ docker image ls</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$ docker push username/ubuntu:17.10</span><br><span class="line">$ docker search username</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>自动创建</strong></p>
+<p>自动创建（Automated Builds）功能对于需要经常升级镜像内程序来说，十分方便。</p>
+<p>有时候，用户创建了镜像，安装了某个软件，如果软件发布新版本则需要手动更新镜像。</p>
+<p>而自动创建允许用户通过 Docker Hub 指定跟踪一个目标网站（目前支持 GitHub 或 BitBucket ）上的项目，一旦项目发生新的提交或者创建新的标签（tag），Docker Hub 会自动构建镜像并推送到 Docker Hub 中。</p>
+<p>要配置自动创建，包括如下的步骤：</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>创建并登录 Docker Hub，以及目标网站；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>在目标网站中连接帐户到 Docker Hub；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>在 Docker Hub 中 配置一个自动创建；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>选取一个目标网站中的项目（需要含 Dockerfile ）和分支；</p>
+</li>
+<li><p>指定 Dockerfile 的位置，并提交创建。</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>之后，可以在 Docker Hub 的 自动创建页面中跟踪每次创建的状态。</p>
+<h2 id="私有仓库"><a href="#私有仓库" class="headerlink" title="私有仓库"></a>私有仓库</h2><p>有时候使用 Docker Hub 这样的公共仓库可能不方便，用户可以创建一个本地仓库供私人使用。</p>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/docker/distribution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">docker-registry</a> 是官方提供的工具，可以用于构建私有的镜像仓库。</p>
+<p><strong>安装运行 docker-registry</strong></p>
+<p>安装运行 docker-registry 可以通过获取官方 registry 镜像来运行。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --restart=always --name registry registry</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这将使用官方的 <code>registry</code> 镜像来启动私有仓库。默认情况下，仓库会被创建在容器的 <code>/var/lib/registry</code> 目录下。可以通过 <code>-v</code> 参数来将镜像文件存放在本地的指定路径。例如下面的例子将上传的镜像放到本地的 <code>/opt/data/registry</code> 目录。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker run -d \</span><br><span class="line">    -p 5000:5000 \</span><br><span class="line">    -v /opt/data/registry:/var/lib/registry \</span><br><span class="line">    registry</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p><strong>在私有仓库上传、搜索、下载镜像</strong></p>
+<p>创建好私有仓库之后，就可以使用 <code>docker tag</code> 来标记一个镜像，然后推送它到仓库。例如私有仓库地址为 <code>127.0.0.1:5000</code> 。</p>
+<p>先在本机查看已有的镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image ls ubuntu</span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu              latest              775349758637        2 months ago        64.2MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>docker tag</code> 将 <code>ubuntu:latest</code> 这个镜像标记为 <code>127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest</code> 。</p>
+<p>格式为 <code>docker tag IMAGE[:TAG] [REGISTRY_HOST[:REGISTRY_PORT]/]REPOSITORY[:TAG]</code> 。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker tag ubuntu:latest 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest</span><br><span class="line">$ docker image ls</span><br><span class="line">REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE</span><br><span class="line">ubuntu                  latest              775349758637        2 months ago        64.2MB</span><br><span class="line">127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu   latest              775349758637        2 months ago        64.2MB</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>使用 <code>docker push</code> 上传标记的镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker push 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest</span><br><span class="line">The push refers to repository [127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu]</span><br><span class="line">373a30c24545: Pushed</span><br><span class="line">a9148f5200b0: Pushed</span><br><span class="line">cdd3de0940ab: Pushed</span><br><span class="line">fc56279bbb33: Pushed</span><br><span class="line">b38367233d37: Pushed</span><br><span class="line">2aebd096e0e2: Pushed</span><br><span class="line">latest: digest: sha256:fe4277621f10b5026266932ddf760f5a756d2facd505a94d2da12f4f52f71f5a size: 1568</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>用 curl 查看仓库中的镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ curl 127.0.0.1:5000/v2/_catalog</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">"repositories"</span>:[<span class="string">"ubuntu"</span>]&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>这里可以看到 <code>{&quot;repositories&quot;:[&quot;ubuntu&quot;]}</code> ，表明镜像已经被成功上传了。先删除已有镜像，再尝试从私有仓库中下载这个镜像。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ docker image rm 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest</span><br><span class="line">$ docker pull 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest</span><br><span class="line">$ docker image ls</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>注意事项</p>
+<p>如果不想使用 <code>127.0.0.1:5000</code> 作为仓库地址，比如想让本网段的其他主机也能把镜像推送到私有仓库。就得把例如 <code>192.168.199.100:5000</code> 这样的内网地址作为私有仓库地址，这时会发现无法成功推送镜像。</p>
+<p>这是因为 Docker 默认不允许非 <code>HTTPS</code> 方式推送镜像。可以通过 Docker 的配置选项来取消这个限制，或者配置能够通过 <code>HTTPS</code> 访问的私有仓库。</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Ubuntu 14.04, Debian 7 Wheezy</li>
+</ul>
+<p>对于使用 upstart 的系统而言，编辑 /etc/default/docker 文件，在其中的 <code>DOCKER_OPTS</code> 中增加如下内容：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">DOCKER_OPTS=<span class="string">"--registry-mirror=https://registry.docker-cn.com --insecure-registries=192.168.199.100:5000"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>重新启动服务。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ sudo service docker restart</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<ul>
+<li>Ubuntu 16.04+, Debian 8+, centos 7</li>
+</ul>
+<p>对于使用 systemd 的系统，请在 <code>/etc/docker/daemon.json</code> 中写入如下内容（如果文件不存在需要新建该文件）：</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"registry-mirror"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"https://registry.docker-cn.com"</span></span><br><span class="line">    ],</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"insecure-registries"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"192.168.199.100:5000"</span></span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<p>文件必须符合 <code>json</code> 文件规范，否则 docker 服务将无法启动。</p>
+<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl restart docker</span><br><span class="line">systemctl status docker</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
+<h2 id="私有仓库高级配置"><a href="#私有仓库高级配置" class="headerlink" title="私有仓库高级配置"></a>私有仓库高级配置</h2>
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+              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#Docker-简介"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Docker 简介</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是-Docker-？"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是 Docker ？</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#容器和虚拟机"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">容器和虚拟机</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#为什么要使用-Docker-？"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">为什么要使用 Docker ？</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#容器技术对比传统虚拟机总结"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">容器技术对比传统虚拟机总结</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本概念"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本概念</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装-Docker"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装 Docker</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#系统环境的配置"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">系统环境的配置</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#运行环境配置"><span class="nav-number">3.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">运行环境配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#系统服务配置"><span class="nav-number">3.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">系统服务配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#资源使用限定"><span class="nav-number">3.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">资源使用限定</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#内核参数设置"><span class="nav-number">3.1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">内核参数设置</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装-Docker-1"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装 Docker</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#后续配置"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">后续配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置-Docker-守护进程"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置 Docker 守护进程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#配置-Docker-镜像加速器"><span class="nav-number">3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">配置 Docker 镜像加速器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用-Systemd-控制-Docker"><span class="nav-number">3.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用 Systemd 控制 Docker</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用镜像</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#查找镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">查找镜像</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#获取镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">获取镜像</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#列出镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">列出镜像</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#镜像体积"><span class="nav-number">4.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">镜像体积</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#虚悬镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">虚悬镜像</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#中间层镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">中间层镜像</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#列出部分镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">列出部分镜像</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#以特定格式显示"><span class="nav-number">4.3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">以特定格式显示</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#删除本地镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">删除本地镜像</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#用-ID、镜像名、摘要删除镜像"><span class="nav-number">4.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">用 ID、镜像名、摘要删除镜像</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Untagged-和-Deleted"><span class="nav-number">4.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Untagged 和 Deleted</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#用-docker-image-ls-命令来配合"><span class="nav-number">4.4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">用 docker image ls 命令来配合</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#CentOS-RHEL-的注意事项"><span class="nav-number">4.4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">CentOS/RHEL 的注意事项</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#操作容器"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">操作容器</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#启动容器"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">启动容器</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#新建并启动"><span class="nav-number">5.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">新建并启动</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#启动已终止容器"><span class="nav-number">5.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">启动已终止容器</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#后台运行"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">后台运行</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#终止容器"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">终止容器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#进入容器"><span class="nav-number">5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">进入容器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#导出和导入容器"><span class="nav-number">5.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">导出和导入容器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#删除"><span class="nav-number">5.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">删除</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#构建镜像"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">构建镜像</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#利用-commit-理解镜像构成"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">利用 commit 理解镜像构成</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#慎用-docker-commit"><span class="nav-number">6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">慎用 docker commit</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用-Dockerfile-定制镜像"><span class="nav-number">6.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用 Dockerfile 定制镜像</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dockerfile-指令详解"><span class="nav-number">6.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dockerfile 指令详解</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#COPY-复制文件"><span class="nav-number">6.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">COPY 复制文件</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ADD-更高级的复制文件"><span class="nav-number">6.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">ADD 更高级的复制文件</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#CMD-容器启动命令"><span class="nav-number">6.4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">CMD 容器启动命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ENTRYPOINT-入口点"><span class="nav-number">6.4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">ENTRYPOINT 入口点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ENV-设置环境变量"><span class="nav-number">6.4.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">ENV 设置环境变量</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ARG-构建参数"><span class="nav-number">6.4.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">ARG 构建参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#VOLUME-定义匿名卷"><span class="nav-number">6.4.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">VOLUME 定义匿名卷</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#EXPOSE-声明暴露的端口"><span class="nav-number">6.4.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">EXPOSE 声明暴露的端口</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#WORKDIR-指定工作目录"><span class="nav-number">6.4.9.</span> <span class="nav-text">WORKDIR 指定工作目录</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#USER-指定当前用户"><span class="nav-number">6.4.10.</span> <span class="nav-text">USER 指定当前用户</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#HEALTHCHECK-健康检查"><span class="nav-number">6.4.11.</span> <span class="nav-text">HEALTHCHECK 健康检查</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ONBUILD-为他人做嫁衣裳"><span class="nav-number">6.4.12.</span> <span class="nav-text">ONBUILD 为他人做嫁衣裳</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#参考文档"><span class="nav-number">6.4.13.</span> <span class="nav-text">参考文档</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#多阶段构建"><span class="nav-number">6.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">多阶段构建</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#之前的做法"><span class="nav-number">6.5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">之前的做法</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#全部放入一个-Dockerfile"><span class="nav-number">6.5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">全部放入一个 Dockerfile</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#分散到多个-Dockerfile"><span class="nav-number">6.5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">分散到多个 Dockerfile</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用多阶段构建"><span class="nav-number">6.5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用多阶段构建</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#其它制作镜像的方式"><span class="nav-number">6.5.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">其它制作镜像的方式</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#从-rootfs-压缩包导入"><span class="nav-number">6.5.5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">从 rootfs 压缩包导入</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#docker-save-和-docker-load"><span class="nav-number">6.5.5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">docker save 和 docker load</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#镜像的实现原理"><span class="nav-number">6.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">镜像的实现原理</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#访问仓库"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">访问仓库</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Docker-Hub"><span class="nav-number">7.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Docker Hub</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#私有仓库"><span class="nav-number">7.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">私有仓库</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#私有仓库高级配置"><span class="nav-number">7.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">私有仓库高级配置</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
+            
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      <!--/noindex-->
+      
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+      
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+    </div>
+  </aside>
+  
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+        
+      </div>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
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+  
+</div>
+
+
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
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+        
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
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+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+    </footer>
+
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+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
+        
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
+      </div>
+    
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+    
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+    
+  </div>
+
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+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
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+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  
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+  
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+  
+
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+  
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/404/index.html b/404/index.html
index b7affb3c..6d4c4b21 100644
--- a/404/index.html
+++ b/404/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2"/>
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222"/>
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2"/>
 
 
 
@@ -48,64 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0"/>
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0"/>
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/404/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2017-11-24T16:00:19.646Z">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -117,13 +96,38 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/404/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2017-11-24T16:00:19.646Z">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/404/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml"/>
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/404/"/>
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title> | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -134,9 +138,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -145,28 +178,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
     <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -174,59 +204,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br/>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br/>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br/>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br/>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -254,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -270,10 +352,18 @@
     <div class="post-block page">
       <header class="post-header">
 
-	<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
+<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+
+</h1>
+
+<div class="post-meta">
+  
+  
 
 
 
+</div>
+
 </header>
 
       
@@ -284,7 +374,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
         
           <!DOCTYPE HTML>
 <html>
-<head>
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
   <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8;">
   <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
   <meta name="robots" content="all">
@@ -305,6 +395,10 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
       
     </div>
     
+
+
+
+    
     
     
   </div>
@@ -313,11 +407,10 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
   
 
 
+
         </div>
         
           
@@ -331,63 +424,127 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
           <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
               <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
                 src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+                alt="Silence"/>
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -398,122 +555,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -521,9 +689,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -531,6 +702,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -539,24 +711,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -572,14 +779,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -593,10 +807,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -608,85 +820,63 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -735,6 +925,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -768,8 +960,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -938,9 +1131,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1010,21 +1203,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1034,5 +1214,60 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"></h1>
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/about/index.html b/about/index.html
index 09822d0a..47636e0f 100644
--- a/about/index.html
+++ b/about/index.html
@@ -2,16 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +10,26 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,46 +46,68 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="混迹于互联网圈子中的一枚菜鸟">
+  <meta name="description" content="混迹于互联网圈子中的一枚菜鸟">
 <meta property="og:type" content="website">
 <meta property="og:title" content="关于我">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/about/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="混迹于互联网圈子中的一枚菜鸟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2017-11-24T19:37:37.907Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="关于我">
@@ -95,51 +115,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/about/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>关于我 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/about/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>关于我 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +308,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +322,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -273,10 +353,18 @@
     <div class="post-block page">
       <header class="post-header">
 
-	<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
+<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我
+
+</h1>
+
+<div class="post-meta">
+  
+  
 
 
 
+</div>
+
 </header>
 
       
@@ -296,6 +384,10 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
       
     </div>
     
+
+
+
+    
     
     
   </div>
@@ -304,9 +396,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -320,63 +409,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -387,122 +538,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -510,9 +672,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -520,6 +685,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -528,24 +694,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -561,14 +762,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -582,10 +790,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -597,85 +803,61 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
 
-
-
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -724,6 +906,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -757,8 +941,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -927,9 +1112,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -999,21 +1184,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1023,5 +1195,60 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">关于我</h1>
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/archives/2015/03/index.html b/archives/2015/03/index.html
index 949b1c46..6698d311 100644
--- a/archives/2015/03/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/03/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/03/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/03/"/>
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/03/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/03/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Hello World</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Hello World</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-03-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00" content="2015-03-01">
           03-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -337,9 +417,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -353,63 +430,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -420,122 +559,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -543,9 +693,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -553,6 +706,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -561,24 +715,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -594,14 +783,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -615,10 +811,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -630,81 +824,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -753,6 +923,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -786,8 +958,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -956,9 +1129,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1028,21 +1201,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1052,5 +1212,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
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+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/archives/2015/05/index.html b/archives/2015/05/index.html
index 64ca8838..263631f9 100644
--- a/archives/2015/05/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/05/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
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@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
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+  .use-motion .post-body,
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
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-            首页
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+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
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+    
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+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+
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+
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+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
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+    
+      
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+      
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+  
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
+
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+
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+  
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+
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+          
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@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下软件包的管理</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下软件包的管理</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-28T11:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-28" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-28T11:21:23+08:00" content="2015-05-28">
           05-28
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux中netstat命令的使用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux中netstat命令的使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-27T13:41:15+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-27T13:41:15+08:00" content="2015-05-27">
           05-27
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@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux中date命令的使用</span>
-              
-            </a>
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux中date命令的使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-26" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00" content="2015-05-26">
           05-26
         </time>
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@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下命令路径搜索</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下命令路径搜索</span>
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       </h2>
 
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-              datetime="2015-05-14T15:01:23+08:00"
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@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-13T21:01:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-13" >
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           05-13
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@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的whereis命令</span>
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+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00"
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@@ -518,23 +588,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00"
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           05-04
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@@ -559,9 +627,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -575,63 +640,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
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@@ -642,122 +769,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
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+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -765,9 +903,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -775,6 +916,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -783,24 +925,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -816,14 +993,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
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@@ -837,10 +1021,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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@@ -852,81 +1034,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -975,6 +1133,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+      
+
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         url: path,
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@@ -1008,8 +1168,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1178,9 +1339,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1250,25 +1411,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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+  
+
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+
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+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/06/index.html b/archives/2015/06/index.html
index 5842debd..8fa6bde0 100644
--- a/archives/2015/06/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/06/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/06/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
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+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/06/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
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+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
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+    
+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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+
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
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-            标签
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+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
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+          
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@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00"
-              content="2015-06-28" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00" content="2015-06-28">
           06-28
         </time>
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@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-06-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00" content="2015-06-27">
           06-27
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@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">认识Shell</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识Shell</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-06-26" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00" content="2015-06-26">
           06-26
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@@ -411,9 +487,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-
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-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -427,63 +500,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
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+                  
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+                    
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+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -617,9 +763,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -627,6 +776,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -635,24 +785,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -668,14 +853,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -689,10 +881,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -704,81 +894,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -827,6 +993,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -860,8 +1028,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1030,9 +1199,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1102,25 +1271,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/07/index.html b/archives/2015/07/index.html
index 562ecbd7..80b61047 100644
--- a/archives/2015/07/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/07/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-30T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-30" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-30T21:41:35+08:00" content="2015-07-30">
           07-30
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-27T21:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-27T21:01:35+08:00" content="2015-07-27">
           07-27
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中对变量的操作</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中对变量的操作</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00" content="2015-07-24">
           07-24
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的变量和分类</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的变量和分类</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-21" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00" content="2015-07-21">
           07-21
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-20" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00" content="2015-07-20">
           07-20
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-19T17:21:47+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-19" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-19T17:21:47+08:00" content="2015-07-19">
           07-19
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -518,23 +588,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-18T21:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-18" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-18T21:41:47+08:00" content="2015-07-18">
           07-18
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -555,23 +623,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-15T19:21:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-15T19:21:27+08:00" content="2015-07-15">
           07-15
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -592,23 +658,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-13T19:21:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-13" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-13T19:21:31+08:00" content="2015-07-13">
           07-13
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -629,23 +693,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-12T21:41:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-12" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-12T21:41:27+08:00" content="2015-07-12">
           07-12
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -665,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/07/page/2/">2</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/07/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/07/page/2/">2</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/07/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -674,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -690,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -757,122 +878,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -880,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -890,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -898,24 +1034,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -967,81 +1143,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/07/page/2/index.html b/archives/2015/07/page/2/index.html
index c9b1247a..7ae934ce 100644
--- a/archives/2015/07/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/07/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/page/2/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/07/page/2/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+    
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     <div class="site-search">
       
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@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
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+
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+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
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+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
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@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-09T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-09" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-09T21:41:35+08:00" content="2015-07-09">
           07-09
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-06" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00" content="2015-07-06">
           07-06
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00" content="2015-07-03">
           07-03
         </time>
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@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-01T10:21:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-01T10:21:10+08:00" content="2015-07-01">
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@@ -443,7 +517,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
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-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/07/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/07/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/07/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/07/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -452,9 +526,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-
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-
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
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+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -535,122 +668,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
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+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
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                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
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-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -658,9 +802,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -668,6 +815,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
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@@ -676,24 +824,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -709,14 +892,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -730,10 +920,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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@@ -745,81 +933,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -868,6 +1032,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -901,8 +1067,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1071,9 +1238,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1143,21 +1310,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1167,5 +1321,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/archives/2015/08/index.html b/archives/2015/08/index.html
index aa21dc49..396b882f 100644
--- a/archives/2015/08/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/08/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/08/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/08/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/08/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/08/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的进程替换</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的进程替换</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-30T13:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-30" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-30T13:41:35+08:00" content="2015-08-30">
           08-30
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的语法调试</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的语法调试</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-27T13:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-27T13:41:19+08:00" content="2015-08-27">
           08-27
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中信号捕捉</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中信号捕捉</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-24T17:41:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-24T17:41:11+08:00" content="2015-08-24">
           08-24
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       </div>
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-21" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00" content="2015-08-21">
           08-21
         </time>
       </div>
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-18T09:21:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-18" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-18T09:21:43+08:00" content="2015-08-18">
           08-18
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的状态返回值</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的状态返回值</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-15T19:41:39+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-15T19:41:39+08:00" content="2015-08-15">
           08-15
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-12" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00" content="2015-08-12">
           08-12
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       </div>
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的选择语句分支</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的选择语句分支</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-09" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00" content="2015-08-09">
           08-09
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -592,23 +658,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-06T21:21:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-06" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-06T21:21:03+08:00" content="2015-08-06">
           08-06
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -629,23 +693,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell命令间的逻辑关系</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell命令间的逻辑关系</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-03T21:21:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-03T21:21:27+08:00" content="2015-08-03">
           08-03
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -670,9 +732,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -686,63 +745,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
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-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
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+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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@@ -753,122 +874,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
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                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
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+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -886,6 +1021,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+
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+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -927,14 +1098,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
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@@ -948,10 +1126,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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@@ -963,81 +1139,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -1086,6 +1238,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1119,8 +1273,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1289,9 +1444,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1361,25 +1516,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
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+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
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+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
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+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/09/index.html b/archives/2015/09/index.html
index 953f0958..2385bf43 100644
--- a/archives/2015/09/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/09/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
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-
-
-
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-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/09/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/09/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/09/"/>
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/09/">
+
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell用法整理</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell用法整理</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-21" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00" content="2015-09-21">
           09-21
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00" content="2015-09-20">
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@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-16" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00" content="2015-09-16">
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@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中脚本路径的获取</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中脚本路径的获取</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-08" >
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@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-03T13:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-03" >
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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diff --git a/archives/2015/10/index.html b/archives/2015/10/index.html
index b2aadbc9..b4fd9b8e 100644
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
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+  
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-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/10/"/>
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/10/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
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   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
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-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+    
+    
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+  
+
+
+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
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+
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+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell相关的面试题</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-17T17:41:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-17" >
-          10-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-27T15:01:23+08:00" content="2015-10-27">
+          10-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,23 +413,196 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的学习建议</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader之Grub2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">BootLoader之Grub2</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-26T19:01:47+08:00" content="2015-10-26">
+          10-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/25/194107-内核与内核模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">内核与内核模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-25T19:41:07+08:00" content="2015-10-25">
+          10-25
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识并管理systemd服务和单元</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-06T11:41:07+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-06" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-24T13:21:43+08:00" content="2015-10-24">
+          10-24
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-23T17:01:27+08:00" content="2015-10-23">
+          10-23
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的1号PID和systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-22T19:21:15+08:00" content="2015-10-22">
+          10-22
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的学习建议</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-06T11:41:07+08:00" content="2015-10-06">
           10-06
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +623,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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diff --git a/archives/2015/11/index.html b/archives/2015/11/index.html
index 1941c561..4f4661fc 100644
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
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@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/11/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/11/"/>
 
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/11/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
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   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
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+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
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+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
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+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
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+    
+    
+      
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+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+    
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+  
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+
+  
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+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
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     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-27">
           11-27
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-26" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00" content="2015-11-26">
           11-26
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00" content="2015-11-25">
           11-25
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00" content="2015-11-24">
           11-24
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iftop流量监控工具</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">iftop流量监控工具</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00" content="2015-11-15">
           11-15
         </time>
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@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-09" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00" content="2015-11-09">
           11-09
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@@ -518,23 +588,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-06" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00" content="2015-11-06">
           11-06
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@@ -555,23 +623,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-              datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-05" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00" content="2015-11-05">
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@@ -592,23 +658,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">
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-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" itemprop="url">
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+            
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+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/11/page/2/">2</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/11/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/11/page/2/index.html b/archives/2015/11/page/2/index.html
index 5200c819..ef8d01cc 100644
--- a/archives/2015/11/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/11/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/11/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      author: '博主'
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       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/11/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/11/page/2/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/11/page/2/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+    top: initial;
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+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
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+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+  
+
+
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+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
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+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-02" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00" content="2015-11-02">
           11-02
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-01">
           11-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -369,7 +447,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/11/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/11/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -378,9 +456,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -394,63 +469,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -461,122 +598,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
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+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
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-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -584,9 +732,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -594,6 +745,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -602,24 +754,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -635,14 +822,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -656,10 +850,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -671,81 +863,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -794,6 +962,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -827,8 +997,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -997,9 +1168,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1069,21 +1240,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1093,5 +1251,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/archives/2015/index.html b/archives/2015/index.html
index 8b59cbe4..86fd653e 100644
--- a/archives/2015/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-27">
           11-27
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-26" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00" content="2015-11-26">
           11-26
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00" content="2015-11-25">
           11-25
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00" content="2015-11-24">
           11-24
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iftop流量监控工具</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">iftop流量监控工具</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00" content="2015-11-15">
           11-15
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-09" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00" content="2015-11-09">
           11-09
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -518,23 +588,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-06" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00" content="2015-11-06">
           11-06
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -555,23 +623,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-05" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00" content="2015-11-05">
           11-05
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -592,23 +658,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-04" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00" content="2015-11-04">
           11-04
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -629,23 +693,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00" content="2015-11-03">
           11-03
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -665,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/2/">2</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/6/">6</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/2/">2</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/7/">7</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -674,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -690,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
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@@ -757,122 +878,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+                    
+                  
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -880,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -890,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -898,24 +1034,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
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+
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+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
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+<script>
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@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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@@ -967,81 +1143,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
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-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
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-
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+  <script>
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+      
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@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/page/2/index.html b/archives/2015/page/2/index.html
index 16e8c814..730b4fb9 100644
--- a/archives/2015/page/2/index.html
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-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/page/2/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-02" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00" content="2015-11-02">
           11-02
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-01">
           11-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell相关的面试题</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-17T17:41:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-17" >
-          10-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-27T15:01:23+08:00" content="2015-10-27">
+          10-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的学习建议</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader之Grub2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">BootLoader之Grub2</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-06T11:41:07+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-06" >
-          10-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-26T19:01:47+08:00" content="2015-10-26">
+          10-26
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/25/194107-内核与内核模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">内核与内核模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-03T18:43:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-03" >
-          10-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-25T19:41:07+08:00" content="2015-10-25">
+          10-25
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识并管理systemd服务和单元</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-01T17:21:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-01" >
-          10-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-24T13:21:43+08:00" content="2015-10-24">
+          10-24
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -518,24 +588,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell用法整理</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-21" >
-          09-21
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-23T17:01:27+08:00" content="2015-10-23">
+          10-23
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -555,24 +623,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的1号PID和systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-20" >
-          09-20
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-22T19:21:15+08:00" content="2015-10-22">
+          10-22
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -592,24 +658,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的学习建议</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-16" >
-          09-16
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-06T11:41:07+08:00" content="2015-10-06">
+          10-06
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -629,24 +693,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中脚本路径的获取</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-08" >
-          09-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-03T18:43:10+08:00" content="2015-10-03">
+          10-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -665,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/3/">3</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/6/">6</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/3/">3</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/7/">7</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -674,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -690,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                
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+                    
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+                  
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+                    
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+                      
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
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+                      
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -880,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -890,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
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@@ -898,24 +1034,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+
+    
+
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@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  
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-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
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+  <script>
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@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+  
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diff --git a/archives/2015/page/3/index.html b/archives/2015/page/3/index.html
index 29cb7c02..f5eaa84e 100644
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/page/3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/page/3/">
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
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+
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+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
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+    
+      
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
+
+
+
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     </header>
 
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+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-03T13:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-03" >
-          09-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-01T17:21:35+08:00" content="2015-10-01">
+          10-01
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的进程替换</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell用法整理</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-30T13:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-30" >
-          08-30
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00" content="2015-09-21">
+          09-21
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的语法调试</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-27T13:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-27" >
-          08-27
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00" content="2015-09-20">
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         </time>
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@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中信号捕捉</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-24T17:41:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-24" >
-          08-24
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00" content="2015-09-16">
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@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中脚本路径的获取</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00" content="2015-09-08">
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@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-18T09:21:43+08:00"
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@@ -518,24 +588,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的状态返回值</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的进程替换</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-15T19:41:39+08:00"
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@@ -555,24 +623,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的语法调试</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00"
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的选择语句分支</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中信号捕捉</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00"
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         </time>
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@@ -629,24 +693,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-06T21:21:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-06" >
-          08-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00" content="2015-08-21">
+          08-21
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -665,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/4/">4</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/7/">7</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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@@ -674,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -690,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -757,122 +878,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -880,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -890,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -898,24 +1034,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -967,81 +1143,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/page/4/index.html b/archives/2015/page/4/index.html
index b9ebe174..2aa77bcc 100644
--- a/archives/2015/page/4/index.html
+++ b/archives/2015/page/4/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
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-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
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+      
 
       
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell命令间的逻辑关系</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">shell的函数</span>
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       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-03T21:21:27+08:00"
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@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</span>
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-              datetime="2015-07-30T21:41:35+08:00"
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-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中对变量的操作</span>
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-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</span>
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+              <span itemprop="name">shell的变量和分类</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-13T19:21:31+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00" content="2015-07-21">
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/page/5/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
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-            归档
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
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+    
       
+    
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+    
+
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+
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+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
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+
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@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-12T21:41:27+08:00"
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-          07-12
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00" content="2015-07-20">
+          07-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-09T21:41:35+08:00"
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@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</span>
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</span>
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       </h2>
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</span>
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@@ -592,24 +658,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下软件包的管理</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-28T11:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-28" >
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-              
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/" itemprop="url">
+            
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+            
+          </a>
         
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-              datetime="2015-05-27T13:41:15+08:00"
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/4/">4</a><span class="page-number current">5</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/6/">6</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/7/">7</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2015/page/6/index.html b/archives/2015/page/6/index.html
index 68e6d87a..1630eb58 100644
--- a/archives/2015/page/6/index.html
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@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
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+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
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-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/page/6/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/page/6/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2015/page/6/">
+
+
+
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+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
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+
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
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-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
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-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
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+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux中date命令的使用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-26" >
-          05-26
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00" content="2015-06-28">
+          06-28
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下命令路径搜索</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-14T15:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-14" >
-          05-14
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00" content="2015-06-27">
+          06-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下如何获取命令的帮助</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识Shell</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-13T21:01:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-13" >
-          05-13
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00" content="2015-06-26">
+          06-26
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的whereis命令</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下软件包的管理</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-05" >
-          05-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-28T11:21:23+08:00" content="2015-05-28">
+          05-28
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux系统目录结构</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux中netstat命令的使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-04" >
-          05-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-27T13:41:15+08:00" content="2015-05-27">
+          05-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +553,162 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Hello World</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux中date命令的使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00" content="2015-05-26">
+          05-26
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+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下命令路径搜索</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-14T15:01:23+08:00" content="2015-05-14">
+          05-14
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下如何获取命令的帮助</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-13T21:01:27+08:00" content="2015-05-13">
+          05-13
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的whereis命令</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00" content="2015-05-05">
+          05-05
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+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux系统目录结构</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00" content="2015-05-04">
+          05-04
         </time>
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@@ -517,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2015/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/5/">5</a><span class="page-number current">6</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2015/page/7/">7</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2015/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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@@ -526,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -542,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                    
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+                    
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+                  
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+
+      
+
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+  
+
+
+        
+      </div>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
+  
+
+  
+</div>
+
+
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
+
+
+        
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        
+      </div>
+    </footer>
+
+    
+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
+        
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
+      </div>
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+  </div>
+
+  
+
+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/archives/2016/03/index.html b/archives/2016/03/index.html
index 4229fe85..4ceb5d11 100644
--- a/archives/2016/03/index.html
+++ b/archives/2016/03/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/03/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/03/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/03/"/>
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/03/">
+
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-29" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00" content="2016-03-29">
           03-29
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00" content="2016-03-25">
           03-25
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-21" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00" content="2016-03-21">
           03-21
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-17" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00" content="2016-03-17">
           03-17
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-13" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00" content="2016-03-13">
           03-13
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-09" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00" content="2016-03-09">
           03-09
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -518,23 +588,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">OpenSSL</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSL</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-05" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00" content="2016-03-05">
           03-05
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -555,23 +623,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00" content="2016-03-01">
           03-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -596,9 +662,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -612,63 +675,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -679,122 +804,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -802,9 +938,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -812,6 +951,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -820,24 +960,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -853,14 +1028,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -874,10 +1056,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -889,81 +1069,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1012,6 +1168,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1045,8 +1203,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1215,9 +1374,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1287,25 +1446,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2016/04/index.html b/archives/2016/04/index.html
index d7cf6de2..68575bdd 100644
--- a/archives/2016/04/index.html
+++ b/archives/2016/04/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/04/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
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-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
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     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/04/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/04/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/04/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00" content="2016-04-27">
           04-27
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-23" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-23">
           04-23
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-19" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-19">
           04-19
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-15">
           04-15
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-11" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-11">
           04-11
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-07" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00" content="2016-04-07">
           04-07
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -518,23 +588,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00" content="2016-04-03">
           04-03
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -559,9 +627,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -575,63 +640,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
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-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
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+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
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+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -642,122 +769,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -765,9 +903,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -775,6 +916,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -783,24 +925,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -816,14 +993,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -837,10 +1021,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -852,81 +1034,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -975,6 +1133,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1008,8 +1168,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1178,9 +1339,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1250,25 +1411,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2016/05/index.html b/archives/2016/05/index.html
index b72f5f1c..0e49fdf5 100644
--- a/archives/2016/05/index.html
+++ b/archives/2016/05/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/05/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/05/"/>
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/05/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/05/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-05-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00" content="2016-05-01">
           05-01
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@@ -337,9 +417,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -353,63 +430,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
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-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+                  
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+                  
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+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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+                  
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+                    
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -543,9 +693,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
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-      </section>
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@@ -553,6 +706,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -561,24 +715,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
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+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/archives/2016/index.html b/archives/2016/index.html
index ab055aba..3691deef 100644
--- a/archives/2016/index.html
+++ b/archives/2016/index.html
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-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
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+    
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
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     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      author: '博主'
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@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
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+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-05-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00" content="2016-05-01">
           05-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00" content="2016-04-27">
           04-27
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-23" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-23">
           04-23
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-19" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-19">
           04-19
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-15">
           04-15
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-11" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-11">
           04-11
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -518,23 +588,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-07" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00" content="2016-04-07">
           04-07
         </time>
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@@ -555,23 +623,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00" content="2016-04-03">
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
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-              content="2016-03-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00" content="2016-03-25">
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+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2016/page/2/">2</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2016/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2016/page/2/index.html b/archives/2016/page/2/index.html
index c0fded4b..013a0307 100644
--- a/archives/2016/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/2016/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      author: '博主'
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/page/2/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2016/page/2/">
 
 
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-21" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00" content="2016-03-21">
           03-21
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-17" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00" content="2016-03-17">
           03-17
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-13" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00" content="2016-03-13">
           03-13
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-09" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00" content="2016-03-09">
           03-09
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">OpenSSL</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSL</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-05" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00" content="2016-03-05">
           03-05
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -481,23 +553,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00" content="2016-03-01">
           03-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -517,7 +587,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2016/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2016/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2016/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2016/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span>
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@@ -526,9 +596,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -542,63 +609,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -609,122 +738,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -732,9 +872,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -742,6 +885,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -750,24 +894,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -783,14 +962,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -804,10 +990,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -819,81 +1003,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -942,6 +1102,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -975,8 +1137,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1145,9 +1308,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1217,25 +1380,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2017/03/index.html b/archives/2017/03/index.html
index eaa5fea0..208f91e9 100644
--- a/archives/2017/03/index.html
+++ b/archives/2017/03/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
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   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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+    
+
+    
+
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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-            归档
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
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+    
       
+    
+
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+
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+
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+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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+
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+
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@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,56 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2017">2017</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-20" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-21T17:41:03+08:00" content="2017-03-21">
+          03-21
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00" content="2017-03-20">
           03-20
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       </div>
@@ -333,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的策略路由</span>
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-            </a>
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+            
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+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-17" >
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           03-17
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@@ -370,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00" content="2017-03-15">
           03-15
         </time>
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@@ -407,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">学习使用iptables</span>
-              
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+            
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+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-10" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00" content="2017-03-10">
           03-10
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@@ -464,63 +570,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
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-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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+                  
+                    
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+                  
+                    
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -531,122 +699,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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                 友情链接
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -654,9 +833,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -664,6 +846,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
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@@ -672,24 +855,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
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+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+
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@@ -705,14 +923,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
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@@ -726,10 +951,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
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@@ -741,81 +964,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -897,8 +1098,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1067,9 +1269,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1139,25 +1341,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
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+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2017/12/index.html b/archives/2017/12/index.html
index a759cf99..99e24db1 100644
--- a/archives/2017/12/index.html
+++ b/archives/2017/12/index.html
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-
-
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-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
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+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
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+  
+
+
+
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+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2017/12/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2017/12/"/>
 
 
+  
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2017/12/">
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,56 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2017">2017</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基于UDP协议搭建隧道</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-26T21:01:27+08:00" content="2017-12-26">
+          12-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00" content="2017-12-25">
           12-25
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00" content="2017-12-24">
           12-24
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -374,9 +487,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -390,63 +500,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -457,122 +629,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+
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+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
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@@ -580,9 +763,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -590,6 +776,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -598,24 +785,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -631,14 +853,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -652,10 +881,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -667,81 +894,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -790,6 +993,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -823,8 +1028,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -993,9 +1199,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1065,25 +1271,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2017/index.html b/archives/2017/index.html
index ee10027d..2e04c2f7 100644
--- a/archives/2017/index.html
+++ b/archives/2017/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2017/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2017/"/>
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2017/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2017/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,56 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2017">2017</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基于UDP协议搭建隧道</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-26T21:01:27+08:00" content="2017-12-26">
+          12-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00" content="2017-12-25">
           12-25
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
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@@ -370,23 +483,56 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce</span>
+            
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-              content="2017-03-20" >
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+
+
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+        
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00" content="2017-03-20">
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+            
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -938,6 +1168,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -971,8 +1203,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1141,9 +1374,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1213,25 +1446,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2018/01/index.html b/archives/2018/01/index.html
index f8078c86..58401dba 100644
--- a/archives/2018/01/index.html
+++ b/archives/2018/01/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
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-
-
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-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/01/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/01/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/01/"/>
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/01/">
+
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2018">2018</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-23" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00" content="2018-01-23">
           01-23
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-22" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00" content="2018-01-22">
           01-22
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-20" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00" content="2018-01-20">
           01-20
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS的lib库误操作和修复</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS的lib库误操作和修复</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-20T16:41:57+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-20" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-20T16:41:57+08:00" content="2018-01-20">
           01-20
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00" content="2018-01-19">
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -691,9 +833,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
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-      </section>
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@@ -701,6 +846,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -709,24 +855,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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+
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@@ -742,14 +923,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+
+    
+
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@@ -763,10 +951,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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-  
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-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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-
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-
-
-
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+  <script>
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@@ -901,6 +1063,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -934,8 +1098,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -1104,9 +1269,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -1200,5 +1352,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
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diff --git a/archives/2018/03/index.html b/archives/2018/03/index.html
index 3ff1f020..45e4eb17 100644
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+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/03/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
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     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/03/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/03/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/03/">
+
+
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+<script id="page.configurations">
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+
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@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
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-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
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-        </li>
+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
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-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
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+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
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+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2018">2018</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00" content="2018-03-03">
           03-03
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-02" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00" content="2018-03-02">
           03-02
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00" content="2018-03-01">
           03-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -411,9 +487,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -427,63 +500,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
-            
 
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+                
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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@@ -494,122 +629,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
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                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -617,9 +763,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -627,6 +776,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -635,24 +785,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+  
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -668,14 +853,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -689,10 +881,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -704,81 +894,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -827,6 +993,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -860,8 +1028,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1030,9 +1199,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1102,25 +1271,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2018/05/index.html b/archives/2018/05/index.html
index 45d22213..91c96ed2 100644
--- a/archives/2018/05/index.html
+++ b/archives/2018/05/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+  
+
+
+
 
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/05/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/05/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
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+
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@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+
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+  .use-motion .brand,
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+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
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-      
+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2018">2018</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-05-16" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00" content="2018-05-16">
           05-16
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -337,9 +417,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -353,63 +430,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -420,122 +559,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -543,9 +693,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -553,6 +706,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -561,24 +715,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -594,14 +783,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
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+<script>
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@@ -615,10 +811,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
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-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -753,6 +923,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -786,8 +958,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -956,9 +1129,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1028,21 +1201,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1052,5 +1212,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/archives/2018/index.html b/archives/2018/index.html
index a81825d5..0db27973 100644
--- a/archives/2018/index.html
+++ b/archives/2018/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/"/>
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2018/">
 
 
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,23 +378,21 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2018">2018</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-05-16" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00" content="2018-05-16">
           05-16
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,23 +413,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00" content="2018-03-03">
           03-03
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -370,23 +448,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-02" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00" content="2018-03-02">
           03-02
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -407,23 +483,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00" content="2018-03-01">
           03-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -444,23 +518,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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@@ -1049,6 +1203,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1082,8 +1238,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1252,9 +1409,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1324,25 +1481,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2019/03/index.html b/archives/2019/03/index.html
index 36943f93..359ebe16 100644
--- a/archives/2019/03/index.html
+++ b/archives/2019/03/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的内置函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的类和对象的初识</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-17" >
-          03-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-30T09:01:19+08:00" content="2019-03-30">
+          03-30
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的生成器和迭代器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的序列化模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-16T08:15:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-16" >
-          03-16
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-24T17:21:15+08:00" content="2019-03-24">
+          03-24
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/23/090143-Python的os和sys模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的os和sys模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-15" >
-          03-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-23T09:01:43+08:00" content="2019-03-23">
+          03-23
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的闭包和装饰器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/22/112119-Python的random模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的random模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T17:55:27+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-15" >
-          03-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-22T11:21:19+08:00" content="2019-03-22">
+          03-22
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的高阶函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的时间模块</span>
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+          </a>
         
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/20/154147-Python的collections模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的collections模块</span>
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python对文件的操作</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/150131-Python的re模块与正则表达式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的re模块与正则表达式</span>
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/130127-Python的异常处理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的异常处理</span>
+            
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-              datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00"
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-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-集合</span>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2019/03/page/2/index.html b/archives/2019/03/page/2/index.html
index cfaa1f01..749b4d47 100644
--- a/archives/2019/03/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/2019/03/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/2/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/2/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字典</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的内置函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-08" >
-          03-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00" content="2019-03-17">
+          03-17
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-元组</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的生成器和迭代器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-07" >
-          03-07
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-16T08:15:10+08:00" content="2019-03-16">
+          03-16
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T19:19:25+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-06" >
-          03-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00" content="2019-03-15">
+          03-15
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表练习-购物车</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的闭包和装饰器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-列表</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的高阶函数</span>
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+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T08:45:10+08:00"
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">Python的函数</span>
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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@@ -518,24 +588,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中字符串的format方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python对文件的操作</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T20:49:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T20:19:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-集合</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00"
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的流程控制</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</span>
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+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2019/03/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/03/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/03/page/3/">3</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/03/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2019/03/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
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     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -967,81 +1143,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2019/03/page/3/index.html b/archives/2019/03/page/3/index.html
index 2e65bc93..e57a33c9 100644
--- a/archives/2019/03/page/3/index.html
+++ b/archives/2019/03/page/3/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/3/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/3/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/03/page/3/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的input和print方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字典</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00" content="2019-03-08">
+          03-08
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-元组</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-04" >
-          03-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00" content="2019-03-07">
+          03-07
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-04" >
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-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的列表练习-购物车</span>
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+          </a>
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-列表</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
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+          03-06
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的注释方法</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</span>
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+          </a>
         
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-              datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00"
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-                <span itemprop="name">第一个Python程序</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中字符串的format方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字符编码</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-02" >
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python初识</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</span>
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+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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-                <span itemprop="name">编程语言简介</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的流程控制</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00"
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2019/03/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/03/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/03/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/03/page/4/">4</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/03/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2019/03/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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+            
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+            
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+        
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+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00" content="2019-03-04">
+          03-04
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00" content="2019-03-04">
+          03-04
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T21:55:21+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
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+      </div>
+
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+
+
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+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
+        </time>
+      </div>
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diff --git a/archives/2019/03/page/5/index.html b/archives/2019/03/page/5/index.html
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+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
+          </div>
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">编程语言简介</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00" content="2019-03-01">
+          03-01
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
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+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+
+      
+
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+  
+
+
+        
+      </div>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
+  
+
+  
+</div>
+
+
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
+
+
+        
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
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+
+
+
+        
+      </div>
+    </footer>
+
+    
+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
+        
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
+      </div>
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+  </div>
+
+  
+
+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/archives/2019/06/index.html b/archives/2019/06/index.html
index 5bfcd42a..a11009c6 100644
--- a/archives/2019/06/index.html
+++ b/archives/2019/06/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+    
       
+    
+
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+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
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+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
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-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">做练习题理解Python中的对象</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题3</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-20T13:41:23+08:00" content="2019-06-20">
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+
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+
+
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+        
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+        
+
+        
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+
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+
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题2</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-19T17:41:35+08:00" content="2019-06-19">
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+            
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       </h2>
 
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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new file mode 100644
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+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
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+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
+          </div>
+        
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Docker入坑指南</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-12-02T15:21:39+08:00" content="2019-12-02">
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+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
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+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
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+        proceedsearch();
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+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
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+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+
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+  
+
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diff --git a/archives/2019/index.html b/archives/2019/index.html
index f035f171..da1f8a54 100644
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@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
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-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
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+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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-      
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-      
+    
+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
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-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
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-            标签
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+    
+    
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+  
+
+
+  
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+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
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     </header>
 
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+  
+  
+
+  
+
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+
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+
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         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">做练习题理解Python中的对象</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Docker入坑指南</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-06-18T19:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2019-06-18" >
-          06-18
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-12-02T15:21:39+08:00" content="2019-12-02">
+          12-02
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的内置函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题3</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-17" >
-          03-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-20T13:41:23+08:00" content="2019-06-20">
+          06-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的生成器和迭代器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题2</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-16T08:15:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-16" >
-          03-16
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-19T17:41:35+08:00" content="2019-06-19">
+          06-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题1</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-15" >
-          03-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-18T19:01:43+08:00" content="2019-06-18">
+          06-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的闭包和装饰器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的类和对象的初识</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T17:55:27+08:00"
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@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的高阶函数</span>
-              
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+            
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/22/112119-Python的random模块/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">Python的random模块</span>
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-                <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/" itemprop="url">
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@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2019/page/2/index.html b/archives/2019/page/2/index.html
index d5d73afd..b68461a2 100644
--- a/archives/2019/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/2019/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/2/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/2/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/150131-Python的re模块与正则表达式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的re模块与正则表达式</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-08T16:46:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-08" >
-          03-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-19T15:01:31+08:00" content="2019-03-19">
+          03-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字典</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/130127-Python的异常处理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的异常处理</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-08" >
-          03-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-19T13:01:27+08:00" content="2019-03-19">
+          03-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-元组</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/18/154107-Python的包及其导入/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的包及其导入</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-07" >
-          03-07
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-18T15:41:07+08:00" content="2019-03-18">
+          03-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/18/094127-Python的模块和使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的模块和使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T19:19:25+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-06" >
-          03-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-18T09:41:27+08:00" content="2019-03-18">
+          03-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表练习-购物车</span>
-              
-            </a>
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-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-列表</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中字符串的format方法</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">
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+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的闭包和装饰器</span>
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2019/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/3/">3</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2019/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2019/page/3/index.html b/archives/2019/page/3/index.html
index aae5ec27..b8aec2e5 100644
--- a/archives/2019/page/3/index.html
+++ b/archives/2019/page/3/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/3/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/3/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/3/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的流程控制</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python对文件的操作</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-11T12:41:10+08:00" content="2019-03-11">
+          03-11
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的input和print方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00" content="2019-03-10">
+          03-10
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-集合</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-04" >
-          03-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-09T08:21:10+08:00" content="2019-03-09">
+          03-09
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00"
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字典</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T21:55:21+08:00"
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-元组</span>
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+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00"
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的注释方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">第一个Python程序</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的列表练习-购物车</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字符编码</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-列表</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-02" >
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python初识</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2019/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/4/">4</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2019/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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@@ -890,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+
+  
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+
+    
+
+    
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+<script>
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@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
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-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
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         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
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                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
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+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/2019/page/4/index.html b/archives/2019/page/4/index.html
index a4753a0e..fab94112 100644
--- a/archives/2019/page/4/index.html
+++ b/archives/2019/page/4/index.html
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-  
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-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/4/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
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     root: '/',
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-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
-    },
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       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/4/"/>
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/4/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/2019/page/4/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,109 +206,481 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
+
+
 <nav class="site-nav">
   
+    <ul id="menu" class="menu">
+      
+        
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
+      
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
+        
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
+      
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
+        
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
+      
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
+      
+        <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
+          
+            <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
+          
+            
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
+        </li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
 
   
-    <ul id="menu" class="menu">
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
+    <div class="site-search">
+      
+  <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
+  <div class="local-search-header clearfix">
+    <span class="search-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="popup-btn-close">
+      <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
+    </span>
+    <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div id="local-search-result"></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+    </div>
+  
+</nav>
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
+    </header>
+
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+  
+  
+
+  
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+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
+    <main id="main" class="main">
+      <div class="main-inner">
+        <div class="content-wrap">
+          
+          <div id="content" class="content">
+            
+
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block archive">
+    <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
+      <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
+
+      
+      <span class="archive-page-counter">
+        
+        
+         
+          
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
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+
+        
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+        
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+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
+          </div>
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中字符串的format方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T20:49:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
       
+
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/" itemprop="url">
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</span>
             
-            首页
           </a>
-        </li>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T20:19:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
       
+
+        
+        
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/" itemprop="url">
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</span>
             
-            标签
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+        
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+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
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+
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+        
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
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+
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+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
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+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的input和print方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
+        </time>
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+
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+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
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+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00" content="2019-03-04">
+          03-04
+        </time>
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+
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+  </article>
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+
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+        
+        
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+        
+        
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+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00" content="2019-03-04">
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-    <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
-      <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
 
-      <span class="archive-page-counter">
+      <h2 class="post-title">
         
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
-         
-          
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
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+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
 
       
 
@@ -287,33 +689,26 @@
         
 
         
-          
-          <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
-          </div>
-        
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">编程语言简介</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的注释方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -332,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2019/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/2019/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/2019/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/2019/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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@@ -341,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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@@ -357,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
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-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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@@ -424,122 +878,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+          
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+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -547,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -557,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
+          </div>
+        
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">第一个Python程序</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
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+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字符编码</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00" content="2019-03-02">
+          03-02
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
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+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/132127-在Linux上编译安装Python3/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">在Linux上编译安装Python3</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-02T13:21:27+08:00" content="2019-03-02">
+          03-02
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
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+  </article>
+
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+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
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+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python初识</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-01T10:51:10+08:00" content="2019-03-01">
+          03-01
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
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+  </article>
+
+
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+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">编程语言简介</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00" content="2019-03-01">
+          03-01
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+
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
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+    // Popup Window;
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+    var isXml = true;
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+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
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+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
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+    function proceedsearch() {
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+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
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+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
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+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
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+                      index.pop();
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+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
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+                  }
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+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
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+                    // cut out 100 characters
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+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
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+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
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+                  // select top N slices in content
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+                  // highlight title and content
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+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
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+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
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+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
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+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
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+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
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+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
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+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
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+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/archives/index.html b/archives/index.html
index 20b3c154..408a8f91 100644
--- a/archives/index.html
+++ b/archives/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">做练习题理解Python中的对象</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Docker入坑指南</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-06-18T19:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2019-06-18" >
-          06-18
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-12-02T15:21:39+08:00" content="2019-12-02">
+          12-02
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的内置函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题3</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-17" >
-          03-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-20T13:41:23+08:00" content="2019-06-20">
+          06-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的生成器和迭代器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题2</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-16T08:15:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-16" >
-          03-16
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-19T17:41:35+08:00" content="2019-06-19">
+          06-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题1</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-15" >
-          03-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-18T19:01:43+08:00" content="2019-06-18">
+          06-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的闭包和装饰器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的类和对象的初识</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T17:55:27+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-15" >
-          03-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-30T09:01:19+08:00" content="2019-03-30">
+          03-30
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的高阶函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的序列化模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-14T16:38:16+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-14" >
-          03-14
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-24T17:21:15+08:00" content="2019-03-24">
+          03-24
         </time>
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@@ -518,24 +588,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/23/090143-Python的os和sys模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的os和sys模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-13T11:08:51+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-13" >
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/22/112119-Python的random模块/" itemprop="url">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/" itemprop="url">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-集合</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/20/154147-Python的collections模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的collections模块</span>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/10/index.html b/archives/page/10/index.html
index ba9fb0d0..6eac72d9 100644
--- a/archives/page/10/index.html
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-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
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-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/10/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
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     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      author: '博主'
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@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/10/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/10/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/10/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
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+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
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-      
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-      
+    
+    
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   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+    
+      
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+    
+    
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+  
+
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@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
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     </header>
 
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+  
+  
+
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+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的选择语句分支</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-09" >
-          08-09
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-27T15:01:23+08:00" content="2015-10-27">
+          10-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader之Grub2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">BootLoader之Grub2</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-06T21:21:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-06" >
-          08-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-26T19:01:47+08:00" content="2015-10-26">
+          10-26
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell命令间的逻辑关系</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/25/194107-内核与内核模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">内核与内核模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-03T21:21:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-03" >
-          08-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-25T19:41:07+08:00" content="2015-10-25">
+          10-25
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识并管理systemd服务和单元</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-30T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-30" >
-          07-30
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-24T13:21:43+08:00" content="2015-10-24">
+          10-24
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-27T21:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-27" >
-          07-27
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-23T17:01:27+08:00" content="2015-10-23">
+          10-23
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中对变量的操作</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的1号PID和systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00"
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-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</span>
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/9/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/9/">9</a><span class="page-number current">10</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/11/">11</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/11/index.html b/archives/page/11/index.html
index 1179951d..bb896021 100644
--- a/archives/page/11/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/11/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/11/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/11/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/11/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/11/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-15T19:21:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-15" >
-          07-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00" content="2015-09-20">
+          09-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-13T19:21:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-13" >
-          07-13
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00" content="2015-09-16">
+          09-16
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中脚本路径的获取</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-12T21:41:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-12" >
-          07-12
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00" content="2015-09-08">
+          09-08
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-09T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-09" >
-          07-09
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-03T13:21:23+08:00" content="2015-09-03">
+          09-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
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-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的进程替换</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-06" >
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@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
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-              
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的语法调试</span>
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+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
+            
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+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-01T10:21:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-01" >
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00"
-              content="2015-06-28" >
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00"
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的状态返回值</span>
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+          </a>
         
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-              datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00"
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/10/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/10/">10</a><span class="page-number current">11</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/12/">12</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/12/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/12/index.html b/archives/page/12/index.html
index 1be83495..5a081168 100644
--- a/archives/page/12/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/12/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/12/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/12/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/12/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/12/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下软件包的管理</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-28T11:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-28" >
-          05-28
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00" content="2015-08-12">
+          08-12
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux中netstat命令的使用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的选择语句分支</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-27T13:41:15+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-27" >
-          05-27
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00" content="2015-08-09">
+          08-09
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux中date命令的使用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-26" >
-          05-26
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-06T21:21:03+08:00" content="2015-08-06">
+          08-06
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下命令路径搜索</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell命令间的逻辑关系</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-14T15:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-14" >
-          05-14
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-03T21:21:27+08:00" content="2015-08-03">
+          08-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下如何获取命令的帮助</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-13T21:01:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-13" >
-          05-13
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-30T21:41:35+08:00" content="2015-07-30">
+          07-30
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的whereis命令</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-05" >
-          05-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-27T21:01:35+08:00" content="2015-07-27">
+          07-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -518,24 +588,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux系统目录结构</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中对变量的操作</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-04" >
-          05-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00" content="2015-07-24">
+          07-24
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -555,24 +623,92 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Hello World</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的变量和分类</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00" content="2015-07-21">
+          07-21
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00" content="2015-07-20">
+          07-20
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+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-19T17:21:47+08:00" content="2015-07-19">
+          07-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -591,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/11/">11</a><span class="page-number current">12</span>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/11/">11</a><span class="page-number current">12</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/13/">13</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/13/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -600,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
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         </div>
         
           
@@ -616,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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+          
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -683,122 +878,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
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+                  
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -806,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
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-      </section>
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@@ -816,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
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@@ -878,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
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-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1291,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
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+  
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+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
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+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
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+      setTimeout(function() {
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+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/13/index.html b/archives/page/13/index.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/archives/page/13/index.html
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+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
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+
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
+
+
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+  
+    
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
+
+
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
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+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
+
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+  
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/13/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+
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+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/13/">
+
+
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+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
+  <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
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+</head>
+
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
+
+  
+  
+    
+  
+
+  <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
+    <div class="headband"></div>
+
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+      <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
+  <div class="site-meta">
+    
+
+    <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
+        <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
+        <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
+        <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    
+    
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="site-nav-toggle">
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
+      <span class="btn-bar"></span>
+      <span class="btn-bar"></span>
+      <span class="btn-bar"></span>
+    </button>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
+  
+    <ul id="menu" class="menu">
+      
+        
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
+      
+    
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+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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+        
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+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
+        
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
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+      
+    
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+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
+      
+        <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
+          
+            <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
+          
+            
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
+        </li>
+      
+    </ul>
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+  
+    <div class="site-search">
+      
+  <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
+  <div class="local-search-header clearfix">
+    <span class="search-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="popup-btn-close">
+      <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
+    </span>
+    <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div id="local-search-result"></div>
+</div>
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+
+
+
+    <main id="main" class="main">
+      <div class="main-inner">
+        <div class="content-wrap">
+          
+          <div id="content" class="content">
+            
+
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block archive">
+    <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
+      <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
+
+      
+      <span class="archive-page-counter">
+        
+        
+         
+          
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
+      </span>
+      
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
+          </div>
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-18T21:41:47+08:00" content="2015-07-18">
+          07-18
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-15T19:21:27+08:00" content="2015-07-15">
+          07-15
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-13T19:21:31+08:00" content="2015-07-13">
+          07-13
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-12T21:41:27+08:00" content="2015-07-12">
+          07-12
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-09T21:41:35+08:00" content="2015-07-09">
+          07-09
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00" content="2015-07-06">
+          07-06
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00" content="2015-07-03">
+          07-03
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</span>
+            
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+        
+      </h2>
+
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
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+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
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+          </a>
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+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
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+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
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+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
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+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
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+      ta.select();
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/archives/page/14/index.html b/archives/page/14/index.html
new file mode 100644
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+
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+
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
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+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
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+    back2top_sidebar: false,
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+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
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+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
+
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/14/index.html">
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+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/14/">
+
+
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+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
+  <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
+  
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
+</head>
+
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
+
+  
+  
+    
+  
+
+  <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
+    <div class="headband"></div>
+
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+      <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
+  <div class="site-meta">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
+      <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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+    </button>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
+  
+    <ul id="menu" class="menu">
+      
+        
+        
+        
+          
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+
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+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
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+
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+        <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
+          
+            <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
+          
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
+        </li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
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+    
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+      
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+    
+      
+      
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+      
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+
+  
+
+  
+    <div class="site-search">
+      
+  <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
+  <div class="local-search-header clearfix">
+    <span class="search-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="popup-btn-close">
+      <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
+    </span>
+    <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div id="local-search-result"></div>
+</div>
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+  
+</nav>
+
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+    </header>
+
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+  
+  
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+  
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+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+    <main id="main" class="main">
+      <div class="main-inner">
+        <div class="content-wrap">
+          
+          <div id="content" class="content">
+            
+
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block archive">
+    <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
+      <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
+
+      
+      <span class="archive-page-counter">
+        
+        
+         
+          
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
+      </span>
+      
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
+          </div>
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识Shell</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00" content="2015-06-26">
+          06-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下软件包的管理</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-28T11:21:23+08:00" content="2015-05-28">
+          05-28
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux中netstat命令的使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-27T13:41:15+08:00" content="2015-05-27">
+          05-27
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux中date命令的使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00" content="2015-05-26">
+          05-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下命令路径搜索</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-14T15:01:23+08:00" content="2015-05-14">
+          05-14
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下如何获取命令的帮助</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-13T21:01:27+08:00" content="2015-05-13">
+          05-13
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的whereis命令</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00" content="2015-05-05">
+          05-05
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+
+      
+
+        
+        
+        
+
+        
+        
+
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux系统目录结构</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00" content="2015-05-04">
+          05-04
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
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+      $('.popup').hide();
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+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
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+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
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+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
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+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
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+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
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+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
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+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
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+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/archives/page/2/index.html b/archives/page/2/index.html
index e6e806d4..ad6041b7 100644
--- a/archives/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
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-
-
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-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/2/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/2/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/150131-Python的re模块与正则表达式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的re模块与正则表达式</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-08T16:46:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-08" >
-          03-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-19T15:01:31+08:00" content="2019-03-19">
+          03-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字典</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/130127-Python的异常处理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的异常处理</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-08" >
-          03-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-19T13:01:27+08:00" content="2019-03-19">
+          03-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-元组</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/18/154107-Python的包及其导入/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的包及其导入</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-07" >
-          03-07
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-18T15:41:07+08:00" content="2019-03-18">
+          03-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/18/094127-Python的模块和使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的模块和使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T19:19:25+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-06" >
-          03-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-18T09:41:27+08:00" content="2019-03-18">
+          03-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表练习-购物车</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的内置函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T16:23:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-06" >
-          03-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00" content="2019-03-17">
+          03-17
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/3/index.html b/archives/page/3/index.html
index 3628c976..6c933866 100644
--- a/archives/page/3/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/3/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/3/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/3/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/3/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的流程控制</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python对文件的操作</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-11T12:41:10+08:00" content="2019-03-11">
+          03-11
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的input和print方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00" content="2019-03-10">
+          03-10
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-集合</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-04" >
-          03-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-09T08:21:10+08:00" content="2019-03-09">
+          03-09
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-              
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
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-              datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00"
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-                <span itemprop="name">第一个Python程序</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字符编码</span>
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+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-列表</span>
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       <div class="post-meta">
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-                <span itemprop="name">Python初识</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</span>
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+          </a>
         
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/4/">4</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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@@ -890,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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@@ -898,24 +1034,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -967,81 +1143,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/4/index.html b/archives/page/4/index.html
index be72c1c7..cec0ccf1 100644
--- a/archives/page/4/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/4/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/4/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/4/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/4/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/4/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">编程语言简介</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中字符串的format方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T20:49:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -329,33 +409,26 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         
 
         
-          
-          <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2018">2018</h1>
-          </div>
-        
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-05-16" >
-          05-16
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T20:19:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -375,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-03" >
-          03-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -412,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的流程控制</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-02" >
-          03-02
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
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       </div>
 
@@ -449,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的input和print方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -486,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-23" >
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-22" >
-          01-22
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+          03-04
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-20" >
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         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -597,24 +658,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS的lib库误操作和修复</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-20T16:41:57+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-20" >
-          01-20
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -634,24 +693,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的注释方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-19" >
-          01-19
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -670,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/5/">5</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -679,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
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         </div>
         
           
@@ -695,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
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           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -762,122 +878,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -885,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
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     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -903,24 +1034,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -936,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -957,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -972,81 +1143,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1095,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1128,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1298,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1370,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/5/index.html b/archives/page/5/index.html
index c4e695c2..a52c7cbf 100644
--- a/archives/page/5/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/5/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/5/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/5/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/5/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/5/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -289,31 +371,29 @@
         
           
           <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2017">2017</h1>
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2019">2019</h1>
           </div>
         
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">第一个Python程序</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-25" >
-          12-25
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字符编码</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-24" >
-          12-24
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00" content="2019-03-02">
+          03-02
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/132127-在Linux上编译安装Python3/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">在Linux上编译安装Python3</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-20" >
-          03-20
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-02T13:21:27+08:00" content="2019-03-02">
+          03-02
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的策略路由</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python初识</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-17" >
-          03-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-01T10:51:10+08:00" content="2019-03-01">
+          03-01
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">编程语言简介</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-15" >
-          03-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00" content="2019-03-01">
+          03-01
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -477,28 +549,31 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         
 
         
+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2018">2018</h1>
+          </div>
+        
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">学习使用iptables</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-10" >
-          03-10
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00" content="2018-05-16">
+          05-16
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -514,33 +589,26 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         
 
         
-          
-          <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
-          </div>
-        
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-05-01" >
-          05-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00" content="2018-03-03">
+          03-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -560,24 +628,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-27" >
-          04-27
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00" content="2018-03-02">
+          03-02
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -597,24 +663,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-23" >
-          04-23
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00" content="2018-03-01">
+          03-01
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -634,24 +698,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-19" >
-          04-19
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00" content="2018-01-23">
+          01-23
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -670,7 +732,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/4/">4</a><span class="page-number current">5</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/6/">6</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/4/">4</a><span class="page-number current">5</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/6/">6</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -679,9 +741,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -695,63 +754,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
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-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -762,122 +883,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+            </div>
           
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             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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                 友情链接
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+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -885,9 +1017,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -895,6 +1030,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -903,24 +1039,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -936,14 +1107,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -957,10 +1135,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -972,81 +1148,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1095,6 +1247,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1128,8 +1282,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1298,9 +1453,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1370,25 +1525,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/6/index.html b/archives/page/6/index.html
index 46cb0daf..4b21b13b 100644
--- a/archives/page/6/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/6/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/6/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/6/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/6/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/6/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -289,31 +371,29 @@
         
           
           <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2018">2018</h1>
           </div>
         
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-15" >
-          04-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00" content="2018-01-22">
+          01-22
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-11" >
-          04-11
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00" content="2018-01-20">
+          01-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS的lib库误操作和修复</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-07" >
-          04-07
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-20T16:41:57+08:00" content="2018-01-20">
+          01-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-03" >
-          04-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00" content="2018-01-19">
+          01-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -440,28 +514,31 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         
 
         
+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2017">2017</h1>
+          </div>
+        
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基于UDP协议搭建隧道</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-29" >
-          03-29
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-26T21:01:27+08:00" content="2017-12-26">
+          12-26
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +558,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-25" >
-          03-25
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00" content="2017-12-25">
+          12-25
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -518,24 +593,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-21" >
-          03-21
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00" content="2017-12-24">
+          12-24
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -555,24 +628,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-17" >
-          03-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-21T17:41:03+08:00" content="2017-03-21">
+          03-21
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -592,24 +663,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-13" >
-          03-13
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00" content="2017-03-20">
+          03-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -629,24 +698,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的策略路由</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-09" >
-          03-09
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00" content="2017-03-17">
+          03-17
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -665,7 +732,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/5/">5</a><span class="page-number current">6</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/7/">7</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/5/">5</a><span class="page-number current">6</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/7/">7</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -674,9 +741,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -690,63 +754,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              </div>
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -757,122 +883,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -880,9 +1017,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -890,6 +1030,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -898,24 +1039,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1107,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -952,10 +1135,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -967,81 +1148,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1247,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1123,8 +1282,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1453,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1365,25 +1525,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/7/index.html b/archives/page/7/index.html
index f461f837..f23163e5 100644
--- a/archives/page/7/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/7/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/7/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/7/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/7/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/7/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -289,31 +371,29 @@
         
           
           <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2017">2017</h1>
           </div>
         
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">OpenSSL</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00" content="2017-03-15">
+          03-15
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">学习使用iptables</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00" content="2017-03-10">
+          03-10
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -368,31 +446,29 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         
           
           <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
           </div>
         
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-27" >
-          11-27
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00" content="2016-05-01">
+          05-01
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -412,24 +488,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-26" >
-          11-26
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00" content="2016-04-27">
+          04-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -449,24 +523,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-25" >
-          11-25
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-23">
+          04-23
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -486,24 +558,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-24" >
-          11-24
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-19">
+          04-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -523,24 +593,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iftop流量监控工具</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-15" >
-          11-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-15">
+          04-15
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -560,24 +628,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-09" >
-          11-09
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-11">
+          04-11
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -597,24 +663,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-06" >
-          11-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00" content="2016-04-07">
+          04-07
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -634,24 +698,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-05" >
-          11-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00" content="2016-04-03">
+          04-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -670,7 +732,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/6/">6</a><span class="page-number current">7</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/8/">8</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/6/">6</a><span class="page-number current">7</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/8/">8</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -679,9 +741,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -695,63 +754,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -762,122 +883,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
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-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -885,9 +1017,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -895,6 +1030,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -903,24 +1039,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -936,14 +1107,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -957,10 +1135,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -972,81 +1148,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
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-  
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-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -1095,6 +1247,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1128,8 +1282,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1298,9 +1453,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
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             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1370,25 +1525,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/archives/page/8/index.html b/archives/page/8/index.html
index 46937e58..7f3eac46 100644
--- a/archives/page/8/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/8/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/8/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
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       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/8/"/>
 
 
 
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/8/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/8/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
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+
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+  .use-motion .logo,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
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     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -289,31 +371,29 @@
         
           
           <div class="collection-title">
-            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2016">2016</h1>
           </div>
         
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-04" >
-          11-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00" content="2016-03-29">
+          03-29
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-03" >
-          11-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00" content="2016-03-25">
+          03-25
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-02" >
-          11-02
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00" content="2016-03-21">
+          03-21
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-01" >
-          11-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00" content="2016-03-17">
+          03-17
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell相关的面试题</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-17T17:41:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-17" >
-          10-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00" content="2016-03-13">
+          03-13
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的学习建议</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-06T11:41:07+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-06" >
-          10-06
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00" content="2016-03-09">
+          03-09
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -518,24 +588,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSL</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-03T18:43:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-03" >
-          10-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00" content="2016-03-05">
+          03-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -555,24 +623,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-10-01T17:21:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-10-01" >
-          10-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00" content="2016-03-01">
+          03-01
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -588,28 +654,31 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         
 
         
+          
+          <div class="collection-title">
+            <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
+          </div>
+        
         
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell用法整理</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-21" >
-          09-21
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-27">
+          11-27
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -629,24 +698,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-20" >
-          09-20
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00" content="2015-11-26">
+          11-26
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -665,7 +732,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/7/">7</a><span class="page-number current">8</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/9/">9</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/9/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/7/">7</a><span class="page-number current">8</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/9/">9</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/9/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -674,9 +741,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -690,63 +754,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
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@@ -757,122 +883,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+                  
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+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -880,9 +1017,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -890,6 +1030,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -898,24 +1039,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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+
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+  
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
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+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1107,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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+<script>
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@@ -952,10 +1135,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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@@ -967,81 +1148,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
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-
-
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-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
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-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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+      
+
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@@ -1123,8 +1282,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1293,9 +1453,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1365,25 +1525,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
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diff --git a/archives/page/9/index.html b/archives/page/9/index.html
index 5eb42e7d..f1f41cd0 100644
--- a/archives/page/9/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/9/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
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@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/9/"/>
 
+  
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/archives/page/9/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>归档 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
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+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-archive">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
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-        </li>
+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -272,13 +352,15 @@
     <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
       <span class="archive-move-on"></span>
 
+      
       <span class="archive-page-counter">
         
         
          
           
-        很好! 目前共计 118 篇日志。 继续努力。
+        非常好! 目前共计 139 篇日志。 继续努力。
       </span>
+      
 
       
 
@@ -296,24 +378,22 @@ <h1 class="archive-year" id="archive-year-2015">2015</h1>
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-16" >
-          09-16
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00" content="2015-11-25">
+          11-25
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -333,24 +413,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中脚本路径的获取</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-08" >
-          09-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00" content="2015-11-24">
+          11-24
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -370,24 +448,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">iftop流量监控工具</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-03T13:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-03" >
-          09-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00" content="2015-11-15">
+          11-15
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -407,24 +483,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的进程替换</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-30T13:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-30" >
-          08-30
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00" content="2015-11-09">
+          11-09
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -444,24 +518,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的语法调试</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-27T13:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-27" >
-          08-27
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00" content="2015-11-06">
+          11-06
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -481,24 +553,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中信号捕捉</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-24T17:41:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-24" >
-          08-24
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00" content="2015-11-05">
+          11-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -518,24 +588,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-21" >
-          08-21
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00" content="2015-11-04">
+          11-04
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -555,24 +623,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-18T09:21:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-18" >
-          08-18
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00" content="2015-11-03">
+          11-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -592,24 +658,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的状态返回值</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-15T19:41:39+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-15" >
-          08-15
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00" content="2015-11-02">
+          11-02
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -629,24 +693,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00"
-              content="2015-08-12" >
-          08-12
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-01">
+          11-01
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -665,7 +727,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/8/">8</a><span class="page-number current">9</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/10/">10</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/10/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/archives/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/archives/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/8/">8</a><span class="page-number current">9</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/10/">10</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/archives/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/archives/page/10/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -674,9 +736,6 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -690,63 +749,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -757,122 +878,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -880,9 +1012,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -890,6 +1025,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -898,24 +1034,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -931,14 +1102,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -952,10 +1130,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  
 
 
 
@@ -967,81 +1143,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
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-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -1090,6 +1242,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
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@@ -1123,8 +1277,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1293,9 +1448,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
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             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1365,25 +1520,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
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+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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diff --git a/categories/index.html b/categories/index.html
index 40cd3aa7..0328ef05 100644
--- a/categories/index.html
+++ b/categories/index.html
@@ -2,16 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +10,26 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -48,46 +46,68 @@
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 <meta property="og:type" content="website">
 <meta property="og:title" content="分类">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/categories/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2017-11-24T12:22:59.053Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="分类">
@@ -95,51 +115,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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-  var CONFIG = {
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
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-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      author: '博主'
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-    algolia: {
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-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/categories/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>分类 | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/categories/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>分类 | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +308,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +322,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -273,10 +353,18 @@
     <div class="post-block page">
       <header class="post-header">
 
-	<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
+<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类
+
+</h1>
+
+<div class="post-meta">
+  
+  
 
 
 
+</div>
+
 </header>
 
       
@@ -287,10 +375,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
         
           <div class="category-all-page">
             <div class="category-all-title">
-                目前共计 4 个分类
+              
+              
+              暂无分类
             </div>
             <div class="category-all">
-              <ul class="category-list"></ul>
+              
             </div>
           </div>
         
@@ -300,6 +390,10 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
       
     </div>
     
+
+
+
+    
     
     
   </div>
@@ -308,9 +402,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -324,63 +415,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -391,122 +544,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -514,9 +678,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -524,6 +691,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -532,24 +700,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -565,14 +768,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -586,10 +796,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -601,85 +809,61 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -728,6 +912,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -761,8 +947,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -931,9 +1118,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1003,21 +1190,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1027,5 +1201,60 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">分类</h1>
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/css/main.css b/css/main.css
index 81964e6f..35748ac8 100644
--- a/css/main.css
+++ b/css/main.css
@@ -1,66 +1,44 @@
-/* normalize.css v3.0.2 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */
+/* normalize.css v8.0.1 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */
 html {
-  font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */
-  -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
+  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */
   -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
 }
 body {
   margin: 0;
 }
-article,
-aside,
-details,
-figcaption,
-figure,
-footer,
-header,
-hgroup,
-main,
-menu,
-nav,
-section,
-summary {
+main {
   display: block;
 }
-audio,
-canvas,
-progress,
-video {
-  display: inline-block; /* 1 */
-  vertical-align: baseline; /* 2 */
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2em;
+  margin: 0.67em 0;
 }
-audio:not([controls]) {
-  display: none;
-  height: 0;
+hr {
+  box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */
+  height: 0; /* 1 */
+  overflow: visible; /* 2 */
 }
-[hidden],
-template {
-  display: none;
+pre {
+  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */
+  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */
 }
 a {
   background-color: transparent;
 }
-a:active,
-a:hover {
-  outline: 0;
-}
 abbr[title] {
-  border-bottom: 1px dotted;
+  border-bottom: none; /* 1 */
+  text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */
+  text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */
 }
 b,
 strong {
-  font-weight: bold;
-}
-dfn {
-  font-style: italic;
-}
-h1 {
-  font-size: 2em;
-  margin: 0.67em 0;
+  font-weight: bolder;
 }
-mark {
-  background: #ff0;
-  color: #000;
+code,
+kbd,
+samp {
+  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */
+  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */
 }
 small {
   font-size: 80%;
@@ -72,112 +50,102 @@ sup {
   position: relative;
   vertical-align: baseline;
 }
-sup {
-  top: -0.5em;
-}
 sub {
   bottom: -0.25em;
 }
-img {
-  border: 0;
-}
-svg:not(:root) {
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-figure {
-  margin: 1em 40px;
-}
-hr {
-  -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
-  box-sizing: content-box;
-  height: 0;
-}
-pre {
-  overflow: auto;
+sup {
+  top: -0.5em;
 }
-code,
-kbd,
-pre,
-samp {
-  font-family: monospace, monospace;
-  font-size: 1em;
+img {
+  border-style: none;
 }
 button,
 input,
 optgroup,
 select,
 textarea {
-  color: inherit; /* 1 */
-  font: inherit; /* 2 */
-  margin: 0; /* 3 */
+  font-family: inherit; /* 1 */
+  font-size: 100%; /* 1 */
+  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */
+  margin: 0; /* 2 */
 }
-button {
+button,
+input {
+/* 1 */
   overflow: visible;
 }
 button,
 select {
+/* 1 */
   text-transform: none;
 }
 button,
-html input[type="button"],
-input[type="reset"],
-input[type="submit"] {
-  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 2 */
-  cursor: pointer; /* 3 */
-}
-button[disabled],
-html input[disabled] {
-  cursor: default;
+[type="button"],
+[type="reset"],
+[type="submit"] {
+  -webkit-appearance: button;
 }
 button::-moz-focus-inner,
-input::-moz-focus-inner {
-  border: 0;
+[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,
+[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,
+[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner {
+  border-style: none;
   padding: 0;
 }
-input {
-  line-height: normal;
+button:-moz-focusring,
+[type="button"]:-moz-focusring,
+[type="reset"]:-moz-focusring,
+[type="submit"]:-moz-focusring {
+  outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;
 }
-input[type="checkbox"],
-input[type="radio"] {
+fieldset {
+  padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;
+}
+legend {
+  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
+  color: inherit; /* 2 */
+  display: table; /* 1 */
+  max-width: 100%; /* 1 */
+  padding: 0; /* 3 */
+  white-space: normal; /* 1 */
+}
+progress {
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+}
+textarea {
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+[type="checkbox"],
+[type="radio"] {
   box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
   padding: 0; /* 2 */
 }
-input[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
-input[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
+[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
+[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
   height: auto;
 }
-input[type="search"] {
+[type="search"] {
   -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */
-  -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
-  -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; /* 2 */
-  box-sizing: content-box;
+  outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */
 }
-input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,
-input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
+[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
   -webkit-appearance: none;
 }
-fieldset {
-  border: 1px solid #c0c0c0;
-  margin: 0 2px;
-  padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em;
-}
-legend {
-  border: 0; /* 1 */
-  padding: 0; /* 2 */
+::-webkit-file-upload-button {
+  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */
+  font: inherit; /* 2 */
 }
-textarea {
-  overflow: auto;
+details {
+  display: block;
 }
-optgroup {
-  font-weight: bold;
+summary {
+  display: list-item;
 }
-table {
-  border-collapse: collapse;
-  border-spacing: 0;
+template {
+  display: none;
 }
-td,
-th {
-  padding: 0;
+[hidden] {
+  display: none;
 }
 ::selection {
   background: #262a30;
@@ -191,17 +159,12 @@ body {
   color: #555;
   background: #fff;
 }
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
-  body {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
   body {
     padding-right: 0 !important;
   }
 }
-@media (min-width: 1600px) {
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
   body {
     font-size: 16px;
   }
@@ -212,84 +175,120 @@ h3,
 h4,
 h5,
 h6 {
-  margin: 0;
+  margin: 20px 0 15px;
   padding: 0;
   font-weight: bold;
   line-height: 1.5;
   font-family: 'Lato', "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif;
 }
-h2,
-h3,
-h4,
-h5,
-h6 {
-  margin: 20px 0 15px;
-}
 h1 {
   font-size: 22px;
 }
+h1 code {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   h1 {
     font-size: 18px;
   }
+  h1 code {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
 }
 h2 {
   font-size: 20px;
 }
+h2 code {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   h2 {
     font-size: 16px;
   }
+  h2 code {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
 }
 h3 {
   font-size: 18px;
 }
+h3 code {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   h3 {
     font-size: 14px;
   }
+  h3 code {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
 }
 h4 {
   font-size: 16px;
 }
+h4 code {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   h4 {
     font-size: 12px;
   }
+  h4 code {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
 }
 h5 {
   font-size: 14px;
 }
+h5 code {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   h5 {
     font-size: 10px;
   }
+  h5 code {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
 }
 h6 {
   font-size: 12px;
 }
+h6 code {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   h6 {
     font-size: 8px;
   }
+  h6 code {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
 }
 p {
   margin: 0 0 20px 0;
 }
-a {
+a,
+span.exturl {
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+  background-color: transparent;
   color: #555;
   text-decoration: none;
   outline: none;
-  border-bottom: 1px solid #999;
-  word-wrap: break-word;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
+  cursor: pointer;
 }
-a:hover {
+a:hover,
+span.exturl:hover {
   color: #222;
   border-bottom-color: #222;
 }
-blockquote {
-  margin: 0;
-  padding: 0;
+video {
+  max-width: 100%;
+  display: block;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  margin-right: auto;
 }
 img {
   display: block;
@@ -305,6 +304,7 @@ hr {
   background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, #fff, #fff 4px, transparent 4px, transparent 8px);
 }
 blockquote {
+  margin: 0;
   padding: 0 15px;
   color: #666;
   border-left: 4px solid #ddd;
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ kbd {
   box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
   background-color: #f9f9f9;
   font-family: inherit;
-  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #eee, #fff, #eee);
+  background-image: linear-gradient(top, #eee, #fff, #eee);
   padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ kbd {
   margin-left: 10px;
   margin-right: 5px;
 }
-.affix.affix.affix {
+.affix {
   position: fixed;
 }
 .translation {
@@ -398,20 +398,24 @@ kbd {
 .use-motion .motion-element {
   opacity: 0;
 }
-table {
+.table-container {
   margin: 20px 0;
+  overflow: auto;
+  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+}
+.highlight .table-container {
+  margin: 0px;
+}
+table {
   width: 100%;
   border-collapse: collapse;
   border-spacing: 0;
-  border: 1px solid #ddd;
   font-size: 14px;
-  table-layout: fixed;
-  word-wrap: break-all;
 }
-table>tbody>tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
+table > tbody > tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
   background-color: #f9f9f9;
 }
-table>tbody>tr:hover {
+table > tbody > tr:hover {
   background-color: #f5f5f5;
 }
 caption,
@@ -424,8 +428,8 @@ td {
 }
 th,
 td {
+  border: 1px solid #ddd;
   border-bottom: 3px solid #ddd;
-  border-right: 1px solid #eee;
 }
 th {
   padding-bottom: 10px;
@@ -440,52 +444,57 @@ body {
 }
 .container {
   position: relative;
-  min-height: 100%;
 }
 .header-inner {
   margin: 0 auto;
   padding: 100px 0 70px;
   width: 700px;
 }
-@media (min-width: 1600px) {
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
   .container .header-inner {
     width: 900px;
   }
 }
-.main {
-  padding-bottom: 150px;
+@media (min-width: 1600px) {
+  .container .header-inner {
+    width: $content-desktop-largest;
+  }
 }
 .main-inner {
   margin: 0 auto;
   width: 700px;
 }
-@media (min-width: 1600px) {
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
   .container .main-inner {
     width: 900px;
   }
 }
+@media (min-width: 1600px) {
+  .container .main-inner {
+    width: $content-desktop-largest;
+  }
+}
 .footer {
-  position: absolute;
-  left: 0;
-  bottom: 0;
-  width: 100%;
-  min-height: 50px;
+  padding: 20px 0;
 }
 .footer-inner {
   box-sizing: border-box;
-  margin: 20px auto;
+  margin: 0px auto;
   width: 700px;
 }
-@media (min-width: 1600px) {
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
   .container .footer-inner {
     width: 900px;
   }
 }
+@media (min-width: 1600px) {
+  .container .footer-inner {
+    width: $content-desktop-largest;
+  }
+}
 pre,
 .highlight {
-  overflow: auto;
   margin: 20px 0;
-  padding: 0;
   font-size: 13px;
   color: #ccc;
   background: #2d2d2d;
@@ -496,14 +505,16 @@ code {
   font-family: consolas, Menlo, "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", monospace;
 }
 code {
-  padding: 2px 4px;
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
   word-wrap: break-word;
+  padding: 2px 4px;
   color: #555;
   background: #eee;
   border-radius: 3px;
   font-size: 13px;
 }
 pre {
+  overflow: auto;
   padding: 10px;
 }
 pre code {
@@ -513,7 +524,7 @@ pre code {
   text-shadow: none;
 }
 .highlight {
-  border-radius: 1px;
+  border-radius: 10px;
 }
 .highlight pre {
   border: none;
@@ -533,7 +544,10 @@ pre code {
   font-size: 1em;
   color: #ccc;
   line-height: 1em;
-  margin-bottom: 1em;
+  margin: 0em;
+  padding: 0.5em;
+  background: #eee;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #e9e9e9;
 }
 .highlight figcaption:before,
 .highlight figcaption:after {
@@ -560,7 +574,6 @@ pre code {
 .highlight .code pre {
   width: 100%;
   padding-left: 10px;
-  padding-right: 10px;
   background-color: #2d2d2d;
 }
 .highlight .line {
@@ -579,10 +592,10 @@ pre code {
   border: none;
 }
 pre .deletion {
-  background: #008000;
+  background: #800000;
 }
 pre .addition {
-  background: #800000;
+  background: #008000;
 }
 pre .meta {
   color: #c9c;
@@ -593,6 +606,7 @@ pre .comment {
 pre .variable,
 pre .attribute,
 pre .tag,
+pre .name,
 pre .regexp,
 pre .ruby .constant,
 pre .xml .tag .title,
@@ -607,6 +621,7 @@ pre .css .pseudo {
 pre .number,
 pre .preprocessor,
 pre .built_in,
+pre .builtin-name,
 pre .literal,
 pre .params,
 pre .constant,
@@ -616,13 +631,13 @@ pre .command {
 pre .ruby .class .title,
 pre .css .rules .attribute,
 pre .string,
+pre .symbol,
 pre .value,
 pre .inheritance,
 pre .header,
 pre .ruby .symbol,
 pre .xml .cdata,
 pre .special,
-pre .number,
 pre .formula {
   color: #9c9;
 }
@@ -644,18 +659,8 @@ pre .keyword,
 pre .javascript .function {
   color: #c9c;
 }
-.full-image.full-image.full-image {
+.posts-expand .post-body img.full-image {
   border: none;
-  max-width: 100%;
-  width: auto;
-  margin: 20px auto;
-}
-@media (min-width: 992px) {
-  .full-image.full-image.full-image {
-    max-width: none;
-    width: 110%;
-    margin: 25px -5%;
-  }
 }
 .blockquote-center,
 .page-home .post-type-quote blockquote,
@@ -709,24 +714,15 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   box-sizing: border-box;
   padding: 0 3px;
   border: none;
+  margin: 0 auto;
 }
-.post .group-picture-row {
+.post-body .group-picture-row {
   overflow: hidden;
-  margin-top: 6px;
-}
-.post .group-picture-row:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 6px;
 }
-.post .group-picture-column {
+.post-body .group-picture-column {
   float: left;
-}
-.page-post-detail .post-body .group-picture-column {
-  float: none;
-  margin-top: 10px;
-  width: auto !important;
-}
-.page-post-detail .post-body .group-picture-column img {
-  margin: 0 auto;
+  margin-bottom: 10px;
 }
 .page-archive .group-picture-container {
   overflow: hidden;
@@ -741,6 +737,28 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   max-width: 150px;
   max-height: 150px;
 }
+.post-body .label {
+  display: inline;
+  padding: 0 2px;
+}
+.post-body .label.default {
+  background-color: #f0f0f0;
+}
+.post-body .label.primary {
+  background-color: #efe6f7;
+}
+.post-body .label.info {
+  background-color: #e5f2f8;
+}
+.post-body .label.success {
+  background-color: #e7f4e9;
+}
+.post-body .label.warning {
+  background-color: #fcf6e1;
+}
+.post-body .label.danger {
+  background-color: #fae8eb;
+}
 .post-body .note {
   position: relative;
   padding: 15px;
@@ -835,29 +853,6 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .post-body .note.danger h6 {
   color: #d9534f;
 }
-.post-body .label {
-  display: inline;
-  padding: 0 2px;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-.post-body .label.default {
-  background-color: #f0f0f0;
-}
-.post-body .label.primary {
-  background-color: #efe6f7;
-}
-.post-body .label.info {
-  background-color: #e5f2f8;
-}
-.post-body .label.success {
-  background-color: #e7f4e9;
-}
-.post-body .label.warning {
-  background-color: #fcf6e1;
-}
-.post-body .label.danger {
-  background-color: #fae8eb;
-}
 .post-body .tabs {
   position: relative;
   display: block;
@@ -868,6 +863,7 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   margin: 0;
   padding: 0;
   display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
   margin-bottom: -1px;
 }
 @media (max-width: 413px) {
@@ -877,22 +873,23 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   }
 }
 .post-body .tabs ul.nav-tabs li.tab {
-  list-style-type: none !important;
-  margin: 0 0.25em 0 0;
+  flex-grow: 1;
+  list-style-type: none;
   border-top: 3px solid transparent;
-  border-left: 1px solid transparent;
   border-right: 1px solid transparent;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+  border-left: 1px solid transparent;
 }
 @media (max-width: 413px) {
   .post-body .tabs ul.nav-tabs li.tab {
-    margin: initial;
     border-top: 1px solid transparent;
-    border-left: 3px solid transparent;
     border-right: 1px solid transparent;
     border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
+    border-left: 3px solid transparent;
   }
 }
 .post-body .tabs ul.nav-tabs li.tab a {
+  text-align: center;
   outline: 0;
   border-bottom: initial;
   display: block;
@@ -907,34 +904,31 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 }
 .post-body .tabs ul.nav-tabs li.tab.active {
   border-top: 3px solid #fc6423;
-  border-left: 1px solid #ddd;
   border-right: 1px solid #ddd;
-  background-color: #fff;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
+  border-left: 1px solid #ddd;
 }
 @media (max-width: 413px) {
   .post-body .tabs ul.nav-tabs li.tab.active {
     border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
-    border-left: 3px solid #fc6423;
     border-right: 1px solid #ddd;
     border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-left: 3px solid #fc6423;
   }
 }
 .post-body .tabs ul.nav-tabs li.tab.active a {
   cursor: default;
   color: #555;
 }
-.post-body .tabs .tab-content {
-  background-color: #fff;
-}
 .post-body .tabs .tab-content .tab-pane {
   border: 1px solid #ddd;
   padding: 20px 20px 0 20px;
 }
 .post-body .tabs .tab-content .tab-pane:not(.active) {
-  display: none !important;
+  display: none;
 }
 .post-body .tabs .tab-content .tab-pane.active {
-  display: block !important;
+  display: block;
 }
 .btn {
   display: inline-block;
@@ -949,13 +943,20 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   transition-duration: 0.2s;
   transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;
   transition-delay: 0s;
+  line-height: 2;
 }
-.btn:hover,
-.post-button .btn:hover {
+.btn:hover {
   border-color: #222;
   color: #222;
   background: #fff;
 }
+.btn +.btn {
+  margin: 0 0 8px 8px;
+}
+.btn .fa-fw {
+  width: 1.285714285714286em;
+  text-align: left;
+}
 .btn-bar {
   display: block;
   width: 22px;
@@ -1042,13 +1043,6 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .comments {
   margin: 60px 20px 0;
 }
-.tag-cloud {
-  text-align: center;
-}
-.tag-cloud a {
-  display: inline-block;
-  margin: 10px;
-}
 .back-to-top {
   box-sizing: border-box;
   position: fixed;
@@ -1063,27 +1057,20 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   color: #fff;
   cursor: pointer;
   text-align: center;
-  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0);
   transition-property: bottom;
   transition-duration: 0.2s;
   transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;
   transition-delay: 0s;
 }
-@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
+.back-to-top.back-to-top-on {
+  bottom: 19px;
+}
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
   .back-to-top {
-    right: 20px;
-    opacity: 0.8;
+    opacity: $b2t-opacity-hover;
+    right: $b2t-position-right-mobile;
   }
 }
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
-  .back-to-top {
-    right: 20px;
-    opacity: 0.8;
-  }
-}
-.back-to-top.back-to-top-on {
-  bottom: 19px;
-}
 .header {
   background: transparent;
 }
@@ -1138,7 +1125,8 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 }
 .use-motion .logo,
 .use-motion .site-title,
-.use-motion .site-subtitle {
+.use-motion .site-subtitle,
+.use-motion .custom-logo-image {
   opacity: 0;
   position: relative;
   top: -10px;
@@ -1189,12 +1177,13 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   margin: 0 10px;
   list-style: none;
 }
-@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {
+@media (max-width: 767px) {
   .menu .menu-item {
     margin-top: 10px;
   }
 }
-.menu .menu-item a {
+.menu .menu-item a,
+.menu .menu-item span.exturl {
   display: block;
   font-size: 13px;
   line-height: inherit;
@@ -1204,7 +1193,8 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;
   transition-delay: 0s;
 }
-.menu .menu-item a:hover {
+.menu .menu-item a:hover,
+.menu .menu-item span.exturl:hover {
   border-bottom-color: #222;
 }
 .menu .menu-item .fa {
@@ -1213,20 +1203,83 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .use-motion .menu-item {
   opacity: 0;
 }
+.github-corner :hover .octo-arm {
+  animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
+}
+.github-corner > svg {
+  fill: #222;
+  color: #fff;
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  border: 0;
+  right: 0;
+}
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
+  .github-corner .github-corner:hover .octo-arm {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+  .github-corner .github-corner .octo-arm {
+    animation: octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out;
+  }
+}
+@-moz-keyframes octocat-wave {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: rotate(0);
+  }
+  20%, 60% {
+    transform: rotate(-25deg);
+  }
+  40%, 80% {
+    transform: rotate(10deg);
+  }
+}
+@-webkit-keyframes octocat-wave {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: rotate(0);
+  }
+  20%, 60% {
+    transform: rotate(-25deg);
+  }
+  40%, 80% {
+    transform: rotate(10deg);
+  }
+}
+@-o-keyframes octocat-wave {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: rotate(0);
+  }
+  20%, 60% {
+    transform: rotate(-25deg);
+  }
+  40%, 80% {
+    transform: rotate(10deg);
+  }
+}
+@keyframes octocat-wave {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: rotate(0);
+  }
+  20%, 60% {
+    transform: rotate(-25deg);
+  }
+  40%, 80% {
+    transform: rotate(10deg);
+  }
+}
 .post-body {
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+  word-wrap: break-word;
   font-family: 'Lato', "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif;
 }
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
-  .post-body {
-    word-break: break-word;
-  }
+.post-body span.exturl .fa {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  margin-left: 4px;
 }
 .post-body .fancybox img {
   display: block !important;
   margin: 0 auto;
   cursor: pointer;
   cursor: zoom-in;
-  cursor: -webkit-zoom-in;
 }
 .post-body .image-caption,
 .post-body .figure .caption {
@@ -1240,11 +1293,6 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .post-sticky-flag {
   display: inline-block;
   font-size: 16px;
-  -ms-transform: rotate(30deg);
-  -webkit-transform: rotate(30deg);
-  -moz-transform: rotate(30deg);
-  -ms-transform: rotate(30deg);
-  -o-transform: rotate(30deg);
   transform: rotate(30deg);
 }
 .use-motion .post-block,
@@ -1268,23 +1316,22 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   .posts-expand {
     margin: 0 20px;
   }
-  .post-body pre .gutter pre {
-    padding-right: 10px;
-  }
   .post-body .highlight {
     margin-left: 0px;
     margin-right: 0px;
     padding: 0;
   }
-  .post-body .highlight .gutter pre {
-    padding-right: 10px;
-  }
 }
 @media (min-width: 992px) {
   .posts-expand .post-body {
     text-align: justify;
   }
 }
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
+  .posts-expand .post-body {
+    text-align: justify;
+  }
+}
 .posts-expand .post-body h2,
 .posts-expand .post-body h3,
 .posts-expand .post-body h4,
@@ -1317,18 +1364,12 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .posts-expand .post-body h6:hover .header-anchor {
   visibility: visible;
 }
-.posts-expand .post-body ul li {
-  list-style: disc;
-}
 .posts-expand .post-body img {
   box-sizing: border-box;
-  margin: auto;
+  margin: 0 auto 25px;
   padding: 3px;
   border: 1px solid #ddd;
 }
-.posts-expand .post-body .fancybox img {
-  margin: 0 auto 25px;
-}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   .posts-collapse {
     margin: 0 20px;
@@ -1437,7 +1478,8 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   margin-left: 3px;
   opacity: 0.6;
 }
-.posts-collapse .post-title a {
+.posts-collapse .post-title a,
+.posts-collapse .post-title span.exturl {
   color: #666;
   border-bottom: none;
 }
@@ -1448,8 +1490,9 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   display: none;
 }
 .posts-expand .post-title {
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+  word-wrap: break-word;
   text-align: center;
-  word-break: break-word;
   font-weight: 400;
 }
 .posts-expand .post-title-link {
@@ -1469,10 +1512,6 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   left: 0;
   background-color: #000;
   visibility: hidden;
-  -webkit-transform: scaleX(0);
-  -moz-transform: scaleX(0);
-  -ms-transform: scaleX(0);
-  -o-transform: scaleX(0);
   transform: scaleX(0);
   transition-duration: 0.2s;
   transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;
@@ -1480,14 +1519,11 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 }
 .posts-expand .post-title-link:hover::before {
   visibility: visible;
-  -webkit-transform: scaleX(1);
-  -moz-transform: scaleX(1);
-  -ms-transform: scaleX(1);
-  -o-transform: scaleX(1);
   transform: scaleX(1);
 }
 .posts-expand .post-title-link .fa {
-  font-size: 16px;
+  font-size: 20px;
+  margin-left: 5px;
 }
 .posts-expand .post-meta {
   margin: 3px 0 60px 0;
@@ -1496,64 +1532,37 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   font-size: 12px;
   text-align: center;
 }
-.posts-expand .post-meta .post-category-list {
-  display: inline-block;
-  margin: 0;
-  padding: 3px;
-}
-.posts-expand .post-meta .post-category-list-link {
-  color: #999;
-}
 .posts-expand .post-meta .post-description {
   font-size: 14px;
   margin-top: 2px;
 }
+.posts-expand .post-meta time {
+  border-bottom: 1px dashed #999;
+  cursor: help;
+}
 .post-meta-divider {
   margin: 0 0.5em;
 }
+.post-meta .post-meta-item + .post-meta-item::before {
+  content: "|";
+  margin: 0 0.5em;
+}
 .post-meta-item-icon {
   margin-right: 3px;
 }
-@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
-  .post-meta-item-icon {
-    display: inline-block;
-  }
-}
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
   .post-meta-item-icon {
     display: inline-block;
   }
 }
-@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
-  .post-meta-item-text {
-    display: none;
-  }
-}
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
   .post-meta-item-text {
     display: none;
   }
 }
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
-  .posts-expand .post-comments-count {
-    display: none;
-  }
-}
 .post-button {
   margin-top: 40px;
 }
-.post-button .btn {
-  color: #fff;
-  font-size: 14px;
-  background: #222;
-  border-radius: 0;
-  line-height: 2;
-  margin: 0 4px 8px 4px;
-}
-.post-button .fa-fw {
-  width: 1.285714285714286em;
-  text-align: left;
-}
 .posts-expand .post-tags {
   margin-top: 40px;
   text-align: center;
@@ -1595,33 +1604,29 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   top: 2px;
 }
 .post-nav-item .fa {
-  position: absolute;
-  top: 8px;
-  left: 0;
   font-size: 12px;
+  margin-right: 5px;
 }
 .post-nav-next a {
-  padding-left: 15px;
+  padding-left: 5px;
 }
 .post-nav-prev {
   text-align: right;
 }
 .post-nav-prev a {
-  padding-right: 15px;
+  padding-right: 5px;
 }
 .post-nav-prev .fa {
-  right: 0;
-  left: auto;
+  margin-left: 5px;
 }
 .posts-expand .post-eof {
-  display: block;
   margin: 80px auto 60px;
   width: 8%;
   height: 1px;
   background: #ccc;
   text-align: center;
 }
-.post:last-child .post-eof.post-eof.post-eof {
+.post:last-child .post-eof {
   display: none;
 }
 .post-gallery {
@@ -1648,133 +1653,84 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .fancybox-close:hover {
   border: none;
 }
-#rewardButton {
+#reward-container {
+  padding: 10px 0;
+  margin: 20px auto;
+  width: 90%;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+#reward-button {
   cursor: pointer;
   border: 0;
   outline: 0;
-  border-radius: 5px;
-  padding: 0;
+  display: inline-block;
+  vertical-align: text-top;
   margin: 0;
+  padding: 0 15px;
+  border-radius: 5px;
+  height: 32px;
+  line-height: 32px;
+  font-size: 16px;
+  color: #fff;
+  background: #f44336;
   letter-spacing: normal;
   text-transform: none;
   text-indent: 0px;
   text-shadow: none;
 }
-#rewardButton span {
-  display: inline-block;
-  width: 80px;
-  height: 35px;
-  border-radius: 5px;
-  color: #fff;
-  font-weight: 400;
-  font-style: normal;
-  font-variant: normal;
-  font-stretch: normal;
-  font-size: 18px;
-  font-family: "Microsoft Yahei";
-  background: #f44336;
-}
-#rewardButton span:hover {
+#reward-button span:hover {
   background: #f7877f;
 }
-#QR {
+#qr {
   padding-top: 20px;
 }
-#QR a {
+#qr a {
   border: 0;
 }
-#QR img {
+#qr img {
   width: 180px;
   max-width: 100%;
   display: inline-block;
   margin: 0.8em 2em 0 2em;
 }
-#wechat:hover p {
-  animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
-  -webkit-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
-  -moz-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
-}
-#alipay:hover p {
-  animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
-  -webkit-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
-  -moz-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
+#qr p {
+  text-align: center;
 }
-#bitcoin:hover p {
+#qr > div:hover p {
   animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
-  -webkit-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
-  -moz-animation: roll 0.1s infinite linear;
 }
 @-moz-keyframes roll {
   from {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(30deg);
   }
   to {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
   }
 }
 @-webkit-keyframes roll {
   from {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(30deg);
   }
   to {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
   }
 }
 @-o-keyframes roll {
   from {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(30deg);
   }
   to {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
   }
 }
 @keyframes roll {
   from {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(30deg);
   }
   to {
-    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -moz-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -ms-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
-    -o-transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
     transform: rotateZ(-30deg);
   }
 }
-.post-copyright {
-  margin: 2em 0 0;
-  padding: 0.5em 1em;
-  border-left: 3px solid #ff1700;
-  background-color: #f9f9f9;
-  list-style: none;
-}
 .rtl.post-body p,
 .rtl.post-body a,
 .rtl.post-body h1,
@@ -1801,14 +1757,21 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   z-index: 1040;
   box-shadow: inset 0 2px 6px #000;
   background: #222;
-  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0);
 }
-.sidebar a {
+.sidebar a,
+.sidebar span.exturl {
   color: #999;
   border-bottom-color: #555;
 }
-.sidebar a:hover {
+.sidebar a:hover,
+.sidebar span.exturl:hover {
   color: #eee;
+  border-bottom-color: #eee;
+}
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
+  .sidebar {
+    display: none;
+  }
 }
 .sidebar-inner {
   position: relative;
@@ -1823,6 +1786,20 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   overflow-y: auto;
   overflow-x: hidden;
 }
+.cc-license {
+  margin-top: 10px;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.cc-license .cc-opacity {
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  border-bottom: none;
+}
+.cc-license .cc-opacity:hover {
+  opacity: 0.9;
+}
+.cc-license img {
+  display: inline-block;
+}
 .sidebar-toggle {
   position: fixed;
   right: 30px;
@@ -1834,18 +1811,12 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   line-height: 0;
   z-index: 1050;
   cursor: pointer;
-  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0);
-}
-@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
-  .sidebar-toggle {
-    right: 20px;
-    opacity: 0.8;
-  }
 }
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
+@media (max-width: 991px) {
   .sidebar-toggle {
-    right: 20px;
-    opacity: 0.8;
+    opacity: $b2t-opacity-hover;
+    right: $b2t-position-right-mobile;
+    display: none;
   }
 }
 .sidebar-toggle-line {
@@ -1867,6 +1838,7 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   max-width: 96px;
   height: auto;
   border: 2px solid #333;
+  opacity: 1;
 }
 .site-author-name {
   margin: 5px 0 0;
@@ -1880,59 +1852,11 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   font-size: 14px;
   color: #999;
 }
-.site-state {
-  overflow: hidden;
-  line-height: 1.4;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  text-align: center;
-}
-.site-state-item {
-  display: inline-block;
-  padding: 0 15px;
-  border-left: 1px solid #333;
-}
-.site-state-item:first-child {
-  border-left: none;
-}
-.site-state-item a {
-  border-bottom: none;
-}
-.site-state-item-count {
-  display: block;
-  text-align: center;
-  color: inherit;
-  font-weight: 600;
-  font-size: 18px;
-}
-.site-state-item-name {
-  font-size: 13px;
-  color: inherit;
-}
-.feed-link {
-  margin-top: 20px;
-}
-.feed-link a {
-  display: inline-block;
-  padding: 0 15px;
-  color: #fc6423;
-  border: 1px solid #fc6423;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-}
-.feed-link a i {
-  color: #fc6423;
-  font-size: 14px;
-}
-.feed-link a:hover {
-  color: #fff;
-  background: #fc6423;
-}
-.feed-link a:hover i {
-  color: #fff;
-}
 .links-of-author {
   margin-top: 20px;
 }
-.links-of-author a {
+.links-of-author a,
+.links-of-author span.exturl {
   display: inline-block;
   vertical-align: middle;
   margin-right: 10px;
@@ -1940,7 +1864,8 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   border-bottom-color: #555;
   font-size: 13px;
 }
-.links-of-author a:before {
+.links-of-author a:before,
+.links-of-author span.exturl:before {
   display: inline-block;
   vertical-align: middle;
   margin-right: 3px;
@@ -1948,13 +1873,40 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   width: 4px;
   height: 4px;
   border-radius: 50%;
-  background: #b4c4df;
+  background: #5d81ff;
+}
+.feed-link,
+.chat {
+  margin-top: 10px;
+}
+.feed-link a,
+.chat a {
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: 0 15px;
+  color: #fc6423;
+  border: 1px solid #fc6423 !important;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+}
+.feed-link a i,
+.chat a i {
+  color: #fc6423;
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+.feed-link a:hover,
+.chat a:hover {
+  color: #fff;
+  background: #fc6423;
+}
+.feed-link a:hover i,
+.chat a:hover i {
+  color: #fff;
 }
 .links-of-blogroll {
+  margin-top: 10px;
   font-size: 13px;
 }
 .links-of-blogroll-title {
-  margin-top: 20px;
+  margin-top: 0;
   font-size: 14px;
   font-weight: 600;
 }
@@ -1966,7 +1918,8 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .links-of-blogroll-item {
   padding: 2px 10px;
 }
-.links-of-blogroll-item a {
+.links-of-blogroll-item a,
+.links-of-blogroll-item span.exturl {
   max-width: 280px;
   box-sizing: border-box;
   display: inline-block;
@@ -2007,6 +1960,36 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .sidebar-panel-active {
   display: block;
 }
+.site-state {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  text-align: center;
+  margin-top: 10px;
+}
+.site-state-item {
+  padding: 0 15px;
+  border-left: 1px solid #333;
+}
+.site-state-item:first-child {
+  border-left: none;
+}
+.site-state-item a {
+  border-bottom: none;
+}
+.site-state-item-count {
+  display: block;
+  text-align: center;
+  color: inherit;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+.site-state-item-name {
+  font-size: 13px;
+  color: inherit;
+}
 .post-toc-empty {
   font-size: 14px;
   color: #666;
@@ -2067,32 +2050,6 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .post-toc .nav .active-current > a:hover {
   color: #87daff;
 }
-.sidebar-active #sidebar-dimmer {
-  opacity: 0.7;
-  -webkit-transform: translateX(-150%);
-  -webkit-transform: translateX(-150%);
-  -moz-transform: translateX(-150%);
-  -ms-transform: translateX(-150%);
-  -o-transform: translateX(-150%);
-  transform: translateX(-150%);
-  transition: opacity 0.2s;
-}
-#sidebar-dimmer {
-  display: none;
-  position: absolute;
-  top: 0;
-  left: 100%;
-  width: 200%;
-  height: 100%;
-  background: #000;
-  opacity: 0;
-  transition: opacity 0.2s, transform 0s 0.2s;
-}
-@media (max-width: 767px) {
-  #sidebar-dimmer {
-    display: block;
-  }
-}
 .footer {
   font-size: 14px;
   color: #999;
@@ -2106,284 +2063,67 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .with-love {
   display: inline-block;
   margin: 0 5px;
+  color: #ff0000;
 }
 .powered-by,
 .theme-info {
   display: inline-block;
 }
-.cc-license {
-  margin-top: 10px;
-  text-align: center;
-}
-.cc-license .cc-opacity {
-  opacity: 0.7;
-  border-bottom: none;
-}
-.cc-license .cc-opacity:hover {
-  opacity: 0.9;
-}
-.cc-license img {
-  display: inline-block;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset {
-  color: #555;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-replybox {
-  margin-bottom: 30px;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-replybox .ds-avatar,
-.theme-next #ds-reset .ds-avatar img {
-  box-shadow: none;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-textarea-wrapper {
-  border-color: #c7d4e1;
-  background: none;
-  border-top-right-radius: 3px;
-  border-top-left-radius: 3px;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-textarea-wrapper textarea {
-  height: 60px;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-reset .ds-rounded-top {
-  border-radius: 0;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-post-toolbar {
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-  border: 1px solid #c7d4e1;
-  background: #f6f8fa;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-post-options {
-  height: 40px;
-  border: none;
-  background: none;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-toolbar-buttons {
-  top: 11px;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-sync {
-  top: 5px;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-post-button {
-  top: 4px;
-  right: 5px;
-  width: 90px;
-  height: 30px;
-  border: 1px solid #c5ced7;
-  border-radius: 3px;
-  background-image: linear-gradient(#fbfbfc, #f5f7f9);
-  color: #60676d;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-post-button:hover {
-  background-position: 0 -30px;
-  color: #60676d;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-comments-info {
-  padding: 10px 0;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-sort {
-  display: none;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset li.ds-tab a.ds-current {
-  border: none;
-  background: #f6f8fa;
-  color: #60676d;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset li.ds-tab a.ds-current:hover {
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-  color: #999;
-  line-height: 36px;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-login-buttons .ds-service-list li {
-  height: 28px;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list a {
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-  background: #fc9b00;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-qq {
-  color: #60a3ec;
-  border-color: #60a3ec;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-qq:hover {
-  background: #60a3ec;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-renren {
-  color: #2e7ac4;
-  border-color: #2e7ac4;
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-  background: #2e7ac4;
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-  color: #37994c;
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-  background: #37994c;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-kaixin {
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-kaixin:hover {
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-  background: #ffcb05;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-baidu {
-  color: #2831e0;
-  border-color: #2831e0;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-baidu:hover {
-  background: #2831e0;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-google {
-  color: #166bec;
-  border-color: #166bec;
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-  background: #166bec;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-weixin {
-  color: #00ce0d;
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-weixin:hover {
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-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-more-services {
-  border: none;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-thread #ds-reset .ds-service-list .ds-more-services:hover {
-  background: none;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-reset .duoshuo-ua-admin {
-  display: inline-block;
-  color: #f00;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-reset .duoshuo-ua-platform,
-.theme-next #ds-reset .duoshuo-ua-browser {
-  color: #ccc;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-reset .duoshuo-ua-platform .fa,
-.theme-next #ds-reset .duoshuo-ua-browser .fa {
-  display: inline-block;
-  margin-right: 3px;
-}
-.theme-next #ds-reset .duoshuo-ua-separator {
-  display: inline-block;
-  margin-left: 5px;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua {
-  background-color: #ccc !important;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  padding: 0 5px !important;
-  margin: 1px 1px !important;
-  border: 1px solid #bbb !important;
-  color: #fff;
-  display: inline-block !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.admin {
-  background-color: #d9534f !important;
-  border-color: #d9534f !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.platform.iOS,
-.theme-next .this_ua.platform.Mac,
-.theme-next .this_ua.platform.Windows {
-  background-color: #39b3d7 !important;
-  border-color: #46b8da !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.platform.Linux {
-  background-color: #3a3a3a !important;
-  border-color: #1f1f1f !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.platform.Android {
-  background-color: #00c47d !important;
-  border-color: #01b171 !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.Mobile,
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.Chrome {
-  background-color: #5cb85c !important;
-  border-color: #4cae4c !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.Firefox {
-  background-color: #f0ad4e !important;
-  border-color: #eea236 !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.Maxthon,
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.IE {
-  background-color: #428bca !important;
-  border-color: #357ebd !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.baidu,
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.UCBrowser,
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.Opera {
-  background-color: #d9534f !important;
-  border-color: #d43f3a !important;
-}
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.Android,
-.theme-next .this_ua.browser.QQBrowser {
-  background-color: #78ace9 !important;
-  border-color: #4cae4c !important;
-}
-.post-spread {
-  margin-top: 20px;
-  text-align: center;
-}
-.jiathis_style {
-  display: inline-block;
-}
-.jiathis_style a {
-  border: none;
-}
-.fa {
-  font-family: FontAwesome !important;
-}
-.post-spread {
-  margin-top: 20px;
-  text-align: center;
+@-moz-keyframes iconAnimate {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+  10%, 30% {
+    transform: scale(0.9);
+  }
+  20%, 40%, 60%, 80% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
+  50%, 70% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
 }
-.bdshare-slide-button-box a {
-  border: none;
+@-webkit-keyframes iconAnimate {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+  10%, 30% {
+    transform: scale(0.9);
+  }
+  20%, 40%, 60%, 80% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
+  50%, 70% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
 }
-.bdsharebuttonbox {
-  display: inline-block;
+@-o-keyframes iconAnimate {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+  10%, 30% {
+    transform: scale(0.9);
+  }
+  20%, 40%, 60%, 80% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
+  50%, 70% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
 }
-.bdsharebuttonbox a {
-  border: none;
+@keyframes iconAnimate {
+  0%, 100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+  10%, 30% {
+    transform: scale(0.9);
+  }
+  20%, 40%, 60%, 80% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
+  50%, 70% {
+    transform: scale(1.1);
+  }
 }
 .local-search-pop-overlay {
   position: fixed;
@@ -2488,30 +2228,40 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   position: absolute;
   left: 50%;
   top: 50%;
-  -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
-  -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
-  -moz-transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
-  -ms-transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
-  -o-transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
   transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
   color: #ccc;
 }
-.site-uv,
-.site-pv,
-.page-pv {
+.copy-btn {
   display: inline-block;
+  padding: 6px 12px;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  line-height: 20px;
+  color: #333;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  background-color: #eee;
+  background-image: linear-gradient(#fcfcfc, #eee);
+  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  user-select: none;
+  outline: 0;
 }
-.site-uv .busuanzi-value,
-.site-pv .busuanzi-value,
-.page-pv .busuanzi-value {
-  margin: 0 5px;
+.highlight-wrap .copy-btn {
+  transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out;
+  opacity: 0;
+  padding: 2px 6px;
+  position: absolute;
+  right: 4px;
+  top: 8px;
 }
-.site-uv {
-  margin-right: 10px;
+.highlight-wrap:hover .copy-btn,
+.highlight-wrap .copy-btn:focus {
+  opacity: 1;
 }
-.site-uv::after {
-  content: "|";
-  padding-left: 10px;
+.highlight-wrap {
+  position: relative;
 }
 .page-archive .archive-page-counter {
   position: relative;
@@ -2535,6 +2285,10 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   border: 1px solid #fff;
   border-radius: 50%;
 }
+.page-archive .fa-external-link {
+  font-size: 15px;
+  margin-left: 5px;
+}
 .category-all-page .category-all-title {
   text-align: center;
 }
@@ -2563,14 +2317,14 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .category-all-page .category-list-child {
   padding-left: 10px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list {
+#event-list {
   padding-left: 30px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list hr {
+#event-list hr {
   margin: 20px 0 45px 0 !important;
   background: #222;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list hr:after {
+#event-list hr:after {
   display: inline-block;
   content: 'NOW';
   background: #222;
@@ -2579,17 +2333,17 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   text-align: right;
   padding: 0 5px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event {
+#event-list li.event {
   margin: 20px 0px;
   background: #f9f9f9;
   padding-left: 10px;
   min-height: 40px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event h2.event-summary {
+#event-list li.event h2.event-summary {
   margin: 0;
   padding-bottom: 3px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event h2.event-summary:before {
+#event-list li.event h2.event-summary:before {
   display: inline-block;
   font-family: FontAwesome;
   font-size: 8px;
@@ -2598,14 +2352,14 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   margin-right: 25px;
   color: #bbb;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event span.event-relative-time {
+#event-list li.event span.event-relative-time {
   display: inline-block;
   font-size: 12px;
   font-weight: 400;
   padding-left: 12px;
   color: #bbb;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event span.event-details {
+#event-list li.event span.event-details {
   display: block;
   color: #bbb;
   margin-left: 56px;
@@ -2614,7 +2368,7 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   text-indent: -24px;
   line-height: 18px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event span.event-details:before {
+#event-list li.event span.event-details:before {
   text-indent: 0;
   display: inline-block;
   width: 14px;
@@ -2623,110 +2377,88 @@ pre .javascript .function {
   margin-right: 9px;
   color: #bbb;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event span.event-details.event-location:before {
+#event-list li.event span.event-details.event-location:before {
   content: '\f041';
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event span.event-details.event-duration:before {
+#event-list li.event span.event-details.event-duration:before {
   content: '\f017';
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event-past {
+#event-list li.event-past {
   background: #fcfcfc;
+  padding: 15px 0 15px 10px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event-past > * {
-  opacity: 0.6;
+#event-list li.event-past > * {
+  opacity: 0.9;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event-past h2.event-summary {
+#event-list li.event-past h2.event-summary {
   color: #bbb;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event-past h2.event-summary:before {
+#event-list li.event-past h2.event-summary:before {
   color: #dfdfdf;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event-now {
+#event-list li.event-now {
+  background: #222;
+  color: #fff;
+  padding: 15px 0 15px 10px;
+}
+#event-list li.event-now h2.event-summary:before {
+  transform: scale(1.2);
+  color: #fff;
+  animation: dot-flash 1s alternate infinite ease-in-out;
+}
+#event-list li.event-now * {
+  color: #fff !important;
+}
+#event-list li.event-future {
   background: #222;
   color: #fff;
   padding: 15px 0 15px 10px;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event-now h2.event-summary:before {
-  -webkit-transform: scale(1.2);
-  -moz-transform: scale(1.2);
-  -ms-transform: scale(1.2);
-  -o-transform: scale(1.2);
+#event-list li.event-future h2.event-summary:before {
   transform: scale(1.2);
   color: #fff;
   animation: dot-flash 1s alternate infinite ease-in-out;
 }
-#schedule ul#event-list li.event-now * {
+#event-list li.event-future * {
   color: #fff !important;
 }
 @-moz-keyframes dot-flash {
   from {
     opacity: 1;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1.1);
     transform: scale(1.1);
   }
   to {
     opacity: 0;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1);
     transform: scale(1);
   }
 }
 @-webkit-keyframes dot-flash {
   from {
     opacity: 1;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1.1);
     transform: scale(1.1);
   }
   to {
     opacity: 0;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1);
     transform: scale(1);
   }
 }
 @-o-keyframes dot-flash {
   from {
     opacity: 1;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1.1);
     transform: scale(1.1);
   }
   to {
     opacity: 0;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1);
     transform: scale(1);
   }
 }
 @keyframes dot-flash {
   from {
     opacity: 1;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1.1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1.1);
     transform: scale(1.1);
   }
   to {
     opacity: 0;
-    -webkit-transform: scale(1);
-    -moz-transform: scale(1);
-    -ms-transform: scale(1);
-    -o-transform: scale(1);
     transform: scale(1);
   }
 }
@@ -2736,6 +2468,34 @@ pre .javascript .function {
 .page-post-detail .comments {
   overflow: hidden;
 }
+ul.breadcrumb {
+  list-style: none;
+  margin: 1em 0;
+  padding: 0 2em;
+  text-align: center;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+ul.breadcrumb li {
+  display: inline;
+}
+ul.breadcrumb li+li:before {
+  padding: 0.5em;
+  font-weight: normal;
+  content: "/\00a0";
+}
+ul.breadcrumb li+li:last-child {
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+.tag-cloud {
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.tag-cloud a {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin: 10px;
+}
+.tag-cloud a:hover {
+  color: #222 !important;
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   .header-inner,
   .container .main-inner,
@@ -2777,7 +2537,7 @@ embed {
     padding: 0;
     background: #fff;
     border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
-    z-index: 1;
+    z-index: 1030;
   }
 }
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
@@ -2785,6 +2545,19 @@ embed {
     text-align: left;
   }
 }
+.menu-item-active a,
+.menu .menu-item a:hover,
+.menu .menu-item span.exturl:hover {
+  border-bottom-color: #222 !important;
+  color: #222;
+}
+@media (max-width: 767px) {
+  .menu-item-active a,
+  .menu .menu-item a:hover,
+  .menu .menu-item span.exturl:hover {
+    border-bottom: 1px dotted #ddd !important;
+  }
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   .menu .menu-item {
     display: block;
@@ -2792,18 +2565,48 @@ embed {
     vertical-align: top;
   }
 }
+.menu .menu-item .badge {
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: 1px 4px;
+  margin-left: 5px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  line-height: 1;
+  text-align: center;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background-color: #eee;
+}
+@media (max-width: 767px) {
+  .menu .menu-item .badge {
+    float: right;
+    margin: 0.35em 0 0 0;
+  }
+}
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
   .menu .menu-item br {
     display: none;
   }
 }
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
-  .menu .menu-item a {
+  .menu .menu-item a,
+  .menu .menu-item span.exturl {
     padding: 5px 10px;
   }
 }
-.menu .menu-item .fa {
-  margin-right: 0;
+@media (hover: none) {
+  .menu .menu-item a:hover,
+  .menu .menu-item span.exturl:hover {
+    border-bottom-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
+  .menu .menu-item .fa {
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .menu .menu-item .fa {
+    width: 100%;
+  }
 }
 .site-search form {
   display: none;
@@ -2811,3 +2614,60 @@ embed {
 .links-of-blogroll-inline .links-of-blogroll-item {
   display: inline-block;
 }
+.site-meta {
+  float: none;
+}
+.menu {
+  float: none;
+}
+.logo-line-before,
+.logo-line-after {
+  display: none;
+}
+.menu .menu-item a {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  color: #0f2e41;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+}
+.site-meta {
+  margin-left: 0px;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.site-meta .site-title {
+  font-size: 28px;
+  font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif;
+  color: #fff;
+}
+.post {
+  margin-top: 60px;
+  margin-bottom: 60px;
+  padding: 25px;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 14px rgba(202,203,203,0.5);
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 14px rgba(202,203,204,0.5);
+}
+.post-button {
+  margin-top: 30px;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.post-button .btn {
+  color: #fff;
+  font-size: 15px;
+  background: #686868;
+  border-radius: 16px;
+  line-height: 2;
+  margin: 0 4px 8px 4px;
+  padding: 0 20px;
+}
+.post-button a:hover {
+  color: #686868;
+  background: #fff;
+}
+.footer {
+  background: none;
+  font-size: 16px;
+}
+.footer-inner {
+  font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif;
+  text-align: center;
+  color: #4c618f;
+}
diff --git a/first/index.html b/first/index.html
index aaad2b51..a4457700 100644
--- a/first/index.html
+++ b/first/index.html
@@ -2,16 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +10,26 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,46 +46,68 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 <meta property="og:type" content="website">
 <meta property="og:title" content="first">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/first/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2017-11-25T08:54:57.691Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="first">
@@ -95,51 +115,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/first/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>first | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/first/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>first | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +308,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +322,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -273,10 +353,18 @@
     <div class="post-block page">
       <header class="post-header">
 
-	<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
+<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first
+
+</h1>
+
+<div class="post-meta">
+  
+  
 
 
 
+</div>
+
 </header>
 
       
@@ -293,6 +381,10 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
       
     </div>
     
+
+
+
+    
     
     
   </div>
@@ -301,11 +393,10 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
   
 
 
+
         </div>
         
           
@@ -319,63 +410,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -386,122 +539,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -509,9 +673,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -519,6 +686,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -527,24 +695,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -560,14 +763,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -581,10 +791,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -596,85 +804,63 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
 
 
 
-  
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-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
 
-
-
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
-
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-	
-
-
+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
+  
 
 
-
+  
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -723,6 +909,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -756,8 +944,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -926,9 +1115,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -998,21 +1187,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
 
   
 
@@ -1022,5 +1198,60 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">first</h1>
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
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+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/images/980.jpg b/images/980.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d940f90
Binary files /dev/null and b/images/980.jpg differ
diff --git a/images/apple-touch-icon.png b/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png
similarity index 100%
rename from images/apple-touch-icon.png
rename to images/apple-touch-icon-next.png
diff --git a/images/avatar.gif b/images/avatar.gif
index 98990257..28411fd0 100644
Binary files a/images/avatar.gif and b/images/avatar.gif differ
diff --git a/images/favicon-16x16.png b/images/favicon-16x16-next.png
similarity index 100%
rename from images/favicon-16x16.png
rename to images/favicon-16x16-next.png
diff --git a/images/favicon-32x32.png b/images/favicon-32x32-next.png
similarity index 100%
rename from images/favicon-32x32.png
rename to images/favicon-32x32-next.png
diff --git a/images/header.jpg b/images/header.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bb7bec4
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diff --git a/images/searchicon.png b/images/searchicon.png
index 14a16cad..7c21ed01 100644
Binary files a/images/searchicon.png and b/images/searchicon.png differ
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 072e518a..46dfdf37 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
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-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left 
   page-home">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +292,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
   <section id="posts" class="posts-expand">
@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/" itemprop="url">做练习题理解Python中的对象</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Docker入坑指南</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-06-18T19:01:43+08:00">
-                2019-06-18
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-12-02 15:21:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-12-02T15:21:39+08:00">2019-12-02</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2020-01-17 14:57:47" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2020-01-17T14:57:47+08:00">2020-01-17</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  651
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -382,18 +445,29 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          练习112345678910111213141516#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def extendList(val, list=[]):    list.append(val)    return listlist1 = extendL
-          ...
+            <p>
+              产生背景：
+
+开发人员将测试并运行正常的代码，交给运维人员部署后，部署失败，这就导致了开发人员和运维人员之间因为环境的不同出现很多矛盾，因此慢慢地出现了 DevOps 的概念。所谓的环境不同，指的是不同的操作系统、软件环境、组件版本、应用配置等。
+
+在集群环境下，每台服务器都需要配置相同的环境，配置
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -401,6 +475,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -432,20 +509,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -456,32 +535,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">Python的内置函数</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python中的必考问题3</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00">
-                2019-03-17
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-06-20 13:41:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-06-20T13:41:23+08:00">2019-06-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-03 21:52:58" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-03T21:52:58+08:00">2019-08-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -489,37 +593,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,655
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  7
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -539,23 +615,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          内置函数整理https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.7/library/functions.html#func-set
-梳理作用域相关
-基于字典的形式获取局部变量和全局变量 
-
-locals() 获取全局变量的字典 
-globals() 获取执行本方法所在命名空间内的局部变量
-          ...
+            <p>
+              考虑下列代码片段：
+ls = [[]] * 5print(ls)  # output?ls[0].append(10)print(ls)  # output?ls[1].append(20)print(ls)  # output?ls.append(30)print(ls)  # output?
+第
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -563,6 +643,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -594,20 +677,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -618,32 +703,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" itemprop="url">Python的生成器和迭代器</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python中的必考问题2</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-16T08:15:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-16
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-06-19 17:41:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-06-19T17:41:35+08:00">2019-06-19</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-11 17:51:25" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-11T17:51:25+08:00">2019-07-11</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -651,37 +761,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  4,011
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  17
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -701,23 +783,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          部分内容转自：
-
-http://python.jobbole.com/87805/
-https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/
-
-概要在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(itera
-          ...
+            <p>
+              下面这段代码的输出结果将是什么？请解释。
+ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for ls[-2] in ls:    print(ls[-2])
+上面代码输出结果将是：
+12335
+画图来分步理解一下：
+ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+创建对象引用，变量 ls 指向一个列表对象，列表
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -725,6 +815,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -756,20 +849,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -780,32 +875,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python中的必考问题1</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00">
-                2019-03-15
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-06-18 19:01:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-06-18T19:01:43+08:00">2019-06-18</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-11 17:51:33" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-11T17:51:33+08:00">2019-07-11</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -813,37 +933,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  926
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -863,27 +955,35 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          匿名函数 lambda匿名函数的命名规则，用 lamdba 关键字标识，冒号 : 左侧表示函数接收的参数（a,b） , 冒号 : 右侧表示函数的返回值（a+b）。
-因为 lamdba 在创建时不需要命名，不需要显式地指定函数 ，所以叫匿名函数
-普通函数与匿名函数的对比：
-12345678910111
-          ...
+            <p>
+              下面这段代码的输出结果是什么？请解释。
+def extendList(val, list=[]):    list.append(val)    return listlist1 = extendList(10)list2 = extendList(123, [])list3 = extendLis
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
 
     
-
+
+    
+      
+    
     
 
     
@@ -916,20 +1016,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -940,32 +1042,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">Python中的闭包和装饰器</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的类和对象的初识</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-15T17:55:27+08:00">
-                2019-03-15
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-30 09:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-30T09:01:19+08:00">2019-03-30</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-09 12:38:41" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-09T12:38:41+08:00">2019-08-09</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -973,37 +1100,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,864
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  17
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1023,21 +1122,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          基本要点函数即对象
-函数名的本质就是一个变量，保存了函数所在的内存地址
-
-12345678910def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'):    with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr:        
-          ...
+            <p>
+              类类是面向对象的重要内容，可以把类当成一种自定义类型，可以使用类来定义变量，也可以使用类来创建对象。
+定义类在面向对象的程序设计过程中有两个重要概念： 类（ class ）和对象（ object ，也被称为实例，instance ），其中类是某一批对象的抽象，可以把类理解成某种概念；对象才是一个具体
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1045,6 +1149,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1076,20 +1183,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1100,32 +1209,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" itemprop="url">Python的高阶函数</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的序列化模块</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-14T16:38:16+08:00">
-                2019-03-14
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-24 17:21:15" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-24T17:21:15+08:00">2019-03-24</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-11 14:30:47" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-11T14:30:47+08:00">2019-07-11</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1133,37 +1267,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,113
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1183,19 +1289,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          函数式编程函数是 Python 内建支持的一种封装，我们通过把大段代码拆成函数，通过一层一层的函数调用，就可以把复杂任务分解成简单的任务，这种分解可以称之为面向过程的程序设计。函数就是面向过程的程序设计的基本单元。
-函数式编程中的函数这个术语不是指计算机中的函数，而是指数学中的函数，即自变量的映射。
-          ...
+            <p>
+              什么是序列化在程序运行的过程中，所有的变量存储的数据都是加载在内存中，一旦程序结束，数据所占用的内存就被操作系统全部回收。各种类型的数据从内存中变成可存储或传输的过程称之为序列化，序列化之后，就可以把序列化后的内容写入磁盘，或者通过网络传输到别的机器上。反过来，把数据内容从序列化的对象重新读到内存里
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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+
+    
+
     
     
     
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+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/23/090143-Python的os和sys模块/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -1258,32 +1375,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/" itemprop="url">Python的函数</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/23/090143-Python的os和sys模块/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的os和sys模块</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
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+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-13T11:08:51+08:00">
-                2019-03-13
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-23 09:01:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-23T09:01:43+08:00">2019-03-23</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-08 16:07:57" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-08T16:07:57+08:00">2019-07-08</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1291,37 +1433,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,597
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-              
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-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  15
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1341,25 +1455,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          函数及特性
-定义：函数是指将一组语句的集合通过一个名字(函数名)封装起来，要想执行这个函数，只需调用其函数名即可
+            <p>
+              osos 模块是与操作系统交互的一个接口，它提供了一些方便使用操作系统相关功能的函数。
+关于这些函数的可用性的说明：
 
-特性：
-
-减少重复代码，提高应用的模块性和代码的重复利用率，用来实现单一，或相关联功能
-可扩展性：方便修改，更容易扩展代码的功能
-保持代码的一致性，修改函数功能之后所有调用函数的地方都
-          ...
+所有 Python 内建的操作系统相关的模块的设计都是为了使得在同一功能可用的情况下，保持接口的一致性；例如，函数 os.stat(path) 以相同的格式返回关于 path 的统
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/23/090143-Python的os和sys模块/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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+
+    
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/22/112119-Python的random模块/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -1422,32 +1544,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/" itemprop="url">Python对文件的操作</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/22/112119-Python的random模块/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的random模块</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-11T12:41:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-11
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-22 11:21:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-22T11:21:19+08:00">2019-03-22</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-07 21:44:01" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-07T21:44:01+08:00">2019-07-07</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1455,37 +1602,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,665
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  14
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1505,19 +1624,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Python的文件操作什么是IO在计算机中 I/O 是指 Input/Output，即 Stream (流)的输入和输出，输入和输出是相对于内存来说的。程序运行时数据都驻留在在内存当中，由 CPU 这个超快的计算机核心来执行，涉及到数据交换的地方，通常是磁盘、网络操作就需要 IO 接口。
-在 IO 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              random() 方法返回随机生成的一个实数，它在 (0, 1) 范围内。
+&gt;&gt;&gt; import random&gt;&gt;&gt; # 随机小数&gt;&gt;&gt; random.random()      # 大于0且小于1之间的随机小数0.766433866365458
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/22/112119-Python的random模块/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1525,6 +1651,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1580,32 +1711,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/" itemprop="url">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的时间模块</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-10
-              </time>
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-21 15:01:15" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-21T15:01:15+08:00">2019-03-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-11 14:17:35" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-11T14:17:35+08:00">2019-07-11</time>
+              </span>
             
-          </span>
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1613,37 +1769,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,330
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
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-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  10
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1663,19 +1791,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在平常运维工作中，难免会有一些修改服务配置文件的操作，为了安全和可以回滚起见，我们习惯性的会将源配置文件做一个拷贝，这样以来即便配置文件参数被修改错了也没事，可以快速从备份的副本还原回来。
-同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，
-          ...
+            <p>
+              时间术语解释epoch
+假设我们要将时间表示成毫秒数，比方说1000000毫秒，那有一个问题必须解决，这个1000000毫秒的起点是什么时间，也就是我们的时间基准点是什么时间？好比身高1.8米，是指相对于站立的地面来说的。这个时间基准点就是 epoch，在 Unix 系统中，这个基准点就是1970年
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
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+
+    
+
     
     
     
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+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/20/154147-Python的collections模块/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
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@@ -1738,32 +1878,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-集合</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/20/154147-Python的collections模块/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的collections模块</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-09T08:21:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-09
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-20 15:41:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-20T15:41:47+08:00">2019-03-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-07 18:30:07" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-07T18:30:07+08:00">2019-07-07</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1771,37 +1936,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  902
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1821,23 +1958,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          集合Python提供了两种内置的集合类型：可变的 set 类型，固定的 frozenset 类型
-
-可变集合(set)：可添加和删除元素，非可哈希的，不能用作字典的键，也不能做其他集合的元素
-不可变集合(frozenset)：与上面恰恰相反
-
-只有可哈希运算的对象可以添加到集合中，所有内置固定数据类
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在内置数据类型（dict、list、set、tuple）的基础上，collections 模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型：Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple 和 OrderedDict 等。
+namedtuplenamedtuple 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/20/154147-Python的collections模块/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1845,6 +1985,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1872,7 +2015,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/2/">2</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/2/">2</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1880,9 +2023,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1896,63 +2036,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1963,122 +2165,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2086,9 +2299,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2096,6 +2312,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2104,24 +2321,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2137,14 +2389,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -2158,10 +2417,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -2173,81 +2430,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -2296,6 +2529,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2329,8 +2564,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -2499,9 +2735,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -2571,25 +2807,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/js/affix.js b/js/affix.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..240e43a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js/affix.js
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+ * Bootstrap: affix.js v3.3.5
+ * http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#affix
+ * ========================================================================
+ * Copyright 2011-2015 Twitter, Inc.
+ * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
+ * ======================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Customized by Ivan.Nginx
+ *
+ * - Refactored with eslint-config-theme-next style.
+ */
+
+(function($) {
+  'use strict';
+
+  // AFFIX CLASS DEFINITION
+  // ======================
+
+  var Affix = function(element, options) {
+    this.options = $.extend({}, Affix.DEFAULTS, options);
+
+    this.$target = $(this.options.target)
+      .on('scroll.bs.affix.data-api', $.proxy(this.checkPosition, this))
+      .on('click.bs.affix.data-api',  $.proxy(this.checkPositionWithEventLoop, this));
+
+    this.$element     = $(element);
+    this.affixed      = null;
+    this.unpin        = null;
+    this.pinnedOffset = null;
+
+    this.checkPosition();
+  };
+
+  Affix.VERSION  = '3.3.5';
+
+  Affix.RESET    = 'affix affix-top affix-bottom';
+
+  Affix.DEFAULTS = {
+    offset: 0,
+    target: window
+  };
+
+  Affix.prototype.getState = function(scrollHeight, height, offsetTop, offsetBottom) {
+    var scrollTop    = this.$target.scrollTop();
+    var position     = this.$element.offset();
+    var targetHeight = this.$target.height();
+
+    if (offsetTop != null && this.affixed === 'top') return scrollTop < offsetTop ? 'top' : false;
+
+    if (this.affixed === 'bottom') {
+      if (offsetTop != null) return scrollTop + this.unpin <= position.top ? false : 'bottom';
+      return scrollTop + targetHeight <= scrollHeight - offsetBottom ? false : 'bottom';
+    }
+
+    var initializing   = this.affixed == null;
+    var colliderTop    = initializing ? scrollTop : position.top;
+    var colliderHeight = initializing ? targetHeight : height;
+
+    if (offsetTop != null && scrollTop <= offsetTop) return 'top';
+    if (offsetBottom != null && (colliderTop + colliderHeight >= scrollHeight - offsetBottom)) return 'bottom';
+
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  Affix.prototype.getPinnedOffset = function() {
+    if (this.pinnedOffset) return this.pinnedOffset;
+    this.$element.removeClass(Affix.RESET).addClass('affix');
+    var scrollTop = this.$target.scrollTop();
+    var position  = this.$element.offset();
+    return (this.pinnedOffset = position.top - scrollTop);
+  };
+
+  Affix.prototype.checkPositionWithEventLoop = function() {
+    setTimeout($.proxy(this.checkPosition, this), 1);
+  };
+
+  Affix.prototype.checkPosition = function() {
+    if (!this.$element.is(':visible')) return;
+
+    var height       = this.$element.height();
+    var offset       = this.options.offset;
+    var offsetTop    = offset.top;
+    var offsetBottom = offset.bottom;
+    var scrollHeight = Math.max($(document).height(), $(document.body).height());
+
+    /* eslint-disable */
+    if (typeof offset !== 'object')         offsetBottom = offsetTop = offset;
+    if (typeof offsetTop === 'function')    offsetTop    = offset.top(this.$element);
+    if (typeof offsetBottom === 'function') offsetBottom = offset.bottom(this.$element);
+    /* eslint-enable */
+
+    var affix = this.getState(scrollHeight, height, offsetTop, offsetBottom);
+
+    if (this.affixed !== affix) {
+      if (this.unpin != null) this.$element.css('top', '');
+
+      var affixType = 'affix' + (affix ? '-' + affix : '');
+      var e         = new $.Event(affixType + '.bs.affix');
+
+      this.$element.trigger(e);
+
+      if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return;
+
+      this.affixed = affix;
+      this.unpin = affix === 'bottom' ? this.getPinnedOffset() : null;
+
+      this.$element
+        .removeClass(Affix.RESET)
+        .addClass(affixType)
+        .trigger(affixType.replace('affix', 'affixed') + '.bs.affix');
+    }
+
+    if (affix === 'bottom') {
+      this.$element.offset({
+        top: scrollHeight - height - offsetBottom
+      });
+    }
+  };
+
+  // AFFIX PLUGIN DEFINITION
+  // =======================
+
+  function Plugin(option) {
+    return this.each(function() {
+      var $this   = $(this);
+      var data    = $this.data('bs.affix');
+      var options = typeof option === 'object' && option;
+
+      if (!data) $this.data('bs.affix', data = new Affix(this, options));
+      if (typeof option === 'string') data[option]();
+    });
+  }
+
+  var old = $.fn.affix;
+
+  $.fn.affix             = Plugin;
+  $.fn.affix.Constructor = Affix;
+
+  // AFFIX NO CONFLICT
+  // =================
+
+  $.fn.affix.noConflict = function() {
+    $.fn.affix = old;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // AFFIX DATA-API
+  // ==============
+
+  $(window).on('load', function() {
+    $('[data-spy="affix"]').each(function() {
+      var $spy = $(this);
+      var data = $spy.data();
+
+      data.offset = data.offset || {};
+
+      /* eslint-disable */
+      if (data.offsetBottom != null) data.offset.bottom = data.offsetBottom;
+      if (data.offsetTop    != null) data.offset.top    = data.offsetTop;
+      /* eslint-enable */
+
+      Plugin.call($spy, data);
+    });
+  });
+
+}(jQuery));
diff --git a/js/algolia-search.js b/js/algolia-search.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06decd8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js/algolia-search.js
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/* global instantsearch, CONFIG */
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  var algoliaSettings = CONFIG.algolia;
+  var isAlgoliaSettingsValid = algoliaSettings.applicationID
+                            && algoliaSettings.apiKey
+                            && algoliaSettings.indexName;
+
+  if (!isAlgoliaSettingsValid) {
+    window.console.error('Algolia Settings are invalid.');
+    return;
+  }
+
+  var search = instantsearch({
+    appId         : algoliaSettings.applicationID,
+    apiKey        : algoliaSettings.apiKey,
+    indexName     : algoliaSettings.indexName,
+    searchFunction: function(helper) {
+      var searchInput = $('#algolia-search-input').find('input');
+
+      if (searchInput.val()) {
+        helper.search();
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  // Registering Widgets
+  [
+    instantsearch.widgets.searchBox({
+      container  : '#algolia-search-input',
+      placeholder: algoliaSettings.labels.input_placeholder
+    }),
+
+    instantsearch.widgets.hits({
+      container  : '#algolia-hits',
+      hitsPerPage: algoliaSettings.hits.per_page || 10,
+      templates  : {
+        item: function(data) {
+          var link = data.permalink ? data.permalink : CONFIG.root + data.path;
+          return (
+            '<a href="' + link + '" class="algolia-hit-item-link">'
+          + data._highlightResult.title.value
+          + '</a>'
+          );
+        },
+        empty: function(data) {
+          return (
+            '<div id="algolia-hits-empty">'
+          + algoliaSettings.labels.hits_empty.replace(/\$\{query}/, data.query)
+          + '</div>'
+          );
+        }
+      },
+      cssClasses: {
+        item: 'algolia-hit-item'
+      }
+    }),
+
+    instantsearch.widgets.stats({
+      container: '#algolia-stats',
+      templates: {
+        body: function(data) {
+          var stats = algoliaSettings.labels.hits_stats
+            .replace(/\$\{hits}/, data.nbHits)
+            .replace(/\$\{time}/, data.processingTimeMS);
+          return (
+            stats
+            + '<span class="algolia-powered">'
+            + '  <img src="' + CONFIG.root + 'images/algolia_logo.svg" alt="Algolia" />'
+            + '</span>'
+            + '<hr />'
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }),
+
+    instantsearch.widgets.pagination({
+      container    : '#algolia-pagination',
+      scrollTo     : false,
+      showFirstLast: false,
+      labels       : {
+        first   : '<i class="fa fa-angle-double-left"></i>',
+        last    : '<i class="fa fa-angle-double-right"></i>',
+        previous: '<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>',
+        next    : '<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>'
+      },
+      cssClasses: {
+        root    : 'pagination',
+        item    : 'pagination-item',
+        link    : 'page-number',
+        active  : 'current',
+        disabled: 'disabled-item'
+      }
+    })
+  ].forEach(search.addWidget, search);
+
+  search.start();
+
+  $('.popup-trigger').on('click', function(e) {
+    e.stopPropagation();
+    $('body')
+      .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay algolia-pop-overlay"></div>')
+      .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+    $('.popup').toggle();
+    $('#algolia-search-input').find('input').focus();
+  });
+
+  $('.popup-btn-close').click(function() {
+    $('.popup').hide();
+    $('.algolia-pop-overlay').remove();
+    $('body').css('overflow', '');
+  });
+
+});
diff --git a/js/src/exturl.js b/js/exturl.js
similarity index 94%
rename from js/src/exturl.js
rename to js/exturl.js
index b85062ad..806a29ef 100644
--- a/js/src/exturl.js
+++ b/js/exturl.js
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-/* global NexT: true */
-
-$(document).ready(function () {
+$(document).ready(function() {
 
   // Create Base64 Object
+  /* eslint-disable */
   var Base64={_keyStr:"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=",encode:function(e){var t="";var n,r,i,s,o,u,a;var f=0;e=Base64._utf8_encode(e);while(f<e.length){n=e.charCodeAt(f++);r=e.charCodeAt(f++);i=e.charCodeAt(f++);s=n>>2;o=(n&3)<<4|r>>4;u=(r&15)<<2|i>>6;a=i&63;if(isNaN(r)){u=a=64}else if(isNaN(i)){a=64}t=t+this._keyStr.charAt(s)+this._keyStr.charAt(o)+this._keyStr.charAt(u)+this._keyStr.charAt(a)}return t},decode:function(e){var t="";var n,r,i;var s,o,u,a;var f=0;e=e.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9+/=]/g,"");while(f<e.length){s=this._keyStr.indexOf(e.charAt(f++));o=this._keyStr.indexOf(e.charAt(f++));u=this._keyStr.indexOf(e.charAt(f++));a=this._keyStr.indexOf(e.charAt(f++));n=s<<2|o>>4;r=(o&15)<<4|u>>2;i=(u&3)<<6|a;t=t+String.fromCharCode(n);if(u!=64){t=t+String.fromCharCode(r)}if(a!=64){t=t+String.fromCharCode(i)}}t=Base64._utf8_decode(t);return t},_utf8_encode:function(e){e=e.replace(/rn/g,"n");var t="";for(var n=0;n<e.length;n++){var r=e.charCodeAt(n);if(r<128){t+=String.fromCharCode(r)}else if(r>127&&r<2048){t+=String.fromCharCode(r>>6|192);t+=String.fromCharCode(r&63|128)}else{t+=String.fromCharCode(r>>12|224);t+=String.fromCharCode(r>>6&63|128);t+=String.fromCharCode(r&63|128)}}return t},_utf8_decode:function(e){var t="";var n=0;var r=c1=c2=0;while(n<e.length){r=e.charCodeAt(n);if(r<128){t+=String.fromCharCode(r);n++}else if(r>191&&r<224){c2=e.charCodeAt(n+1);t+=String.fromCharCode((r&31)<<6|c2&63);n+=2}else{c2=e.charCodeAt(n+1);c3=e.charCodeAt(n+2);t+=String.fromCharCode((r&15)<<12|(c2&63)<<6|c3&63);n+=3}}return t}};
 
-  $('.exturl').on('click', function () {
+  $('.exturl').on('click', function() {
     var $exturl = $(this).attr('data-url');
     var $decurl = Base64.decode($exturl);
     window.open($decurl, '_blank');
diff --git a/js/src/js.cookie.js b/js/js.cookie.js
similarity index 99%
rename from js/src/js.cookie.js
rename to js/js.cookie.js
index c6c39758..97b4fea1 100644
--- a/js/src/js.cookie.js
+++ b/js/js.cookie.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  * Copyright 2006, 2015 Klaus Hartl & Fagner Brack
  * Released under the MIT license
  */
+
 ;(function (factory) {
 	var registeredInModuleLoader = false;
 	if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
diff --git a/js/src/motion.js b/js/motion.js
similarity index 68%
rename from js/src/motion.js
rename to js/motion.js
index 11291791..57a039ba 100644
--- a/js/src/motion.js
+++ b/js/motion.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-/* global NexT: true */
+/* global NexT, CONFIG */
 
-$(document).ready(function () {
+$(document).ready(function() {
   NexT.motion = {};
 
   var sidebarToggleLines = {
     lines: [],
-    push: function (line) {
+    push : function(line) {
       this.lines.push(line);
     },
-    init: function () {
-      this.lines.forEach(function (line) {
+    init: function() {
+      this.lines.forEach(function(line) {
         line.init();
       });
     },
-    arrow: function () {
-      this.lines.forEach(function (line) {
+    arrow: function() {
+      this.lines.forEach(function(line) {
         line.arrow();
       });
     },
-    close: function () {
-      this.lines.forEach(function (line) {
+    close: function() {
+      this.lines.forEach(function(line) {
         line.close();
       });
     }
@@ -29,44 +29,44 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
     this.el = $(settings.el);
     this.status = $.extend({}, {
       init: {
-        width: '100%',
+        width  : '100%',
         opacity: 1,
-        left: 0,
+        left   : 0,
         rotateZ: 0,
-        top: 0
+        top    : 0
       }
     }, settings.status);
   }
 
-  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.init = function () {
+  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.init = function() {
     this.transform('init');
   };
-  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.arrow = function () {
+  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.arrow = function() {
     this.transform('arrow');
   };
-  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.close = function () {
+  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.close = function() {
     this.transform('close');
   };
-  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.transform = function (status) {
+  SidebarToggleLine.prototype.transform = function(status) {
     this.el.velocity('stop').velocity(this.status[status]);
   };
 
   var sidebarToggleLine1st = new SidebarToggleLine({
-    el: '.sidebar-toggle-line-first',
+    el    : '.sidebar-toggle-line-first',
     status: {
       arrow: {width: '50%', rotateZ: '-45deg', top: '2px'},
       close: {width: '100%', rotateZ: '-45deg', top: '5px'}
     }
   });
   var sidebarToggleLine2nd = new SidebarToggleLine({
-    el: '.sidebar-toggle-line-middle',
+    el    : '.sidebar-toggle-line-middle',
     status: {
       arrow: {width: '90%'},
       close: {opacity: 0}
     }
   });
   var sidebarToggleLine3rd = new SidebarToggleLine({
-    el: '.sidebar-toggle-line-last',
+    el    : '.sidebar-toggle-line-last',
     status: {
       arrow: {width: '50%', rotateZ: '45deg', top: '-2px'},
       close: {width: '100%', rotateZ: '45deg', top: '-5px'}
@@ -77,45 +77,45 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
   sidebarToggleLines.push(sidebarToggleLine2nd);
   sidebarToggleLines.push(sidebarToggleLine3rd);
 
-  var SIDEBAR_WIDTH = '320px';
+  var SIDEBAR_WIDTH = CONFIG.sidebar.width ? CONFIG.sidebar.width : '320px';
   var SIDEBAR_DISPLAY_DURATION = 200;
   var xPos, yPos;
 
   var sidebarToggleMotion = {
-    toggleEl: $('.sidebar-toggle'),
-    dimmerEl: $('#sidebar-dimmer'),
-    sidebarEl: $('.sidebar'),
+    toggleEl        : $('.sidebar-toggle'),
+    dimmerEl        : $('#sidebar-dimmer'),
+    sidebarEl       : $('.sidebar'),
     isSidebarVisible: false,
-    init: function () {
+    init            : function() {
       this.toggleEl.on('click', this.clickHandler.bind(this));
       this.dimmerEl.on('click', this.clickHandler.bind(this));
       this.toggleEl.on('mouseenter', this.mouseEnterHandler.bind(this));
       this.toggleEl.on('mouseleave', this.mouseLeaveHandler.bind(this));
       this.sidebarEl.on('touchstart', this.touchstartHandler.bind(this));
       this.sidebarEl.on('touchend', this.touchendHandler.bind(this));
-      this.sidebarEl.on('touchmove', function(e){e.preventDefault();});
+      this.sidebarEl.on('touchmove', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); });
 
       $(document)
-        .on('sidebar.isShowing', function () {
+        .on('sidebar.isShowing', function() {
           NexT.utils.isDesktop() && $('body').velocity('stop').velocity(
             {paddingRight: SIDEBAR_WIDTH},
             SIDEBAR_DISPLAY_DURATION
           );
         })
-        .on('sidebar.isHiding', function () {
+        .on('sidebar.isHiding', function() {
         });
     },
-    clickHandler: function () {
+    clickHandler: function() {
       this.isSidebarVisible ? this.hideSidebar() : this.showSidebar();
       this.isSidebarVisible = !this.isSidebarVisible;
     },
-    mouseEnterHandler: function () {
+    mouseEnterHandler: function() {
       if (this.isSidebarVisible) {
         return;
       }
       sidebarToggleLines.arrow();
     },
-    mouseLeaveHandler: function () {
+    mouseLeaveHandler: function() {
       if (this.isSidebarVisible) {
         return;
       }
@@ -128,42 +128,47 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
     touchendHandler: function(e) {
       var _xPos = e.originalEvent.changedTouches[0].clientX;
       var _yPos = e.originalEvent.changedTouches[0].clientY;
-      if (_xPos-xPos > 30 && Math.abs(_yPos-yPos) < 20) {
-          this.clickHandler();
+      if (_xPos - xPos > 30 && Math.abs(_yPos - yPos) < 20) {
+        this.clickHandler();
       }
     },
-    showSidebar: function () {
+    showSidebar: function() {
       var self = this;
 
       sidebarToggleLines.close();
 
       this.sidebarEl.velocity('stop').velocity({
-          width: SIDEBAR_WIDTH
-        }, {
-          display: 'block',
-          duration: SIDEBAR_DISPLAY_DURATION,
-          begin: function () {
-            $('.sidebar .motion-element').velocity(
-              'transition.slideRightIn',
-              {
-                stagger: 50,
-                drag: true,
-                complete: function () {
-                  self.sidebarEl.trigger('sidebar.motion.complete');
-                }
+        width: SIDEBAR_WIDTH
+      }, {
+        display : 'block',
+        duration: SIDEBAR_DISPLAY_DURATION,
+        begin   : function() {
+          $('.sidebar .motion-element').not('.site-state').velocity(
+            'transition.slideRightIn', {
+              stagger : 50,
+              drag    : true,
+              complete: function() {
+                self.sidebarEl.trigger('sidebar.motion.complete');
               }
-            );
-          },
-          complete: function () {
-            self.sidebarEl.addClass('sidebar-active');
-            self.sidebarEl.trigger('sidebar.didShow');
-          }
+            }
+          );
+          $('.site-state').velocity(
+            'transition.slideRightIn', {
+              stagger : 50,
+              drag    : true,
+              display : 'flex'
+            }
+          );
+        },
+        complete: function() {
+          self.sidebarEl.addClass('sidebar-active');
+          self.sidebarEl.trigger('sidebar.didShow');
         }
-      );
+      });
 
       this.sidebarEl.trigger('sidebar.isShowing');
     },
-    hideSidebar: function () {
+    hideSidebar: function() {
       NexT.utils.isDesktop() && $('body').velocity('stop').velocity({paddingRight: 0});
       this.sidebarEl.find('.motion-element').velocity('stop').css('display', 'none');
       this.sidebarEl.velocity('stop').velocity({width: 0}, {display: 'none'});
@@ -174,7 +179,7 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
       this.sidebarEl.trigger('sidebar.isHiding');
 
       // Prevent adding TOC to Overview if Overview was selected when close & open sidebar.
-      if (!!$('.post-toc-wrap')) {
+      if ($('.post-toc-wrap')) {
         if ($('.site-overview-wrap').css('display') === 'block') {
           $('.post-toc-wrap').removeClass('motion-element');
         } else {
@@ -186,47 +191,81 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
   sidebarToggleMotion.init();
 
   NexT.motion.integrator = {
-    queue: [],
+    queue : [],
     cursor: -1,
-    add: function (fn) {
+    add   : function(fn) {
       this.queue.push(fn);
       return this;
     },
-    next: function () {
+    next: function() {
       this.cursor++;
       var fn = this.queue[this.cursor];
       $.isFunction(fn) && fn(NexT.motion.integrator);
     },
-    bootstrap: function () {
+    bootstrap: function() {
       this.next();
     }
   };
 
-  NexT.motion.middleWares =  {
-    logo: function (integrator) {
+  NexT.motion.middleWares = {
+    logo: function(integrator) {
       var sequence = [];
       var $brand = $('.brand');
+      var $image = $('.custom-logo-image');
       var $title = $('.site-title');
       var $subtitle = $('.site-subtitle');
       var $logoLineTop = $('.logo-line-before i');
       var $logoLineBottom = $('.logo-line-after i');
 
-      $brand.size() > 0 && sequence.push({
+      $brand.length > 0 && sequence.push({
         e: $brand,
         p: {opacity: 1},
         o: {duration: 200}
       });
 
-      NexT.utils.isMist() && hasElement([$logoLineTop, $logoLineBottom]) &&
-      sequence.push(
+      /**
+       * Check if $elements exist.
+       * @param {jQuery|Array} $elements
+       * @returns {boolean}
+       */
+      function hasElement($elements) {
+        $elements = Array.isArray($elements) ? $elements : [$elements];
+        return $elements.every(function($element) {
+          return $element.length > 0;
+        });
+      }
+
+      function getMistLineSettings(element, translateX) {
+        return {
+          e: $(element),
+          p: {translateX: translateX},
+          o: {
+            duration     : 500,
+            sequenceQueue: false
+          }
+        };
+      }
+
+      function pushImageToSequence() {
+        sequence.push({
+          e: $image,
+          p: {opacity: 1, top: 0},
+          o: {duration: 200}
+        });
+      }
+
+      NexT.utils.isMist() && hasElement([$logoLineTop, $logoLineBottom])
+      && sequence.push(
         getMistLineSettings($logoLineTop, '100%'),
         getMistLineSettings($logoLineBottom, '-100%')
       );
 
+      NexT.utils.isMuse() && hasElement($image) && pushImageToSequence();
+
       hasElement($title) && sequence.push({
         e: $title,
         p: {opacity: 1, top: 0},
-        o: { duration: 200 }
+        o: {duration: 200}
       });
 
       hasElement($subtitle) && sequence.push({
@@ -235,60 +274,41 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
         o: {duration: 200}
       });
 
+      (NexT.utils.isPisces() || NexT.utils.isGemini()) && hasElement($image) && pushImageToSequence();
+
       if (CONFIG.motion.async) {
         integrator.next();
       }
 
       if (sequence.length > 0) {
-        sequence[sequence.length - 1].o.complete = function () {
+        sequence[sequence.length - 1].o.complete = function() {
           integrator.next();
         };
+        /* eslint-disable */
         $.Velocity.RunSequence(sequence);
+        /* eslint-enable */
       } else {
         integrator.next();
       }
-
-
-      function getMistLineSettings (element, translateX) {
-        return {
-          e: $(element),
-          p: {translateX: translateX},
-          o: {
-            duration: 500,
-            sequenceQueue: false
-          }
-        };
-      }
-
-      /**
-       * Check if $elements exist.
-       * @param {jQuery|Array} $elements
-       * @returns {boolean}
-       */
-      function hasElement ($elements) {
-        $elements = Array.isArray($elements) ? $elements : [$elements];
-        return $elements.every(function ($element) {
-          return $.isFunction($element.size) && $element.size() > 0;
-        });
-      }
     },
 
-    menu: function (integrator) {
+    menu: function(integrator) {
 
       if (CONFIG.motion.async) {
         integrator.next();
       }
 
       $('.menu-item').velocity('transition.slideDownIn', {
-        display: null,
+        display : null,
         duration: 200,
-        complete: function () {
+        complete: function() {
           integrator.next();
         }
       });
     },
 
-    postList: function (integrator) {
+    postList: function(integrator) {
+
       //var $post = $('.post');
       var $postBlock = $('.post-block, .pagination, .comments');
       var $postBlockTransition = CONFIG.motion.transition.post_block;
@@ -300,20 +320,14 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
       var $collHeaderTransition = CONFIG.motion.transition.coll_header;
       var $sidebarAffix = $('.sidebar-inner');
       var $sidebarAffixTransition = CONFIG.motion.transition.sidebar;
-      var hasPost = $postBlock.size() > 0;
-
-      hasPost ? postMotion() : integrator.next();
-
-      if (CONFIG.motion.async) {
-        integrator.next();
-      }
+      var hasPost = $postBlock.length > 0;
 
-      function postMotion () {
+      function postMotion() {
         var postMotionOptions = window.postMotionOptions || {
-            stagger: 100,
-            drag: true
-          };
-        postMotionOptions.complete = function () {
+          stagger: 100,
+          drag   : true
+        };
+        postMotionOptions.complete = function() {
           // After motion complete need to remove transform from sidebar to let affix work on Pisces | Gemini.
           if (CONFIG.motion.transition.sidebar && (NexT.utils.isPisces() || NexT.utils.isGemini())) {
             $sidebarAffix.css({ 'transform': 'initial' });
@@ -339,9 +353,15 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
           $sidebarAffix.velocity('transition.' + $sidebarAffixTransition, postMotionOptions);
         }
       }
+
+      hasPost ? postMotion() : integrator.next();
+
+      if (CONFIG.motion.async) {
+        integrator.next();
+      }
     },
 
-    sidebar: function (integrator) {
+    sidebar: function(integrator) {
       if (CONFIG.sidebar.display === 'always') {
         NexT.utils.displaySidebar();
       }
diff --git a/js/src/bootstrap.js b/js/next-boot.js
similarity index 68%
rename from js/src/bootstrap.js
rename to js/next-boot.js
index d9c33ed0..f9c02d32 100644
--- a/js/src/bootstrap.js
+++ b/js/next-boot.js
@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
-/* global NexT: true */
+/* global NexT, CONFIG */
 
-$(document).ready(function () {
+$(document).ready(function() {
 
   $(document).trigger('bootstrap:before');
 
-  NexT.utils.isMobile() && window.FastClick.attach(document.body);
-
-  NexT.utils.lazyLoadPostsImages();
+  /**
+   * Register JS handlers by condition option.
+   * Need to add config option in Front-End at 'layout/_partials/head.swig' file.
+   */
+  CONFIG.fastclick && NexT.utils.isMobile() && window.FastClick.attach(document.body);
+  CONFIG.lazyload && NexT.utils.lazyLoadPostsImages();
 
   NexT.utils.registerESCKeyEvent();
 
-  NexT.utils.registerBackToTop();
+  CONFIG.back2top && NexT.utils.registerBackToTop();
 
   // Mobile top menu bar.
-  $('.site-nav-toggle button').on('click', function () {
+  $('.site-nav-toggle button').on('click', function() {
     var $siteNav = $('.site-nav');
     var ON_CLASS_NAME = 'site-nav-on';
     var isSiteNavOn = $siteNav.hasClass(ON_CLASS_NAME);
     var animateAction = isSiteNavOn ? 'slideUp' : 'slideDown';
     var animateCallback = isSiteNavOn ? 'removeClass' : 'addClass';
 
-    $siteNav.stop()[animateAction]('fast', function () {
+    $siteNav.stop()[animateAction]('fast', function() {
       $siteNav[animateCallback](ON_CLASS_NAME);
     });
   });
@@ -33,8 +36,6 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
   CONFIG.tabs && NexT.utils.registerTabsTag();
 
   NexT.utils.embeddedVideoTransformer();
-  NexT.utils.addActiveClassToMenuItem();
-
 
   // Define Motion Sequence.
   NexT.motion.integrator
diff --git a/js/src/post-details.js b/js/post-details.js
similarity index 64%
rename from js/src/post-details.js
rename to js/post-details.js
index a82bcc22..e47f1bb5 100644
--- a/js/src/post-details.js
+++ b/js/post-details.js
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
-/* global NexT: true */
+/* global NexT, CONFIG */
 
-$(document).ready(function () {
+$(document).ready(function() {
 
-  initScrollSpy();
-
-  function initScrollSpy () {
+  function initScrollSpy() {
     var tocSelector = '.post-toc';
     var $tocElement = $(tocSelector);
     var activeCurrentSelector = '.active-current';
 
+    function removeCurrentActiveClass() {
+      $(tocSelector + ' ' + activeCurrentSelector)
+        .removeClass(activeCurrentSelector.substring(1));
+    }
+
     $tocElement
-      .on('activate.bs.scrollspy', function () {
+      .on('activate.bs.scrollspy', function() {
         var $currentActiveElement = $(tocSelector + ' .active').last();
 
         removeCurrentActiveClass();
@@ -22,21 +25,17 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
       .on('clear.bs.scrollspy', removeCurrentActiveClass);
 
     $('body').scrollspy({ target: tocSelector });
-
-    function removeCurrentActiveClass () {
-      $(tocSelector + ' ' + activeCurrentSelector)
-        .removeClass(activeCurrentSelector.substring(1));
-    }
   }
 
+  initScrollSpy();
 });
 
-$(document).ready(function () {
+$(document).ready(function() {
   var html = $('html');
   var TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION = 200;
   var hasVelocity = $.isFunction(html.velocity);
 
-  $('.sidebar-nav li').on('click', function () {
+  $('.sidebar-nav li').on('click', function() {
     var item = $(this);
     var activeTabClassName = 'sidebar-nav-active';
     var activePanelClassName = 'sidebar-panel-active';
@@ -47,19 +46,19 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
     var currentTarget = $('.' + activePanelClassName);
     var target = $('.' + item.data('target'));
 
-    hasVelocity ?
-      currentTarget.velocity('transition.slideUpOut', TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION, function () {
+    hasVelocity
+      ? currentTarget.velocity('transition.slideUpOut', TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION, function() {
         target
           .velocity('stop')
           .velocity('transition.slideDownIn', TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION)
           .addClass(activePanelClassName);
-      }) :
-      currentTarget.animate({ opacity: 0 }, TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION, function () {
+      })
+      : currentTarget.animate({ opacity: 0 }, TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION, function() {
         currentTarget.hide();
         target
           .stop()
           .css({'opacity': 0, 'display': 'block'})
-          .animate({ opacity: 1 }, TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION, function () {
+          .animate({ opacity: 1 }, TAB_ANIMATE_DURATION, function() {
             currentTarget.removeClass(activePanelClassName);
             target.addClass(activePanelClassName);
           });
@@ -70,30 +69,36 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
   });
 
   // TOC item animation navigate & prevent #item selector in adress bar.
-  $('.post-toc a').on('click', function (e) {
+  $('.post-toc a').on('click', function(e) {
     e.preventDefault();
     var targetSelector = NexT.utils.escapeSelector(this.getAttribute('href'));
     var offset = $(targetSelector).offset().top;
 
-    hasVelocity ?
-      html.velocity('stop').velocity('scroll', {
-        offset: offset  + 'px',
+    hasVelocity
+      ? html.velocity('stop').velocity('scroll', {
+        offset  : offset + 'px',
         mobileHA: false
-      }) :
-      $('html, body').stop().animate({
+      })
+      : $('html, body').stop().animate({
         scrollTop: offset
       }, 500);
   });
 
   // Expand sidebar on post detail page by default, when post has a toc.
   var $tocContent = $('.post-toc-content');
-  var isSidebarCouldDisplay = CONFIG.sidebar.display === 'post' ||
-      CONFIG.sidebar.display === 'always';
-  var hasTOC = $tocContent.length > 0 && $tocContent.html().trim().length > 0;
-  if (isSidebarCouldDisplay && hasTOC) {
-    CONFIG.motion.enable ?
-      (NexT.motion.middleWares.sidebar = function () {
-          NexT.utils.displaySidebar();
-      }) : NexT.utils.displaySidebar();
+  var display = CONFIG.page.sidebar;
+  if (typeof display !== 'boolean') {
+    // There's no definition sidebar in the page front-matter
+    var isSidebarCouldDisplay = CONFIG.sidebar.display === 'post'
+     || CONFIG.sidebar.display === 'always';
+    var hasTOC = $tocContent.length > 0 && $tocContent.html().trim().length > 0;
+    display = isSidebarCouldDisplay && hasTOC;
+  }
+  if (display) {
+    CONFIG.motion.enable
+      ? NexT.motion.middleWares.sidebar = function() {
+        NexT.utils.displaySidebar();
+      }
+      : NexT.utils.displaySidebar();
   }
 });
diff --git a/js/schemes/muse.js b/js/schemes/muse.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0e2c566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js/schemes/muse.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  function updateFooterPosition() {
+    var containerHeight = $('#footer').attr('position') ? $('.container').height() + $('#footer').outerHeight(true) : $('.container').height();
+    if (containerHeight < window.innerHeight) $('#footer').css({ 'position': 'fixed', 'bottom': 0, 'left': 0, 'right': 0 }).attr('position', 'fixed');
+    else $('#footer').removeAttr('style position');
+  }
+  updateFooterPosition();
+  $(window).on('resize scroll', updateFooterPosition);
+});
diff --git a/js/schemes/pisces.js b/js/schemes/pisces.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c6e896f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js/schemes/pisces.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/* global NexT, CONFIG */
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+
+  var sidebarInner = $('.sidebar-inner');
+  var sidebarOffset = CONFIG.sidebar.offset || 12;
+
+  function getHeaderOffset() {
+    return $('.header-inner').height() + sidebarOffset;
+  }
+
+  function getFooterOffset() {
+    var footer = $('#footer');
+    var footerInner = $('.footer-inner');
+    var footerMargin = footer.outerHeight() - footerInner.outerHeight();
+    var footerOffset = footer.outerHeight() + footerMargin;
+    return footerOffset;
+  }
+
+  function initAffix() {
+    var headerOffset = getHeaderOffset();
+    var footerOffset = getFooterOffset();
+    var sidebarHeight = $('#sidebar').height() + NexT.utils.getSidebarb2tHeight();
+    var contentHeight = $('#content').height();
+
+    // Not affix if sidebar taller than content (to prevent bottom jumping).
+    if (headerOffset + sidebarHeight < contentHeight) {
+      sidebarInner.affix({
+        offset: {
+          top   : headerOffset - sidebarOffset,
+          bottom: footerOffset
+        }
+      });
+      sidebarInner.affix('checkPosition');
+    }
+
+    $('#sidebar').css({ 'margin-top': headerOffset, 'margin-left': 'auto' });
+  }
+
+  function recalculateAffixPosition() {
+    $(window).off('.affix');
+    sidebarInner.removeData('bs.affix').removeClass('affix affix-top affix-bottom');
+    initAffix();
+  }
+
+  function resizeListener() {
+    var mql = window.matchMedia('(min-width: 992px)');
+    mql.addListener(function(e) {
+      if (e.matches) {
+        recalculateAffixPosition();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  initAffix();
+  resizeListener();
+});
diff --git a/js/scroll-cookie.js b/js/scroll-cookie.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2db1f8af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js/scroll-cookie.js
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+$(document).ready(function() {
+
+  /* global Cookies */
+
+  // Set relative link path (without domain)
+  var rpath = window.location.href.replace(window.location.origin, '');
+
+  // Write position in cookie
+  var timeout;
+  $(window).on('scroll', function() {
+    clearTimeout(timeout);
+    timeout = setTimeout(function() {
+      Cookies.set('scroll-cookie', $(window).scrollTop() + '|' + rpath, { expires: 365, path: '' });
+    }, 250);
+  });
+
+  // Read position from cookie
+  if (Cookies.get('scroll-cookie') !== undefined) {
+    var cvalues = Cookies.get('scroll-cookie').split('|');
+    if (cvalues[1] === rpath) {
+      $(window).scrollTop(cvalues[0]);
+    }
+  }
+
+});
diff --git a/js/scrollspy.js b/js/scrollspy.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7efacace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js/scrollspy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+* Bootstrap: scrollspy.js v3.3.2
+* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#scrollspy
+* ========================================================================
+* Copyright 2011-2015 Twitter, Inc.
+* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
+* ======================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Customized by iissnan & Ivan.Nginx
+ *
+ * - Add a `clear.bs.scrollspy` event.
+ * - Esacpe targets selector.
+ * - Refactored with eslint-config-theme-next style.
+ */
+
+/* global NexT */
+
+(function($) {
+  'use strict';
+
+  // SCROLLSPY CLASS DEFINITION
+  // ==========================
+  function ScrollSpy(element, options) {
+    this.$body          = $(document.body);
+    this.$scrollElement = $(element).is(document.body) ? $(window) : $(element);
+    this.options        = $.extend({}, ScrollSpy.DEFAULTS, options);
+    this.selector       = (this.options.target || '') + ' .nav li > a';
+    this.offsets        = [];
+    this.targets        = [];
+    this.activeTarget   = null;
+    this.scrollHeight   = 0;
+
+    this.$scrollElement.on('scroll.bs.scrollspy', $.proxy(this.process, this));
+    this.refresh();
+    this.process();
+  }
+
+  ScrollSpy.VERSION  = '3.3.2';
+
+  ScrollSpy.DEFAULTS = {
+    offset: 10
+  };
+
+  ScrollSpy.prototype.getScrollHeight = function() {
+    return this.$scrollElement[0].scrollHeight || Math.max(this.$body[0].scrollHeight, document.documentElement.scrollHeight);
+  };
+
+  ScrollSpy.prototype.refresh = function() {
+    var that          = this;
+    var offsetMethod  = 'offset';
+    var offsetBase    = 0;
+
+    this.offsets      = [];
+    this.targets      = [];
+    this.scrollHeight = this.getScrollHeight();
+
+    if (!$.isWindow(this.$scrollElement[0])) {
+      offsetMethod = 'position';
+      offsetBase   = this.$scrollElement.scrollTop();
+    }
+
+    this.$body
+      .find(this.selector)
+      .map(function() {
+        var $el   = $(this);
+        var href  = $el.data('target') || $el.attr('href');
+        var $href = /^#./.test(href) && $(NexT.utils.escapeSelector(href)); // Need to escape selector.
+
+        return ($href
+          && $href.length
+          && $href.is(':visible')
+          && [[$href[offsetMethod]().top + offsetBase, href]]) || null;
+      })
+      .sort(function(a, b) {
+        return a[0] - b[0];
+      })
+      .each(function() {
+        that.offsets.push(this[0]);
+        that.targets.push(this[1]);
+      });
+
+
+  };
+
+  ScrollSpy.prototype.process = function() {
+    var scrollTop    = this.$scrollElement.scrollTop() + this.options.offset;
+    var scrollHeight = this.getScrollHeight();
+    var maxScroll    = this.options.offset + scrollHeight - this.$scrollElement.height();
+    var offsets      = this.offsets;
+    var targets      = this.targets;
+    var activeTarget = this.activeTarget;
+    var i;
+
+    if (this.scrollHeight !== scrollHeight) {
+      this.refresh();
+    }
+
+    if (scrollTop >= maxScroll) {
+      return activeTarget !== (i = targets[targets.length - 1]) && this.activate(i);
+    }
+
+    if (activeTarget && scrollTop < offsets[0]) {
+      $(this.selector).trigger('clear.bs.scrollspy'); // Add a custom event.
+      this.activeTarget = null;
+      return this.clear();
+    }
+
+    for (i = offsets.length; i--;) {
+      activeTarget !== targets[i]
+        && scrollTop >= offsets[i]
+        && (!offsets[i + 1] || scrollTop <= offsets[i + 1])
+        && this.activate(targets[i]);
+    }
+  };
+
+  ScrollSpy.prototype.activate = function(target) {
+    this.activeTarget = target;
+
+    this.clear();
+
+    var selector = this.selector
+      + '[data-target="' + target + '"],'
+      + this.selector + '[href="' + target + '"]';
+
+    var active = $(selector)
+      .parents('li')
+      .addClass('active');
+
+    if (active.parent('.dropdown-menu').length) {
+      active = active
+        .closest('li.dropdown')
+        .addClass('active');
+    }
+
+    active.trigger('activate.bs.scrollspy');
+  };
+
+  ScrollSpy.prototype.clear = function() {
+    $(this.selector)
+      .parentsUntil(this.options.target, '.active')
+      .removeClass('active');
+  };
+
+  // SCROLLSPY PLUGIN DEFINITION
+  // ===========================
+  function Plugin(option) {
+    return this.each(function() {
+      var $this   = $(this);
+      var data    = $this.data('bs.scrollspy');
+      var options = typeof option === 'object' && option;
+
+      if (!data) $this.data('bs.scrollspy', data = new ScrollSpy(this, options));
+      if (typeof option === 'string') data[option]();
+    });
+  }
+
+  var old = $.fn.scrollspy;
+
+  $.fn.scrollspy             = Plugin;
+  $.fn.scrollspy.Constructor = ScrollSpy;
+
+  // SCROLLSPY NO CONFLICT
+  // =====================
+  $.fn.scrollspy.noConflict = function() {
+    $.fn.scrollspy = old;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // SCROLLSPY DATA-API
+  // ==================
+  $(window).on('load.bs.scrollspy.data-api', function() {
+    $('[data-spy="scroll"]').each(function() {
+      var $spy = $(this);
+      Plugin.call($spy, $spy.data());
+    });
+  });
+
+}(jQuery));
diff --git a/js/src/affix.js b/js/src/affix.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 11a3d39a..00000000
--- a/js/src/affix.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
-/* ========================================================================
- * Bootstrap: affix.js v3.3.5
- * http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#affix
- * ========================================================================
- * Copyright 2011-2015 Twitter, Inc.
- * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
- * ======================================================================== */
-
-
-+function ($) {
-  'use strict';
-
-  // AFFIX CLASS DEFINITION
-  // ======================
-
-  var Affix = function (element, options) {
-    this.options = $.extend({}, Affix.DEFAULTS, options)
-
-    this.$target = $(this.options.target)
-      .on('scroll.bs.affix.data-api', $.proxy(this.checkPosition, this))
-      .on('click.bs.affix.data-api',  $.proxy(this.checkPositionWithEventLoop, this))
-
-    this.$element     = $(element)
-    this.affixed      = null
-    this.unpin        = null
-    this.pinnedOffset = null
-
-    this.checkPosition()
-  }
-
-  Affix.VERSION  = '3.3.5'
-
-  Affix.RESET    = 'affix affix-top affix-bottom'
-
-  Affix.DEFAULTS = {
-    offset: 0,
-    target: window
-  }
-
-  Affix.prototype.getState = function (scrollHeight, height, offsetTop, offsetBottom) {
-    var scrollTop    = this.$target.scrollTop()
-    var position     = this.$element.offset()
-    var targetHeight = this.$target.height()
-
-    if (offsetTop != null && this.affixed == 'top') return scrollTop < offsetTop ? 'top' : false
-
-    if (this.affixed == 'bottom') {
-      if (offsetTop != null) return (scrollTop + this.unpin <= position.top) ? false : 'bottom'
-      return (scrollTop + targetHeight <= scrollHeight - offsetBottom) ? false : 'bottom'
-    }
-
-    var initializing   = this.affixed == null
-    var colliderTop    = initializing ? scrollTop : position.top
-    var colliderHeight = initializing ? targetHeight : height
-
-    if (offsetTop != null && scrollTop <= offsetTop) return 'top'
-    if (offsetBottom != null && (colliderTop + colliderHeight >= scrollHeight - offsetBottom)) return 'bottom'
-
-    return false
-  }
-
-  Affix.prototype.getPinnedOffset = function () {
-    if (this.pinnedOffset) return this.pinnedOffset
-    this.$element.removeClass(Affix.RESET).addClass('affix')
-    var scrollTop = this.$target.scrollTop()
-    var position  = this.$element.offset()
-    return (this.pinnedOffset = position.top - scrollTop)
-  }
-
-  Affix.prototype.checkPositionWithEventLoop = function () {
-    setTimeout($.proxy(this.checkPosition, this), 1)
-  }
-
-  Affix.prototype.checkPosition = function () {
-    if (!this.$element.is(':visible')) return
-
-    var height       = this.$element.height()
-    var offset       = this.options.offset
-    var offsetTop    = offset.top
-    var offsetBottom = offset.bottom
-    var scrollHeight = Math.max($(document).height(), $(document.body).height())
-
-    if (typeof offset != 'object')         offsetBottom = offsetTop = offset
-    if (typeof offsetTop == 'function')    offsetTop    = offset.top(this.$element)
-    if (typeof offsetBottom == 'function') offsetBottom = offset.bottom(this.$element)
-
-    var affix = this.getState(scrollHeight, height, offsetTop, offsetBottom)
-
-    if (this.affixed != affix) {
-      if (this.unpin != null) this.$element.css('top', '')
-
-      var affixType = 'affix' + (affix ? '-' + affix : '')
-      var e         = $.Event(affixType + '.bs.affix')
-
-      this.$element.trigger(e)
-
-      if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return
-
-      this.affixed = affix
-      this.unpin = affix == 'bottom' ? this.getPinnedOffset() : null
-
-      this.$element
-        .removeClass(Affix.RESET)
-        .addClass(affixType)
-        .trigger(affixType.replace('affix', 'affixed') + '.bs.affix')
-    }
-
-    if (affix == 'bottom') {
-      this.$element.offset({
-        top: scrollHeight - height - offsetBottom
-      })
-    }
-  }
-
-
-  // AFFIX PLUGIN DEFINITION
-  // =======================
-
-  function Plugin(option) {
-    return this.each(function () {
-      var $this   = $(this)
-      var data    = $this.data('bs.affix')
-      var options = typeof option == 'object' && option
-
-      if (!data) $this.data('bs.affix', (data = new Affix(this, options)))
-      if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()
-    })
-  }
-
-  var old = $.fn.affix
-
-  $.fn.affix             = Plugin
-  $.fn.affix.Constructor = Affix
-
-
-  // AFFIX NO CONFLICT
-  // =================
-
-  $.fn.affix.noConflict = function () {
-    $.fn.affix = old
-    return this
-  }
-
-
-  // AFFIX DATA-API
-  // ==============
-
-  $(window).on('load', function () {
-    $('[data-spy="affix"]').each(function () {
-      var $spy = $(this)
-      var data = $spy.data()
-
-      data.offset = data.offset || {}
-
-      if (data.offsetBottom != null) data.offset.bottom = data.offsetBottom
-      if (data.offsetTop    != null) data.offset.top    = data.offsetTop
-
-      Plugin.call($spy, data)
-    })
-  })
-
-}(jQuery);
diff --git a/js/src/algolia-search.js b/js/src/algolia-search.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 9787e2ac..00000000
--- a/js/src/algolia-search.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-/* global instantsearch: true */
-/*jshint camelcase: false */
-
-$(document).ready(function () {
-  var algoliaSettings = CONFIG.algolia;
-  var isAlgoliaSettingsValid = algoliaSettings.applicationID &&
-                               algoliaSettings.apiKey &&
-                               algoliaSettings.indexName;
-
-  if (!isAlgoliaSettingsValid) {
-    window.console.error('Algolia Settings are invalid.');
-    return;
-  }
-
-  var search = instantsearch({
-    appId: algoliaSettings.applicationID,
-    apiKey: algoliaSettings.apiKey,
-    indexName: algoliaSettings.indexName,
-    searchFunction: function (helper) {
-      var searchInput = $('#algolia-search-input').find('input');
-
-      if (searchInput.val()) {
-        helper.search();
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  // Registering Widgets
-  [
-    instantsearch.widgets.searchBox({
-      container: '#algolia-search-input',
-      placeholder: algoliaSettings.labels.input_placeholder
-    }),
-
-    instantsearch.widgets.hits({
-      container: '#algolia-hits',
-      hitsPerPage: algoliaSettings.hits.per_page || 10,
-      templates: {
-        item: function (data) {
-          var link = data.permalink ? data.permalink : (CONFIG.root + data.path);
-          return (
-            '<a href="' + link + '" class="algolia-hit-item-link">' +
-              data._highlightResult.title.value +
-            '</a>'
-          );
-        },
-        empty: function (data) {
-          return (
-            '<div id="algolia-hits-empty">' +
-              algoliaSettings.labels.hits_empty.replace(/\$\{query}/, data.query) +
-            '</div>'
-          );
-        }
-      },
-      cssClasses: {
-        item: 'algolia-hit-item'
-      }
-    }),
-
-    instantsearch.widgets.stats({
-      container: '#algolia-stats',
-      templates: {
-        body: function (data) {
-          var stats = algoliaSettings.labels.hits_stats
-                        .replace(/\$\{hits}/, data.nbHits)
-                        .replace(/\$\{time}/, data.processingTimeMS);
-          return (
-            stats +
-            '<span class="algolia-powered">' +
-            '  <img src="' + CONFIG.root + 'images/algolia_logo.svg" alt="Algolia" />' +
-            '</span>' +
-            '<hr />'
-          );
-        }
-      }
-    }),
-
-    instantsearch.widgets.pagination({
-      container: '#algolia-pagination',
-      scrollTo: false,
-      showFirstLast: false,
-      labels: {
-        first: '<i class="fa fa-angle-double-left"></i>',
-        last: '<i class="fa fa-angle-double-right"></i>',
-        previous: '<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>',
-        next: '<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>'
-      },
-      cssClasses: {
-        root: 'pagination',
-        item: 'pagination-item',
-        link: 'page-number',
-        active: 'current',
-        disabled: 'disabled-item'
-      }
-    })
-  ].forEach(search.addWidget, search);
-
-  search.start();
-
-  $('.popup-trigger').on('click', function(e) {
-    e.stopPropagation();
-    $('body')
-      .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay algolia-pop-overlay"></div>')
-      .css('overflow', 'hidden');
-    $('.popup').toggle();
-    $('#algolia-search-input').find('input').focus();
-  });
-
-  $('.popup-btn-close').click(function(){
-    $('.popup').hide();
-    $('.algolia-pop-overlay').remove();
-    $('body').css('overflow', '');
-  });
-
-});
diff --git a/js/src/hook-duoshuo.js b/js/src/hook-duoshuo.js
deleted file mode 100644
index ca64dbd0..00000000
--- a/js/src/hook-duoshuo.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-/* global DUOSHUO: true */
-/* jshint camelcase: false */
-
-typeof DUOSHUO !== 'undefined' ?
-  hookTemplate() :
-  ($('#duoshuo-script')[0].onload = hookTemplate);
-
-
-function hookTemplate() {
-  var post = DUOSHUO.templates.post;
-
-  DUOSHUO.templates.post = function (e, t) {
-    var rs = post(e, t);
-    var agent = e.post.agent;
-    var userId = e.post.author.user_id;
-    var admin = '';
-
-    if (userId && (userId == CONFIG.duoshuo.userId)) {
-      admin = '<span class="duoshuo-ua-admin">' + CONFIG.duoshuo.author + '</span>';
-    }
-
-    if (agent && /^Mozilla/.test(agent)) {
-      rs = rs.replace(/<\/div><p>/, admin + getAgentInfo(agent) + '</div><p>');
-    }
-
-    return rs;
-  };
-}
-
-function getAgentInfo(string) {
-  $.ua.set(string);
-
-  var UNKNOWN = 'Unknown';
-  var sua = $.ua;
-  var separator = isMobile() ? '<br><br>' : '<span class="duoshuo-ua-separator"></span>';
-  var osName = sua.os.name || UNKNOWN;
-  var osVersion = sua.os.version  || UNKNOWN;
-  var browserName = sua.browser.name || UNKNOWN;
-  var browserVersion = sua.browser.version || UNKNOWN;
-  var iconMapping = {
-    os: {
-      android : 'android',
-      linux   : 'linux',
-      windows : 'windows',
-      ios     : 'apple',
-      'mac os': 'apple',
-      unknown : 'desktop'
-    },
-    browser: {
-      chrome   : 'chrome',
-      chromium : 'chrome',
-      firefox  : 'firefox',
-      opera    : 'opera',
-      safari   : 'safari',
-      ie       : 'internet-explorer',
-      wechat   : 'wechat',
-      qq       : 'qq',
-      unknown  : 'globe'
-    }
-  };
-  var osIcon = iconMapping.os[osName.toLowerCase()];
-  var browserIcon =  iconMapping.browser[getBrowserKey()];
-
-  return separator +
-    '<span class="duoshuo-ua-platform duoshuo-ua-platform-' + osName.toLowerCase() + '">' +
-       '<i class="fa fa-' + osIcon + '"></i>' +
-       osName + ' ' + osVersion +
-    '</span>' + separator +
-    '<span class="duoshuo-ua-browser duoshuo-ua-browser-' + browserName.toLowerCase() + '">' +
-      '<i class="fa fa-' + browserIcon + '"></i>' +
-      browserName + ' ' + browserVersion +
-    '</span>';
-
-  function getBrowserKey () {
-    var key = browserName.toLowerCase();
-
-    if (key.match(/WeChat/i)) {
-      return 'wechat';
-    }
-
-    if (key.match(/QQBrowser/i)) {
-      return 'qq';
-    }
-
-    return key;
-  }
-
-  function isMobile() {
-    var userAgent = window.navigator.userAgent;
-
-    var isiPad = userAgent.match(/iPad/i) !== null;
-    var mobileUA = [
-      'iphone', 'android', 'phone', 'mobile',
-      'wap', 'netfront', 'x11', 'java', 'opera mobi',
-      'opera mini', 'ucweb', 'windows ce', 'symbian',
-      'symbianos', 'series', 'webos', 'sony',
-      'blackberry', 'dopod', 'nokia', 'samsung',
-      'palmsource', 'xda', 'pieplus', 'meizu',
-      'midp' ,'cldc' , 'motorola', 'foma',
-      'docomo', 'up.browser', 'up.link', 'blazer',
-      'helio', 'hosin', 'huawei', 'novarra',
-      'coolpad', 'webos', 'techfaith', 'palmsource',
-      'alcatel', 'amoi', 'ktouch', 'nexian',
-      'ericsson', 'philips', 'sagem', 'wellcom',
-      'bunjalloo', 'maui', 'smartphone', 'iemobile',
-      'spice', 'bird', 'zte-', 'longcos',
-      'pantech', 'gionee', 'portalmmm', 'jig browser',
-      'hiptop', 'benq', 'haier', '^lct',
-      '320x320', '240x320', '176x220'
-    ];
-    var pattern = new RegExp(mobileUA.join('|'), 'i');
-
-    return !isiPad && userAgent.match(pattern);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/js/src/schemes/pisces.js b/js/src/schemes/pisces.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e6e4267..00000000
--- a/js/src/schemes/pisces.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-$(document).ready(function () {
-
-  var sidebarInner = $('.sidebar-inner');
-
-  initAffix();
-  resizeListener();
-
-  function initAffix () {
-    var headerOffset = getHeaderOffset(),
-        footerOffset = getFooterOffset(),
-        sidebarHeight = $('#sidebar').height() + NexT.utils.getSidebarb2tHeight(),
-        contentHeight = $('#content').height();
-
-    // Not affix if sidebar taller then content (to prevent bottom jumping).
-    if (headerOffset + sidebarHeight < contentHeight) {
-      sidebarInner.affix({
-        offset: {
-          top: headerOffset - CONFIG.sidebar.offset,
-          bottom: footerOffset
-        }
-      });
-    }
-
-    setSidebarMarginTop(headerOffset).css({ 'margin-left': 'initial' });
-  }
-
-  function resizeListener () {
-    var mql = window.matchMedia('(min-width: 991px)');
-    mql.addListener(function(e){
-      if(e.matches){
-        recalculateAffixPosition();
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  function getHeaderOffset () {
-    return $('.header-inner').height() + CONFIG.sidebar.offset;
-  }
-
-  function getFooterOffset () {
-    var footerInner = $('.footer-inner'),
-        footerMargin = footerInner.outerHeight(true) - footerInner.outerHeight(),
-        footerOffset = footerInner.outerHeight(true) + footerMargin;
-    return footerOffset;
-  }
-
-  function setSidebarMarginTop (headerOffset) {
-    return $('#sidebar').css({ 'margin-top': headerOffset });
-  }
-
-  function recalculateAffixPosition () {
-    $(window).off('.affix');
-    sidebarInner.removeData('bs.affix').removeClass('affix affix-top affix-bottom');
-    initAffix();
-  }
-
-});
diff --git a/js/src/scroll-cookie.js b/js/src/scroll-cookie.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 34ff200b..00000000
--- a/js/src/scroll-cookie.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-$(document).ready(function() {
-
-  // Set relative link path (without domain)
-  var rpath = window.location.href.replace(window.location.origin, "");
-
-  // Write position in cookie
-  var timeout;
-  $(window).on("scroll", function() {
-    clearTimeout(timeout);
-    timeout = setTimeout(function () {
-      Cookies.set("scroll-cookie", ($(window).scrollTop() + "|" + rpath), { expires: 365, path: '' });
-    }, 250);
-  });
-
-  // Read position from cookie
-  if (Cookies.get("scroll-cookie") !== undefined) {
-    var cvalues = Cookies.get("scroll-cookie").split('|');
-      if (cvalues[1] == rpath) {
-        $(window).scrollTop(cvalues[0]);
-      }
-  }
-
-});
diff --git a/js/src/scrollspy.js b/js/src/scrollspy.js
deleted file mode 100644
index f5c5c6cb..00000000
--- a/js/src/scrollspy.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-/* ========================================================================
-* Bootstrap: scrollspy.js v3.3.2
-* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#scrollspy
-* ========================================================================
-* Copyright 2011-2015 Twitter, Inc.
-* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
-* ======================================================================== */
-
-/**
- * Custom by iissnan
- *
- * - Add a `clear.bs.scrollspy` event.
- * - Esacpe targets selector.
- */
-
-
-+function ($) {
-  'use strict';
-
-  // SCROLLSPY CLASS DEFINITION
-  // ==========================
-
-  function ScrollSpy(element, options) {
-    this.$body          = $(document.body)
-    this.$scrollElement = $(element).is(document.body) ? $(window) : $(element)
-    this.options        = $.extend({}, ScrollSpy.DEFAULTS, options)
-    this.selector       = (this.options.target || '') + ' .nav li > a'
-    this.offsets        = []
-    this.targets        = []
-    this.activeTarget   = null
-    this.scrollHeight   = 0
-
-    this.$scrollElement.on('scroll.bs.scrollspy', $.proxy(this.process, this))
-    this.refresh()
-    this.process()
-  }
-
-  ScrollSpy.VERSION  = '3.3.2'
-
-  ScrollSpy.DEFAULTS = {
-    offset: 10
-  }
-
-  ScrollSpy.prototype.getScrollHeight = function () {
-    return this.$scrollElement[0].scrollHeight || Math.max(this.$body[0].scrollHeight, document.documentElement.scrollHeight)
-  }
-
-  ScrollSpy.prototype.refresh = function () {
-    var that          = this
-    var offsetMethod  = 'offset'
-    var offsetBase    = 0
-
-    this.offsets      = []
-    this.targets      = []
-    this.scrollHeight = this.getScrollHeight()
-
-    if (!$.isWindow(this.$scrollElement[0])) {
-      offsetMethod = 'position'
-      offsetBase   = this.$scrollElement.scrollTop()
-    }
-
-    this.$body
-      .find(this.selector)
-      .map(function () {
-        var $el   = $(this)
-        var href  = $el.data('target') || $el.attr('href')
-        var $href = /^#./.test(href) && $(NexT.utils.escapeSelector(href)) // Need to escape selector.
-
-        return ($href
-          && $href.length
-          && $href.is(':visible')
-          && [[$href[offsetMethod]().top + offsetBase, href]]) || null
-      })
-      .sort(function (a, b) { return a[0] - b[0] })
-      .each(function () {
-        that.offsets.push(this[0])
-        that.targets.push(this[1])
-      })
-
-
-  }
-
-  ScrollSpy.prototype.process = function () {
-    var scrollTop    = this.$scrollElement.scrollTop() + this.options.offset
-    var scrollHeight = this.getScrollHeight()
-    var maxScroll    = this.options.offset + scrollHeight - this.$scrollElement.height()
-    var offsets      = this.offsets
-    var targets      = this.targets
-    var activeTarget = this.activeTarget
-    var i
-
-    if (this.scrollHeight != scrollHeight) {
-      this.refresh()
-    }
-
-    if (scrollTop >= maxScroll) {
-      return activeTarget != (i = targets[targets.length - 1]) && this.activate(i)
-    }
-
-    if (activeTarget && scrollTop < offsets[0]) {
-      $(this.selector).trigger('clear.bs.scrollspy')  // Add a custom event.
-      this.activeTarget = null
-      return this.clear()
-    }
-
-    for (i = offsets.length; i--;) {
-      activeTarget != targets[i]
-        && scrollTop >= offsets[i]
-        && (!offsets[i + 1] || scrollTop <= offsets[i + 1])
-        && this.activate(targets[i])
-    }
-  }
-
-  ScrollSpy.prototype.activate = function (target) {
-    this.activeTarget = target
-
-    this.clear()
-
-    var selector = this.selector +
-      '[data-target="' + target + '"],' +
-      this.selector + '[href="' + target + '"]'
-
-    var active = $(selector)
-      .parents('li')
-      .addClass('active')
-
-    if (active.parent('.dropdown-menu').length) {
-      active = active
-        .closest('li.dropdown')
-        .addClass('active')
-    }
-
-    active.trigger('activate.bs.scrollspy')
-  }
-
-  ScrollSpy.prototype.clear = function () {
-    $(this.selector)
-      .parentsUntil(this.options.target, '.active')
-      .removeClass('active')
-  }
-
-
-  // SCROLLSPY PLUGIN DEFINITION
-  // ===========================
-
-  function Plugin(option) {
-    return this.each(function () {
-      var $this   = $(this)
-      var data    = $this.data('bs.scrollspy')
-      var options = typeof option == 'object' && option
-
-      if (!data) $this.data('bs.scrollspy', (data = new ScrollSpy(this, options)))
-      if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()
-    })
-  }
-
-  var old = $.fn.scrollspy
-
-  $.fn.scrollspy             = Plugin
-  $.fn.scrollspy.Constructor = ScrollSpy
-
-
-  // SCROLLSPY NO CONFLICT
-  // =====================
-
-  $.fn.scrollspy.noConflict = function () {
-    $.fn.scrollspy = old
-    return this
-  }
-
-
-  // SCROLLSPY DATA-API
-  // ==================
-
-  $(window).on('load.bs.scrollspy.data-api', function () {
-    $('[data-spy="scroll"]').each(function () {
-      var $spy = $(this)
-      Plugin.call($spy, $spy.data())
-    })
-  })
-
-}(jQuery);
diff --git a/js/src/utils.js b/js/utils.js
similarity index 58%
rename from js/src/utils.js
rename to js/utils.js
index 5191daf6..44d69c9c 100644
--- a/js/src/utils.js
+++ b/js/utils.js
@@ -1,35 +1,42 @@
-/* global NexT: true */
+/* global NexT, CONFIG */
 
 NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
+
   /**
    * Wrap images with fancybox support.
    */
-  wrapImageWithFancyBox: function () {
+  wrapImageWithFancyBox: function() {
     $('.content img')
-      .not('[hidden]')
-      .not('.group-picture img, .post-gallery img')
-      .each(function () {
+      .not(':hidden')
+      .each(function() {
         var $image = $(this);
-        var imageTitle = $image.attr('title');
+        var imageTitle = $image.attr('title') || $image.attr('alt');
         var $imageWrapLink = $image.parent('a');
 
-        if ($imageWrapLink.size() < 1) {
-	        var imageLink = ($image.attr('data-original')) ? this.getAttribute('data-original') : this.getAttribute('src');
-          $imageWrapLink = $image.wrap('<a href="' + imageLink + '"></a>').parent('a');
+        if ($imageWrapLink.length < 1) {
+          var imageLink = $image.attr('data-original') || $image.attr('src');
+          $imageWrapLink = $image.wrap('<a class="fancybox fancybox.image" href="' + imageLink + '" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="url"></a>').parent('a');
+          if ($image.is('.post-gallery img')) {
+            $imageWrapLink.addClass('post-gallery-img');
+            $imageWrapLink.attr('data-fancybox', 'gallery').attr('rel', 'gallery');
+          }
+          else if ($image.is('.group-picture img')) {
+            $imageWrapLink.attr('data-fancybox', 'group').attr('rel', 'group');
+          }
+          else {
+            $imageWrapLink.attr('data-fancybox', 'default').attr('rel', 'default');
+          }
         }
 
-        $imageWrapLink.addClass('fancybox fancybox.image');
-        $imageWrapLink.attr('rel', 'group');
-
         if (imageTitle) {
           $imageWrapLink.append('<p class="image-caption">' + imageTitle + '</p>');
-
-          //make sure img title tag will show correctly in fancybox
-          $imageWrapLink.attr('title', imageTitle);
+          // Make sure img title tag will show correctly in fancybox
+          $imageWrapLink.attr('title', imageTitle).attr('data-caption', imageTitle);
         }
       });
 
     $('.fancybox').fancybox({
+      loop: true,
       helpers: {
         overlay: {
           locked: false
@@ -38,35 +45,35 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
     });
   },
 
-  lazyLoadPostsImages: function () {
+  lazyLoadPostsImages: function() {
     $('#posts').find('img').lazyload({
       //placeholder: '/images/loading.gif',
-      effect: 'fadeIn',
-      threshold : 0
+      effect   : 'fadeIn',
+      threshold: 0
     });
   },
 
   /**
    * Tabs tag listener (without twitter bootstrap).
    */
-  registerTabsTag: function () {
+  registerTabsTag: function() {
     var tNav = '.tabs ul.nav-tabs ';
 
     // Binding `nav-tabs` & `tab-content` by real time permalink changing.
     $(function() {
       $(window).bind('hashchange', function() {
         var tHash = location.hash;
-        if (tHash !== '') {
+        if (tHash !== '' && !tHash.match(/%\S{2}/)) {
           $(tNav + 'li:has(a[href="' + tHash + '"])').addClass('active').siblings().removeClass('active');
           $(tHash).addClass('active').siblings().removeClass('active');
         }
       }).trigger('hashchange');
     });
 
-    $(tNav + '.tab').on('click', function (href) {
+    $(tNav + '.tab').on('click', function(href) {
       href.preventDefault();
       // Prevent selected tab to select again.
-      if(!$(this).hasClass('active')){
+      if (!$(this).hasClass('active')) {
 
         // Add & Remove active class on `nav-tabs` & `tab-content`.
         $(this).addClass('active').siblings().removeClass('active');
@@ -79,13 +86,12 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
         }
       }
     });
-
   },
 
-  registerESCKeyEvent: function () {
-    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
-      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
-        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+  registerESCKeyEvent: function() {
+    $(document).on('keyup', function(event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27
+          && $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
       if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
         $('.search-popup').hide();
         $('.search-popup-overlay').remove();
@@ -94,23 +100,32 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
     });
   },
 
-  registerBackToTop: function () {
+  registerBackToTop: function() {
     var THRESHOLD = 50;
     var $top = $('.back-to-top');
 
-    $(window).on('scroll', function () {
+    function initBackToTop() {
       $top.toggleClass('back-to-top-on', window.pageYOffset > THRESHOLD);
 
       var scrollTop = $(window).scrollTop();
       var contentVisibilityHeight = NexT.utils.getContentVisibilityHeight();
-      var scrollPercent = (scrollTop) / (contentVisibilityHeight);
-      var scrollPercentRounded = Math.round(scrollPercent*100);
-      var scrollPercentMaxed = (scrollPercentRounded > 100) ? 100 : scrollPercentRounded;
+      var scrollPercent = scrollTop / contentVisibilityHeight;
+      var scrollPercentRounded = Math.round(scrollPercent * 100);
+      var scrollPercentMaxed = scrollPercentRounded > 100 ? 100 : scrollPercentRounded;
       $('#scrollpercent>span').html(scrollPercentMaxed);
+    }
+
+    // For init back to top in sidebar if page was scrolled after page refresh.
+    $(window).on('load', function() {
+      initBackToTop();
+    });
+
+    $(window).on('scroll', function() {
+      initBackToTop();
     });
 
-    $top.on('click', function () {
-      $('body').velocity('scroll');
+    $top.on('click', function() {
+      $.isFunction($('html').velocity) ? $('body').velocity('scroll') : $('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: 0 });
     });
   },
 
@@ -118,7 +133,7 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
    * Transform embedded video to support responsive layout.
    * @see http://toddmotto.com/fluid-and-responsive-youtube-and-vimeo-videos-with-fluidvids-js/
    */
-  embeddedVideoTransformer: function () {
+  embeddedVideoTransformer: function() {
     var $iframes = $('iframe');
 
     // Supported Players. Extend this if you need more players.
@@ -129,9 +144,20 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
       'music.163.com',
       'www.tudou.com'
     ];
-    var pattern = new RegExp( SUPPORTED_PLAYERS.join('|') );
+    var pattern = new RegExp(SUPPORTED_PLAYERS.join('|'));
+
+    function getDimension($element) {
+      return {
+        width : $element.width(),
+        height: $element.height()
+      };
+    }
+
+    function getAspectRadio(width, height) {
+      return height / width * 100;
+    }
 
-    $iframes.each(function () {
+    $iframes.each(function() {
       var iframe = this;
       var $iframe = $(this);
       var oldDimension = getDimension($iframe);
@@ -147,11 +173,10 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
         $iframe.width('100%').height('100%')
           .css({
             position: 'absolute',
-            top: '0',
-            left: '0'
+            top     : '0',
+            left    : '0'
           });
 
-
         // Wrap the iframe in a new <div> which uses a dynamically fetched padding-top property
         // based on the video's w/h dimensions
         var wrap = document.createElement('div');
@@ -171,8 +196,8 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
         // Additional adjustments for 163 Music
         if (this.src.search('music.163.com') > 0) {
           newDimension = getDimension($iframe);
-          var shouldRecalculateAspect = newDimension.width > oldDimension.width ||
-                                        newDimension.height < oldDimension.height;
+          var shouldRecalculateAspect = newDimension.width > oldDimension.width
+                                     || newDimension.height < oldDimension.height;
 
           // 163 Music Player has a fixed height, so we need to reset the aspect radio
           if (shouldRecalculateAspect) {
@@ -182,29 +207,9 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
       }
     });
 
-    function getDimension($element) {
-      return {
-        width: $element.width(),
-        height: $element.height()
-      };
-    }
-
-    function getAspectRadio(width, height) {
-      return height / width * 100;
-    }
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Add `menu-item-active` class name to menu item
-   * via comparing location.path with menu item's href.
-   */
-  addActiveClassToMenuItem: function () {
-    var path = window.location.pathname;
-    path = path === '/' ? path : path.substring(0, path.length - 1);
-    $('.menu-item a[href^="' + path + '"]:first').parent().addClass('menu-item-active');
   },
 
-  hasMobileUA: function () {
+  hasMobileUA: function() {
     var nav = window.navigator;
     var ua = nav.userAgent;
     var pa = /iPad|iPhone|Android|Opera Mini|BlackBerry|webOS|UCWEB|Blazer|PSP|IEMobile|Symbian/g;
@@ -212,15 +217,15 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
     return pa.test(ua);
   },
 
-  isTablet: function () {
+  isTablet: function() {
     return window.screen.width < 992 && window.screen.width > 767 && this.hasMobileUA();
   },
 
-  isMobile: function () {
+  isMobile: function() {
     return window.screen.width < 767 && this.hasMobileUA();
   },
 
-  isDesktop: function () {
+  isDesktop: function() {
     return !this.isTablet() && !this.isMobile();
   },
 
@@ -230,105 +235,106 @@ NexT.utils = NexT.$u = {
    * @param selector
    * @returns {string|void|XML|*}
    */
-  escapeSelector: function (selector) {
-    return selector.replace(/[!"$%&'()*+,.\/:;<=>?@[\\\]^`{|}~]/g, '\\$&');
+  escapeSelector: function(selector) {
+    return selector.replace(/[!"$%&'()*+,./:;<=>?@[\\\]^`{|}~]/g, '\\$&');
   },
 
-  displaySidebar: function () {
+  displaySidebar: function() {
     if (!this.isDesktop() || this.isPisces() || this.isGemini()) {
       return;
     }
     $('.sidebar-toggle').trigger('click');
   },
 
-  isMist: function () {
+  isMuse: function() {
+    return CONFIG.scheme === 'Muse';
+  },
+
+  isMist: function() {
     return CONFIG.scheme === 'Mist';
   },
 
-  isPisces: function () {
+  isPisces: function() {
     return CONFIG.scheme === 'Pisces';
   },
 
-  isGemini: function () {
+  isGemini: function() {
     return CONFIG.scheme === 'Gemini';
   },
 
-  getScrollbarWidth: function () {
+  getScrollbarWidth: function() {
     var $div = $('<div />').addClass('scrollbar-measure').prependTo('body');
     var div = $div[0];
     var scrollbarWidth = div.offsetWidth - div.clientWidth;
-
     $div.remove();
 
     return scrollbarWidth;
   },
 
-  getContentVisibilityHeight: function () {
-    var docHeight = $('#content').height(),
-        winHeight = $(window).height(),
-        contentVisibilityHeight = (docHeight > winHeight) ? (docHeight - winHeight) : ($(document).height() - winHeight);
+  getContentVisibilityHeight: function() {
+    var docHeight = $('.container').height();
+    var winHeight = $(window).height();
+    var contentVisibilityHeight = docHeight > winHeight ? docHeight - winHeight : $(document).height() - winHeight;
     return contentVisibilityHeight;
   },
 
-  getSidebarb2tHeight: function () {
-    //var sidebarb2tHeight = (CONFIG.sidebar.b2t) ? document.getElementsByClassName('back-to-top')[0].clientHeight : 0;
-    var sidebarb2tHeight = (CONFIG.sidebar.b2t) ? $('.back-to-top').height() : 0;
-    //var sidebarb2tHeight = (CONFIG.sidebar.b2t) ? 24 : 0;
+  getSidebarb2tHeight: function() {
+    var sidebarb2tHeight = (CONFIG.back2top && CONFIG.back2top_sidebar) ? $('.back-to-top').height() : 0;
     return sidebarb2tHeight;
   },
 
-  getSidebarSchemePadding: function () {
-    var sidebarNavHeight = ($('.sidebar-nav').css('display') == 'block') ? $('.sidebar-nav').outerHeight(true) : 0,
-        sidebarInner = $('.sidebar-inner'),
-        sidebarPadding = sidebarInner.innerWidth() - sidebarInner.width(),
-        sidebarSchemePadding = this.isPisces() || this.isGemini() ?
-          ((sidebarPadding * 2) + sidebarNavHeight + (CONFIG.sidebar.offset * 2) + this.getSidebarb2tHeight()) :
-          ((sidebarPadding * 2) + (sidebarNavHeight / 2));
+  getSidebarSchemePadding: function() {
+    var sidebarNavHeight = $('.sidebar-nav').css('display') === 'block' ? $('.sidebar-nav').outerHeight(true) : 0;
+    var sidebarInner = $('.sidebar-inner');
+    var sidebarPadding = sidebarInner.innerWidth() - sidebarInner.width();
+    var sidebarOffset = CONFIG.sidebar.offset ? CONFIG.sidebar.offset : 12;
+    var sidebarSchemePadding = this.isPisces() || this.isGemini()
+      ? (sidebarPadding * 2) + sidebarNavHeight + sidebarOffset + this.getSidebarb2tHeight()
+      : (sidebarPadding * 2) + (sidebarNavHeight / 2);
     return sidebarSchemePadding;
   }
-
-  /**
-   * Affix behaviour for Sidebar.
-   *
-   * @returns {Boolean}
-   */
-//  needAffix: function () {
-//    return this.isPisces() || this.isGemini();
-//  }
 };
 
-$(document).ready(function () {
+$(document).ready(function() {
 
-  initSidebarDimension();
+  function wrapTable() {
+    $('table').not('.gist table').wrap('<div class="table-container"></div>');
+  }
 
   /**
    * Init Sidebar & TOC inner dimensions on all pages and for all schemes.
    * Need for Sidebar/TOC inner scrolling if content taller then viewport.
    */
-  function initSidebarDimension () {
+  function updateSidebarHeight(height) {
+    height = height || 'auto';
+    $('.site-overview, .post-toc').css('max-height', height);
+  }
+
+  function initSidebarDimension() {
     var updateSidebarHeightTimer;
 
-    $(window).on('resize', function () {
+    $(window).on('resize', function() {
       updateSidebarHeightTimer && clearTimeout(updateSidebarHeightTimer);
 
-      updateSidebarHeightTimer = setTimeout(function () {
+      updateSidebarHeightTimer = setTimeout(function() {
         var sidebarWrapperHeight = document.body.clientHeight - NexT.utils.getSidebarSchemePadding();
 
         updateSidebarHeight(sidebarWrapperHeight);
       }, 0);
     });
 
-    // Initialize Sidebar & TOC Height.
-    updateSidebarHeight(document.body.clientHeight - NexT.utils.getSidebarSchemePadding());
-
     // Initialize Sidebar & TOC Width.
     var scrollbarWidth = NexT.utils.getScrollbarWidth();
-    $('.site-overview, .post-toc').css('width', 'calc(100% + ' + scrollbarWidth + 'px)');
-  }
+    if ($('.site-overview-wrap').height() > (document.body.clientHeight - NexT.utils.getSidebarSchemePadding())) {
+      $('.site-overview').css('width', 'calc(100% + ' + scrollbarWidth + 'px)');
+    }
+    if ($('.post-toc-wrap').height() > (document.body.clientHeight - NexT.utils.getSidebarSchemePadding())) {
+      $('.post-toc').css('width', 'calc(100% + ' + scrollbarWidth + 'px)');
+    }
 
-  function updateSidebarHeight (height) {
-    height = height || 'auto';
-    $('.site-overview, .post-toc').css('max-height', height);
+    // Initialize Sidebar & TOC Height.
+    updateSidebarHeight(document.body.clientHeight - NexT.utils.getSidebarSchemePadding());
   }
-
+  initSidebarDimension();
+  wrapTable();
 });
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/font/han-space.otf b/lib/Han/dist/font/han-space.otf
deleted file mode 100644
index 845b1bc2..00000000
Binary files a/lib/Han/dist/font/han-space.otf and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/font/han-space.woff b/lib/Han/dist/font/han-space.woff
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ccc84f8..00000000
Binary files a/lib/Han/dist/font/han-space.woff and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/font/han.otf b/lib/Han/dist/font/han.otf
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ce2f46c..00000000
Binary files a/lib/Han/dist/font/han.otf and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/font/han.woff b/lib/Han/dist/font/han.woff
deleted file mode 100644
index 011e06c7..00000000
Binary files a/lib/Han/dist/font/han.woff and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/font/han.woff2 b/lib/Han/dist/font/han.woff2
deleted file mode 100644
index 02c49afb..00000000
Binary files a/lib/Han/dist/font/han.woff2 and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/han.css b/lib/Han/dist/han.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bafab6e..00000000
--- a/lib/Han/dist/han.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1168 +0,0 @@
-@charset "UTF-8";
-
-/*! 漢字標準格式 v3.3.0 | MIT License | css.hanzi.co */
-/*! Han.css: the CSS typography framework optimised for Hanzi */
-
-/* normalize.css v4.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */
-html {
-  font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */
-  -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
-  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
-}
-body {
-  margin: 0;
-}
-article,
-aside,
-details,
-figcaption,
-figure,
-footer,
-header,
-main,
-menu,
-nav,
-section,
-summary {
-  /* 1 */
-  display: block;
-}
-audio,
-canvas,
-progress,
-video {
-  display: inline-block;
-}
-audio:not([controls]) {
-  display: none;
-  height: 0;
-}
-progress {
-  vertical-align: baseline;
-}
-template,
-[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-a {
-  background-color: transparent;
-}
-a:active,
-a:hover {
-  outline-width: 0;
-}
-abbr[title] {
-  border-bottom: none; /* 1 */
-  text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */
-  text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */
-}
-b,
-strong {
-  font-weight: inherit;
-}
-b,
-strong {
-  font-weight: bolder;
-}
-dfn {
-  font-style: italic;
-}
-h1 {
-  font-size: 2em;
-  margin: .67em 0;
-}
-mark {
-  background-color: #ff0;
-  color: #000;
-}
-small {
-  font-size: 80%;
-}
-sub,
-sup {
-  font-size: 75%;
-  line-height: 0;
-  position: relative;
-  vertical-align: baseline;
-}
-sub {
-  bottom: -.25em;
-}
-sup {
-  top: -.5em;
-}
-img {
-  border-style: none;
-}
-svg:not(:root) {
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-code,
-kbd,
-pre,
-samp {
-  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */
-  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */
-}
-figure {
-  margin: 1em 40px;
-}
-hr {
-  box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */
-  height: 0; /* 1 */
-  overflow: visible; /* 2 */
-}
-button,
-input,
-select,
-textarea {
-  font: inherit;
-}
-optgroup {
-  font-weight: bold;
-}
-button,
-input,
-select {
-  /* 2 */
-  overflow: visible;
-}
-button,
-input,
-select,
-textarea {
-  /* 1 */
-  margin: 0;
-}
-button,
-select {
-  /* 1 */
-  text-transform: none;
-}
-button,
-[type="button"],
-[type="reset"],
-[type="submit"] {
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-[disabled] {
-  cursor: default;
-}
-button,
-html [type="button"],
-[type="reset"],
-[type="submit"] {
-  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 2 */
-}
-button::-moz-focus-inner,
-input::-moz-focus-inner {
-  border: 0;
-  padding: 0;
-}
-button:-moz-focusring,
-input:-moz-focusring {
-  outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;
-}
-fieldset {
-  border: 1px solid #c0c0c0;
-  margin: 0 2px;
-  padding: .35em .625em .75em;
-}
-legend {
-  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
-  color: inherit; /* 2 */
-  display: table; /* 1 */
-  max-width: 100%; /* 1 */
-  padding: 0; /* 3 */
-  white-space: normal; /* 1 */
-}
-textarea {
-  overflow: auto;
-}
-[type="checkbox"],
-[type="radio"] {
-  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
-  padding: 0; /* 2 */
-}
-[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
-[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
-  height: auto;
-}
-[type="search"] {
-  -webkit-appearance: textfield;
-}
-[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,
-[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
-  -webkit-appearance: none;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Heiti";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Lantinghei TC Extralight"), local("Lantinghei SC Extralight"), local(FZLTXHB--B51-0), local(FZLTZHK--GBK1-0), local("Pingfang SC Light"), local("Pingfang TC Light"), local("Pingfang-SC-Light"), local("Pingfang-TC-Light"), local("Pingfang SC"), local("Pingfang TC"), local("Heiti SC Light"), local(STHeitiSC-Light), local("Heiti SC"), local("Heiti TC Light"), local(STHeitiTC-Light), local("Heiti TC"), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local("Microsoft Jhenghei"), local("Noto Sans CJK KR"), local("Noto Sans CJK JP"), local("Noto Sans CJK SC"), local("Noto Sans CJK TC"), local("Source Han Sans K"), local("Source Han Sans KR"), local("Source Han Sans JP"), local("Source Han Sans CN"), local("Source Han Sans HK"), local("Source Han Sans TW"), local("Source Han Sans TWHK"), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Heiti";
-  src: local(YuGothic), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Heiti CNS";
-  src: local("Pingfang TC Light"), local("Pingfang-TC-Light"), local("Pingfang TC"), local("Heiti TC Light"), local(STHeitiTC-Light), local("Heiti TC"), local("Lantinghei TC Extralight"), local(FZLTXHB--B51-0), local("Lantinghei TC"), local("Microsoft Jhenghei"), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local("Noto Sans CJK TC"), local("Source Han Sans TC"), local("Source Han Sans TW"), local("Source Han Sans TWHK"), local("Source Han Sans HK"), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Heiti GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Pingfang SC Light"), local("Pingfang-SC-Light"), local("Pingfang SC"), local("Lantinghei SC Extralight"), local(FZLTXHK--GBK1-0), local("Lantinghei SC"), local("Heiti SC Light"), local(STHeitiSC-Light), local("Heiti SC"), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local("Noto Sans CJK SC"), local("Source Han Sans SC"), local("Source Han Sans CN"), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Heiti";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB W6"), local(HiraginoSansGB-W6), local("Lantinghei TC Demibold"), local("Lantinghei SC Demibold"), local(FZLTZHB--B51-0), local(FZLTZHK--GBK1-0), local("Pingfang-SC-Semibold"), local("Pingfang-TC-Semibold"), local("Heiti SC Medium"), local("STHeitiSC-Medium"), local("Heiti SC"), local("Heiti TC Medium"), local("STHeitiTC-Medium"), local("Heiti TC"), local("Microsoft Yahei Bold"), local("Microsoft Jhenghei Bold"), local(MicrosoftYahei-Bold), local(MicrosoftJhengHeiBold), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local("Microsoft Jhenghei"), local("Noto Sans CJK KR Bold"), local("Noto Sans CJK JP Bold"), local("Noto Sans CJK SC Bold"), local("Noto Sans CJK TC Bold"), local(NotoSansCJKkr-Bold), local(NotoSansCJKjp-Bold), local(NotoSansCJKsc-Bold), local(NotoSansCJKtc-Bold), local("Source Han Sans K Bold"), local(SourceHanSansK-Bold), local("Source Han Sans K"), local("Source Han Sans KR Bold"), local("Source Han Sans JP Bold"), local("Source Han Sans CN Bold"), local("Source Han Sans HK Bold"), local("Source Han Sans TW Bold"), local("Source Han Sans TWHK Bold"), local("SourceHanSansKR-Bold"), local("SourceHanSansJP-Bold"), local("SourceHanSansCN-Bold"), local("SourceHanSansHK-Bold"), local("SourceHanSansTW-Bold"), local("SourceHanSansTWHK-Bold"), local("Source Han Sans KR"), local("Source Han Sans CN"), local("Source Han Sans HK"), local("Source Han Sans TW"), local("Source Han Sans TWHK");
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Heiti";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("YuGothic Bold"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN W6"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro W6"), local(YuGo-Bold), local(HiraKakuProN-W6), local(HiraKakuPro-W6);
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Heiti CNS";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("Pingfang TC Semibold"), local("Pingfang-TC-Semibold"), local("Heiti TC Medium"), local("STHeitiTC-Medium"), local("Heiti TC"), local("Lantinghei TC Demibold"), local(FZLTXHB--B51-0), local("Microsoft Jhenghei Bold"), local(MicrosoftJhengHeiBold), local("Microsoft Jhenghei"), local("Microsoft Yahei Bold"), local(MicrosoftYahei-Bold), local("Noto Sans CJK TC Bold"), local(NotoSansCJKtc-Bold), local("Noto Sans CJK TC"), local("Source Han Sans TC Bold"), local("SourceHanSansTC-Bold"), local("Source Han Sans TC"), local("Source Han Sans TW Bold"), local("SourceHanSans-TW"), local("Source Han Sans TW"), local("Source Han Sans TWHK Bold"), local("SourceHanSans-TWHK"), local("Source Han Sans TWHK"), local("Source Han Sans HK"), local("SourceHanSans-HK"), local("Source Han Sans HK");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Heiti GB";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB W6"), local(HiraginoSansGB-W6), local("Pingfang SC Semibold"), local("Pingfang-SC-Semibold"), local("Lantinghei SC Demibold"), local(FZLTZHK--GBK1-0), local("Heiti SC Medium"), local("STHeitiSC-Medium"), local("Heiti SC"), local("Microsoft Yahei Bold"), local(MicrosoftYahei-Bold), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local("Noto Sans CJK SC Bold"), local(NotoSansCJKsc-Bold), local("Noto Sans CJK SC"), local("Source Han Sans SC Bold"), local("SourceHanSansSC-Bold"), local("Source Han Sans CN Bold"), local("SourceHanSansCN-Bold"), local("Source Han Sans SC"), local("Source Han Sans CN");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Songti";
-  src: local("Songti SC Regular"), local(STSongti-SC-Regular), local("Songti SC"), local("Songti TC Regular"), local(STSongti-TC-Regular), local("Songti TC"), local(STSong), local("Lisong Pro"), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Songti";
-  src: local(YuMincho), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("MS Mincho");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Songti CNS";
-  src: local("Songti TC Regular"), local(STSongti-TC-Regular), local("Songti TC"), local("Lisong Pro"), local("Songti SC Regular"), local(STSongti-SC-Regular), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local(PMingLiU), local(SimSun);
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Songti GB";
-  src: local("Songti SC Regular"), local(STSongti-SC-Regular), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Songti";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("STSongti SC Bold"), local("STSongti TC Bold"), local(STSongti-SC-Bold), local(STSongti-TC-Bold), local("STSongti SC"), local("STSongti TC");
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Songti";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("YuMincho Demibold"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN W6"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro W6"), local(YuMin-Demibold), local(HiraMinProN-W6), local(HiraMinPro-W6), local(YuMincho), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Songti CNS";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("STSongti TC Bold"), local("STSongti SC Bold"), local(STSongti-TC-Bold), local(STSongti-SC-Bold), local("STSongti TC"), local("STSongti SC");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Songti GB";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("STSongti SC Bold"), local(STSongti-SC-Bold), local("STSongti SC");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: cursive;
-  src: local("Kaiti TC Regular"), local(STKaiTi-TC-Regular), local("Kaiti TC"), local("Kaiti SC"), local(STKaiti), local(BiauKai), local("標楷體"), local(DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF), local(Kaiti), local(DFKai-SB);
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Kaiti";
-  src: local("Kaiti TC Regular"), local(STKaiTi-TC-Regular), local("Kaiti TC"), local("Kaiti SC"), local(STKaiti), local(BiauKai), local("標楷體"), local(DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF), local(Kaiti), local(DFKai-SB);
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Kaiti CNS";
-  src: local(BiauKai), local("標楷體"), local(DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF), local("Kaiti TC Regular"), local(STKaiTi-TC-Regular), local("Kaiti TC");
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Kaiti GB";
-  src: local("Kaiti SC Regular"), local(STKaiTi-SC-Regular), local("Kaiti SC"), local(STKaiti), local(Kai), local(Kaiti), local(DFKai-SB);
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: cursive;
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("Kaiti TC Bold"), local(STKaiTi-TC-Bold), local("Kaiti SC Bold"), local(STKaiti-SC-Bold), local("Kaiti TC"), local("Kaiti SC");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Kaiti";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("Kaiti TC Bold"), local(STKaiTi-TC-Bold), local("Kaiti SC Bold"), local(STKaiti-SC-Bold), local("Kaiti TC"), local("Kaiti SC");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Kaiti CNS";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("Kaiti TC Bold"), local(STKaiTi-TC-Bold), local("Kaiti TC");
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Han Kaiti GB";
-  font-weight: 600;
-  src: local("Kaiti SC Bold"), local(STKaiti-SC-Bold);
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Fangsong";
-  src: local(STFangsong), local(FangSong);
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Fangsong CNS";
-  src: local(STFangsong), local(FangSong);
-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+4E00-9FFF, U+3400-4DB5, U+20000-2A6D6, U+2A700-2B734, U+2B740-2B81D, U+FA0E-FA0F, U+FA11, U+FA13-FA14, U+FA1F, U+FA21, U+FA23, U+FA24, U+FA27-FA29, U+3040-309F, U+30A0-30FF, U+3099-309E, U+FF66-FF9F, U+3007, U+31C0-31E3, U+2F00-2FD5, U+2E80-2EF3;
-  font-family: "Han Fangsong GB";
-  src: local(STFangsong), local(FangSong);
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Sans";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local("MS Gothic"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Serif";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local("MS Gothic"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local("MS Gothic"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local("MS Gothic"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+FF0E;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Sans";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Serif";
-  src: local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Heiti SC"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif";
-  src: local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Heiti SC"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Heiti SC"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Heiti SC"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Sans";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Serif";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Yakumono Sans";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Arial Unicode MS"), local("MS Gothic");
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Yakumono Serif";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("MS Mincho"), local("Microsoft Yahei");
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSong), local("Microsoft Yahei"), local(SimSun);
-  unicode-range: U+2014;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Sans";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local(Meiryo), local("MS Gothic"), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Serif";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local("MS Mincho"), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Yakumono Sans";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local(Meiryo), local("MS Gothic");
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Yakumono Serif";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("MS Mincho");
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSongti), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype"), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Songti SC"), local(STSongti), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+2026;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+201C-201D, U+2018-2019;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  font-weight: bold;
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+201C-201D, U+2018-2019;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: local("Lisong Pro"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+201C-201D, U+2018-2019;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  font-weight: bold;
-  src: local("Lisong Pro"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+201C-201D, U+2018-2019;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Sans";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Serif";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: local(Georgia), local("Times New Roman"), local(Arial), local("Droid Sans Fallback");
-  unicode-range: U+25CF;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  src: local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("MS Gothic");
-  unicode-range: U+3002, U+FF0C, U+3001, U+FF1B, U+FF1A, U+FF1F, U+FF01, U+FF0D, U+FF0F, U+FF3C;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("MS Mincho");
-  unicode-range: U+3002, U+FF0C, U+3001, U+FF1B, U+FF1A, U+FF1F, U+FF01, U+FF0D, U+FF0F, U+FF3C;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: local("Heiti TC"), local("Lihei Pro"), local("Microsoft Jhenghei"), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+3002, U+FF0C, U+3001;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Heiti TC"), local("Lihei Pro"), local("Microsoft Jhenghei"), local(PMingLiU), local("MS Gothic");
-  unicode-range: U+FF1B, U+FF1A, U+FF1F, U+FF01;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("MS Mincho");
-  unicode-range: U+FF0D, U+FF0F, U+FF3C;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: local(STSongti-TC-Regular), local("Lisong Pro"), local("Heiti TC"), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+3002, U+FF0C, U+3001;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local(PMingLiU), local("MS Mincho");
-  unicode-range: U+FF1B, U+FF1A, U+FF1F, U+FF01, U+FF0D, U+FF0F, U+FF3C;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local(SimSun), local("MS Gothic");
-  unicode-range: U+3002, U+FF0C, U+3001, U+FF1B, U+FF1A, U+FF1F, U+FF01, U+FF0D, U+FF0F, U+FF3C;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: local("Songti SC"), local(STSongti), local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Hiragino Sans GB"), local("Heiti SC"), local(STHeiti), local(SimSun), local("MS Mincho");
-  unicode-range: U+3002, U+FF0C, U+3001, U+FF1B, U+FF1A, U+FF1F, U+FF01;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local(PMingLiU), local("MS Mincho");
-  unicode-range: U+FF0D, U+FF0F, U+FF3C;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  src: local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Yu Gothic"), local(YuGothic), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+300C-300F, U+300A-300B, U+3008-3009, U+FF08-FF09, U+3014-3015;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Yu Mincho"), local(YuMincho), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+300C-300F, U+300A-300B, U+3008-3009, U+FF08-FF09, U+3014-3015;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Yu Gothic"), local(YuGothic), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+300C-300F, U+300A-300B, U+3008-3009, U+FF08-FF09, U+3014-3015;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Serif CNS";
-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Yu Mincho"), local(YuMincho), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+300C-300F, U+300A-300B, U+3008-3009, U+FF08-FF09, U+3014-3015;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB";
-  src: local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"), local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro"), local("Yu Gothic"), local(YuGothic), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+300C-300F, U+300A-300B, U+3008-3009, U+FF08-FF09, U+3014-3015;
-}
-@font-face {
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-  src: local("Hiragino Mincho ProN"), local("Hiragino Mincho Pro"), local("Yu Mincho"), local(YuMincho), local(SimSun), local(PMingLiU);
-  unicode-range: U+300C-300F, U+300A-300B, U+3008-3009, U+FF08-FF09, U+3014-3015;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Basic";
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype");
-  unicode-range: U+2014, U+2026, U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Basic";
-  font-weight: bold;
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype");
-  unicode-range: U+2014, U+2026, U+00B7;
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-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Sans";
-  font-weight: bold;
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype");
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-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  font-weight: bold;
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype");
-  unicode-range: U+2014, U+2026, U+00B7;
-}
-@font-face {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans";
-  font-weight: bold;
-  src: url("./font/han.woff2?v3.3.0") format("woff2"), url("./font/han.woff?v3.3.0") format("woff"), url("./font/han.otf?v3.3.0") format("opentype");
-  unicode-range: U+2014, U+2026, U+00B7;
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-@font-face {
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-  font-weight: bold;
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-@font-face {
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-  font-weight: bold;
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-  unicode-range: U+2014, U+2026, U+00B7;
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-@font-face {
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-  font-weight: bold;
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-@font-face {
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-}
-@font-face {
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-}
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-  unicode-range: U+0030-0039;
-  font-family: "Numeral TF Sans";
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-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+0030-0039;
-  font-family: "Numeral TF Serif";
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-}
-@font-face {
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-  font-family: "Numeral TF Italic Serif";
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-}
-@font-face {
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-}
-@font-face {
-  unicode-range: U+0030-0039;
-  font-family: "Numeral LF Italic Sans";
-  font-weight: bold;
-  src: local("Helvetica Neue Bold Italic"), local("Helvetica Bold Oblique"), local("Arial Bold Italic"), local(HelveticaNeue-BoldItalic), local(Helvetica-BoldOblique), local(Arial-BoldItalicMT);
-}
-@font-face {
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-}
-@font-face {
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-}
-@font-face {
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-  font-weight: bold;
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-}
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-  unicode-range: U+3105-312D, U+31A0-31BA, U+02D9, U+02CA, U+02C5, U+02C7, U+02CB, U+02EA-02EB, U+0307, U+030D, U+0358, U+F31B4-F31B7, U+F0061, U+F0065, U+F0069, U+F006F, U+F0075;
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-}
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-}
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-  unicode-range: U+0307, U+030D, U+0358, U+F31B4-F31B7, U+F0061, U+F0065, U+F0069, U+F006F, U+F0075;
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-html:lang(zh),
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-article strong:lang(zh),
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-i:lang(ja),
-var:lang(ja) {
-  font-family: "Yakumono Serif", "Numeral LF Italic Serif", "Latin Italic Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", cursive, serif;
-}
-.no-unicoderange i:lang(ja),
-.no-unicoderange var:lang(ja) {
-  font-family: "Numeral LF Italic Serif", "Latin Italic Serif", Georgia, "Times New Roman", cursive, serif;
-}
-code:lang(zh-Latn),
-kbd:lang(zh-Latn),
-samp:lang(zh-Latn),
-pre:lang(zh-Latn),
-code:lang(ja-Latn),
-kbd:lang(ja-Latn),
-samp:lang(ja-Latn),
-pre:lang(ja-Latn),
-code:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)),
-kbd:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)),
-samp:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)),
-pre:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)),
-code *:lang(zh-Latn),
-kbd *:lang(zh-Latn),
-samp *:lang(zh-Latn),
-pre *:lang(zh-Latn),
-code *:lang(ja-Latn),
-kbd *:lang(ja-Latn),
-samp *:lang(ja-Latn),
-pre *:lang(ja-Latn),
-code *:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)),
-kbd *:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)),
-samp *:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)),
-pre *:not(:lang(zh)):not(:lang(ja)) {
-  font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Courier, "Han Heiti", monospace, monospace, sans-serif;
-}
-code:lang(zh),
-kbd:lang(zh),
-samp:lang(zh),
-pre:lang(zh),
-code:lang(zh-Hant),
-kbd:lang(zh-Hant),
-samp:lang(zh-Hant),
-pre:lang(zh-Hant) {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans CNS", Menlo, Consolas, Courier, "Zhuyin Heiti", "Han Heiti", monospace, monospace, sans-serif;
-}
-.no-unicoderange code:lang(zh),
-.no-unicoderange kbd:lang(zh),
-.no-unicoderange samp:lang(zh),
-.no-unicoderange pre:lang(zh),
-.no-unicoderange code:lang(zh-Hant),
-.no-unicoderange kbd:lang(zh-Hant),
-.no-unicoderange samp:lang(zh-Hant),
-.no-unicoderange pre:lang(zh-Hant) {
-  font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Courier, "Han Heiti", monospace, monospace, sans-serif;
-}
-code:lang(zh-Hans),
-kbd:lang(zh-Hans),
-samp:lang(zh-Hans),
-pre:lang(zh-Hans),
-code:lang(zh-CN),
-kbd:lang(zh-CN),
-samp:lang(zh-CN),
-pre:lang(zh-CN) {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Pro Sans GB", Menlo, Consolas, Courier, "Han Heiti GB", monospace, monospace, sans-serif;
-}
-.no-unicoderange code:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange kbd:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange samp:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange pre:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange code:lang(zh-CN),
-.no-unicoderange kbd:lang(zh-CN),
-.no-unicoderange samp:lang(zh-CN),
-.no-unicoderange pre:lang(zh-CN) {
-  font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Courier, "Han Heiti GB", monospace, monospace, sans-serif;
-}
-code:lang(ja),
-kbd:lang(ja),
-samp:lang(ja),
-pre:lang(ja) {
-  font-family: "Yakumono Sans", Menlo, Consolas, Courier, monospace, monospace, sans-serif;
-}
-.no-unicoderange code:lang(ja),
-.no-unicoderange kbd:lang(ja),
-.no-unicoderange samp:lang(ja),
-.no-unicoderange pre:lang(ja) {
-  font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Courier, monospace, monospace, sans-serif;
-}
-html,
-.no-unicoderange h-char.bd-liga,
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="b7"],
-ruby h-zhuyin,
-h-ruby h-zhuyin,
-ruby h-zhuyin h-diao,
-h-ruby h-zhuyin h-diao,
-ruby.romanization rt,
-h-ruby.romanization rt,
-ruby [annotation] rt,
-h-ruby [annotation] rt {
-  -moz-font-feature-settings: "liga";
-  -ms-font-feature-settings: "liga";
-  -webkit-font-feature-settings: "liga";
-  font-feature-settings: "liga";
-}
-html,
-[lang^="zh"],
-[lang*="Hant"],
-[lang="zh-TW"],
-[lang="zh-HK"],
-[lang*="Hans"],
-[lang="zh-CN"],
-article strong,
-code,
-kbd,
-samp,
-pre,
-article blockquote i,
-article blockquote var {
-  -moz-font-feature-settings: "liga=1, locl=0";
-  -ms-font-feature-settings: "liga", "locl" 0;
-  -webkit-font-feature-settings: "liga", "locl" 0;
-  font-feature-settings: "liga", "locl" 0;
-}
-.no-unicoderange h-char.bd-cop:lang(zh-Hant),
-.no-unicoderange h-char.bd-cop:lang(zh-TW),
-.no-unicoderange h-char.bd-cop:lang(zh-HK) {
-  font-family: -apple-system, "Han Heiti CNS";
-}
-.no-unicoderange h-char.bd-liga,
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="b7"] {
-  font-family: "Biaodian Basic", "Han Heiti";
-}
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="2018"]:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="2019"]:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="201c"]:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="201d"]:lang(zh-Hans),
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="2018"]:lang(zh-CN),
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="2019"]:lang(zh-CN),
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="201c"]:lang(zh-CN),
-.no-unicoderange h-char[unicode="201d"]:lang(zh-CN) {
-  font-family: "Han Heiti GB";
-}
-i,
-var {
-  font-style: inherit;
-}
-.no-unicoderange ruby h-zhuyin,
-.no-unicoderange h-ruby h-zhuyin,
-.no-unicoderange ruby h-zhuyin h-diao,
-.no-unicoderange h-ruby h-zhuyin h-diao {
-  font-family: "Zhuyin Kaiti", cursive, serif;
-}
-ruby h-diao,
-h-ruby h-diao {
-  font-family: "Zhuyin Kaiti", cursive, serif;
-}
-ruby.romanization rt,
-h-ruby.romanization rt,
-ruby [annotation] rt,
-h-ruby [annotation] rt {
-  font-family: "Romanization Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Han Heiti", sans-serif;
-}
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/han.js b/lib/Han/dist/han.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 75976c6d..00000000
--- a/lib/Han/dist/han.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3005 +0,0 @@
-/*!
- * 漢字標準格式 v3.3.0 | MIT License | css.hanzi.co
- * Han.css: the CSS typography framework optimised for Hanzi
- */
-
-void function( global, factory ) {
-
-  // CommonJS
-  if ( typeof module === 'object' && typeof module.exports === 'object' ) {
-    module.exports = factory( global, true )
-  // AMD
-  } else if ( typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ) {
-    define(function() {  return factory( global, true )  })
-  // Global namespace
-  } else {
-    factory( global )
-  }
-
-}( typeof window !== 'undefined' ? window : this, function( window, noGlobalNS ) {
-
-'use strict'
-
-var document = window.document
-
-var root = document.documentElement
-
-var body = document.body
-
-var VERSION = '3.3.0'
-
-var ROUTINE = [
-  // Initialise the condition with feature-detecting
-  // classes (Modernizr-alike), binding onto the root
-  // element, possibly `<html>`.
-  'initCond',
-
-  // Address element normalisation
-  'renderElem',
-
-  // Handle Biaodian
-  /* 'jinzify', */
-  'renderJiya',
-  'renderHanging',
-
-  // Address Biaodian correction
-  'correctBiaodian',
-
-  // Address Hanzi and Western script mixed spacing
-  'renderHWS',
-
-  // Address presentational correction to combining ligatures
-  'substCombLigaWithPUA'
-
-  // Address semantic correction to inaccurate characters
-  // **Note:** inactivated by default
-  /* 'substInaccurateChar', */
-]
-
-// Define Han
-var Han = function( context, condition ) {
-  return new Han.fn.init( context, condition )
-}
-
-var init = function() {
-  if ( arguments[ 0 ] ) {
-    this.context = arguments[ 0 ]
-  }
-  if ( arguments[ 1 ] ) {
-    this.condition = arguments[ 1 ]
-  }
-  return this
-}
-
-Han.version = VERSION
-
-Han.fn = Han.prototype = {
-  version: VERSION,
-
-  constructor: Han,
-
-  // Body as the default target context
-  context: body,
-
-  // Root element as the default condition
-  condition: root,
-
-  // Default rendering routine
-  routine: ROUTINE,
-
-  init: init,
-
-  setRoutine: function( routine ) {
-    if ( Array.isArray( routine )) {
-      this.routine = routine
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  // Note that the routine set up here will execute
-  // only once. The method won't alter the routine in
-  // the instance or in the prototype chain.
-  render: function( routine ) {
-    var it = this
-    var routine = Array.isArray( routine )
-      ? routine
-      : this.routine
-
-    routine
-    .forEach(function( method ) {
-      if (
-         typeof method === 'string' &&
-         typeof it[ method ] === 'function'
-      ) {
-        it[ method ]()
-      } else if (
-        Array.isArray( method ) &&
-        typeof it[ method[0] ] === 'function'
-      ) {
-        it[ method.shift() ].apply( it, method )
-      }
-    })
-    return this
-  }
-}
-
-Han.fn.init.prototype = Han.fn
-
-/**
- * Shortcut for `render()` under the default
- * situation.
- *
- * Once initialised, replace `Han.init` with the
- * instance for future usage.
- */
-Han.init = function() {
-  return Han.init = Han().render()
-}
-
-var UNICODE = {
-  /**
-   * Western punctuation (西文標點符號)
-   */
-  punct: {
-    base:   '[\u2026,.;:!?\u203D_]',
-    sing:   '[\u2010-\u2014\u2026]',
-    middle: '[\\\/~\\-&\u2010-\u2014_]',
-    open:   '[\'"‘“\\(\\[\u00A1\u00BF\u2E18\u00AB\u2039\u201A\u201C\u201E]',
-    close:  '[\'"”’\\)\\]\u00BB\u203A\u201B\u201D\u201F]',
-    end:    '[\'"”’\\)\\]\u00BB\u203A\u201B\u201D\u201F\u203C\u203D\u2047-\u2049,.;:!?]',
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * CJK biaodian (CJK標點符號)
-   */
-  biaodian: {
-    base:   '[︰．、，。：；？！ー]',
-    liga:   '[—…⋯]',
-    middle: '[·＼／－゠\uFF06\u30FB\uFF3F]',
-    open:   '[「『《〈（〔［｛【〖]',
-    close:  '[」』》〉）〕］｝】〗]',
-    end:    '[」』》〉）〕］｝】〗︰．、，。：；？！ー]'
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * CJK-related blocks (CJK相關字符區段)
-   *
-   *  1. 中日韓統一意音文字：[\u4E00-\u9FFF]
-         Basic CJK unified ideographs
-   *  2. 擴展-A區：[\u3400-\u4DB5]
-         Extended-A
-   *  3. 擴展-B區：[\u20000-\u2A6D6]（[\uD840-\uD869][\uDC00-\uDED6]）
-         Extended-B
-   *  4. 擴展-C區：[\u2A700-\u2B734]（\uD86D[\uDC00-\uDF3F]|[\uD86A-\uD86C][\uDC00-\uDFFF]|\uD869[\uDF00-\uDFFF]）
-         Extended-C
-   *  5. 擴展-D區：[\u2B740-\u2B81D]（急用漢字，\uD86D[\uDF40-\uDFFF]|\uD86E[\uDC00-\uDC1F]）
-         Extended-D
-   *  6. 擴展-E區：[\u2B820-\u2F7FF]（暫未支援）
-         Extended-E (not supported yet)
-   *  7. 擴展-F區（暫未支援）
-         Extended-F (not supported yet)
-   *  8. 筆畫區：[\u31C0-\u31E3]
-         Strokes
-   *  9. 意音數字「〇」：[\u3007]
-         Ideographic number zero
-   * 10. 相容意音文字及補充：[\uF900-\uFAFF][\u2F800-\u2FA1D]（不使用）
-         Compatibility ideograph and supplement (not supported)
-
-         12 exceptions:
-         [\uFA0E\uFA0F\uFA11\uFA13\uFA14\uFA1F\uFA21\uFA23\uFA24\uFA27-\uFA29]
-
-         https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/中日韓統一表意文字#cite_note-1
-
-   * 11. 康熙字典及簡化字部首：[\u2F00-\u2FD5\u2E80-\u2EF3]
-         Kangxi and supplement radicals
-   * 12. 意音文字描述字元：[\u2FF0-\u2FFA]
-         Ideographic description characters
-   */
-  hanzi: {
-    base:    '[\u4E00-\u9FFF\u3400-\u4DB5\u31C0-\u31E3\u3007\uFA0E\uFA0F\uFA11\uFA13\uFA14\uFA1F\uFA21\uFA23\uFA24\uFA27-\uFA29]|[\uD800-\uDBFF][\uDC00-\uDFFF]',
-    desc:    '[\u2FF0-\u2FFA]',
-    radical: '[\u2F00-\u2FD5\u2E80-\u2EF3]'
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Latin script blocks (拉丁字母區段)
-   *
-   * 1. 基本拉丁字母：A-Za-z
-        Basic Latin
-   * 2. 阿拉伯數字：0-9
-        Digits
-   * 3. 補充-1：[\u00C0-\u00FF]
-        Latin-1 supplement
-   * 4. 擴展-A區：[\u0100-\u017F]
-        Extended-A
-   * 5. 擴展-B區：[\u0180-\u024F]
-        Extended-B
-   * 5. 擴展-C區：[\u2C60-\u2C7F]
-        Extended-C
-   * 5. 擴展-D區：[\uA720-\uA7FF]
-        Extended-D
-   * 6. 附加區：[\u1E00-\u1EFF]
-        Extended additional
-   * 7. 變音組字符：[\u0300-\u0341\u1DC0-\u1DFF]
-        Combining diacritical marks
-   */
-  latin: {
-    base:    '[A-Za-z0-9\u00C0-\u00FF\u0100-\u017F\u0180-\u024F\u2C60-\u2C7F\uA720-\uA7FF\u1E00-\u1EFF]',
-    combine: '[\u0300-\u0341\u1DC0-\u1DFF]'
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Elli̱niká (Greek) script blocks (希臘字母區段)
-   *
-   * 1. 希臘字母及擴展：[\u0370–\u03FF\u1F00-\u1FFF]
-        Basic Greek & Greek Extended
-   * 2. 阿拉伯數字：0-9
-        Digits
-   * 3. 希臘字母變音組字符：[\u0300-\u0345\u1DC0-\u1DFF]
-        Combining diacritical marks
-   */
-  ellinika: {
-    base:    '[0-9\u0370-\u03FF\u1F00-\u1FFF]',
-    combine: '[\u0300-\u0345\u1DC0-\u1DFF]'
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Kirillica (Cyrillic) script blocks (西里爾字母區段)
-   *
-   * 1. 西里爾字母及補充：[\u0400-\u0482\u048A-\u04FF\u0500-\u052F]
-        Basic Cyrillic and supplement
-   * 2. 擴展B區：[\uA640-\uA66E\uA67E-\uA697]
-        Extended-B
-   * 3. 阿拉伯數字：0-9
-        Digits
-   * 4. 西里爾字母組字符：[\u0483-\u0489\u2DE0-\u2DFF\uA66F-\uA67D\uA69F]（位擴展A、B區）
-        Cyrillic combining diacritical marks (in extended-A, B)
-   */
-  kirillica: {
-    base:    '[0-9\u0400-\u0482\u048A-\u04FF\u0500-\u052F\uA640-\uA66E\uA67E-\uA697]',
-    combine: '[\u0483-\u0489\u2DE0-\u2DFF\uA66F-\uA67D\uA69F]'
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Kana (假名)
-   *
-   * 1. 日文假名：[\u30A2\u30A4\u30A6\u30A8\u30AA-\u30FA\u3042\u3044\u3046\u3048\u304A-\u3094\u309F\u30FF]
-        Japanese Kana
-   * 2. 假名補充[\u1B000\u1B001]（\uD82C[\uDC00-\uDC01]）
-        Kana supplement
-   * 3. 日文假名小寫：[\u3041\u3043\u3045\u3047\u3049\u30A1\u30A3\u30A5\u30A7\u30A9\u3063\u3083\u3085\u3087\u308E\u3095\u3096\u30C3\u30E3\u30E5\u30E7\u30EE\u30F5\u30F6\u31F0-\u31FF]
-        Japanese small Kana
-   * 4. 假名組字符：[\u3099-\u309C]
-        Kana combining characters
-   * 5. 半形假名：[\uFF66-\uFF9F]
-        Halfwidth Kana
-   * 6. 符號：[\u309D\u309E\u30FB-\u30FE]
-        Marks
-   */
-  kana: {
-    base:    '[\u30A2\u30A4\u30A6\u30A8\u30AA-\u30FA\u3042\u3044\u3046\u3048\u304A-\u3094\u309F\u30FF]|\uD82C[\uDC00-\uDC01]',
-    small:   '[\u3041\u3043\u3045\u3047\u3049\u30A1\u30A3\u30A5\u30A7\u30A9\u3063\u3083\u3085\u3087\u308E\u3095\u3096\u30C3\u30E3\u30E5\u30E7\u30EE\u30F5\u30F6\u31F0-\u31FF]',
-    combine: '[\u3099-\u309C]',
-    half:    '[\uFF66-\uFF9F]',
-    mark:    '[\u30A0\u309D\u309E\u30FB-\u30FE]'
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Eonmun (Hangul, 諺文)
-   *
-   * 1. 諺文音節：[\uAC00-\uD7A3]
-        Eonmun (Hangul) syllables
-   * 2. 諺文字母：[\u1100-\u11FF\u314F-\u3163\u3131-\u318E\uA960-\uA97C\uD7B0-\uD7FB]
-        Eonmun (Hangul) letters
-   * 3. 半形諺文字母：[\uFFA1-\uFFDC]
-        Halfwidth Eonmun (Hangul) letters
-   */
-  eonmun: {
-    base:    '[\uAC00-\uD7A3]',
-    letter:  '[\u1100-\u11FF\u314F-\u3163\u3131-\u318E\uA960-\uA97C\uD7B0-\uD7FB]',
-    half:    '[\uFFA1-\uFFDC]'
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Zhuyin (注音符號, Mandarin & Dialect Phonetic Symbols)
-   *
-   * 1. 國語注音、方言音符號：[\u3105-\u312D][\u31A0-\u31BA]
-        Bopomofo phonetic symbols
-   * 2. 平上去聲調號：[\u02D9\u02CA\u02C5\u02C7\u02EA\u02EB\u02CB] （**註：**國語三聲包含乙個不合規範的符號）
-        Level, rising, departing tones
-   * 3. 入聲調號：[\u31B4-\u31B7][\u0358\u030d]?
-        Checked (entering) tones
-   */
-  zhuyin: {
-    base:    '[\u3105-\u312D\u31A0-\u31BA]',
-    initial: '[\u3105-\u3119\u312A-\u312C\u31A0-\u31A3]',
-    medial:  '[\u3127-\u3129]',
-    final:   '[\u311A-\u3129\u312D\u31A4-\u31B3\u31B8-\u31BA]',
-    tone:    '[\u02D9\u02CA\u02C5\u02C7\u02CB\u02EA\u02EB]',
-    checked: '[\u31B4-\u31B7][\u0358\u030d]?'
-  }
-}
-
-var TYPESET = (function() {
-  var rWhite = '[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]'
-  // Whitespace characters
-  // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace
-
-  var rPtOpen = UNICODE.punct.open
-  var rPtClose = UNICODE.punct.close
-  var rPtEnd = UNICODE.punct.end
-  var rPtMid = UNICODE.punct.middle
-  var rPtSing = UNICODE.punct.sing
-  var rPt = rPtOpen + '|' + rPtEnd + '|' + rPtMid
-
-  var rBDOpen = UNICODE.biaodian.open
-  var rBDClose = UNICODE.biaodian.close
-  var rBDEnd = UNICODE.biaodian.end
-  var rBDMid = UNICODE.biaodian.middle
-  var rBDLiga = UNICODE.biaodian.liga + '{2}'
-  var rBD = rBDOpen + '|' + rBDEnd + '|' + rBDMid
-
-  var rKana = UNICODE.kana.base + UNICODE.kana.combine + '?'
-  var rKanaS = UNICODE.kana.small + UNICODE.kana.combine + '?'
-  var rKanaH = UNICODE.kana.half
-  var rEon = UNICODE.eonmun.base + '|' + UNICODE.eonmun.letter
-  var rEonH = UNICODE.eonmun.half
-
-  var rHan = UNICODE.hanzi.base + '|' + UNICODE.hanzi.desc + '|' + UNICODE.hanzi.radical + '|' + rKana
-
-  var rCbn = UNICODE.ellinika.combine
-  var rLatn = UNICODE.latin.base + rCbn + '*'
-  var rGk = UNICODE.ellinika.base + rCbn + '*'
-
-  var rCyCbn = UNICODE.kirillica.combine
-  var rCy = UNICODE.kirillica.base + rCyCbn + '*'
-
-  var rAlph = rLatn + '|' + rGk + '|' + rCy
-
-  // For words like `it's`, `Jones’s` or `'99`
-  var rApo = '[\u0027\u2019]'
-  var rChar = rHan + '|(?:' + rAlph + '|' + rApo + ')+'
-
-  var rZyS = UNICODE.zhuyin.initial
-  var rZyJ = UNICODE.zhuyin.medial
-  var rZyY = UNICODE.zhuyin.final
-  var rZyD = UNICODE.zhuyin.tone + '|' + UNICODE.zhuyin.checked
-
-  return {
-    /* Character-level selector (字級選擇器)
-     */
-    char: {
-      punct: {
-        all:   new RegExp( '(' + rPt + ')', 'g' ),
-        open:  new RegExp( '(' + rPtOpen + ')', 'g' ),
-        end:   new RegExp( '(' + rPtEnd + ')', 'g' ),
-        sing:  new RegExp( '(' + rPtSing + ')', 'g' )
-      },
-
-      biaodian: {
-        all:   new RegExp( '(' + rBD + ')', 'g' ),
-        open:  new RegExp( '(' + rBDOpen + ')', 'g' ),
-        close: new RegExp( '(' + rBDClose + ')', 'g' ),
-        end:   new RegExp( '(' + rBDEnd + ')', 'g' ),
-        liga:  new RegExp( '(' + rBDLiga + ')', 'g' )
-      },
-
-      hanzi:     new RegExp( '(' + rHan + ')', 'g' ),
-
-      latin:     new RegExp( '(' + rLatn + ')', 'ig' ),
-      ellinika:  new RegExp( '(' + rGk + ')', 'ig' ),
-      kirillica: new RegExp( '(' + rCy + ')', 'ig' ),
-
-      kana:      new RegExp( '(' + rKana + '|' + rKanaS + '|' + rKanaH + ')', 'g' ),
-      eonmun:    new RegExp( '(' + rEon + '|' + rEonH + ')', 'g' )
-    },
-
-    /* Word-level selectors (詞級選擇器)
-     */
-    group: {
-      biaodian: [
-        new RegExp( '((' + rBD + '){2,})', 'g' ),
-        new RegExp( '(' + rBDLiga + rBDOpen + ')', 'g' )
-      ],
-      punct:       null,
-      hanzi:       new RegExp( '(' + rHan + ')+', 'g' ),
-      western:     new RegExp( '(' + rLatn + '|' + rGk + '|' + rCy + '|' + rPt + ')+', 'ig' ),
-      kana:        new RegExp( '(' + rKana + '|' + rKanaS + '|' + rKanaH + ')+', 'g' ),
-      eonmun:      new RegExp( '(' + rEon + '|' + rEonH + '|' + rPt + ')+', 'g' )
-    },
-
-    /* Punctuation Rules (禁則)
-     */
-    jinze: {
-      hanging:  new RegExp( rWhite + '*([、，。．])(?!' + rBDEnd + ')', 'ig' ),
-      touwei:   new RegExp( '(' + rBDOpen + '+)(' + rChar + ')(' + rBDEnd + '+)', 'ig' ),
-      tou:      new RegExp( '(' + rBDOpen + '+)(' + rChar + ')', 'ig' ),
-      wei:      new RegExp( '(' + rChar + ')(' + rBDEnd + '+)', 'ig' ),
-      middle:   new RegExp( '(' + rChar + ')(' + rBDMid + ')(' + rChar + ')', 'ig' )
-    },
-
-    zhuyin: {
-      form:     new RegExp( '^\u02D9?(' + rZyS + ')?(' + rZyJ + ')?(' + rZyY + ')?(' + rZyD + ')?$' ),
-      diao:     new RegExp( '(' + rZyD + ')', 'g' )
-    },
-
-    /* Hanzi and Western mixed spacing (漢字西文混排間隙)
-     * - Basic mode
-     * - Strict mode
-     */
-    hws: {
-      base: [
-        new RegExp( '('+ rHan + ')(' + rAlph + '|' + rPtOpen + ')', 'ig' ),
-        new RegExp( '('+ rAlph + '|' + rPtEnd + ')(' + rHan + ')', 'ig' )
-      ],
-
-      strict: [
-        new RegExp( '('+ rHan + ')' + rWhite + '?(' + rAlph + '|' + rPtOpen + ')', 'ig' ),
-        new RegExp( '('+ rAlph + '|' + rPtEnd + ')' + rWhite + '?(' + rHan + ')', 'ig' )
-      ]
-    },
-
-    // The feature displays the following characters
-    // in its variant form for font consistency and
-    // presentational reason. Meanwhile, this won't
-    // alter the original character in the DOM.
-    'display-as': {
-      'ja-font-for-hant': [
-        // '夠 够',
-        '查 査',
-        '啟 啓',
-        '鄉 鄕',
-        '值 値',
-        '污 汚'
-      ],
-
-      'comb-liga-pua': [
-        [ '\u0061[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC61' ],
-        [ '\u0065[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC65' ],
-        [ '\u0069[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC69' ],
-        [ '\u006F[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC6F' ],
-        [ '\u0075[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC75' ],
-
-        [ '\u31B4[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB4' ],
-        [ '\u31B5[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB5' ],
-        [ '\u31B6[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB6' ],
-        [ '\u31B7[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB7' ]
-      ],
-
-      'comb-liga-vowel': [
-        [ '\u0061[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC61' ],
-        [ '\u0065[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC65' ],
-        [ '\u0069[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC69' ],
-        [ '\u006F[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC6F' ],
-        [ '\u0075[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB80\uDC75' ]
-      ],
-
-      'comb-liga-zhuyin': [
-        [ '\u31B4[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB4' ],
-        [ '\u31B5[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB5' ],
-        [ '\u31B6[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB6' ],
-        [ '\u31B7[\u030d\u0358]', '\uDB8C\uDDB7' ]
-      ]
-    },
-
-    // The feature actually *converts* the character
-    // in the DOM for semantic reason.
-    //
-    // Note that this could be aggressive.
-    'inaccurate-char': [
-      [ '[\u2022\u2027]', '\u00B7' ],
-      [ '\u22EF\u22EF', '\u2026\u2026' ],
-      [ '\u2500\u2500', '\u2014\u2014' ],
-      [ '\u2035', '\u2018' ],
-      [ '\u2032', '\u2019' ],
-      [ '\u2036', '\u201C' ],
-      [ '\u2033', '\u201D' ]
-    ]
-  }
-})()
-
-Han.UNICODE = UNICODE
-Han.TYPESET = TYPESET
-
-// Aliases
-Han.UNICODE.cjk      = Han.UNICODE.hanzi
-Han.UNICODE.greek    = Han.UNICODE.ellinika
-Han.UNICODE.cyrillic = Han.UNICODE.kirillica
-Han.UNICODE.hangul   = Han.UNICODE.eonmun
-Han.UNICODE.zhuyin.ruyun = Han.UNICODE.zhuyin.checked
-
-Han.TYPESET.char.cjk      = Han.TYPESET.char.hanzi
-Han.TYPESET.char.greek    = Han.TYPESET.char.ellinika
-Han.TYPESET.char.cyrillic = Han.TYPESET.char.kirillica
-Han.TYPESET.char.hangul   = Han.TYPESET.char.eonmun
-
-Han.TYPESET.group.hangul  = Han.TYPESET.group.eonmun
-Han.TYPESET.group.cjk     = Han.TYPESET.group.hanzi
-
-var $ = {
-  /**
-   * Query selectors which return arrays of the resulted
-   * node lists.
-   */
-  id: function( selector, $context ) {
-    return ( $context || document ).getElementById( selector )
-  },
-
-  tag: function( selector, $context ) {
-    return this.makeArray(
-      ( $context || document ).getElementsByTagName( selector )
-    )
-  },
-
-  qs: function( selector, $context ) {
-    return ( $context || document ).querySelector( selector )
-  },
-
-  qsa: function( selector, $context ) {
-    return this.makeArray(
-      ( $context || document ).querySelectorAll( selector )
-    )
-  },
-
-  parent: function( $node, selector ) {
-    return selector
-      ? (function() {
-        if ( typeof $.matches !== 'function' )  return
-
-        while (!$.matches( $node, selector )) {
-          if (
-            !$node ||
-            $node === document.documentElement
-          ) {
-            $node = undefined
-            break
-          }
-          $node = $node.parentNode
-        }
-        return $node
-      })()
-      : $node
-      ? $node.parentNode : undefined
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Create a document fragment, a text node with text
-   * or an element with/without classes.
-   */
-  create: function( name, clazz ) {
-    var $elmt = '!' === name
-      ? document.createDocumentFragment()
-      : '' === name
-      ? document.createTextNode( clazz || '' )
-      : document.createElement( name )
-
-    try {
-      if ( clazz ) {
-        $elmt.className = clazz
-      }
-    } catch (e) {}
-
-    return $elmt
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Clone a DOM node (text, element or fragment) deeply
-   * or childlessly.
-   */
-  clone: function( $node, deep ) {
-    return $node.cloneNode(
-      typeof deep === 'boolean'
-      ? deep
-      : true
-    )
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Remove a node (text, element or fragment).
-   */
-  remove: function( $node ) {
-    return $node.parentNode.removeChild( $node )
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Set attributes all in once with an object.
-   */
-  setAttr: function( target, attr ) {
-    if ( typeof attr !== 'object' )  return
-    var len = attr.length
-
-    // Native `NamedNodeMap``:
-    if (
-      typeof attr[0] === 'object' &&
-      'name' in attr[0]
-    ) {
-      for ( var i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
-        if ( attr[ i ].value !== undefined ) {
-          target.setAttribute( attr[ i ].name, attr[ i ].value )
-        }
-      }
-
-    // Plain object:
-    } else {
-      for ( var name in attr ) {
-        if (
-          attr.hasOwnProperty( name ) &&
-          attr[ name ] !== undefined
-        ) {
-          target.setAttribute( name, attr[ name ] )
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return target
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Indicate whether or not the given node is an
-   * element.
-   */
-  isElmt: function( $node ) {
-    return $node && $node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Indicate whether or not the given node should
-   * be ignored (`<wbr>` or comments).
-   */
-  isIgnorable: function( $node ) {
-    if ( !$node )  return false
-
-    return (
-      $node.nodeName === 'WBR' ||
-      $node.nodeType === Node.COMMENT_NODE
-    )
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Convert array-like objects into real arrays.
-   */
-  makeArray: function( object ) {
-    return Array.prototype.slice.call( object )
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Extend target with an object.
-   */
-  extend: function( target, object ) {
-    if ((
-      typeof target === 'object' ||
-      typeof target === 'function' ) &&
-      typeof object === 'object'
-    ) {
-      for ( var name in object ) {
-        if (object.hasOwnProperty( name )) {
-          target[ name ] = object[ name ]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return target
-  }
-}
-
-var Fibre =
-/*!
- * Fibre.js v0.2.1 | MIT License | github.com/ethantw/fibre.js
- * Based on findAndReplaceDOMText
- */
-
-function( Finder ) {
-
-'use strict'
-
-var VERSION = '0.2.1'
-var NON_INLINE_PROSE = Finder.NON_INLINE_PROSE
-var AVOID_NON_PROSE = Finder.PRESETS.prose.filterElements
-
-var global = window || {}
-var document = global.document || undefined
-
-function matches( node, selector, bypassNodeType39 ) {
-  var Efn = Element.prototype
-  var matches = Efn.matches || Efn.mozMatchesSelector || Efn.msMatchesSelector || Efn.webkitMatchesSelector
-  
-  if ( node instanceof Element ) {
-    return matches.call( node, selector ) 
-  } else if ( bypassNodeType39 ) {
-    if ( /^[39]$/.test( node.nodeType ))  return true
-  }
-  return false
-}
-
-if ( typeof document === 'undefined' )  throw new Error( 'Fibre requires a DOM-supported environment.' )
-
-var Fibre = function( context, preset ) {
-  return new Fibre.fn.init( context, preset )
-}
-
-Fibre.version = VERSION
-Fibre.matches = matches
-
-Fibre.fn = Fibre.prototype = {
-  constructor: Fibre,
-
-  version: VERSION,
-
-  finder: [],
-
-  context: undefined,
-
-  portionMode: 'retain',
-
-  selector: {},
-
-  preset: 'prose',
-
-  init: function( context, noPreset ) {
-    if ( !!noPreset )  this.preset = null
-
-    this.selector = {
-      context: null,
-      filter: [],
-      avoid: [],
-      boundary: []
-    }
-
-    if ( !context ) {
-      throw new Error( 'A context is required for Fibre to initialise.' ) 
-    } else if ( context instanceof Node ) {
-      if ( context instanceof Document )  this.context = context.body || context
-      else  this.context = context
-    } else if ( typeof context === 'string' ) {
-      this.context = document.querySelector( context )
-      this.selector.context = context
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  filterFn: function( node ) {
-    var filter = this.selector.filter.join( ', ' ) || '*'
-    var avoid  = this.selector.avoid.join( ', ' ) || null
-    var result = matches( node, filter, true ) && !matches( node, avoid )
-    return ( this.preset === 'prose' ) ? AVOID_NON_PROSE( node ) && result : result
-  },
-
-  boundaryFn: function( node ) {
-    var boundary = this.selector.boundary.join( ', ' ) || null
-    var result = matches( node, boundary )
-    return ( this.preset === 'prose' ) ? NON_INLINE_PROSE( node ) || result : result
-  },
-
-  filter: function( selector ) {
-    if ( typeof selector === 'string' ) {
-      this.selector.filter.push( selector )
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  endFilter: function( all ) {
-    if ( all ) {
-      this.selector.filter = []
-    } else {
-      this.selector.filter.pop()
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  avoid: function( selector ) {
-    if ( typeof selector === 'string' ) {
-      this.selector.avoid.push( selector )
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  endAvoid: function( all ) {
-    if ( all ) {
-      this.selector.avoid = []
-    } else {
-      this.selector.avoid.pop()
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  addBoundary: function( selector ) {
-    if ( typeof selector === 'string' ) {
-      this.selector.boundary.push( selector )
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  removeBoundary: function() {
-    this.selector.boundary = []
-    return this
-  },
-
-  setMode: function( portionMode ) {
-    this.portionMode = portionMode === 'first' ? 'first' : 'retain'
-    return this
-  },
-
-  replace: function( regexp, newSubStr ) {
-    var it = this
-    it.finder.push(Finder( it.context, {
-      find: regexp, 
-      replace: newSubStr,
-      filterElements: function( currentNode ) {
-        return it.filterFn( currentNode )
-      }, 
-      forceContext: function( currentNode ) {
-        return it.boundaryFn( currentNode )
-      },
-      portionMode: it.portionMode
-    }))
-    return it 
-  },
-
-  wrap: function( regexp, strElemName ) {
-    var it = this
-    it.finder.push(Finder( it.context, {
-      find: regexp, 
-      wrap: strElemName,
-      filterElements: function( currentNode ) {
-        return it.filterFn( currentNode )
-      },
-      forceContext: function( currentNode ) {
-        return it.boundaryFn( currentNode )
-      },
-      portionMode: it.portionMode
-    }))
-    return it
-  },
-
-  revert: function( level ) {
-    var max = this.finder.length        
-    var level = Number( level ) || ( level === 0 ? Number(0) :
-      ( level === 'all' ? max : 1 ))
-
-    if ( typeof max === 'undefined' || max === 0 )  return this
-    else if ( level > max )  level = max
-
-    for ( var i = level; i > 0; i-- ) {
-      this.finder.pop().revert()
-    }
-    return this
-  }
-}
-
-// Deprecated API(s)
-Fibre.fn.filterOut = Fibre.fn.avoid
-
-// Make sure init() inherit from Fibre()
-Fibre.fn.init.prototype = Fibre.fn
-
-return Fibre
-
-}(
-
-/**
- * findAndReplaceDOMText v 0.4.3
- * @author James Padolsey http://james.padolsey.com
- * @license http://unlicense.org/UNLICENSE
- *
- * Matches the text of a DOM node against a regular expression
- * and replaces each match (or node-separated portions of the match)
- * in the specified element.
- */
- (function() {
-
-  var PORTION_MODE_RETAIN = 'retain'
-  var PORTION_MODE_FIRST = 'first'
-  var doc = document
-  var toString = {}.toString
-  var hasOwn = {}.hasOwnProperty
-  function isArray(a) {
-    return toString.call(a) == '[object Array]'
-  }
-
-  function escapeRegExp(s) {
-    return String(s).replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1')
-  }
-
-  function exposed() {
-    // Try deprecated arg signature first:
-    return deprecated.apply(null, arguments) || findAndReplaceDOMText.apply(null, arguments)
-  }
-
-  function deprecated(regex, node, replacement, captureGroup, elFilter) {
-    if ((node && !node.nodeType) && arguments.length <= 2) {
-      return false
-    }
-    var isReplacementFunction = typeof replacement == 'function'
-    if (isReplacementFunction) {
-      replacement = (function(original) {
-        return function(portion, match) {
-          return original(portion.text, match.startIndex)
-        }
-      }(replacement))
-    }
-
-    // Awkward support for deprecated argument signature (<0.4.0)
-    var instance = findAndReplaceDOMText(node, {
-
-      find: regex,
-
-      wrap: isReplacementFunction ? null : replacement,
-      replace: isReplacementFunction ? replacement : '$' + (captureGroup || '&'),
-
-      prepMatch: function(m, mi) {
-
-        // Support captureGroup (a deprecated feature)
-
-        if (!m[0]) throw 'findAndReplaceDOMText cannot handle zero-length matches'
-        if (captureGroup > 0) {
-          var cg = m[captureGroup]
-          m.index += m[0].indexOf(cg)
-          m[0] = cg
-        }
-     
-        m.endIndex = m.index + m[0].length
-        m.startIndex = m.index
-        m.index = mi
-        return m
-      },
-      filterElements: elFilter
-    })
-    exposed.revert = function() {
-      return instance.revert()
-    }
-    return true
-  }
-
-  /** 
-   * findAndReplaceDOMText
-   * 
-   * Locates matches and replaces with replacementNode
-   *
-   * @param {Node} node Element or Text node to search within
-   * @param {RegExp} options.find The regular expression to match
-   * @param {String|Element} [options.wrap] A NodeName, or a Node to clone
-   * @param {String|Function} [options.replace='$&'] What to replace each match with
-   * @param {Function} [options.filterElements] A Function to be called to check whether to
-   *	process an element. (returning true = process element,
-   *	returning false = avoid element)
-   */
-  function findAndReplaceDOMText(node, options) {
-    return new Finder(node, options)
-  }
-
-  exposed.NON_PROSE_ELEMENTS = {
-    br:1, hr:1,
-    // Media / Source elements:
-    script:1, style:1, img:1, video:1, audio:1, canvas:1, svg:1, map:1, object:1,
-    // Input elements
-    input:1, textarea:1, select:1, option:1, optgroup: 1, button:1
-  }
-  exposed.NON_CONTIGUOUS_PROSE_ELEMENTS = {
-
-    // Elements that will not contain prose or block elements where we don't
-    // want prose to be matches across element borders:
-
-    // Block Elements
-    address:1, article:1, aside:1, blockquote:1, dd:1, div:1,
-    dl:1, fieldset:1, figcaption:1, figure:1, footer:1, form:1, h1:1, h2:1, h3:1,
-    h4:1, h5:1, h6:1, header:1, hgroup:1, hr:1, main:1, nav:1, noscript:1, ol:1,
-    output:1, p:1, pre:1, section:1, ul:1,
-    // Other misc. elements that are not part of continuous inline prose:
-    br:1, li: 1, summary: 1, dt:1, details:1, rp:1, rt:1, rtc:1,
-    // Media / Source elements:
-    script:1, style:1, img:1, video:1, audio:1, canvas:1, svg:1, map:1, object:1,
-    // Input elements
-    input:1, textarea:1, select:1, option:1, optgroup: 1, button:1,
-    // Table related elements:
-    table:1, tbody:1, thead:1, th:1, tr:1, td:1, caption:1, col:1, tfoot:1, colgroup:1
-
-  }
-  exposed.NON_INLINE_PROSE = function(el) {
-    return hasOwn.call(exposed.NON_CONTIGUOUS_PROSE_ELEMENTS, el.nodeName.toLowerCase())
-  }
-  // Presets accessed via `options.preset` when calling findAndReplaceDOMText():
-  exposed.PRESETS = {
-    prose: {
-      forceContext: exposed.NON_INLINE_PROSE,
-      filterElements: function(el) {
-        return !hasOwn.call(exposed.NON_PROSE_ELEMENTS, el.nodeName.toLowerCase())
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  exposed.Finder = Finder
-  /**
-   * Finder -- encapsulates logic to find and replace.
-   */
-  function Finder(node, options) {
-
-    var preset = options.preset && exposed.PRESETS[options.preset]
-    options.portionMode = options.portionMode || PORTION_MODE_RETAIN
-    if (preset) {
-      for (var i in preset) {
-        if (hasOwn.call(preset, i) && !hasOwn.call(options, i)) {
-          options[i] = preset[i]
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    this.node = node
-    this.options = options
-    // ENable match-preparation method to be passed as option:
-    this.prepMatch = options.prepMatch || this.prepMatch
-    this.reverts = []
-    this.matches = this.search()
-    if (this.matches.length) {
-      this.processMatches()
-    }
-
-  }
-
-  Finder.prototype = {
-
-    /**
-     * Searches for all matches that comply with the instance's 'match' option
-     */
-    search: function() {
-
-      var match
-      var matchIndex = 0
-      var offset = 0
-      var regex = this.options.find
-      var textAggregation = this.getAggregateText()
-      var matches = []
-      var self = this
-      regex = typeof regex === 'string' ? RegExp(escapeRegExp(regex), 'g') : regex
-      matchAggregation(textAggregation)
-      function matchAggregation(textAggregation) {
-        for (var i = 0, l = textAggregation.length; i < l; ++i) {
-
-          var text = textAggregation[i]
-          if (typeof text !== 'string') {
-            // Deal with nested contexts: (recursive)
-            matchAggregation(text)
-            continue
-          }
-
-          if (regex.global) {
-            while (match = regex.exec(text)) {
-              matches.push(self.prepMatch(match, matchIndex++, offset))
-            }
-          } else {
-            if (match = text.match(regex)) {
-              matches.push(self.prepMatch(match, 0, offset))
-            }
-          }
-
-          offset += text.length
-        }
-      }
-
-      return matches
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Prepares a single match with useful meta info:
-     */
-    prepMatch: function(match, matchIndex, characterOffset) {
-
-      if (!match[0]) {
-        throw new Error('findAndReplaceDOMText cannot handle zero-length matches')
-      }
-   
-      match.endIndex = characterOffset + match.index + match[0].length
-      match.startIndex = characterOffset + match.index
-      match.index = matchIndex
-      return match
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Gets aggregate text within subject node
-     */
-    getAggregateText: function() {
-
-      var elementFilter = this.options.filterElements
-      var forceContext = this.options.forceContext
-      return getText(this.node)
-      /**
-       * Gets aggregate text of a node without resorting
-       * to broken innerText/textContent
-       */
-      function getText(node, txt) {
-
-        if (node.nodeType === 3) {
-          return [node.data]
-        }
-
-        if (elementFilter && !elementFilter(node)) {
-          return []
-        }
-
-        var txt = ['']
-        var i = 0
-        if (node = node.firstChild) do {
-
-          if (node.nodeType === 3) {
-            txt[i] += node.data
-            continue
-          }
-
-          var innerText = getText(node)
-          if (
-            forceContext &&
-            node.nodeType === 1 &&
-            (forceContext === true || forceContext(node))
-          ) {
-            txt[++i] = innerText
-            txt[++i] = ''
-          } else {
-            if (typeof innerText[0] === 'string') {
-              // Bridge nested text-node data so that they're
-              // not considered their own contexts:
-              // I.e. ['some', ['thing']] -> ['something']
-              txt[i] += innerText.shift()
-            }
-            if (innerText.length) {
-              txt[++i] = innerText
-              txt[++i] = ''
-            }
-          }
-        } while (node = node.nextSibling)
-        return txt
-      }
-      
-    },
-
-    /** 
-     * Steps through the target node, looking for matches, and
-     * calling replaceFn when a match is found.
-     */
-    processMatches: function() {
-
-      var matches = this.matches
-      var node = this.node
-      var elementFilter = this.options.filterElements
-      var startPortion,
-        endPortion,
-        innerPortions = [],
-        curNode = node,
-        match = matches.shift(),
-        atIndex = 0, // i.e. nodeAtIndex
-        matchIndex = 0,
-        portionIndex = 0,
-        doAvoidNode,
-        nodeStack = [node]
-      out: while (true) {
-
-        if (curNode.nodeType === 3) {
-
-          if (!endPortion && curNode.length + atIndex >= match.endIndex) {
-
-            // We've found the ending
-            endPortion = {
-              node: curNode,
-              index: portionIndex++,
-              text: curNode.data.substring(match.startIndex - atIndex, match.endIndex - atIndex),
-              indexInMatch: atIndex - match.startIndex,
-              indexInNode: match.startIndex - atIndex, // always zero for end-portions
-              endIndexInNode: match.endIndex - atIndex,
-              isEnd: true
-            }
-          } else if (startPortion) {
-            // Intersecting node
-            innerPortions.push({
-              node: curNode,
-              index: portionIndex++,
-              text: curNode.data,
-              indexInMatch: atIndex - match.startIndex,
-              indexInNode: 0 // always zero for inner-portions
-            })
-          }
-
-          if (!startPortion && curNode.length + atIndex > match.startIndex) {
-            // We've found the match start
-            startPortion = {
-              node: curNode,
-              index: portionIndex++,
-              indexInMatch: 0,
-              indexInNode: match.startIndex - atIndex,
-              endIndexInNode: match.endIndex - atIndex,
-              text: curNode.data.substring(match.startIndex - atIndex, match.endIndex - atIndex)
-            }
-          }
-
-          atIndex += curNode.data.length
-        }
-
-        doAvoidNode = curNode.nodeType === 1 && elementFilter && !elementFilter(curNode)
-        if (startPortion && endPortion) {
-
-          curNode = this.replaceMatch(match, startPortion, innerPortions, endPortion)
-          // processMatches has to return the node that replaced the endNode
-          // and then we step back so we can continue from the end of the 
-          // match:
-
-          atIndex -= (endPortion.node.data.length - endPortion.endIndexInNode)
-          startPortion = null
-          endPortion = null
-          innerPortions = []
-          match = matches.shift()
-          portionIndex = 0
-          matchIndex++
-          if (!match) {
-            break; // no more matches
-          }
-
-        } else if (
-          !doAvoidNode &&
-          (curNode.firstChild || curNode.nextSibling)
-        ) {
-          // Move down or forward:
-          if (curNode.firstChild) {
-            nodeStack.push(curNode)
-            curNode = curNode.firstChild
-          } else {
-            curNode = curNode.nextSibling
-          }
-          continue
-        }
-
-        // Move forward or up:
-        while (true) {
-          if (curNode.nextSibling) {
-            curNode = curNode.nextSibling
-            break
-          }
-          curNode = nodeStack.pop()
-          if (curNode === node) {
-            break out
-          }
-        }
-
-      }
-
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Reverts ... TODO
-     */
-    revert: function() {
-      // Reversion occurs backwards so as to avoid nodes subsequently
-      // replaced during the matching phase (a forward process):
-      for (var l = this.reverts.length; l--;) {
-        this.reverts[l]()
-      }
-      this.reverts = []
-    },
-
-    prepareReplacementString: function(string, portion, match, matchIndex) {
-      var portionMode = this.options.portionMode
-      if (
-        portionMode === PORTION_MODE_FIRST &&
-        portion.indexInMatch > 0
-      ) {
-        return ''
-      }
-      string = string.replace(/\$(\d+|&|`|')/g, function($0, t) {
-        var replacement
-        switch(t) {
-          case '&':
-            replacement = match[0]
-            break
-          case '`':
-            replacement = match.input.substring(0, match.startIndex)
-            break
-          case '\'':
-            replacement = match.input.substring(match.endIndex)
-            break
-          default:
-            replacement = match[+t]
-        }
-        return replacement
-      })
-      if (portionMode === PORTION_MODE_FIRST) {
-        return string
-      }
-
-      if (portion.isEnd) {
-        return string.substring(portion.indexInMatch)
-      }
-
-      return string.substring(portion.indexInMatch, portion.indexInMatch + portion.text.length)
-    },
-
-    getPortionReplacementNode: function(portion, match, matchIndex) {
-
-      var replacement = this.options.replace || '$&'
-      var wrapper = this.options.wrap
-      if (wrapper && wrapper.nodeType) {
-        // Wrapper has been provided as a stencil-node for us to clone:
-        var clone = doc.createElement('div')
-        clone.innerHTML = wrapper.outerHTML || new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(wrapper)
-        wrapper = clone.firstChild
-      }
-
-      if (typeof replacement == 'function') {
-        replacement = replacement(portion, match, matchIndex)
-        if (replacement && replacement.nodeType) {
-          return replacement
-        }
-        return doc.createTextNode(String(replacement))
-      }
-
-      var el = typeof wrapper == 'string' ? doc.createElement(wrapper) : wrapper
-      replacement = doc.createTextNode(
-        this.prepareReplacementString(
-          replacement, portion, match, matchIndex
-        )
-      )
-      if (!replacement.data) {
-        return replacement
-      }
-
-      if (!el) {
-        return replacement
-      }
-
-      el.appendChild(replacement)
-      return el
-    },
-
-    replaceMatch: function(match, startPortion, innerPortions, endPortion) {
-
-      var matchStartNode = startPortion.node
-      var matchEndNode = endPortion.node
-      var preceedingTextNode
-      var followingTextNode
-      if (matchStartNode === matchEndNode) {
-
-        var node = matchStartNode
-        if (startPortion.indexInNode > 0) {
-          // Add `before` text node (before the match)
-          preceedingTextNode = doc.createTextNode(node.data.substring(0, startPortion.indexInNode))
-          node.parentNode.insertBefore(preceedingTextNode, node)
-        }
-
-        // Create the replacement node:
-        var newNode = this.getPortionReplacementNode(
-          endPortion,
-          match
-        )
-        node.parentNode.insertBefore(newNode, node)
-        if (endPortion.endIndexInNode < node.length) { // ?????
-          // Add `after` text node (after the match)
-          followingTextNode = doc.createTextNode(node.data.substring(endPortion.endIndexInNode))
-          node.parentNode.insertBefore(followingTextNode, node)
-        }
-
-        node.parentNode.removeChild(node)
-        this.reverts.push(function() {
-          if (preceedingTextNode === newNode.previousSibling) {
-            preceedingTextNode.parentNode.removeChild(preceedingTextNode)
-          }
-          if (followingTextNode === newNode.nextSibling) {
-            followingTextNode.parentNode.removeChild(followingTextNode)
-          }
-          newNode.parentNode.replaceChild(node, newNode)
-        })
-        return newNode
-      } else {
-        // Replace matchStartNode -> [innerMatchNodes...] -> matchEndNode (in that order)
-
-        preceedingTextNode = doc.createTextNode(
-          matchStartNode.data.substring(0, startPortion.indexInNode)
-        )
-        followingTextNode = doc.createTextNode(
-          matchEndNode.data.substring(endPortion.endIndexInNode)
-        )
-        var firstNode = this.getPortionReplacementNode(
-          startPortion,
-          match
-        )
-        var innerNodes = []
-        for (var i = 0, l = innerPortions.length; i < l; ++i) {
-          var portion = innerPortions[i]
-          var innerNode = this.getPortionReplacementNode(
-            portion,
-            match
-          )
-          portion.node.parentNode.replaceChild(innerNode, portion.node)
-          this.reverts.push((function(portion, innerNode) {
-            return function() {
-              innerNode.parentNode.replaceChild(portion.node, innerNode)
-            }
-          }(portion, innerNode)))
-          innerNodes.push(innerNode)
-        }
-
-        var lastNode = this.getPortionReplacementNode(
-          endPortion,
-          match
-        )
-        matchStartNode.parentNode.insertBefore(preceedingTextNode, matchStartNode)
-        matchStartNode.parentNode.insertBefore(firstNode, matchStartNode)
-        matchStartNode.parentNode.removeChild(matchStartNode)
-        matchEndNode.parentNode.insertBefore(lastNode, matchEndNode)
-        matchEndNode.parentNode.insertBefore(followingTextNode, matchEndNode)
-        matchEndNode.parentNode.removeChild(matchEndNode)
-        this.reverts.push(function() {
-          preceedingTextNode.parentNode.removeChild(preceedingTextNode)
-          firstNode.parentNode.replaceChild(matchStartNode, firstNode)
-          followingTextNode.parentNode.removeChild(followingTextNode)
-          lastNode.parentNode.replaceChild(matchEndNode, lastNode)
-        })
-        return lastNode
-      }
-    }
-
-  }
-  return exposed
-}())
-
-);
-
-var isNodeNormalizeNormal = (function() {
-    //// Disabled `Node.normalize()` for temp due to
-    //// issue below in IE11.
-    //// See: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22337498/why-does-ie11-handle-node-normalize-incorrectly-for-the-minus-symbol
-    var div = $.create( 'div' )
-
-    div.appendChild($.create( '', '0-' ))
-    div.appendChild($.create( '', '2' ))
-    div.normalize()
-
-    return div.firstChild.length !== 2
-})()
-
-function getFuncOrElmt( obj ) {
-  return (
-    typeof obj === 'function' ||
-    obj instanceof Element
-  )
-    ? obj
-    : undefined
-}
-
-function createBDGroup( portion ) {
-  var clazz = portion.index === 0 && portion.isEnd
-    ? 'biaodian cjk'
-    : 'biaodian cjk portion ' + (
-      portion.index === 0
-      ? 'is-first'
-      : portion.isEnd
-      ? 'is-end'
-      : 'is-inner'
-    )
-
-    var $elmt = $.create( 'h-char-group', clazz )
-    $elmt.innerHTML = portion.text
-    return $elmt
-}
-
-function createBDChar( char ) {
-  var div     = $.create( 'div' )
-  var unicode = char.charCodeAt( 0 ).toString( 16 )
-
-  div.innerHTML = (
-    '<h-char unicode="' + unicode +
-    '" class="biaodian cjk ' + getBDType( char ) +
-    '">' + char + '</h-char>'
-  )
-  return div.firstChild
-}
-
-function getBDType( char ) {
-  return char.match( TYPESET.char.biaodian.open )
-    ? 'bd-open'
-    : char.match( TYPESET.char.biaodian.close )
-    ? 'bd-close bd-end'
-    : char.match( TYPESET.char.biaodian.end )
-      ? (
-        /(?:\u3001|\u3002|\uff0c)/i.test( char )
-        ? 'bd-end bd-cop'
-        : 'bd-end'
-      )
-    : char.match(new RegExp( UNICODE.biaodian.liga ))
-    ? 'bd-liga'
-    : char.match(new RegExp( UNICODE.biaodian.middle ))
-    ? 'bd-middle'
-    : ''
-}
-
-$.extend( Fibre.fn, {
-  normalize: function() {
-    if ( isNodeNormalizeNormal ) {
-      this.context.normalize()
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  // Force punctuation & biaodian typesetting rules to be applied.
-  jinzify: function( selector ) {
-    return (
-    this
-    .filter( selector || null )
-    .avoid( 'h-jinze' )
-    .replace(
-      TYPESET.jinze.touwei,
-      function( portion, match ) {
-        var elem = $.create( 'h-jinze', 'touwei' )
-        elem.innerHTML = match[0]
-        return (( portion.index === 0 && portion.isEnd ) || portion.index === 1 ) ? elem : ''
-      }
-    )
-    .replace(
-      TYPESET.jinze.wei,
-      function( portion, match ) {
-        var elem = $.create( 'h-jinze', 'wei' )
-        elem.innerHTML = match[0]
-        return portion.index === 0 ? elem : ''
-      }
-    )
-    .replace(
-      TYPESET.jinze.tou,
-      function( portion, match ) {
-        var elem = $.create( 'h-jinze', 'tou' )
-        elem.innerHTML = match[0]
-        return (( portion.index === 0 && portion.isEnd ) || portion.index === 1 )
-          ? elem : ''
-      }
-    )
-    .replace(
-      TYPESET.jinze.middle,
-      function( portion, match ) {
-        var elem = $.create( 'h-jinze', 'middle' )
-        elem.innerHTML = match[0]
-        return (( portion.index === 0 && portion.isEnd ) || portion.index === 1 )
-          ? elem : ''
-      }
-    )
-    .endAvoid()
-    .endFilter()
-    )
-  },
-
-  groupify: function( option ) {
-    var option = $.extend({
-      biaodian: false,
-    //punct: false,
-      hanzi: false,   // Includes Kana
-      kana: false,
-      eonmun: false,
-      western: false  // Includes Latin, Greek and Cyrillic
-    }, option || {})
-
-    this.avoid( 'h-word, h-char-group' )
-
-    if ( option.biaodian ) {
-      this.replace(
-        TYPESET.group.biaodian[0], createBDGroup
-      ).replace(
-        TYPESET.group.biaodian[1], createBDGroup
-      )
-    }
-
-    if ( option.hanzi || option.cjk ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.group.hanzi, $.clone($.create( 'h-char-group', 'hanzi cjk' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.western ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.group.western, $.clone($.create( 'h-word', 'western' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.kana ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.group.kana, $.clone($.create( 'h-char-group', 'kana' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.eonmun || option.hangul ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.group.eonmun, $.clone($.create( 'h-word', 'eonmun hangul' ))
-      )
-    }
-
-    this.endAvoid()
-    return this
-  },
-
-  charify: function( option ) {
-    var option = $.extend({
-      avoid: true,
-      biaodian: false,
-      punct: false,
-      hanzi: false,     // Includes Kana
-      latin: false,
-      ellinika: false,
-      kirillica: false,
-      kana: false,
-      eonmun: false
-    }, option || {})
-
-    if ( option.avoid ) {
-      this.avoid( 'h-char' )
-    }
-
-    if ( option.biaodian ) {
-      this.replace(
-        TYPESET.char.biaodian.all,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.biaodian )
-          ||
-        function( portion ) {  return createBDChar( portion.text )  }
-      ).replace(
-        TYPESET.char.biaodian.liga,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.biaodian )
-          ||
-        function( portion ) {  return createBDChar( portion.text )  }
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.hanzi || option.cjk ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.char.hanzi,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.hanzi || option.cjk )
-          ||
-        $.clone($.create( 'h-char', 'hanzi cjk' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.punct ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.char.punct.all,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.punct )
-          ||
-        $.clone($.create( 'h-char', 'punct' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.latin ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.char.latin,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.latin )
-          ||
-        $.clone($.create( 'h-char', 'alphabet latin' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.ellinika || option.greek ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.char.ellinika,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.ellinika || option.greek )
-          ||
-        $.clone($.create( 'h-char', 'alphabet ellinika greek' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.kirillica || option.cyrillic ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.char.kirillica,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.kirillica || option.cyrillic )
-          ||
-        $.clone($.create( 'h-char', 'alphabet kirillica cyrillic' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.kana ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.char.kana,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.kana )
-          ||
-        $.clone($.create( 'h-char', 'kana' ))
-      )
-    }
-    if ( option.eonmun || option.hangul ) {
-      this.wrap(
-        TYPESET.char.eonmun,
-        getFuncOrElmt( option.eonmun || option.hangul )
-          ||
-        $.clone($.create( 'h-char', 'eonmun hangul' ))
-      )
-    }
-
-    this.endAvoid()
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-$.extend( Han, {
-  isNodeNormalizeNormal: isNodeNormalizeNormal,
-  find: Fibre,
-  createBDGroup: createBDGroup,
-  createBDChar: createBDChar
-})
-
-$.matches = Han.find.matches
-
-void [
-  'setMode',
-  'wrap', 'replace', 'revert',
-  'addBoundary', 'removeBoundary',
-  'avoid', 'endAvoid',
-  'filter', 'endFilter',
-  'jinzify', 'groupify', 'charify'
-].forEach(function( method ) {
-  Han.fn[ method ] = function() {
-    if ( !this.finder ) {
-      // Share the same selector
-      this.finder = Han.find( this.context )
-    }
-
-    this.finder[ method ]( arguments[ 0 ], arguments[ 1 ] )
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-var Locale = {}
-
-function writeOnCanvas( text, font ) {
-  var canvas = $.create( 'canvas' )
-  var context
-
-  canvas.width = '50'
-  canvas.height = '20'
-  canvas.style.display = 'none'
-
-  body.appendChild( canvas )
-
-  context = canvas.getContext( '2d' )
-  context.textBaseline = 'top'
-  context.font = '15px ' + font + ', sans-serif'
-  context.fillStyle = 'black'
-  context.strokeStyle = 'black'
-  context.fillText( text, 0, 0 )
-
-  return {
-    node: canvas,
-    context: context,
-    remove: function() {
-      $.remove( canvas, body )
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function compareCanvases( treat, control ) {
-  var ret
-  var a = treat.context
-  var b = control.context
-
-  try {
-    for ( var j = 1; j <= 20; j++ ) {
-      for ( var i = 1; i <= 50; i++ ) {
-        if (
-          typeof ret === 'undefined' &&
-          a.getImageData(i, j, 1, 1).data[3] !== b.getImageData(i, j, 1, 1).data[3]
-        ) {
-          ret = false
-          break
-        } else if ( typeof ret === 'boolean' ) {
-          break
-        }
-
-        if ( i === 50 && j === 20 && typeof ret === 'undefined' ) {
-          ret = true
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Remove and clean from memory
-    treat.remove()
-    control.remove()
-    treat = null
-    control = null
-
-    return ret
-  } catch (e) {}
-  return false
-}
-
-function detectFont( treat, control, text ) {
-  var treat = treat
-  var control = control || 'sans-serif'
-  var text = text || '辭Q'
-  var ret
-
-  control = writeOnCanvas( text, control )
-  treat = writeOnCanvas( text, treat )
-
-  return !compareCanvases( treat, control )
-}
-
-Locale.writeOnCanvas = writeOnCanvas
-Locale.compareCanvases = compareCanvases
-Locale.detectFont = detectFont
-
-Locale.support = (function() {
-
-  var PREFIX = 'Webkit Moz ms'.split(' ')
-
-  // Create an element for feature detecting
-  // (in `testCSSProp`)
-  var elem = $.create( 'h-test' )
-
-  function testCSSProp( prop ) {
-    var ucProp = prop.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + prop.slice(1)
-    var allProp = ( prop + ' ' + PREFIX.join( ucProp + ' ' ) + ucProp ).split(' ')
-    var ret
-
-    allProp.forEach(function( prop ) {
-      if ( typeof elem.style[ prop ] === 'string' ) {
-        ret = true
-      }
-    })
-    return ret || false
-  }
-
-  function injectElementWithStyle( rule, callback ) {
-    var fakeBody = body || $.create( 'body' )
-    var div = $.create( 'div' )
-    var container = body ? div : fakeBody
-    var callback = typeof callback === 'function' ? callback : function() {}
-    var style, ret, docOverflow
-
-    style = [ '<style>', rule, '</style>' ].join('')
-
-    container.innerHTML += style
-    fakeBody.appendChild( div )
-
-    if ( !body ) {
-      fakeBody.style.background = ''
-      fakeBody.style.overflow = 'hidden'
-      docOverflow = root.style.overflow
-
-      root.style.overflow = 'hidden'
-      root.appendChild( fakeBody )
-    }
-
-    // Callback
-    ret = callback( container, rule )
-
-    // Remove the injected scope
-    $.remove( container )
-    if ( !body ) {
-      root.style.overflow = docOverflow
-    }
-    return !!ret
-  }
-
-  function getStyle( elem, prop ) {
-    var ret
-
-    if ( window.getComputedStyle ) {
-      ret = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle( elem, null ).getPropertyValue( prop )
-    } else if ( elem.currentStyle ) {
-      // for IE
-      ret = elem.currentStyle[ prop ]
-    }
-    return ret
-  }
-
-  return {
-    columnwidth: testCSSProp( 'columnWidth' ),
-
-    fontface: (function() {
-      var ret
-
-      injectElementWithStyle(
-        '@font-face { font-family: font; src: url("//"); }',
-        function( node, rule ) {
-          var style = $.qsa( 'style', node )[0]
-          var sheet = style.sheet || style.styleSheet
-          var cssText = sheet ?
-            ( sheet.cssRules && sheet.cssRules[0] ?
-              sheet.cssRules[0].cssText : sheet.cssText || ''
-            ) : ''
-
-          ret = /src/i.test( cssText ) &&
-            cssText.indexOf( rule.split(' ')[0] ) === 0
-        }
-      )
-
-      return ret
-    })(),
-
-    ruby: (function() {
-      var ruby = $.create( 'ruby' )
-      var rt = $.create( 'rt' )
-      var rp = $.create( 'rp' )
-      var ret
-
-      ruby.appendChild( rp )
-      ruby.appendChild( rt )
-      root.appendChild( ruby )
-
-      // Browsers that support ruby hide the `<rp>` via `display: none`
-      ret = (
-        getStyle( rp, 'display' ) === 'none' ||
-        // but in IE, `<rp>` has `display: inline`, so the test needs other conditions:
-        getStyle( ruby, 'display' ) === 'ruby' &&
-        getStyle( rt, 'display' ) === 'ruby-text'
-      ) ? true : false
-
-      // Remove and clean from memory
-      root.removeChild( ruby )
-      ruby = null
-      rt = null
-      rp = null
-
-      return ret
-    })(),
-
-    'ruby-display': (function() {
-      var div = $.create( 'div' )
-
-      div.innerHTML = '<h-test-a style="display: ruby;"></h-test-a><h-test-b style="display: ruby-text-container;"></h-test-b>'
-      return div.querySelector( 'h-test-a' ).style.display === 'ruby' && div.querySelector( 'h-test-b' ).style.display === 'ruby-text-container'
-    })(),
-
-    'ruby-interchar': (function() {
-      var IC = 'inter-character'
-      var div = $.create( 'div' )
-      var css
-
-      div.innerHTML = '<h-test style="-moz-ruby-position:' + IC + ';-ms-ruby-position:' + IC + ';-webkit-ruby-position:' + IC + ';ruby-position:' + IC + ';"></h-test>'
-      css = div.querySelector( 'h-test' ).style
-      return css.rubyPosition === IC || css.WebkitRubyPosition === IC || css.MozRubyPosition === IC || css.msRubyPosition === IC
-    })(),
-
-    textemphasis: testCSSProp( 'textEmphasis' ),
-
-    // Address feature support test for `unicode-range` via
-    // detecting whether it's Arial (supported) or
-    // Times New Roman (not supported).
-    unicoderange: (function() {
-      var ret
-
-      injectElementWithStyle(
-        '@font-face{font-family:test-for-unicode-range;src:local(Arial),local("Droid Sans")}@font-face{font-family:test-for-unicode-range;src:local("Times New Roman"),local(Times),local("Droid Serif");unicode-range:U+270C}',
-        function() {
-          ret = !Locale.detectFont(
-            'test-for-unicode-range', // treatment group
-            'Arial, "Droid Sans"',    // control group
-            'Q'                       // ASCII characters only
-          )
-        }
-      )
-      return ret
-    })(),
-
-    writingmode: testCSSProp( 'writingMode' )
-  }
-})()
-
-Locale.initCond = function( target ) {
-  var target = target || root
-  var ret = ''
-  var clazz
-
-  for ( var feature in Locale.support ) {
-    clazz = ( Locale.support[ feature ] ? '' : 'no-' ) + feature
-
-    target.classList.add( clazz )
-    ret += clazz + ' '
-  }
-  return ret
-}
-
-var SUPPORT_IC = Locale.support[ 'ruby-interchar' ]
-
-// 1. Simple ruby polyfill;
-// 2. Inter-character polyfill for Zhuyin
-function renderSimpleRuby( $ruby ) {
-  var frag = $.create( '!' )
-  var clazz = $ruby.classList
-  var $rb, $ru
-
-  frag.appendChild( $.clone( $ruby ))
-
-  $
-  .tag( 'rt', frag.firstChild )
-  .forEach(function( $rt ) {
-    var $rb = $.create( '!' )
-    var airb = []
-    var irb
-
-    // Consider the previous nodes the implied
-    // ruby base
-    do {
-      irb = ( irb || $rt ).previousSibling
-      if ( !irb || irb.nodeName.match( /((?:h\-)?r[ubt])/i ))  break
-
-      $rb.insertBefore( $.clone( irb ), $rb.firstChild )
-      airb.push( irb )
-    } while ( !irb.nodeName.match( /((?:h\-)?r[ubt])/i ))
-
-    // Create a real `<h-ru>` to append.
-    $ru = clazz.contains( 'zhuyin' ) ? createZhuyinRu( $rb, $rt ) : createNormalRu( $rb, $rt )
-
-    // Replace the ruby text with the new `<h-ru>`,
-    // and remove the original implied ruby base(s)
-    try {
-      $rt.parentNode.replaceChild( $ru, $rt )
-      airb.map( $.remove )
-    } catch ( e ) {}
-  })
-  return createCustomRuby( frag )
-}
-
-function renderInterCharRuby( $ruby ) {
-  var frag = $.create( '!' )
-  frag.appendChild( $.clone( $ruby ))
-
-  $
-  .tag( 'rt', frag.firstChild )
-  .forEach(function( $rt ) {
-    var $rb = $.create( '!' )
-    var airb = []
-    var irb, $zhuyin
-
-    // Consider the previous nodes the implied
-    // ruby base
-    do {
-      irb = ( irb || $rt ).previousSibling
-      if ( !irb || irb.nodeName.match( /((?:h\-)?r[ubt])/i ))  break
-
-      $rb.insertBefore( $.clone( irb ), $rb.firstChild )
-      airb.push( irb )
-    } while ( !irb.nodeName.match( /((?:h\-)?r[ubt])/i ))
-
-    $zhuyin = $.create( 'rt' )
-    $zhuyin.innerHTML = getZhuyinHTML( $rt )
-    $rt.parentNode.replaceChild( $zhuyin, $rt )
-  })
-  return frag.firstChild
-}
-
-// 3. Complex ruby polyfill
-// - Double-lined annotation;
-// - Right-angled annotation.
-function renderComplexRuby( $ruby ) {
-  var frag = $.create( '!' )
-  var clazz = $ruby.classList
-  var $cloned, $rb, $ru, maxspan
-
-  frag.appendChild( $.clone( $ruby ))
-  $cloned = frag.firstChild
-
-  $rb = $ru = $.tag( 'rb', $cloned )
-  maxspan = $rb.length
-
-  // First of all, deal with Zhuyin containers
-  // individually
-  //
-  // Note that we only support one single Zhuyin
-  // container in each complex ruby
-  void function( $rtc ) {
-    if ( !$rtc )  return
-
-    $ru = $
-      .tag( 'rt', $rtc )
-      .map(function( $rt, i ) {
-        if ( !$rb[ i ] )  return
-        var ret = createZhuyinRu( $rb[ i ], $rt )
-
-        try {
-          $rb[ i ].parentNode.replaceChild( ret, $rb[ i ] )
-        } catch ( e ) {}
-        return ret
-      })
-
-    // Remove the container once it's useless
-    $.remove( $rtc )
-    $cloned.setAttribute( 'rightangle', 'true' )
-  }( $cloned.querySelector( 'rtc.zhuyin' ))
-
-  // Then, normal annotations other than Zhuyin
-  $
-  .qsa( 'rtc:not(.zhuyin)', $cloned )
-  .forEach(function( $rtc, order ) {
-    var ret
-    ret = $
-      .tag( 'rt', $rtc )
-      .map(function( $rt, i ) {
-        var rbspan = Number( $rt.getAttribute( 'rbspan' ) || 1 )
-        var span = 0
-        var aRb = []
-        var $rb, ret
-
-        if ( rbspan > maxspan )  rbspan = maxspan
-
-        do {
-          try {
-            $rb = $ru.shift()
-            aRb.push( $rb )
-          } catch (e) {}
-
-          if ( typeof $rb === 'undefined' )  break
-          span += Number( $rb.getAttribute( 'span' ) || 1 )
-        } while ( rbspan > span )
-
-        if ( rbspan < span ) {
-          if ( aRb.length > 1 ) {
-            console.error( 'An impossible `rbspan` value detected.', ruby )
-            return
-          }
-          aRb  = $.tag( 'rb', aRb[0] )
-          $ru  = aRb.slice( rbspan ).concat( $ru )
-          aRb  = aRb.slice( 0, rbspan )
-          span = rbspan
-        }
-
-        ret = createNormalRu( aRb, $rt, {
-          'class': clazz,
-          span: span,
-          order: order
-        })
-
-        try {
-          aRb[0].parentNode.replaceChild( ret, aRb.shift() )
-          aRb.map( $.remove )
-        } catch (e) {}
-        return ret
-      })
-    $ru = ret
-    if ( order === 1 )  $cloned.setAttribute( 'doubleline', 'true' )
-
-    // Remove the container once it's useless
-    $.remove( $rtc )
-  })
-  return createCustomRuby( frag )
-}
-
-// Create a new fake `<h-ruby>` element so the
-// style sheets will render it as a polyfill,
-// which also helps to avoid the UA style.
-function createCustomRuby( frag ) {
-  var $ruby = frag.firstChild
-  var hruby = $.create( 'h-ruby' )
-
-  hruby.innerHTML = $ruby.innerHTML
-  $.setAttr( hruby, $ruby.attributes )
-  hruby.normalize()
-  return hruby
-}
-
-function simplifyRubyClass( elem ) {
-  if ( !elem instanceof Element )  return elem
-  var clazz = elem.classList
-
-  if      ( clazz.contains( 'pinyin' ))        clazz.add( 'romanization' )
-  else if ( clazz.contains( 'romanization' ))  clazz.add( 'annotation' )
-  else if ( clazz.contains( 'mps' ))           clazz.add( 'zhuyin' )
-  else if ( clazz.contains( 'rightangle' ))    clazz.add( 'complex' )
-  return elem
-}
-
-/**
- * Create and return a new `<h-ru>` element
- * according to the given contents
- */
-function createNormalRu( $rb, $rt, attr ) {
-  var $ru = $.create( 'h-ru' )
-  var $rt = $.clone( $rt )
-  var attr = attr || {}
-  attr.annotation = 'true'
-
-  if ( Array.isArray( $rb )) {
-    $ru.innerHTML = $rb.map(function( rb ) {
-      if ( typeof rb === 'undefined' )  return ''
-      return rb.outerHTML 
-    }).join('') + $rt.outerHTML
-  } else {
-    $ru.appendChild( $.clone( $rb ))
-    $ru.appendChild( $rt )
-  }
-
-  $.setAttr( $ru, attr )
-  return $ru
-}
-
-/**
- * Create and return a new `<h-ru>` element
- * in Zhuyin form
- */
-function createZhuyinRu( $rb, $rt ) {
-  var $rb = $.clone( $rb )
-
-  // Create an element to return
-  var $ru = $.create( 'h-ru' )
-  $ru.setAttribute( 'zhuyin', true )
-
-  // - <h-ru zhuyin>
-  // -   <rb><rb/>
-  // -   <h-zhuyin>
-  // -     <h-yin></h-yin>
-  // -     <h-diao></h-diao>
-  // -   </h-zhuyin>
-  // - </h-ru>
-  $ru.appendChild( $rb )
-  $ru.innerHTML += getZhuyinHTML( $rt )
-  return $ru
-}
-
-/**
- * Create a Zhuyin-form HTML string
- */
-function getZhuyinHTML( rt ) {
-  // #### Explanation ####
-  // * `zhuyin`: the entire phonetic annotation
-  // * `yin`:    the plain pronunciation (w/out tone)
-  // * `diao`:   the tone
-  // * `len`:    the length of the plain pronunciation (`yin`)
-  var zhuyin = typeof rt === 'string' ? rt : rt.textContent
-  var yin, diao, len
-
-  yin  = zhuyin.replace( TYPESET.zhuyin.diao, '' )
-  len  = yin ? yin.length : 0
-  diao = zhuyin
-    .replace( yin, '' )
-    .replace( /[\u02C5]/g, '\u02C7' )
-    .replace( /[\u030D]/g, '\u0358' )
-  return len === 0 ? '' : '<h-zhuyin length="' + len + '" diao="' + diao + '"><h-yin>' + yin + '</h-yin><h-diao>' + diao + '</h-diao></h-zhuyin>'
-}
-
-/**
- * Normalize `ruby` elements
- */
-$.extend( Locale, {
-
-  // Address normalisation for both simple and complex
-  // rubies (interlinear annotations)
-  renderRuby: function( context, target ) {
-    var target   = target || 'ruby'
-    var $target  = $.qsa( target, context )
-
-    $.qsa( 'rtc', context )
-    .concat( $target ).map( simplifyRubyClass )
-
-    $target
-    .forEach(function( $ruby ) {
-      var clazz = $ruby.classList
-      var $new
-
-      if      ( clazz.contains( 'complex' ))  $new = renderComplexRuby( $ruby )
-      else if ( clazz.contains( 'zhuyin' ))   $new = SUPPORT_IC ? renderInterCharRuby( $ruby ) : renderSimpleRuby( $ruby )
-
-      // Finally, replace it
-      if ( $new )  $ruby.parentNode.replaceChild( $new, $ruby )
-    })
-  },
-
-  simplifyRubyClass:   simplifyRubyClass,
-  getZhuyinHTML:       getZhuyinHTML,
-  renderComplexRuby:   renderComplexRuby,
-  renderSimpleRuby:    renderSimpleRuby,
-  renderInterCharRuby: renderInterCharRuby
-
-  // ### TODO list ###
-  //
-  // * Debug mode
-  // * Better error-tolerance
-})
-
-/**
- * Normalisation rendering mechanism
- */
-$.extend( Locale, {
-
-  // Render and normalise the given context by routine:
-  //
-  // ruby -> u, ins -> s, del -> em
-  //
-  renderElem: function( context ) {
-    this.renderRuby( context )
-    this.renderDecoLine( context )
-    this.renderDecoLine( context, 's, del' )
-    this.renderEm( context )
-  },
-
-   // Traverse all target elements and address
-   // presentational corrections if any two of
-   // them are adjacent to each other.
-  renderDecoLine: function( context, target ) {
-    var $$target = $.qsa( target || 'u, ins', context )
-    var i = $$target.length
-
-    traverse: while ( i-- ) {
-      var $this = $$target[ i ]
-      var $prev = null
-
-      // Ignore all `<wbr>` and comments in between,
-      // and add class `.adjacent` once two targets
-      // are next to each other.
-      ignore: do {
-        $prev = ( $prev || $this ).previousSibling
-
-        if ( !$prev ) {
-          continue traverse
-        } else if ( $$target[ i-1 ] === $prev ) {
-          $this.classList.add( 'adjacent' )
-        }
-      } while ( $.isIgnorable( $prev ))
-    }
-  },
-
-  // Traverse all target elements to render
-  // emphasis marks.
-  renderEm: function( context, target ) {
-    var method = target ? 'qsa' : 'tag'
-    var target = target || 'em'
-    var $target = $[ method ]( target, context )
-
-    $target
-    .forEach(function( elem ) {
-      var $elem = Han( elem )
-
-      if ( Locale.support.textemphasis ) {
-        $elem
-        .avoid( 'rt, h-char' )
-        .charify({ biaodian: true, punct: true })
-      } else {
-        $elem
-        .avoid( 'rt, h-char, h-char-group' )
-        .jinzify()
-        .groupify({ western: true })
-        .charify({
-          hanzi:     true,
-          biaodian:  true,
-          punct:     true,
-          latin:     true,
-          ellinika:  true,
-          kirillica: true
-        })
-      }
-    })
-  }
-})
-
-Han.normalize = Locale
-Han.localize = Locale
-Han.support = Locale.support
-Han.detectFont = Locale.detectFont
-
-Han.fn.initCond = function() {
-  this.condition.classList.add( 'han-js-rendered' )
-  Han.normalize.initCond( this.condition )
-  return this
-}
-
-void [
-  'Elem',
-  'DecoLine',
-  'Em',
-  'Ruby'
-].forEach(function( elem ) {
-  var method = 'render' + elem
-
-  Han.fn[ method ] = function( target ) {
-    Han.normalize[ method ]( this.context, target )
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-$.extend( Han.support, {
-  // Assume that all devices support Heiti for we
-  // use `sans-serif` to do the comparison.
-  heiti: true,
-  // 'heiti-gb': true,
-
-  songti: Han.detectFont( '"Han Songti"' ),
-  'songti-gb': Han.detectFont( '"Han Songti GB"' ),
-
-  kaiti: Han.detectFont( '"Han Kaiti"' ),
-  // 'kaiti-gb': Han.detectFont( '"Han Kaiti GB"' ),
-
-  fangsong: Han.detectFont( '"Han Fangsong"' )
-  // 'fangsong-gb': Han.detectFont( '"Han Fangsong GB"' )
-})
-
-Han.correctBiaodian = function( context ) {
-  var context = context || document
-  var finder  = Han.find( context )
-
-  finder
-  .avoid( 'h-char' )
-  .replace( /([‘“])/g, function( portion ) {
-    var $char = Han.createBDChar( portion.text )
-    $char.classList.add( 'bd-open', 'punct' )
-    return $char
-  })
-  .replace( /([’”])/g, function( portion ) {
-    var $char = Han.createBDChar( portion.text )
-    $char.classList.add( 'bd-close', 'bd-end', 'punct' )
-    return $char
-  })
-
-  return Han.support.unicoderange
-    ? finder
-    : finder.charify({ biaodian: true })
-}
-
-Han.correctBasicBD = Han.correctBiaodian
-Han.correctBD = Han.correctBiaodian
-
-$.extend( Han.fn, {
-  biaodian: null,
-
-  correctBiaodian: function() {
-    this.biaodian = Han.correctBiaodian( this.context )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertCorrectedBiaodian: function() {
-    try {
-      this.biaodian.revert( 'all' )
-    } catch (e) {}
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-// Legacy support (deprecated):
-Han.fn.correctBasicBD = Han.fn.correctBiaodian
-Han.fn.revertBasicBD  = Han.fn.revertCorrectedBiaodian
-
-var hws = '<<hws>>'
-
-var $hws = $.create( 'h-hws' )
-$hws.setAttribute( 'hidden', '' )
-$hws.innerHTML = ' '
-
-function sharingSameParent( $a, $b ) {
-  return $a && $b && $a.parentNode === $b.parentNode
-}
-
-function properlyPlaceHWSBehind( $node, text ) {
-  var $elmt = $node
-  var text  = text || ''
-
-  if (
-    $.isElmt( $node.nextSibling ) ||
-    sharingSameParent( $node, $node.nextSibling )
-  ) {
-    return text + hws
-  } else {
-    // One of the parental elements of the current text
-    // node would definitely have a next sibling, since
-    // it is of the first portion and not `isEnd`.
-    while ( !$elmt.nextSibling ) {
-      $elmt = $elmt.parentNode
-    }
-    if ( $node !== $elmt ) {
-      $elmt.insertAdjacentHTML( 'afterEnd', '<h-hws hidden> </h-hws>' )
-    }
-  }
-  return text
-}
-
-function firstStepLabel( portion, mat ) {
-  return portion.isEnd && portion.index === 0
-    ? mat[1] + hws + mat[2]
-    : portion.index === 0
-    ? properlyPlaceHWSBehind( portion.node, portion.text )
-    : portion.text
-}
-
-function real$hwsElmt( portion ) {
-  return portion.index === 0
-    ? $.clone( $hws )
-    : ''
-}
-
-var last$hwsIdx
-
-function apostrophe( portion ) {
-  var $elmt = portion.node.parentNode
-
-  if ( portion.index === 0 ) {
-    last$hwsIdx = portion.endIndexInNode-2
-  }
-
-  if (
-    $elmt.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'h-hws' && (
-    portion.index === 1 || portion.indexInMatch === last$hwsIdx
-  )) {
-    $elmt.classList.add( 'quote-inner' )
-  }
-  return portion.text
-}
-
-function curveQuote( portion ) {
-  var $elmt = portion.node.parentNode
-
-  if ( $elmt.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'h-hws' ) {
-    $elmt.classList.add( 'quote-outer' )
-  }
-  return portion.text
-}
-
-$.extend( Han, {
-  renderHWS: function( context, strict ) {
-    // Elements to be filtered according to the
-    // HWS rendering mode.
-    var AVOID = strict
-    ? 'textarea, code, kbd, samp, pre'
-    : 'textarea'
-
-    var mode = strict ? 'strict' : 'base'
-    var context = context || document
-    var finder = Han.find( context )
-
-    finder
-    .avoid( AVOID )
-
-    // Basic situations:
-    // - 字a => 字<hws/>a
-    // - A字 => A<hws/>字
-    .replace( Han.TYPESET.hws[ mode ][0], firstStepLabel )
-    .replace( Han.TYPESET.hws[ mode ][1], firstStepLabel )
-
-    // Convert text nodes `<hws/>` into real element nodes:
-    .replace( new RegExp( '(' + hws + ')+', 'g' ), real$hwsElmt )
-
-    // Deal with:
-    // - '<hws/>字<hws/>' => '字'
-    // - "<hws/>字<hws/>" => "字"
-    .replace( /([\'"])\s(.+?)\s\1/g, apostrophe )
-
-    // Deal with:
-    // - <hws/>“字”<hws/>
-    // - <hws/>‘字’<hws/>
-    .replace( /\s[‘“]/g, curveQuote )
-    .replace( /[’”]\s/g, curveQuote )
-    .normalize()
-
-    // Return the finder instance for future usage
-    return finder
-  }
-})
-
-$.extend( Han.fn, {
-  renderHWS: function( strict ) {
-    Han.renderHWS( this.context, strict )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertHWS: function() {
-    $.tag( 'h-hws', this.context )
-    .forEach(function( hws ) {
-      $.remove( hws )
-    })
-    this.HWS = []
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-var HANGABLE_CLASS = 'bd-hangable'
-var HANGABLE_AVOID = 'h-char.bd-hangable'
-var HANGABLE_CS_HTML = '<h-cs hidden class="jinze-outer hangable-outer"> </h-cs>'
-
-var matches = Han.find.matches
-
-function detectSpaceFont() {
-  var div = $.create( 'div' )
-  var ret
-
-  div.innerHTML = '<span>a b</span><span style="font-family: \'Han Space\'">a b</span>'
-  body.appendChild( div )
-  ret = div.firstChild.offsetWidth !== div.lastChild.offsetWidth
-  $.remove( div )
-  return ret
-}
-
-function insertHangableCS( $jinze ) {
-  var $cs = $jinze.nextSibling
-
-  if ( $cs && matches( $cs, 'h-cs.jinze-outer' )) {
-    $cs.classList.add( 'hangable-outer' )
-  } else {
-    $jinze.insertAdjacentHTML(
-      'afterend',
-      HANGABLE_CS_HTML
-    )
-  }
-}
-
-Han.support['han-space'] = detectSpaceFont()
-
-$.extend( Han, {
-  detectSpaceFont:   detectSpaceFont,
-  isSpaceFontLoaded: detectSpaceFont(),
-
-  renderHanging: function( context ) {
-    var context = context || document
-    var finder  = Han.find( context )
-
-    finder
-    .avoid( 'textarea, code, kbd, samp, pre' )
-    .avoid( HANGABLE_AVOID )
-    .replace(
-      TYPESET.jinze.hanging,
-      function( portion ) {
-        if ( /^[\x20\t\r\n\f]+$/.test( portion.text )) {
-          return ''
-        }
-
-        var $elmt = portion.node.parentNode
-        var $jinze, $new, $bd, biaodian
-
-        if ( $jinze = $.parent( $elmt, 'h-jinze' )) {
-          insertHangableCS( $jinze )
-        }
-
-        biaodian = portion.text.trim()
-
-        $new = Han.createBDChar( biaodian )
-        $new.innerHTML = '<h-inner>' + biaodian + '</h-inner>'
-        $new.classList.add( HANGABLE_CLASS )
-
-        $bd = $.parent( $elmt, 'h-char.biaodian' )
-
-        return !$bd
-          ? $new
-          : (function() {
-            $bd.classList.add( HANGABLE_CLASS )
-
-            return matches( $elmt, 'h-inner, h-inner *' )
-              ? biaodian
-              : $new.firstChild
-          })()
-      }
-    )
-    return finder
-  }
-})
-
-$.extend( Han.fn, {
-  renderHanging: function() {
-    var classList = this.condition.classList
-    Han.isSpaceFontLoaded = detectSpaceFont()
-
-    if (
-      Han.isSpaceFontLoaded &&
-      classList.contains( 'no-han-space' )
-    ) {
-      classList.remove( 'no-han-space' )
-      classList.add( 'han-space' )
-    }
-
-    Han.renderHanging( this.context )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertHanging: function() {
-    $.qsa(
-      'h-char.bd-hangable, h-cs.hangable-outer',
-      this.context
-    ).forEach(function( $elmt ) {
-      var classList = $elmt.classList
-      classList.remove( 'bd-hangable' )
-      classList.remove( 'hangable-outer' )
-    })
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-var JIYA_CLASS = 'bd-jiya'
-var JIYA_AVOID = 'h-char.bd-jiya'
-var CONSECUTIVE_CLASS = 'bd-consecutive'
-var JIYA_CS_HTML = '<h-cs hidden class="jinze-outer jiya-outer"> </h-cs>'
-
-var matches = Han.find.matches
-
-function trimBDClass( clazz ) {
-  return clazz.replace(
-    /(biaodian|cjk|bd-jiya|bd-consecutive|bd-hangable)/gi, ''
-  ).trim()
-}
-
-function charifyBiaodian( portion ) {
-  var biaodian = portion.text
-  var $elmt = portion.node.parentNode
-  var $bd = $.parent( $elmt, 'h-char.biaodian' )
-  var $new = Han.createBDChar( biaodian )
-  var $jinze
-
-  $new.innerHTML = '<h-inner>' + biaodian + '</h-inner>'
-  $new.classList.add( JIYA_CLASS )
-
-  if ( $jinze = $.parent( $elmt, 'h-jinze' )) {
-    insertJiyaCS( $jinze )
-  }
-
-  return !$bd
-    ? $new
-    : (function() {
-      $bd.classList.add( JIYA_CLASS )
-
-      return matches( $elmt, 'h-inner, h-inner *' )
-        ? biaodian
-        : $new.firstChild
-    })()
-}
-
-var prevBDType, $$prevCS
-
-function locateConsecutiveBD( portion ) {
-  var prev = prevBDType
-  var $elmt = portion.node.parentNode
-  var $bd = $.parent( $elmt, 'h-char.biaodian' )
-  var $jinze = $.parent( $bd, 'h-jinze' )
-  var classList
-
-  classList = $bd.classList
-
-  if ( prev ) {
-    $bd.setAttribute( 'prev', prev )
-  }
-
-  if ( $$prevCS && classList.contains( 'bd-open' )) {
-    $$prevCS.pop().setAttribute( 'next', 'bd-open' )
-  }
-
-  $$prevCS = undefined
-
-  if ( portion.isEnd ) {
-    prevBDType = undefined
-    classList.add( CONSECUTIVE_CLASS, 'end-portion' )
-  } else {
-    prevBDType = trimBDClass($bd.getAttribute( 'class' ))
-    classList.add( CONSECUTIVE_CLASS )
-  }
-
-  if ( $jinze ) {
-    $$prevCS = locateCS( $jinze, {
-      prev: prev,
-      'class': trimBDClass($bd.getAttribute( 'class' ))
-    })
-  }
-  return portion.text
-}
-
-function insertJiyaCS( $jinze ) {
-  if (
-    matches( $jinze, '.tou, .touwei' ) &&
-    !matches( $jinze.previousSibling, 'h-cs.jiya-outer' )
-  ) {
-    $jinze.insertAdjacentHTML( 'beforebegin', JIYA_CS_HTML )
-  }
-  if (
-    matches( $jinze, '.wei, .touwei' ) &&
-    !matches( $jinze.nextSibling, 'h-cs.jiya-outer' )
-  ) {
-    $jinze.insertAdjacentHTML( 'afterend', JIYA_CS_HTML )
-  }
-}
-
-function locateCS( $jinze, attr ) {
-  var $prev, $next
-
-  if (matches( $jinze, '.tou, .touwei' )) {
-    $prev = $jinze.previousSibling
-
-    if (matches( $prev, 'h-cs' )) {
-      $prev.className = 'jinze-outer jiya-outer'
-      $prev.setAttribute( 'prev', attr.prev )
-    }
-  }
-  if (matches( $jinze, '.wei, .touwei' )) {
-    $next = $jinze.nextSibling
-
-    if (matches( $next, 'h-cs' )) {
-      $next.className = 'jinze-outer jiya-outer ' + attr[ 'class' ]
-      $next.removeAttribute( 'prev' )
-    }
-  }
-  return [ $prev, $next ]
-}
-
-Han.renderJiya = function( context ) {
-  var context = context || document
-  var finder = Han.find( context )
-
-  finder
-  .avoid( 'textarea, code, kbd, samp, pre, h-cs' )
-
-  .avoid( JIYA_AVOID )
-  .charify({
-    avoid: false,
-    biaodian: charifyBiaodian
-  })
-  // End avoiding `JIYA_AVOID`:
-  .endAvoid()
-
-  .avoid( 'textarea, code, kbd, samp, pre, h-cs' )
-  .replace( TYPESET.group.biaodian[0], locateConsecutiveBD )
-  .replace( TYPESET.group.biaodian[1], locateConsecutiveBD )
-
-  return finder
-}
-
-$.extend( Han.fn, {
-  renderJiya: function() {
-    Han.renderJiya( this.context )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertJiya: function() {
-    $.qsa(
-      'h-char.bd-jiya, h-cs.jiya-outer',
-      this.context
-    ).forEach(function( $elmt ) {
-      var classList = $elmt.classList
-      classList.remove( 'bd-jiya' )
-      classList.remove( 'jiya-outer' )
-    })
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-var QUERY_RU_W_ANNO    = 'h-ru[annotation]'
-var SELECTOR_TO_IGNORE = 'textarea, code, kbd, samp, pre'
-
-function createCompareFactory( font, treat, control ) {
-  return function() {
-    var a = Han.localize.writeOnCanvas( treat, font )
-    var b = Han.localize.writeOnCanvas( control, font )
-    return Han.localize.compareCanvases( a, b )
-  }
-}
-
-function isVowelCombLigaNormal() {
-  return createCompareFactory( '"Romanization Sans"', '\u0061\u030D', '\uDB80\uDC61' )
-}
-
-function isVowelICombLigaNormal() {
-  return createCompareFactory( '"Romanization Sans"', '\u0069\u030D', '\uDB80\uDC69' )
-}
-
-function isZhuyinCombLigaNormal() {
-  return createCompareFactory( '"Zhuyin Kaiti"', '\u31B4\u0358', '\uDB8C\uDDB4' )
-}
-
-function createSubstFactory( regexToSubst ) {
-  return function( context ) {
-    var context = context || document
-    var finder  = Han.find( context ).avoid( SELECTOR_TO_IGNORE )
-
-    regexToSubst
-    .forEach(function( pattern ) {
-      finder
-      .replace(
-        new RegExp( pattern[ 0 ], 'ig' ),
-        function( portion, match ) {
-          var ret = $.clone( charCombLiga )
-
-          // Put the original content in an inner container
-          // for better presentational effect of hidden text
-          ret.innerHTML = '<h-inner>' + match[0] + '</h-inner>'
-          ret.setAttribute( 'display-as', pattern[ 1 ] )
-          return portion.index === 0 ? ret : ''
-        }
-      )
-    })
-    return finder
-  }
-}
-
-var charCombLiga = $.create( 'h-char', 'comb-liga' )
-
-$.extend( Han, {
-  isVowelCombLigaNormal:   isVowelCombLigaNormal(),
-  isVowelICombLigaNormal:  isVowelICombLigaNormal(),
-  isZhuyinCombLigaNormal:  isZhuyinCombLigaNormal(),
-
-  isCombLigaNormal:        isVowelICombLigaNormal()(),  // ### Deprecated
-
-  substVowelCombLiga:   createSubstFactory( Han.TYPESET[ 'display-as' ][ 'comb-liga-vowel' ] ),
-  substZhuyinCombLiga:  createSubstFactory( Han.TYPESET[ 'display-as' ][ 'comb-liga-zhuyin' ] ),
-  substCombLigaWithPUA: createSubstFactory( Han.TYPESET[ 'display-as' ][ 'comb-liga-pua' ] ),
-
-  substInaccurateChar: function( context ) {
-    var context = context || document
-    var finder = Han.find( context )
-
-    finder.avoid( SELECTOR_TO_IGNORE )
-
-    Han.TYPESET[ 'inaccurate-char' ]
-    .forEach(function( pattern ) {
-      finder
-      .replace(
-        new RegExp( pattern[ 0 ], 'ig' ),
-        pattern[ 1 ]
-      )
-    })
-  }
-})
-
-$.extend( Han.fn, {
-  'comb-liga-vowel':   null,
-  'comb-liga-vowel-i': null,
-  'comb-liga-zhuyin':  null,
-  'inaccurate-char':   null,
-
-  substVowelCombLiga: function() {
-    this['comb-liga-vowel'] = Han.substVowelCombLiga( this.context )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  substVowelICombLiga: function() {
-    this['comb-liga-vowel-i'] = Han.substVowelICombLiga( this.context )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  substZhuyinCombLiga: function() {
-    this['comb-liga-zhuyin'] = Han.substZhuyinCombLiga( this.context )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  substCombLigaWithPUA: function() {
-    if ( !Han.isVowelCombLigaNormal()) {
-      this['comb-liga-vowel'] = Han.substVowelCombLiga( this.context )
-    } else if ( !Han.isVowelICombLigaNormal()) {
-      this['comb-liga-vowel-i'] = Han.substVowelICombLiga( this.context )
-    }
-
-    if ( !Han.isZhuyinCombLigaNormal()) {
-      this['comb-liga-zhuyin'] = Han.substZhuyinCombLiga( this.context )
-    }
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertVowelCombLiga: function() {
-    try {
-      this['comb-liga-vowel'].revert( 'all' )
-    } catch (e) {}
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertVowelICombLiga: function() {
-    try {
-      this['comb-liga-vowel-i'].revert( 'all' )
-    } catch (e) {}
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertZhuyinCombLiga: function() {
-    try {
-      this['comb-liga-zhuyin'].revert( 'all' )
-    } catch (e) {}
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertCombLigaWithPUA: function() {
-    try {
-      this['comb-liga-vowel'].revert( 'all' )
-      this['comb-liga-vowel-i'].revert( 'all' )
-      this['comb-liga-zhuyin'].revert( 'all' )
-    } catch (e) {}
-    return this
-  },
-
-  substInaccurateChar: function() {
-    this['inaccurate-char'] = Han.substInaccurateChar( this.context )
-    return this
-  },
-
-  revertInaccurateChar: function() {
-    try {
-      this['inaccurate-char'].revert( 'all' )
-    } catch (e) {}
-    return this
-  }
-})
-
-window.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', function() {
-  var initContext
-
-  // Use the shortcut under the default situation
-  if ( root.classList.contains( 'han-init' )) {
-    Han.init()
-
-  // Consider ‘a configured context’ the special
-  // case of the default situation. Will have to
-  // replace the `Han.init` with the instance as
-  // well (for future usage).
-  } else if ( initContext = document.querySelector( '.han-init-context' )) {
-    Han.init = Han( initContext ).render()
-  }
-})
-
-// Expose to global namespace
-if ( typeof noGlobalNS === 'undefined' || noGlobalNS === false ) {
-  window.Han = Han
-}
-
-return Han
-});
-
diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/han.min.css b/lib/Han/dist/han.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 29c753ea..00000000
--- a/lib/Han/dist/han.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-@charset "UTF-8";
-
-/*! 漢字標準格式 v3.3.0 | MIT License | css.hanzi.co */
-/*! Han.css: the CSS typography framework optimised for Hanzi */
-
-progress,sub,sup{vertical-align:baseline}button,hr,input,select{overflow:visible}[type=checkbox],[type=radio],legend{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,main,menu,nav,section,summary{display:block}audio,canvas,progress,video{display:inline-block}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}[hidden],template{display:none}a{background-color:transparent}a:active,a:hover{outline-width:0}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}dfn{font-style:italic}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}mark{background-color:#ff0;color:#000}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}img{border-style:none}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}figure{margin:1em 40px}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0}button,input,select,textarea{font:inherit;margin:0}optgroup{font-weight:700}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{cursor:pointer}[disabled]{cursor:default}[type=reset],[type=submit],button,html [type=button]{-webkit-appearance:button}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}button:-moz-focusring,input:-moz-focusring{outline:ButtonText dotted 1px}fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}legend{color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;white-space:normal}textarea{overflow:auto}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield}[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}@font-face{font-family:"Han Heiti";src:local("Hiragino Sans GB"),local("Lantinghei TC Extralight"),local("Lantinghei SC Extralight"),local(FZLTXHB--B51-0),local(FZLTZHK--GBK1-0),local("Pingfang SC Light"),local("Pingfang TC Light"),local("Pingfang-SC-Light"),local("Pingfang-TC-Light"),local("Pingfang SC"),local("Pingfang TC"),local("Heiti SC Light"),local(STHeitiSC-Light),local("Heiti SC"),local("Heiti TC Light"),local(STHeitiTC-Light),local("Heiti TC"),local("Microsoft Yahei"),local("Microsoft Jhenghei"),local("Noto Sans CJK KR"),local("Noto Sans CJK JP"),local("Noto Sans CJK SC"),local("Noto Sans CJK TC"),local("Source Han Sans K"),local("Source Han Sans KR"),local("Source Han Sans JP"),local("Source Han Sans CN"),local("Source Han Sans HK"),local("Source Han Sans TW"),local("Source Han Sans TWHK"),local("Droid Sans Fallback")}@font-face{unicode-range:U+4E00-9FFF,U+3400-4DB5,U+20000-2A6D6,U+2A700-2B734,U+2B740-2B81D,U+FA0E-FA0F,U+FA11,U+FA13-FA14,U+FA1F,U+FA21,U+FA23,U+FA24,U+FA27-FA29,U+3040-309F,U+30A0-30FF,U+3099-309E,U+FF66-FF9F,U+3007,U+31C0-31E3,U+2F00-2FD5,U+2E80-2EF3;font-family:"Han Heiti";src:local(YuGothic),local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN"),local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro")}@font-face{font-family:"Han Heiti CNS";src:local("Pingfang TC Light"),local("Pingfang-TC-Light"),local("Pingfang TC"),local("Heiti TC Light"),local(STHeitiTC-Light),local("Heiti TC"),local("Lantinghei TC Extralight"),local(FZLTXHB--B51-0),local("Lantinghei TC"),local("Microsoft Jhenghei"),local("Microsoft Yahei"),local("Noto Sans CJK TC"),local("Source Han Sans TC"),local("Source Han Sans TW"),local("Source Han Sans TWHK"),local("Source Han Sans HK"),local("Droid Sans Fallback")}@font-face{font-family:"Han Heiti GB";src:local("Hiragino Sans GB"),local("Pingfang SC Light"),local("Pingfang-SC-Light"),local("Pingfang SC"),local("Lantinghei SC Extralight"),local(FZLTXHK--GBK1-0),local("Lantinghei SC"),local("Heiti SC Light"),local(STHeitiSC-Light),local("Heiti SC"),local("Microsoft Yahei"),local("Noto Sans CJK SC"),local("Source Han Sans SC"),local("Source Han Sans CN"),local("Droid Sans Fallback")}@font-face{font-family:"Han Heiti";font-weight:600;src:local("Hiragino Sans GB W6"),local(HiraginoSansGB-W6),local("Lantinghei TC Demibold"),local("Lantinghei SC Demibold"),local(FZLTZHB--B51-0),local(FZLTZHK--GBK1-0),local("Pingfang-SC-Semibold"),local("Pingfang-TC-Semibold"),local("Heiti SC Medium"),local("STHeitiSC-Medium"),local("Heiti SC"),local("Heiti TC Medium"),local("STHeitiTC-Medium"),local("Heiti TC"),local("Microsoft Yahei Bold"),local("Microsoft Jhenghei Bold"),local(MicrosoftYahei-Bold),local(MicrosoftJhengHeiBold),local("Microsoft Yahei"),local("Microsoft Jhenghei"),local("Noto Sans CJK KR Bold"),local("Noto Sans CJK JP Bold"),local("Noto Sans CJK SC Bold"),local("Noto Sans CJK TC Bold"),local(NotoSansCJKkr-Bold),local(NotoSansCJKjp-Bold),local(NotoSansCJKsc-Bold),local(NotoSansCJKtc-Bold),local("Source Han Sans K Bold"),local(SourceHanSansK-Bold),local("Source Han Sans K"),local("Source Han Sans KR Bold"),local("Source Han Sans JP Bold"),local("Source Han Sans CN Bold"),local("Source Han Sans HK Bold"),local("Source Han Sans TW Bold"),local("Source Han Sans TWHK Bold"),local("SourceHanSansKR-Bold"),local("SourceHanSansJP-Bold"),local("SourceHanSansCN-Bold"),local("SourceHanSansHK-Bold"),local("SourceHanSansTW-Bold"),local("SourceHanSansTWHK-Bold"),local("Source Han Sans KR"),local("Source Han Sans CN"),local("Source Han Sans HK"),local("Source Han Sans TW"),local("Source Han Sans TWHK")}@font-face{unicode-range:U+4E00-9FFF,U+3400-4DB5,U+20000-2A6D6,U+2A700-2B734,U+2B740-2B81D,U+FA0E-FA0F,U+FA11,U+FA13-FA14,U+FA1F,U+FA21,U+FA23,U+FA24,U+FA27-FA29,U+3040-309F,U+30A0-30FF,U+3099-309E,U+FF66-FF9F,U+3007,U+31C0-31E3,U+2F00-2FD5,U+2E80-2EF3;font-family:"Han Heiti";font-weight:600;src:local("YuGothic Bold"),local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN W6"),local("Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro W6"),local(YuGo-Bold),local(HiraKakuProN-W6),local(HiraKakuPro-W6)}@font-face{font-family:"Han Heiti CNS";font-weight:600;src:local("Pingfang TC 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diff --git a/lib/Han/dist/han.min.js b/lib/Han/dist/han.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index a557ad3e..00000000
--- a/lib/Han/dist/han.min.js
+++ /dev/null
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a.avoid&&this.avoid("h-char"),a.biaodian&&this.replace(R["char"].biaodian.all,c(a.biaodian)||function(a){return e(a.text)}).replace(R["char"].biaodian.liga,c(a.biaodian)||function(a){return e(a.text)}),(a.hanzi||a.cjk)&&this.wrap(R["char"].hanzi,c(a.hanzi||a.cjk)||S.clone(S.create("h-char","hanzi cjk"))),a.punct&&this.wrap(R["char"].punct.all,c(a.punct)||S.clone(S.create("h-char","punct"))),a.latin&&this.wrap(R["char"].latin,c(a.latin)||S.clone(S.create("h-char","alphabet latin"))),(a.ellinika||a.greek)&&this.wrap(R["char"].ellinika,c(a.ellinika||a.greek)||S.clone(S.create("h-char","alphabet ellinika greek"))),(a.kirillica||a.cyrillic)&&this.wrap(R["char"].kirillica,c(a.kirillica||a.cyrillic)||S.clone(S.create("h-char","alphabet kirillica cyrillic"))),a.kana&&this.wrap(R["char"].kana,c(a.kana)||S.clone(S.create("h-char","kana"))),(a.eonmun||a.hangul)&&this.wrap(R["char"].eonmun,c(a.eonmun||a.hangul)||S.clone(S.create("h-char","eonmun hangul"))),this.endAvoid(),this}}),S.extend(O,{isNodeNormalizeNormal:U,find:T,createBDGroup:d,createBDChar:e}),S.matches=O.find.matches,void["setMode","wrap","replace","revert","addBoundary","removeBoundary","avoid","endAvoid","filter","endFilter","jinzify","groupify","charify"].forEach(function(a){O.fn[a]=function(){return this.finder||(this.finder=O.find(this.context)),this.finder[a](arguments[0],arguments[1]),this}});var V={};V.writeOnCanvas=g,V.compareCanvases=h,V.detectFont=i,V.support=function(){function b(a){var b,c=a.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+a.slice(1),d=(a+" "+e.join(c+" ")+c).split(" ");return d.forEach(function(a){"string"==typeof f.style[a]&&(b=!0)}),b||!1}function c(a,b){var c,d,e,f=L||S.create("body"),g=S.create("div"),h=L?g:f,b="function"==typeof b?b:function(){};return c=["<style>",a,"</style>"].join(""),h.innerHTML+=c,f.appendChild(g),L||(f.style.background="",f.style.overflow="hidden",e=K.style.overflow,K.style.overflow="hidden",K.appendChild(f)),d=b(h,a),S.remove(h),L||(K.style.overflow=e),!!d}function d(b,c){var d;return a.getComputedStyle?d=J.defaultView.getComputedStyle(b,null).getPropertyValue(c):b.currentStyle&&(d=b.currentStyle[c]),d}var e="Webkit Moz ms".split(" "),f=S.create("h-test");return{columnwidth:b("columnWidth"),fontface:function(){var a;return c('@font-face { font-family: font; src: url("//"); }',function(b,c){var d=S.qsa("style",b)[0],e=d.sheet||d.styleSheet,f=e?e.cssRules&&e.cssRules[0]?e.cssRules[0].cssText:e.cssText||"":"";a=/src/i.test(f)&&0===f.indexOf(c.split(" ")[0])}),a}(),ruby:function(){var a,b=S.create("ruby"),c=S.create("rt"),e=S.create("rp");return b.appendChild(e),b.appendChild(c),K.appendChild(b),a="none"===d(e,"display")||"ruby"===d(b,"display")&&"ruby-text"===d(c,"display")?!0:!1,K.removeChild(b),b=null,c=null,e=null,a}(),"ruby-display":function(){var a=S.create("div");return a.innerHTML='<h-test-a style="display: ruby;"></h-test-a><h-test-b style="display: ruby-text-container;"></h-test-b>',"ruby"===a.querySelector("h-test-a").style.display&&"ruby-text-container"===a.querySelector("h-test-b").style.display}(),"ruby-interchar":function(){var a,b="inter-character",c=S.create("div");return c.innerHTML='<h-test style="-moz-ruby-position:'+b+";-ms-ruby-position:"+b+";-webkit-ruby-position:"+b+";ruby-position:"+b+';"></h-test>',a=c.querySelector("h-test").style,a.rubyPosition===b||a.WebkitRubyPosition===b||a.MozRubyPosition===b||a.msRubyPosition===b}(),textemphasis:b("textEmphasis"),unicoderange:function(){var a;return c('@font-face{font-family:test-for-unicode-range;src:local(Arial),local("Droid Sans")}@font-face{font-family:test-for-unicode-range;src:local("Times New Roman"),local(Times),local("Droid Serif");unicode-range:U+270C}',function(){a=!V.detectFont("test-for-unicode-range",'Arial, "Droid Sans"',"Q")}),a}(),writingmode:b("writingMode")}}(),V.initCond=function(a){var b,a=a||K,c="";for(var d in V.support)b=(V.support[d]?"":"no-")+d,a.classList.add(b),c+=b+" ";return c};var W=V.support["ruby-interchar"];S.extend(V,{renderRuby:function(a,b){var b=b||"ruby",c=S.qsa(b,a);S.qsa("rtc",a).concat(c).map(n),c.forEach(function(a){var b,c=a.classList;c.contains("complex")?b=l(a):c.contains("zhuyin")&&(b=W?k(a):j(a)),b&&a.parentNode.replaceChild(b,a)})},simplifyRubyClass:n,getZhuyinHTML:q,renderComplexRuby:l,renderSimpleRuby:j,renderInterCharRuby:k}),S.extend(V,{renderElem:function(a){this.renderRuby(a),this.renderDecoLine(a),this.renderDecoLine(a,"s, del"),this.renderEm(a)},renderDecoLine:function(a,b){var c=S.qsa(b||"u, ins",a),d=c.length;a:for(;d--;){var e=c[d],f=null;do{if(f=(f||e).previousSibling,!f)continue a;c[d-1]===f&&e.classList.add("adjacent")}while(S.isIgnorable(f))}},renderEm:function(a,b){var c=b?"qsa":"tag",b=b||"em",d=S[c](b,a);d.forEach(function(a){var b=O(a);V.support.textemphasis?b.avoid("rt, h-char").charify({biaodian:!0,punct:!0}):b.avoid("rt, h-char, h-char-group").jinzify().groupify({western:!0}).charify({hanzi:!0,biaodian:!0,punct:!0,latin:!0,ellinika:!0,kirillica:!0})})}}),O.normalize=V,O.localize=V,O.support=V.support,O.detectFont=V.detectFont,O.fn.initCond=function(){return this.condition.classList.add("han-js-rendered"),O.normalize.initCond(this.condition),this},void["Elem","DecoLine","Em","Ruby"].forEach(function(a){var b="render"+a;O.fn[b]=function(a){return O.normalize[b](this.context,a),this}}),S.extend(O.support,{heiti:!0,songti:O.detectFont('"Han Songti"'),"songti-gb":O.detectFont('"Han Songti GB"'),kaiti:O.detectFont('"Han Kaiti"'),fangsong:O.detectFont('"Han Fangsong"')}),O.correctBiaodian=function(a){var a=a||J,b=O.find(a);return b.avoid("h-char").replace(/([\u2018\u201c])/g,function(a){var b=O.createBDChar(a.text);return b.classList.add("bd-open","punct"),b}).replace(/([\u2019\u201d])/g,function(a){var b=O.createBDChar(a.text);return b.classList.add("bd-close","bd-end","punct"),b}),O.support.unicoderange?b:b.charify({biaodian:!0})},O.correctBasicBD=O.correctBiaodian,O.correctBD=O.correctBiaodian,S.extend(O.fn,{biaodian:null,correctBiaodian:function(){return this.biaodian=O.correctBiaodian(this.context),this},revertCorrectedBiaodian:function(){try{this.biaodian.revert("all")}catch(a){}return this}}),O.fn.correctBasicBD=O.fn.correctBiaodian,O.fn.revertBasicBD=O.fn.revertCorrectedBiaodian;var X="<<hws>>",Y=S.create("h-hws");Y.setAttribute("hidden",""),Y.innerHTML=" ";var Z;S.extend(O,{renderHWS:function(a,b){var c=b?"textarea, code, kbd, samp, pre":"textarea",d=b?"strict":"base",a=a||J,e=O.find(a);
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/algolia-instant-search/instantsearch.min.css b/lib/algolia-instant-search/instantsearch.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 590f6f98..00000000
--- a/lib/algolia-instant-search/instantsearch.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/lib/algolia-instant-search/instantsearch.min.js b/lib/algolia-instant-search/instantsearch.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bd5d590..00000000
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this._jsonRequest({cache:this.cache,method:"POST",url:"/1/indexes/*/queries",body:s,hostType:"read",fallback:{method:"GET",url:"/1/indexes/*",body:{params:u}},callback:t})},batch:function(e,t){var r=n(34),o="Usage: client.batch(operations[, callback])";if(!r(e))throw new Error(o);return this._jsonRequest({method:"POST",url:"/1/indexes/*/batch",body:{requests:e},hostType:"write",callback:t})},destroy:i,enableRateLimitForward:i,disableRateLimitForward:i,useSecuredAPIKey:i,disableSecuredAPIKey:i,generateSecuredApiKey:i,Index:function(e,t){this.indexName=t,this.as=e,this.typeAheadArgs=null,this.typeAheadValueOption=null,this.cache={}},setExtraHeader:function(e,t){this.extraHeaders.push({name:e.toLowerCase(),value:t})},addAlgoliaAgent:function(e){this._ua+=";"+e},_jsonRequest:function(e){function t(n,s){function p(e){var t=e&&e.body&&e.body.message&&e.body.status||e.statusCode||e&&e.body&&200;i("received response: statusCode: %s, computed statusCode: %d, headers: 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cache"),u._promise.resolve(JSON.parse(a[g]));if(f>=u.hosts[e.hostType].length)return!h||d?(i("could not get any response"),u._promise.reject(new c.AlgoliaSearchError("Cannot connect to the AlgoliaSearch API. Send an email to support@algolia.com to report and resolve the issue. Application id was: "+u.applicationID))):(i("switching to fallback"),f=0,s.method=e.fallback.method,s.url=e.fallback.url,s.jsonBody=e.fallback.body,s.jsonBody&&(s.body=l(s.jsonBody)),o=u._computeRequestHeaders(),s.timeout=u.requestTimeout*(f+1),u.hostIndex[e.hostType]=0,d=!0,t(u._request.fallback,s));var y=u.hosts[e.hostType][u.hostIndex[e.hostType]]+s.url,b={body:s.body,jsonBody:s.jsonBody,method:s.method,headers:o,timeout:s.timeout,debug:i};return i("method: %s, url: %s, headers: %j, timeout: %d",b.method,y,b.headers,b.timeout),n===u._request.fallback&&i("using fallback"),n.call(u,y,b).then(p,m)}var r,o,i=n(42)("algoliasearch:"+e.url),a=e.cache,u=this,f=0,d=!1,h=u._useFallback&&u._request.fallback&&e.fallback;this.apiKey.length>p&&void 0!==e.body&&void 0!==e.body.params?(e.body.apiKey=this.apiKey,o=this._computeRequestHeaders(!1)):o=this._computeRequestHeaders(),void 0!==e.body&&(r=l(e.body)),i("request start");var m=t(u._request,{url:e.url,method:e.method,body:r,jsonBody:e.body,timeout:u.requestTimeout*(f+1)});return e.callback?void m.then(function(t){s(function(){e.callback(null,t)},u._setTimeout||setTimeout)},function(t){s(function(){e.callback(t)},u._setTimeout||setTimeout)}):m},_getSearchParams:function(e,t){if(void 0===e||null===e)return t;for(var n in e)null!==n&&void 0!==e[n]&&e.hasOwnProperty(n)&&(t+=""===t?"":"&",t+=n+"="+encodeURIComponent("[object Array]"===Object.prototype.toString.call(e[n])?l(e[n]):e[n]));return t},_computeRequestHeaders:function(e){var t=n(15),r={"x-algolia-agent":this._ua,"x-algolia-application-id":this.applicationID};return e!==!1&&(r["x-algolia-api-key"]=this.apiKey),this.userToken&&(r["x-algolia-usertoken"]=this.userToken),this.securityTags&&(r["x-algolia-tagfilters"]=this.securityTags),this.extraHeaders&&t(this.extraHeaders,function(e){r[e.name]=e.value}),r}},r.prototype.Index.prototype={clearCache:function(){this.cache={}},addObject:function(e,t,n){var r=this;return 1!==arguments.length&&"function"!=typeof t||(n=t,t=void 0),this.as._jsonRequest({method:void 0!==t?"PUT":"POST",url:"/1/indexes/"+encodeURIComponent(r.indexName)+(void 0!==t?"/"+encodeURIComponent(t):""),body:e,hostType:"write",callback:n})},addObjects:function(e,t){var r=n(34),o="Usage: index.addObjects(arrayOfObjects[, callback])";if(!r(e))throw new Error(o);for(var i=this,a={requests:[]},s=0;s<e.length;++s){var u={action:"addObject",body:e[s]};a.requests.push(u)}return this.as._jsonRequest({method:"POST",url:"/1/indexes/"+encodeURIComponent(i.indexName)+"/batch",body:a,hostType:"write",callback:t})},getObject:function(e,t,n){var r=this;1!==arguments.length&&"function"!=typeof t||(n=t,t=void 0);var o="";if(void 0!==t){o="?attributes=";for(var i=0;i<t.length;++i)0!==i&&(o+=","),o+=t[i]}return this.as._jsonRequest({method:"GET",url:"/1/indexes/"+encodeURIComponent(r.indexName)+"/"+encodeURIComponent(e)+o,hostType:"read",callback:n})},getObjects:function(e,t,r){var o=n(34),i=n(55),a="Usage: index.getObjects(arrayOfObjectIDs[, callback])";if(!o(e))throw new Error(a);var s=this;1!==arguments.length&&"function"!=typeof t||(r=t,t=void 0);var u={requests:i(e,function(e){var n={indexName:s.indexName,objectID:e};return t&&(n.attributesToRetrieve=t.join(",")),n})};return this.as._jsonRequest({method:"POST",url:"/1/indexes/*/objects",hostType:"read",body:u,callback:r})},partialUpdateObject:function(e,t,n){1!==arguments.length&&"function"!=typeof t||(n=t,t=void 0);var r=this,o="/1/indexes/"+encodeURIComponent(r.indexName)+"/"+encodeURIComponent(e.objectID)+"/partial";return t===!1&&(o+="?createIfNotExists=false"),this.as._jsonRequest({method:"POST",url:o,body:e,hostType:"write",callback:n})},partialUpdateObjects:function(e,t){var r=n(34),o="Usage: index.partialUpdateObjects(arrayOfObjects[, callback])";if(!r(e))throw new Error(o);for(var i=this,a={requests:[]},s=0;s<e.length;++s){var 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n=t.getHierarchicalRefinement(e.name);n.length>0&&0!==n[0].indexOf(e.rootPath)&&(t=t.clearRefinements(e.name)),n=t.getHierarchicalRefinement(e.name),0===n.length&&(t=t.toggleHierarchicalFacetRefinement(e.name,e.rootPath))}}),P(t)},o.validate=function(e,t){var n=t||{},r=i(n),a=l(r,function(e){return-1===o.PARAMETERS.indexOf(e)});return 1===a.length?E("Unknown parameter "+a[0]+" (this might rise an error in the Algolia API)"):a.length>1&&E("Unknown parameters "+a.join(", ")+" (this might raise an error in the Algolia API)"),e.tagFilters&&n.tagRefinements&&n.tagRefinements.length>0?new Error("[Tags] Cannot switch from the managed tag API to the advanced API. It is probably an error, if it is really what you want, you should first clear the tags with clearTags method."):e.tagRefinements.length>0&&n.tagFilters?new Error("[Tags] Cannot switch from the advanced tag API to the managed API. It is probably an error, if it is not, you should first clear the tags with clearTags method."):e.numericFilters&&n.numericRefinements&&!m(n.numericRefinements)?new Error("[Numeric filters] Can't switch from the advanced to the managed API. It is probably an error, if this is really what you want, you have to first clear the numeric filters."):!m(e.numericRefinements)&&n.numericFilters?new Error("[Numeric filters] Can't switch from the managed API to the advanced. It is probably an error, if this is really what you want, you have to first clear the numeric filters."):null},o.prototype={constructor:o,clearRefinements:function(e){var t=O.clearRefinement;return this.setQueryParameters({page:0,numericRefinements:this._clearNumericRefinements(e),facetsRefinements:t(this.facetsRefinements,e,"conjunctiveFacet"),facetsExcludes:t(this.facetsExcludes,e,"exclude"),disjunctiveFacetsRefinements:t(this.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements,e,"disjunctiveFacet"),hierarchicalFacetsRefinements:t(this.hierarchicalFacetsRefinements,e,"hierarchicalFacet")})},clearTags:function(){return void 0===this.tagFilters&&0===this.tagRefinements.length?this:this.setQueryParameters({page:0,tagFilters:void 0,tagRefinements:[]})},setIndex:function(e){return e===this.index?this:this.setQueryParameters({index:e,page:0})},setQuery:function(e){return e===this.query?this:this.setQueryParameters({query:e,page:0})},setPage:function(e){return e===this.page?this:this.setQueryParameters({page:e})},setFacets:function(e){return this.setQueryParameters({facets:e})},setDisjunctiveFacets:function(e){return this.setQueryParameters({disjunctiveFacets:e})},setHitsPerPage:function(e){return this.hitsPerPage===e?this:this.setQueryParameters({hitsPerPage:e,page:0})},setTypoTolerance:function(e){return this.typoTolerance===e?this:this.setQueryParameters({typoTolerance:e,page:0})},addNumericRefinement:function(e,t,n){var r=R(n);if(this.isNumericRefined(e,t,r))return this;var o=x({},this.numericRefinements);return o[e]=x({},o[e]),o[e][t]?(o[e][t]=o[e][t].slice(),o[e][t].push(r)):o[e][t]=[r],this.setQueryParameters({page:0,numericRefinements:o})},getConjunctiveRefinements:function(e){if(!this.isConjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the facets attribute of the helper configuration");return this.facetsRefinements[e]||[]},getDisjunctiveRefinements:function(e){if(!this.isDisjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined 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t=e.templatesConfig,o=e.helper;this._templateProps=(0,p.prepareTemplateProps)({transformData:v,defaultTemplates:P["default"],templatesConfig:t,templates:c}),this._toggleRefinement=function(e){return o.setState(a(o.state,n,r,e)).search()}},render:function(e){function t(e){return l(a(s,n,r,e))}var o=e.results,s=e.state,l=e.createURL,c=r.map(function(e){return e.isRefined=i(s,n,e),e.attributeName=n,e});f["default"].render(u(C,{collapsible:m,createURL:t,cssClasses:x,facetValues:c,shouldAutoHideContainer:0===o.nbHits,templateProps:this._templateProps,toggleRefinement:this._toggleRefinement}),b)}}}function i(e,t,n){var r=e.getNumericRefinements(t);return void 0!==n.start&&void 0!==n.end&&n.start===n.end?s(r,"=",n.start):void 0!==n.start?s(r,">=",n.start):void 0!==n.end?s(r,"<=",n.end):void 0===n.start&&void 0===n.end?0===Object.keys(r).length:void 0}function a(e,t,n,r){var o=(0,v["default"])(n,{name:r}),a=e.getNumericRefinements(t);if(void 0===o.start&&void 0===o.end)return 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-//# sourceMappingURL=instantsearch.min.js.map
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/canvas-nest/canvas-nest.min.js b/lib/canvas-nest/canvas-nest.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 6939233e..00000000
--- a/lib/canvas-nest/canvas-nest.min.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-!function(){function o(w,v,i){return w.getAttribute(v)||i}function j(i){return document.getElementsByTagName(i)}function l(){var i=j("script"),w=i.length,v=i[w-1];return{l:w,z:o(v,"zIndex",-1),o:o(v,"opacity",0.5),c:o(v,"color","0,0,0"),n:o(v,"count",99)}}function k(){r=u.width=window.innerWidth||document.documentElement.clientWidth||document.body.clientWidth,n=u.height=window.innerHeight||document.documentElement.clientHeight||document.body.clientHeight}function b(){e.clearRect(0,0,r,n);var w=[f].concat(t);var x,v,A,B,z,y;t.forEach(function(i){i.x+=i.xa,i.y+=i.ya,i.xa*=i.x>r||i.x<0?-1:1,i.ya*=i.y>n||i.y<0?-1:1,e.fillRect(i.x-0.5,i.y-0.5,1,1);for(v=0;v<w.length;v++){x=w[v];if(i!==x&&null!==x.x&&null!==x.y){B=i.x-x.x,z=i.y-x.y,y=B*B+z*z;y<x.max&&(x===f&&y>=x.max/2&&(i.x-=0.03*B,i.y-=0.03*z),A=(x.max-y)/x.max,e.beginPath(),e.lineWidth=A/2,e.strokeStyle="rgba("+s.c+","+(A+0.2)+")",e.moveTo(i.x,i.y),e.lineTo(x.x,x.y),e.stroke())}}w.splice(w.indexOf(i),1)}),m(b)}var u=document.createElement("canvas"),s=l(),c="c_n"+s.l,e=u.getContext("2d"),r,n,m=window.requestAnimationFrame||window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame||window.mozRequestAnimationFrame||window.oRequestAnimationFrame||window.msRequestAnimationFrame||function(i){window.setTimeout(i,1000/45)},a=Math.random,f={x:null,y:null,max:20000};u.id=c;u.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:"+s.z+";opacity:"+s.o;j("body")[0].appendChild(u);k(),window.onresize=k;window.onmousemove=function(i){i=i||window.event,f.x=i.clientX,f.y=i.clientY},window.onmouseout=function(){f.x=null,f.y=null};for(var t=[],p=0;s.n>p;p++){var h=a()*r,g=a()*n,q=2*a()-1,d=2*a()-1;t.push({x:h,y:g,xa:q,ya:d,max:6000})}setTimeout(function(){b()},100)}();
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/canvas-ribbon/canvas-ribbon.js b/lib/canvas-ribbon/canvas-ribbon.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e664359e..00000000
--- a/lib/canvas-ribbon/canvas-ribbon.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Created by zproo on 2017/4/3.
- */
-! function() {
-  document.addEventListener("touchstart", (e) => {
-    targetA = true;
-  });
-  document.addEventListener("touchmove", (e) => {
-    targetA = false
-  })
-  document.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
-    targetA = true
-  })
-  function e() {
-    if (targetA) {
-      for (a.clearRect(0, 0, d, r), i = [{
-        x: 0,
-        y: .7 * r + u
-      }, {
-        x: 0,
-        y: .7 * r - u
-      }]; i[1].x < d + u;) t(i[0], i[1])
-      targetA = false
-    }
-  }
-
-  function t(e, t) {
-    a.beginPath(), a.moveTo(e.x, e.y), a.lineTo(t.x, t.y);
-    var o = t.x + (2 * x() - .25) * u,
-      c = n(t.y);
-    a.lineTo(o, c), a.closePath(), h -= m / -50, a.fillStyle = "#" + (127 * s(h) + 128 << 16 | 127 * s(h + m / 3) + 128 << 8 | 127 * s(h + m / 3 * 2) + 128).toString(16), a.fill(), i[0] = i[1], i[1] = {
-      x: o,
-      y: c
-    }
-  }
-
-  function n(e) {
-    var t = e + (2 * x() - 1.1) * u;
-    return t > r || 0 > t ? n(e) : t
-  }
-
-  var o = document.createElement("canvas");
-  o.style.cssText = "position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:-1", document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0].appendChild(o);
-  var i, c = o,
-    a = c.getContext("2d"),
-    l = window.devicePixelRatio || 1,
-    d = window.innerWidth,
-    r = window.innerHeight,
-    u = 90,
-    f = Math,
-    h = 0,
-    m = 2 * f.PI,
-    s = f.cos,
-    x = f.random,
-    targetA = false;
-  c.width = d * l, c.height = r * l, a.scale(l, l), a.globalAlpha = .6, document.onclick = e, document.ontouchend = e, setTimeout(function() {
-    targetA = true;
-    e();
-  }, 100);
-}();
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/blank.gif b/lib/fancybox/source/blank.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index 35d42e80..00000000
Binary files a/lib/fancybox/source/blank.gif and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_loading.gif b/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_loading.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index a03a40c0..00000000
Binary files a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_loading.gif and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_loading@2x.gif b/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_loading@2x.gif
deleted file mode 100644
index 9205aeb0..00000000
Binary files a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_loading@2x.gif and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_overlay.png b/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_overlay.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a4391396..00000000
Binary files a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_overlay.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_sprite.png b/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_sprite.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fd8d5ca5..00000000
Binary files a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_sprite.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_sprite@2x.png b/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_sprite@2x.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d0e4779f..00000000
Binary files a/lib/fancybox/source/fancybox_sprite@2x.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/fancybox_buttons.png b/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/fancybox_buttons.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 07872072..00000000
Binary files a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/fancybox_buttons.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-buttons.css b/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-buttons.css
deleted file mode 100644
index a26273af..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-buttons.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-#fancybox-buttons {
-	position: fixed;
-	left: 0;
-	width: 100%;
-	z-index: 8050;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons.top {
-	top: 10px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons.bottom {
-	bottom: 10px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons ul {
-	display: block;
-	width: 166px;
-	height: 30px;
-	margin: 0 auto;
-	padding: 0;
-	list-style: none;
-	border: 1px solid #111;
-	border-radius: 3px;
-	-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.05);
-	   -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.05);
-	        box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.05);
-	background: rgb(50,50,50);
-	background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, rgb(68,68,68) 0%, rgb(52,52,52) 50%, rgb(41,41,41) 50%, rgb(51,51,51) 100%);
-	background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,rgb(68,68,68)), color-stop(50%,rgb(52,52,52)), color-stop(50%,rgb(41,41,41)), color-stop(100%,rgb(51,51,51)));
-	background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(68,68,68) 0%,rgb(52,52,52) 50%,rgb(41,41,41) 50%,rgb(51,51,51) 100%);
-	background: -o-linear-gradient(top, rgb(68,68,68) 0%,rgb(52,52,52) 50%,rgb(41,41,41) 50%,rgb(51,51,51) 100%);
-	background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, rgb(68,68,68) 0%,rgb(52,52,52) 50%,rgb(41,41,41) 50%,rgb(51,51,51) 100%);
-	background: linear-gradient(top, rgb(68,68,68) 0%,rgb(52,52,52) 50%,rgb(41,41,41) 50%,rgb(51,51,51) 100%);
-	filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#444444', endColorstr='#222222',GradientType=0 );
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons ul li {
-	float: left;
-	margin: 0;
-	padding: 0;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a {
-	display: block;
-	width: 30px;
-	height: 30px;
-	text-indent: -9999px;
-	background-color: transparent;
-	background-image: url('fancybox_buttons.png');
-	background-repeat: no-repeat;
-	outline: none;
-	opacity: 0.8;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a:hover {
-	opacity: 1;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnPrev {
-	background-position: 5px 0;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnNext {
-	background-position: -33px 0;
-	border-right: 1px solid #3e3e3e;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnPlay {
-	background-position: 0 -30px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnPlayOn {
-	background-position: -30px -30px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnToggle {
-	background-position: 3px -60px;
-	border-left: 1px solid #111;
-	border-right: 1px solid #3e3e3e;
-	width: 35px
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnToggleOn {
-	background-position: -27px -60px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnClose {
-	border-left: 1px solid #111;
-	width: 35px;
-	background-position: -56px 0px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-buttons a.btnDisabled {
-	opacity : 0.4;
-	cursor: default;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-buttons.js b/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-buttons.js
deleted file mode 100644
index fd8b9556..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-buttons.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
- /*!
- * Buttons helper for fancyBox
- * version: 1.0.5 (Mon, 15 Oct 2012)
- * @requires fancyBox v2.0 or later
- *
- * Usage:
- *     $(".fancybox").fancybox({
- *         helpers : {
- *             buttons: {
- *                 position : 'top'
- *             }
- *         }
- *     });
- *
- */
-(function ($) {
-	//Shortcut for fancyBox object
-	var F = $.fancybox;
-
-	//Add helper object
-	F.helpers.buttons = {
-		defaults : {
-			skipSingle : false, // disables if gallery contains single image
-			position   : 'top', // 'top' or 'bottom'
-			tpl        : '<div id="fancybox-buttons"><ul><li><a class="btnPrev" title="Previous" href="javascript:;"></a></li><li><a class="btnPlay" title="Start slideshow" href="javascript:;"></a></li><li><a class="btnNext" title="Next" href="javascript:;"></a></li><li><a class="btnToggle" title="Toggle size" href="javascript:;"></a></li><li><a class="btnClose" title="Close" href="javascript:;"></a></li></ul></div>'
-		},
-
-		list : null,
-		buttons: null,
-
-		beforeLoad: function (opts, obj) {
-			//Remove self if gallery do not have at least two items
-
-			if (opts.skipSingle && obj.group.length < 2) {
-				obj.helpers.buttons = false;
-				obj.closeBtn = true;
-
-				return;
-			}
-
-			//Increase top margin to give space for buttons
-			obj.margin[ opts.position === 'bottom' ? 2 : 0 ] += 30;
-		},
-
-		onPlayStart: function () {
-			if (this.buttons) {
-				this.buttons.play.attr('title', 'Pause slideshow').addClass('btnPlayOn');
-			}
-		},
-
-		onPlayEnd: function () {
-			if (this.buttons) {
-				this.buttons.play.attr('title', 'Start slideshow').removeClass('btnPlayOn');
-			}
-		},
-
-		afterShow: function (opts, obj) {
-			var buttons = this.buttons;
-
-			if (!buttons) {
-				this.list = $(opts.tpl).addClass(opts.position).appendTo('body');
-
-				buttons = {
-					prev   : this.list.find('.btnPrev').click( F.prev ),
-					next   : this.list.find('.btnNext').click( F.next ),
-					play   : this.list.find('.btnPlay').click( F.play ),
-					toggle : this.list.find('.btnToggle').click( F.toggle ),
-					close  : this.list.find('.btnClose').click( F.close )
-				}
-			}
-
-			//Prev
-			if (obj.index > 0 || obj.loop) {
-				buttons.prev.removeClass('btnDisabled');
-			} else {
-				buttons.prev.addClass('btnDisabled');
-			}
-
-			//Next / Play
-			if (obj.loop || obj.index < obj.group.length - 1) {
-				buttons.next.removeClass('btnDisabled');
-				buttons.play.removeClass('btnDisabled');
-
-			} else {
-				buttons.next.addClass('btnDisabled');
-				buttons.play.addClass('btnDisabled');
-			}
-
-			this.buttons = buttons;
-
-			this.onUpdate(opts, obj);
-		},
-
-		onUpdate: function (opts, obj) {
-			var toggle;
-
-			if (!this.buttons) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			toggle = this.buttons.toggle.removeClass('btnDisabled btnToggleOn');
-
-			//Size toggle button
-			if (obj.canShrink) {
-				toggle.addClass('btnToggleOn');
-
-			} else if (!obj.canExpand) {
-				toggle.addClass('btnDisabled');
-			}
-		},
-
-		beforeClose: function () {
-			if (this.list) {
-				this.list.remove();
-			}
-
-			this.list    = null;
-			this.buttons = null;
-		}
-	};
-
-}(jQuery));
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-media.js b/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-media.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 3584c8a7..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-media.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-/*!
- * Media helper for fancyBox
- * version: 1.0.6 (Fri, 14 Jun 2013)
- * @requires fancyBox v2.0 or later
- *
- * Usage:
- *     $(".fancybox").fancybox({
- *         helpers : {
- *             media: true
- *         }
- *     });
- *
- * Set custom URL parameters:
- *     $(".fancybox").fancybox({
- *         helpers : {
- *             media: {
- *                 youtube : {
- *                     params : {
- *                         autoplay : 0
- *                     }
- *                 }
- *             }
- *         }
- *     });
- *
- * Or:
- *     $(".fancybox").fancybox({,
- *         helpers : {
- *             media: true
- *         },
- *         youtube : {
- *             autoplay: 0
- *         }
- *     });
- *
- *  Supports:
- *
- *      Youtube
- *          http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opj24KnzrWo
- *          http://www.youtube.com/embed/opj24KnzrWo
- *          http://youtu.be/opj24KnzrWo
- *			http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/opj24KnzrWo
- *      Vimeo
- *          http://vimeo.com/40648169
- *          http://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks/38843628
- *          http://vimeo.com/groups/surrealism/videos/36516384
- *          http://player.vimeo.com/video/45074303
- *      Metacafe
- *          http://www.metacafe.com/watch/7635964/dr_seuss_the_lorax_movie_trailer/
- *          http://www.metacafe.com/watch/7635964/
- *      Dailymotion
- *          http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xoytqh_dr-seuss-the-lorax-premiere_people
- *      Twitvid
- *          http://twitvid.com/QY7MD
- *      Twitpic
- *          http://twitpic.com/7p93st
- *      Instagram
- *          http://instagr.am/p/IejkuUGxQn/
- *          http://instagram.com/p/IejkuUGxQn/
- *      Google maps
- *          http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Eiffel+Tower,+Avenue+Gustave+Eiffel,+Paris,+France&t=h&z=17
- *          http://maps.google.com/?ll=48.857995,2.294297&spn=0.007666,0.021136&t=m&z=16
- *          http://maps.google.com/?ll=48.859463,2.292626&spn=0.000965,0.002642&t=m&z=19&layer=c&cbll=48.859524,2.292532&panoid=YJ0lq28OOy3VT2IqIuVY0g&cbp=12,151.58,,0,-15.56
- */
-(function ($) {
-	"use strict";
-
-	//Shortcut for fancyBox object
-	var F = $.fancybox,
-		format = function( url, rez, params ) {
-			params = params || '';
-
-			if ( $.type( params ) === "object" ) {
-				params = $.param(params, true);
-			}
-
-			$.each(rez, function(key, value) {
-				url = url.replace( '$' + key, value || '' );
-			});
-
-			if (params.length) {
-				url += ( url.indexOf('?') > 0 ? '&' : '?' ) + params;
-			}
-
-			return url;
-		};
-
-	//Add helper object
-	F.helpers.media = {
-		defaults : {
-			youtube : {
-				matcher : /(youtube\.com|youtu\.be|youtube-nocookie\.com)\/(watch\?v=|v\/|u\/|embed\/?)?(videoseries\?list=(.*)|[\w-]{11}|\?listType=(.*)&list=(.*)).*/i,
-				params  : {
-					autoplay    : 1,
-					autohide    : 1,
-					fs          : 1,
-					rel         : 0,
-					hd          : 1,
-					wmode       : 'opaque',
-					enablejsapi : 1
-				},
-				type : 'iframe',
-				url  : '//www.youtube.com/embed/$3'
-			},
-			vimeo : {
-				matcher : /(?:vimeo(?:pro)?.com)\/(?:[^\d]+)?(\d+)(?:.*)/,
-				params  : {
-					autoplay      : 1,
-					hd            : 1,
-					show_title    : 1,
-					show_byline   : 1,
-					show_portrait : 0,
-					fullscreen    : 1
-				},
-				type : 'iframe',
-				url  : '//player.vimeo.com/video/$1'
-			},
-			metacafe : {
-				matcher : /metacafe.com\/(?:watch|fplayer)\/([\w\-]{1,10})/,
-				params  : {
-					autoPlay : 'yes'
-				},
-				type : 'swf',
-				url  : function( rez, params, obj ) {
-					obj.swf.flashVars = 'playerVars=' + $.param( params, true );
-
-					return '//www.metacafe.com/fplayer/' + rez[1] + '/.swf';
-				}
-			},
-			dailymotion : {
-				matcher : /dailymotion.com\/video\/(.*)\/?(.*)/,
-				params  : {
-					additionalInfos : 0,
-					autoStart : 1
-				},
-				type : 'swf',
-				url  : '//www.dailymotion.com/swf/video/$1'
-			},
-			twitvid : {
-				matcher : /twitvid\.com\/([a-zA-Z0-9_\-\?\=]+)/i,
-				params  : {
-					autoplay : 0
-				},
-				type : 'iframe',
-				url  : '//www.twitvid.com/embed.php?guid=$1'
-			},
-			twitpic : {
-				matcher : /twitpic\.com\/(?!(?:place|photos|events)\/)([a-zA-Z0-9\?\=\-]+)/i,
-				type : 'image',
-				url  : '//twitpic.com/show/full/$1/'
-			},
-			instagram : {
-				matcher : /(instagr\.am|instagram\.com)\/p\/([a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+)\/?/i,
-				type : 'image',
-				url  : '//$1/p/$2/media/?size=l'
-			},
-			google_maps : {
-				matcher : /maps\.google\.([a-z]{2,3}(\.[a-z]{2})?)\/(\?ll=|maps\?)(.*)/i,
-				type : 'iframe',
-				url  : function( rez ) {
-					return '//maps.google.' + rez[1] + '/' + rez[3] + '' + rez[4] + '&output=' + (rez[4].indexOf('layer=c') > 0 ? 'svembed' : 'embed');
-				}
-			}
-		},
-
-		beforeLoad : function(opts, obj) {
-			var url   = obj.href || '',
-				type  = false,
-				what,
-				item,
-				rez,
-				params;
-
-			for (what in opts) {
-				if (opts.hasOwnProperty(what)) {
-					item = opts[ what ];
-					rez  = url.match( item.matcher );
-
-					if (rez) {
-						type   = item.type;
-						params = $.extend(true, {}, item.params, obj[ what ] || ($.isPlainObject(opts[ what ]) ? opts[ what ].params : null));
-
-						url = $.type( item.url ) === "function" ? item.url.call( this, rez, params, obj ) : format( item.url, rez, params );
-
-						break;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (type) {
-				obj.href = url;
-				obj.type = type;
-
-				obj.autoHeight = false;
-			}
-		}
-	};
-
-}(jQuery));
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-thumbs.css b/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-thumbs.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 63d29436..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-thumbs.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-#fancybox-thumbs {
-	position: fixed;
-	left: 0;
-	width: 100%;
-	overflow: hidden;
-	z-index: 8050;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs.bottom {
-	bottom: 2px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs.top {
-	top: 2px;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs ul {
-	position: relative;
-	list-style: none;
-	margin: 0;
-	padding: 0;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs ul li {
-	float: left;
-	padding: 1px;
-	opacity: 0.5;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs ul li.active {
-	opacity: 0.75;
-	padding: 0;
-	border: 1px solid #fff;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs ul li:hover {
-	opacity: 1;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs ul li a {
-	display: block;
-	position: relative;
-	overflow: hidden;
-	border: 1px solid #222;
-	background: #111;
-	outline: none;
-}
-
-#fancybox-thumbs ul li img {
-	display: block;
-	position: relative;
-	border: 0;
-	padding: 0;
-	max-width: none;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-thumbs.js b/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-thumbs.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5db3d4ac..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/helpers/jquery.fancybox-thumbs.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
- /*!
- * Thumbnail helper for fancyBox
- * version: 1.0.7 (Mon, 01 Oct 2012)
- * @requires fancyBox v2.0 or later
- *
- * Usage:
- *     $(".fancybox").fancybox({
- *         helpers : {
- *             thumbs: {
- *                 width  : 50,
- *                 height : 50
- *             }
- *         }
- *     });
- *
- */
-(function ($) {
-	//Shortcut for fancyBox object
-	var F = $.fancybox;
-
-	//Add helper object
-	F.helpers.thumbs = {
-		defaults : {
-			width    : 50,       // thumbnail width
-			height   : 50,       // thumbnail height
-			position : 'bottom', // 'top' or 'bottom'
-			source   : function ( item ) {  // function to obtain the URL of the thumbnail image
-				var href;
-
-				if (item.element) {
-					href = $(item.element).find('img').attr('src');
-				}
-
-				if (!href && item.type === 'image' && item.href) {
-					href = item.href;
-				}
-
-				return href;
-			}
-		},
-
-		wrap  : null,
-		list  : null,
-		width : 0,
-
-		init: function (opts, obj) {
-			var that = this,
-				list,
-				thumbWidth  = opts.width,
-				thumbHeight = opts.height,
-				thumbSource = opts.source;
-
-			//Build list structure
-			list = '';
-
-			for (var n = 0; n < obj.group.length; n++) {
-				list += '<li><a style="width:' + thumbWidth + 'px;height:' + thumbHeight + 'px;" href="javascript:jQuery.fancybox.jumpto(' + n + ');"></a></li>';
-			}
-
-			this.wrap = $('<div id="fancybox-thumbs"></div>').addClass(opts.position).appendTo('body');
-			this.list = $('<ul>' + list + '</ul>').appendTo(this.wrap);
-
-			//Load each thumbnail
-			$.each(obj.group, function (i) {
-				var href = thumbSource( obj.group[ i ] );
-
-				if (!href) {
-					return;
-				}
-
-				$("<img />").load(function () {
-					var width  = this.width,
-						height = this.height,
-						widthRatio, heightRatio, parent;
-
-					if (!that.list || !width || !height) {
-						return;
-					}
-
-					//Calculate thumbnail width/height and center it
-					widthRatio  = width / thumbWidth;
-					heightRatio = height / thumbHeight;
-
-					parent = that.list.children().eq(i).find('a');
-
-					if (widthRatio >= 1 && heightRatio >= 1) {
-						if (widthRatio > heightRatio) {
-							width  = Math.floor(width / heightRatio);
-							height = thumbHeight;
-
-						} else {
-							width  = thumbWidth;
-							height = Math.floor(height / widthRatio);
-						}
-					}
-
-					$(this).css({
-						width  : width,
-						height : height,
-						top    : Math.floor(thumbHeight / 2 - height / 2),
-						left   : Math.floor(thumbWidth / 2 - width / 2)
-					});
-
-					parent.width(thumbWidth).height(thumbHeight);
-
-					$(this).hide().appendTo(parent).fadeIn(300);
-
-				}).attr('src', href);
-			});
-
-			//Set initial width
-			this.width = this.list.children().eq(0).outerWidth(true);
-
-			this.list.width(this.width * (obj.group.length + 1)).css('left', Math.floor($(window).width() * 0.5 - (obj.index * this.width + this.width * 0.5)));
-		},
-
-		beforeLoad: function (opts, obj) {
-			//Remove self if gallery do not have at least two items
-			if (obj.group.length < 2) {
-				obj.helpers.thumbs = false;
-
-				return;
-			}
-
-			//Increase bottom margin to give space for thumbs
-			obj.margin[ opts.position === 'top' ? 0 : 2 ] += ((opts.height) + 15);
-		},
-
-		afterShow: function (opts, obj) {
-			//Check if exists and create or update list
-			if (this.list) {
-				this.onUpdate(opts, obj);
-
-			} else {
-				this.init(opts, obj);
-			}
-
-			//Set active element
-			this.list.children().removeClass('active').eq(obj.index).addClass('active');
-		},
-
-		//Center list
-		onUpdate: function (opts, obj) {
-			if (this.list) {
-				this.list.stop(true).animate({
-					'left': Math.floor($(window).width() * 0.5 - (obj.index * this.width + this.width * 0.5))
-				}, 150);
-			}
-		},
-
-		beforeClose: function () {
-			if (this.wrap) {
-				this.wrap.remove();
-			}
-
-			this.wrap  = null;
-			this.list  = null;
-			this.width = 0;
-		}
-	}
-
-}(jQuery));
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css b/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 367890a4..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,274 +0,0 @@
-/*! fancyBox v2.1.5 fancyapps.com | fancyapps.com/fancybox/#license */
-.fancybox-wrap,
-.fancybox-skin,
-.fancybox-outer,
-.fancybox-inner,
-.fancybox-image,
-.fancybox-wrap iframe,
-.fancybox-wrap object,
-.fancybox-nav,
-.fancybox-nav span,
-.fancybox-tmp
-{
-	padding: 0;
-	margin: 0;
-	border: 0;
-	outline: none;
-	vertical-align: top;
-}
-
-.fancybox-wrap {
-	position: absolute;
-	top: 0;
-	left: 0;
-	z-index: 8020;
-}
-
-.fancybox-skin {
-	position: relative;
-	background: #f9f9f9;
-	color: #444;
-	text-shadow: none;
-	-webkit-border-radius: 4px;
-	   -moz-border-radius: 4px;
-	        border-radius: 4px;
-}
-
-.fancybox-opened {
-	z-index: 8030;
-}
-
-.fancybox-opened .fancybox-skin {
-	-webkit-box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
-	   -moz-box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
-	        box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
-}
-
-.fancybox-outer, .fancybox-inner {
-	position: relative;
-}
-
-.fancybox-inner {
-	overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-.fancybox-type-iframe .fancybox-inner {
-	-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
-}
-
-.fancybox-error {
-	color: #444;
-	font: 14px/20px "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
-	margin: 0;
-	padding: 15px;
-	white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.fancybox-image, .fancybox-iframe {
-	display: block;
-	width: 100%;
-	height: 100%;
-}
-
-.fancybox-image {
-	max-width: 100%;
-	max-height: 100%;
-}
-
-#fancybox-loading, .fancybox-close, .fancybox-prev span, .fancybox-next span {
-	background-image: url('fancybox_sprite.png');
-}
-
-#fancybox-loading {
-	position: fixed;
-	top: 50%;
-	left: 50%;
-	margin-top: -22px;
-	margin-left: -22px;
-	background-position: 0 -108px;
-	opacity: 0.8;
-	cursor: pointer;
-	z-index: 8060;
-}
-
-#fancybox-loading div {
-	width: 44px;
-	height: 44px;
-	background: url('fancybox_loading.gif') center center no-repeat;
-}
-
-.fancybox-close {
-	position: absolute;
-	top: -18px;
-	right: -18px;
-	width: 36px;
-	height: 36px;
-	cursor: pointer;
-	z-index: 8040;
-}
-
-.fancybox-nav {
-	position: absolute;
-	top: 0;
-	width: 40%;
-	height: 100%;
-	cursor: pointer;
-	text-decoration: none;
-	background: transparent url('blank.gif'); /* helps IE */
-	-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);
-	z-index: 8040;
-}
-
-.fancybox-prev {
-	left: 0;
-}
-
-.fancybox-next {
-	right: 0;
-}
-
-.fancybox-nav span {
-	position: absolute;
-	top: 50%;
-	width: 36px;
-	height: 34px;
-	margin-top: -18px;
-	cursor: pointer;
-	z-index: 8040;
-	visibility: hidden;
-}
-
-.fancybox-prev span {
-	left: 10px;
-	background-position: 0 -36px;
-}
-
-.fancybox-next span {
-	right: 10px;
-	background-position: 0 -72px;
-}
-
-.fancybox-nav:hover span {
-	visibility: visible;
-}
-
-.fancybox-tmp {
-	position: absolute;
-	top: -99999px;
-	left: -99999px;
-	visibility: hidden;
-	max-width: 99999px;
-	max-height: 99999px;
-	overflow: visible !important;
-}
-
-/* Overlay helper */
-
-.fancybox-lock {
-    overflow: hidden !important;
-    width: auto;
-}
-
-.fancybox-lock body {
-    overflow: hidden !important;
-}
-
-.fancybox-lock-test {
-    overflow-y: hidden !important;
-}
-
-.fancybox-overlay {
-	position: absolute;
-	top: 0;
-	left: 0;
-	overflow: hidden;
-	display: none;
-	z-index: 8010;
-	background: url('fancybox_overlay.png');
-}
-
-.fancybox-overlay-fixed {
-	position: fixed;
-	bottom: 0;
-	right: 0;
-}
-
-.fancybox-lock .fancybox-overlay {
-	overflow: auto;
-	overflow-y: scroll;
-}
-
-/* Title helper */
-
-.fancybox-title {
-	visibility: hidden;
-	font: normal 13px/20px "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
-	position: relative;
-	text-shadow: none;
-	z-index: 8050;
-}
-
-.fancybox-opened .fancybox-title {
-	visibility: visible;
-}
-
-.fancybox-title-float-wrap {
-	position: absolute;
-	bottom: 0;
-	right: 50%;
-	margin-bottom: -35px;
-	z-index: 8050;
-	text-align: center;
-}
-
-.fancybox-title-float-wrap .child {
-	display: inline-block;
-	margin-right: -100%;
-	padding: 2px 20px;
-	background: transparent; /* Fallback for web browsers that doesn't support RGBa */
-	background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
-	-webkit-border-radius: 15px;
-	   -moz-border-radius: 15px;
-	        border-radius: 15px;
-	text-shadow: 0 1px 2px #222;
-	color: #FFF;
-	font-weight: bold;
-	line-height: 24px;
-	white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.fancybox-title-outside-wrap {
-	position: relative;
-	margin-top: 10px;
-	color: #fff;
-}
-
-.fancybox-title-inside-wrap {
-	padding-top: 10px;
-}
-
-.fancybox-title-over-wrap {
-	position: absolute;
-	bottom: 0;
-	left: 0;
-	color: #fff;
-	padding: 10px;
-	background: #000;
-	background: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);
-}
-
-/*Retina graphics!*/
-@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5),
-	   only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5),
-	   only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5){
-
-	#fancybox-loading, .fancybox-close, .fancybox-prev span, .fancybox-next span {
-		background-image: url('fancybox_sprite@2x.png');
-		background-size: 44px 152px; /*The size of the normal image, half the size of the hi-res image*/
-	}
-
-	#fancybox-loading div {
-		background-image: url('fancybox_loading@2x.gif');
-		background-size: 24px 24px; /*The size of the normal image, half the size of the hi-res image*/
-	}
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.js b/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e8e1987c..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2020 +0,0 @@
-/*!
- * fancyBox - jQuery Plugin
- * version: 2.1.5 (Fri, 14 Jun 2013)
- * @requires jQuery v1.6 or later
- *
- * Examples at http://fancyapps.com/fancybox/
- * License: www.fancyapps.com/fancybox/#license
- *
- * Copyright 2012 Janis Skarnelis - janis@fancyapps.com
- *
- */
-
-(function (window, document, $, undefined) {
-	"use strict";
-
-	var H = $("html"),
-		W = $(window),
-		D = $(document),
-		F = $.fancybox = function () {
-			F.open.apply( this, arguments );
-		},
-		IE =  navigator.userAgent.match(/msie/i),
-		didUpdate	= null,
-		isTouch		= document.createTouch !== undefined,
-
-		isQuery	= function(obj) {
-			return obj && obj.hasOwnProperty && obj instanceof $;
-		},
-		isString = function(str) {
-			return str && $.type(str) === "string";
-		},
-		isPercentage = function(str) {
-			return isString(str) && str.indexOf('%') > 0;
-		},
-		isScrollable = function(el) {
-			return (el && !(el.style.overflow && el.style.overflow === 'hidden') && ((el.clientWidth && el.scrollWidth > el.clientWidth) || (el.clientHeight && el.scrollHeight > el.clientHeight)));
-		},
-		getScalar = function(orig, dim) {
-			var value = parseInt(orig, 10) || 0;
-
-			if (dim && isPercentage(orig)) {
-				value = F.getViewport()[ dim ] / 100 * value;
-			}
-
-			return Math.ceil(value);
-		},
-		getValue = function(value, dim) {
-			return getScalar(value, dim) + 'px';
-		};
-
-	$.extend(F, {
-		// The current version of fancyBox
-		version: '2.1.5',
-
-		defaults: {
-			padding : 15,
-			margin  : 20,
-
-			width     : 800,
-			height    : 600,
-			minWidth  : 100,
-			minHeight : 100,
-			maxWidth  : 9999,
-			maxHeight : 9999,
-			pixelRatio: 1, // Set to 2 for retina display support
-
-			autoSize   : true,
-			autoHeight : false,
-			autoWidth  : false,
-
-			autoResize  : true,
-			autoCenter  : !isTouch,
-			fitToView   : true,
-			aspectRatio : false,
-			topRatio    : 0.5,
-			leftRatio   : 0.5,
-
-			scrolling : 'auto', // 'auto', 'yes' or 'no'
-			wrapCSS   : '',
-
-			arrows     : true,
-			closeBtn   : true,
-			closeClick : false,
-			nextClick  : false,
-			mouseWheel : true,
-			autoPlay   : false,
-			playSpeed  : 3000,
-			preload    : 3,
-			modal      : false,
-			loop       : true,
-
-			ajax  : {
-				dataType : 'html',
-				headers  : { 'X-fancyBox': true }
-			},
-			iframe : {
-				scrolling : 'auto',
-				preload   : true
-			},
-			swf : {
-				wmode: 'transparent',
-				allowfullscreen   : 'true',
-				allowscriptaccess : 'always'
-			},
-
-			keys  : {
-				next : {
-					13 : 'left', // enter
-					34 : 'up',   // page down
-					39 : 'left', // right arrow
-					40 : 'up'    // down arrow
-				},
-				prev : {
-					8  : 'right',  // backspace
-					33 : 'down',   // page up
-					37 : 'right',  // left arrow
-					38 : 'down'    // up arrow
-				},
-				close  : [27], // escape key
-				play   : [32], // space - start/stop slideshow
-				toggle : [70]  // letter "f" - toggle fullscreen
-			},
-
-			direction : {
-				next : 'left',
-				prev : 'right'
-			},
-
-			scrollOutside  : true,
-
-			// Override some properties
-			index   : 0,
-			type    : null,
-			href    : null,
-			content : null,
-			title   : null,
-
-			// HTML templates
-			tpl: {
-				wrap     : '<div class="fancybox-wrap" tabIndex="-1"><div class="fancybox-skin"><div class="fancybox-outer"><div class="fancybox-inner"></div></div></div></div>',
-				image    : '<img class="fancybox-image" src="{href}" alt="" />',
-				iframe   : '<iframe id="fancybox-frame{rnd}" name="fancybox-frame{rnd}" class="fancybox-iframe" frameborder="0" vspace="0" hspace="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen' + (IE ? ' allowtransparency="true"' : '') + '></iframe>',
-				error    : '<p class="fancybox-error">The requested content cannot be loaded.<br/>Please try again later.</p>',
-				closeBtn : '<a title="Close" class="fancybox-item fancybox-close" href="javascript:;"></a>',
-				next     : '<a title="Next" class="fancybox-nav fancybox-next" href="javascript:;"><span></span></a>',
-				prev     : '<a title="Previous" class="fancybox-nav fancybox-prev" href="javascript:;"><span></span></a>'
-			},
-
-			// Properties for each animation type
-			// Opening fancyBox
-			openEffect  : 'fade', // 'elastic', 'fade' or 'none'
-			openSpeed   : 250,
-			openEasing  : 'swing',
-			openOpacity : true,
-			openMethod  : 'zoomIn',
-
-			// Closing fancyBox
-			closeEffect  : 'fade', // 'elastic', 'fade' or 'none'
-			closeSpeed   : 250,
-			closeEasing  : 'swing',
-			closeOpacity : true,
-			closeMethod  : 'zoomOut',
-
-			// Changing next gallery item
-			nextEffect : 'elastic', // 'elastic', 'fade' or 'none'
-			nextSpeed  : 250,
-			nextEasing : 'swing',
-			nextMethod : 'changeIn',
-
-			// Changing previous gallery item
-			prevEffect : 'elastic', // 'elastic', 'fade' or 'none'
-			prevSpeed  : 250,
-			prevEasing : 'swing',
-			prevMethod : 'changeOut',
-
-			// Enable default helpers
-			helpers : {
-				overlay : true,
-				title   : true
-			},
-
-			// Callbacks
-			onCancel     : $.noop, // If canceling
-			beforeLoad   : $.noop, // Before loading
-			afterLoad    : $.noop, // After loading
-			beforeShow   : $.noop, // Before changing in current item
-			afterShow    : $.noop, // After opening
-			beforeChange : $.noop, // Before changing gallery item
-			beforeClose  : $.noop, // Before closing
-			afterClose   : $.noop  // After closing
-		},
-
-		//Current state
-		group    : {}, // Selected group
-		opts     : {}, // Group options
-		previous : null,  // Previous element
-		coming   : null,  // Element being loaded
-		current  : null,  // Currently loaded element
-		isActive : false, // Is activated
-		isOpen   : false, // Is currently open
-		isOpened : false, // Have been fully opened at least once
-
-		wrap  : null,
-		skin  : null,
-		outer : null,
-		inner : null,
-
-		player : {
-			timer    : null,
-			isActive : false
-		},
-
-		// Loaders
-		ajaxLoad   : null,
-		imgPreload : null,
-
-		// Some collections
-		transitions : {},
-		helpers     : {},
-
-		/*
-		 *	Static methods
-		 */
-
-		open: function (group, opts) {
-			if (!group) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (!$.isPlainObject(opts)) {
-				opts = {};
-			}
-
-			// Close if already active
-			if (false === F.close(true)) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			// Normalize group
-			if (!$.isArray(group)) {
-				group = isQuery(group) ? $(group).get() : [group];
-			}
-
-			// Recheck if the type of each element is `object` and set content type (image, ajax, etc)
-			$.each(group, function(i, element) {
-				var obj = {},
-					href,
-					title,
-					content,
-					type,
-					rez,
-					hrefParts,
-					selector;
-
-				if ($.type(element) === "object") {
-					// Check if is DOM element
-					if (element.nodeType) {
-						element = $(element);
-					}
-
-					if (isQuery(element)) {
-						obj = {
-							href    : element.data('fancybox-href') || element.attr('href'),
-							title   : element.data('fancybox-title') || element.attr('title'),
-							isDom   : true,
-							element : element
-						};
-
-						if ($.metadata) {
-							$.extend(true, obj, element.metadata());
-						}
-
-					} else {
-						obj = element;
-					}
-				}
-
-				href  = opts.href  || obj.href || (isString(element) ? element : null);
-				title = opts.title !== undefined ? opts.title : obj.title || '';
-
-				content = opts.content || obj.content;
-				type    = content ? 'html' : (opts.type  || obj.type);
-
-				if (!type && obj.isDom) {
-					type = element.data('fancybox-type');
-
-					if (!type) {
-						rez  = element.prop('class').match(/fancybox\.(\w+)/);
-						type = rez ? rez[1] : null;
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (isString(href)) {
-					// Try to guess the content type
-					if (!type) {
-						if (F.isImage(href)) {
-							type = 'image';
-
-						} else if (F.isSWF(href)) {
-							type = 'swf';
-
-						} else if (href.charAt(0) === '#') {
-							type = 'inline';
-
-						} else if (isString(element)) {
-							type    = 'html';
-							content = element;
-						}
-					}
-
-					// Split url into two pieces with source url and content selector, e.g,
-					// "/mypage.html #my_id" will load "/mypage.html" and display element having id "my_id"
-					if (type === 'ajax') {
-						hrefParts = href.split(/\s+/, 2);
-						href      = hrefParts.shift();
-						selector  = hrefParts.shift();
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (!content) {
-					if (type === 'inline') {
-						if (href) {
-							content = $( isString(href) ? href.replace(/.*(?=#[^\s]+$)/, '') : href ); //strip for ie7
-
-						} else if (obj.isDom) {
-							content = element;
-						}
-
-					} else if (type === 'html') {
-						content = href;
-
-					} else if (!type && !href && obj.isDom) {
-						type    = 'inline';
-						content = element;
-					}
-				}
-
-				$.extend(obj, {
-					href     : href,
-					type     : type,
-					content  : content,
-					title    : title,
-					selector : selector
-				});
-
-				group[ i ] = obj;
-			});
-
-			// Extend the defaults
-			F.opts = $.extend(true, {}, F.defaults, opts);
-
-			// All options are merged recursive except keys
-			if (opts.keys !== undefined) {
-				F.opts.keys = opts.keys ? $.extend({}, F.defaults.keys, opts.keys) : false;
-			}
-
-			F.group = group;
-
-			return F._start(F.opts.index);
-		},
-
-		// Cancel image loading or abort ajax request
-		cancel: function () {
-			var coming = F.coming;
-
-			if (!coming || false === F.trigger('onCancel')) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			F.hideLoading();
-
-			if (F.ajaxLoad) {
-				F.ajaxLoad.abort();
-			}
-
-			F.ajaxLoad = null;
-
-			if (F.imgPreload) {
-				F.imgPreload.onload = F.imgPreload.onerror = null;
-			}
-
-			if (coming.wrap) {
-				coming.wrap.stop(true, true).trigger('onReset').remove();
-			}
-
-			F.coming = null;
-
-			// If the first item has been canceled, then clear everything
-			if (!F.current) {
-				F._afterZoomOut( coming );
-			}
-		},
-
-		// Start closing animation if is open; remove immediately if opening/closing
-		close: function (event) {
-			F.cancel();
-
-			if (false === F.trigger('beforeClose')) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			F.unbindEvents();
-
-			if (!F.isActive) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (!F.isOpen || event === true) {
-				$('.fancybox-wrap').stop(true).trigger('onReset').remove();
-
-				F._afterZoomOut();
-
-			} else {
-				F.isOpen = F.isOpened = false;
-				F.isClosing = true;
-
-				$('.fancybox-item, .fancybox-nav').remove();
-
-				F.wrap.stop(true, true).removeClass('fancybox-opened');
-
-				F.transitions[ F.current.closeMethod ]();
-			}
-		},
-
-		// Manage slideshow:
-		//   $.fancybox.play(); - toggle slideshow
-		//   $.fancybox.play( true ); - start
-		//   $.fancybox.play( false ); - stop
-		play: function ( action ) {
-			var clear = function () {
-					clearTimeout(F.player.timer);
-				},
-				set = function () {
-					clear();
-
-					if (F.current && F.player.isActive) {
-						F.player.timer = setTimeout(F.next, F.current.playSpeed);
-					}
-				},
-				stop = function () {
-					clear();
-
-					D.unbind('.player');
-
-					F.player.isActive = false;
-
-					F.trigger('onPlayEnd');
-				},
-				start = function () {
-					if (F.current && (F.current.loop || F.current.index < F.group.length - 1)) {
-						F.player.isActive = true;
-
-						D.bind({
-							'onCancel.player beforeClose.player' : stop,
-							'onUpdate.player'   : set,
-							'beforeLoad.player' : clear
-						});
-
-						set();
-
-						F.trigger('onPlayStart');
-					}
-				};
-
-			if (action === true || (!F.player.isActive && action !== false)) {
-				start();
-			} else {
-				stop();
-			}
-		},
-
-		// Navigate to next gallery item
-		next: function ( direction ) {
-			var current = F.current;
-
-			if (current) {
-				if (!isString(direction)) {
-					direction = current.direction.next;
-				}
-
-				F.jumpto(current.index + 1, direction, 'next');
-			}
-		},
-
-		// Navigate to previous gallery item
-		prev: function ( direction ) {
-			var current = F.current;
-
-			if (current) {
-				if (!isString(direction)) {
-					direction = current.direction.prev;
-				}
-
-				F.jumpto(current.index - 1, direction, 'prev');
-			}
-		},
-
-		// Navigate to gallery item by index
-		jumpto: function ( index, direction, router ) {
-			var current = F.current;
-
-			if (!current) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			index = getScalar(index);
-
-			F.direction = direction || current.direction[ (index >= current.index ? 'next' : 'prev') ];
-			F.router    = router || 'jumpto';
-
-			if (current.loop) {
-				if (index < 0) {
-					index = current.group.length + (index % current.group.length);
-				}
-
-				index = index % current.group.length;
-			}
-
-			if (current.group[ index ] !== undefined) {
-				F.cancel();
-
-				F._start(index);
-			}
-		},
-
-		// Center inside viewport and toggle position type to fixed or absolute if needed
-		reposition: function (e, onlyAbsolute) {
-			var current = F.current,
-				wrap    = current ? current.wrap : null,
-				pos;
-
-			if (wrap) {
-				pos = F._getPosition(onlyAbsolute);
-
-				if (e && e.type === 'scroll') {
-					delete pos.position;
-
-					wrap.stop(true, true).animate(pos, 200);
-
-				} else {
-					wrap.css(pos);
-
-					current.pos = $.extend({}, current.dim, pos);
-				}
-			}
-		},
-
-		update: function (e) {
-			var type = (e && e.type),
-				anyway = !type || type === 'orientationchange';
-
-			if (anyway) {
-				clearTimeout(didUpdate);
-
-				didUpdate = null;
-			}
-
-			if (!F.isOpen || didUpdate) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			didUpdate = setTimeout(function() {
-				var current = F.current;
-
-				if (!current || F.isClosing) {
-					return;
-				}
-
-				F.wrap.removeClass('fancybox-tmp');
-
-				if (anyway || type === 'load' || (type === 'resize' && current.autoResize)) {
-					F._setDimension();
-				}
-
-				if (!(type === 'scroll' && current.canShrink)) {
-					F.reposition(e);
-				}
-
-				F.trigger('onUpdate');
-
-				didUpdate = null;
-
-			}, (anyway && !isTouch ? 0 : 300));
-		},
-
-		// Shrink content to fit inside viewport or restore if resized
-		toggle: function ( action ) {
-			if (F.isOpen) {
-				F.current.fitToView = $.type(action) === "boolean" ? action : !F.current.fitToView;
-
-				// Help browser to restore document dimensions
-				if (isTouch) {
-					F.wrap.removeAttr('style').addClass('fancybox-tmp');
-
-					F.trigger('onUpdate');
-				}
-
-				F.update();
-			}
-		},
-
-		hideLoading: function () {
-			D.unbind('.loading');
-
-			$('#fancybox-loading').remove();
-		},
-
-		showLoading: function () {
-			var el, viewport;
-
-			F.hideLoading();
-
-			el = $('<div id="fancybox-loading"><div></div></div>').click(F.cancel).appendTo('body');
-
-			// If user will press the escape-button, the request will be canceled
-			D.bind('keydown.loading', function(e) {
-				if ((e.which || e.keyCode) === 27) {
-					e.preventDefault();
-
-					F.cancel();
-				}
-			});
-
-			if (!F.defaults.fixed) {
-				viewport = F.getViewport();
-
-				el.css({
-					position : 'absolute',
-					top  : (viewport.h * 0.5) + viewport.y,
-					left : (viewport.w * 0.5) + viewport.x
-				});
-			}
-		},
-
-		getViewport: function () {
-			var locked = (F.current && F.current.locked) || false,
-				rez    = {
-					x: W.scrollLeft(),
-					y: W.scrollTop()
-				};
-
-			if (locked) {
-				rez.w = locked[0].clientWidth;
-				rez.h = locked[0].clientHeight;
-
-			} else {
-				// See http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/6724
-				rez.w = isTouch && window.innerWidth  ? window.innerWidth  : W.width();
-				rez.h = isTouch && window.innerHeight ? window.innerHeight : W.height();
-			}
-
-			return rez;
-		},
-
-		// Unbind the keyboard / clicking actions
-		unbindEvents: function () {
-			if (F.wrap && isQuery(F.wrap)) {
-				F.wrap.unbind('.fb');
-			}
-
-			D.unbind('.fb');
-			W.unbind('.fb');
-		},
-
-		bindEvents: function () {
-			var current = F.current,
-				keys;
-
-			if (!current) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			// Changing document height on iOS devices triggers a 'resize' event,
-			// that can change document height... repeating infinitely
-			W.bind('orientationchange.fb' + (isTouch ? '' : ' resize.fb') + (current.autoCenter && !current.locked ? ' scroll.fb' : ''), F.update);
-
-			keys = current.keys;
-
-			if (keys) {
-				D.bind('keydown.fb', function (e) {
-					var code   = e.which || e.keyCode,
-						target = e.target || e.srcElement;
-
-					// Skip esc key if loading, because showLoading will cancel preloading
-					if (code === 27 && F.coming) {
-						return false;
-					}
-
-					// Ignore key combinations and key events within form elements
-					if (!e.ctrlKey && !e.altKey && !e.shiftKey && !e.metaKey && !(target && (target.type || $(target).is('[contenteditable]')))) {
-						$.each(keys, function(i, val) {
-							if (current.group.length > 1 && val[ code ] !== undefined) {
-								F[ i ]( val[ code ] );
-
-								e.preventDefault();
-								return false;
-							}
-
-							if ($.inArray(code, val) > -1) {
-								F[ i ] ();
-
-								e.preventDefault();
-								return false;
-							}
-						});
-					}
-				});
-			}
-
-			if ($.fn.mousewheel && current.mouseWheel) {
-				F.wrap.bind('mousewheel.fb', function (e, delta, deltaX, deltaY) {
-					var target = e.target || null,
-						parent = $(target),
-						canScroll = false;
-
-					while (parent.length) {
-						if (canScroll || parent.is('.fancybox-skin') || parent.is('.fancybox-wrap')) {
-							break;
-						}
-
-						canScroll = isScrollable( parent[0] );
-						parent    = $(parent).parent();
-					}
-
-					if (delta !== 0 && !canScroll) {
-						if (F.group.length > 1 && !current.canShrink) {
-							if (deltaY > 0 || deltaX > 0) {
-								F.prev( deltaY > 0 ? 'down' : 'left' );
-
-							} else if (deltaY < 0 || deltaX < 0) {
-								F.next( deltaY < 0 ? 'up' : 'right' );
-							}
-
-							e.preventDefault();
-						}
-					}
-				});
-			}
-		},
-
-		trigger: function (event, o) {
-			var ret, obj = o || F.coming || F.current;
-
-			if (!obj) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if ($.isFunction( obj[event] )) {
-				ret = obj[event].apply(obj, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1));
-			}
-
-			if (ret === false) {
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			if (obj.helpers) {
-				$.each(obj.helpers, function (helper, opts) {
-					if (opts && F.helpers[helper] && $.isFunction(F.helpers[helper][event])) {
-						F.helpers[helper][event]($.extend(true, {}, F.helpers[helper].defaults, opts), obj);
-					}
-				});
-			}
-
-			D.trigger(event);
-		},
-
-		isImage: function (str) {
-			return isString(str) && str.match(/(^data:image\/.*,)|(\.(jp(e|g|eg)|gif|png|bmp|webp|svg)((\?|#).*)?$)/i);
-		},
-
-		isSWF: function (str) {
-			return isString(str) && str.match(/\.(swf)((\?|#).*)?$/i);
-		},
-
-		_start: function (index) {
-			var coming = {},
-				obj,
-				href,
-				type,
-				margin,
-				padding;
-
-			index = getScalar( index );
-			obj   = F.group[ index ] || null;
-
-			if (!obj) {
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			coming = $.extend(true, {}, F.opts, obj);
-
-			// Convert margin and padding properties to array - top, right, bottom, left
-			margin  = coming.margin;
-			padding = coming.padding;
-
-			if ($.type(margin) === 'number') {
-				coming.margin = [margin, margin, margin, margin];
-			}
-
-			if ($.type(padding) === 'number') {
-				coming.padding = [padding, padding, padding, padding];
-			}
-
-			// 'modal' propery is just a shortcut
-			if (coming.modal) {
-				$.extend(true, coming, {
-					closeBtn   : false,
-					closeClick : false,
-					nextClick  : false,
-					arrows     : false,
-					mouseWheel : false,
-					keys       : null,
-					helpers: {
-						overlay : {
-							closeClick : false
-						}
-					}
-				});
-			}
-
-			// 'autoSize' property is a shortcut, too
-			if (coming.autoSize) {
-				coming.autoWidth = coming.autoHeight = true;
-			}
-
-			if (coming.width === 'auto') {
-				coming.autoWidth = true;
-			}
-
-			if (coming.height === 'auto') {
-				coming.autoHeight = true;
-			}
-
-			/*
-			 * Add reference to the group, so it`s possible to access from callbacks, example:
-			 * afterLoad : function() {
-			 *     this.title = 'Image ' + (this.index + 1) + ' of ' + this.group.length + (this.title ? ' - ' + this.title : '');
-			 * }
-			 */
-
-			coming.group  = F.group;
-			coming.index  = index;
-
-			// Give a chance for callback or helpers to update coming item (type, title, etc)
-			F.coming = coming;
-
-			if (false === F.trigger('beforeLoad')) {
-				F.coming = null;
-
-				return;
-			}
-
-			type = coming.type;
-			href = coming.href;
-
-			if (!type) {
-				F.coming = null;
-
-				//If we can not determine content type then drop silently or display next/prev item if looping through gallery
-				if (F.current && F.router && F.router !== 'jumpto') {
-					F.current.index = index;
-
-					return F[ F.router ]( F.direction );
-				}
-
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			F.isActive = true;
-
-			if (type === 'image' || type === 'swf') {
-				coming.autoHeight = coming.autoWidth = false;
-				coming.scrolling  = 'visible';
-			}
-
-			if (type === 'image') {
-				coming.aspectRatio = true;
-			}
-
-			if (type === 'iframe' && isTouch) {
-				coming.scrolling = 'scroll';
-			}
-
-			// Build the neccessary markup
-			coming.wrap = $(coming.tpl.wrap).addClass('fancybox-' + (isTouch ? 'mobile' : 'desktop') + ' fancybox-type-' + type + ' fancybox-tmp ' + coming.wrapCSS).appendTo( coming.parent || 'body' );
-
-			$.extend(coming, {
-				skin  : $('.fancybox-skin',  coming.wrap),
-				outer : $('.fancybox-outer', coming.wrap),
-				inner : $('.fancybox-inner', coming.wrap)
-			});
-
-			$.each(["Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left"], function(i, v) {
-				coming.skin.css('padding' + v, getValue(coming.padding[ i ]));
-			});
-
-			F.trigger('onReady');
-
-			// Check before try to load; 'inline' and 'html' types need content, others - href
-			if (type === 'inline' || type === 'html') {
-				if (!coming.content || !coming.content.length) {
-					return F._error( 'content' );
-				}
-
-			} else if (!href) {
-				return F._error( 'href' );
-			}
-
-			if (type === 'image') {
-				F._loadImage();
-
-			} else if (type === 'ajax') {
-				F._loadAjax();
-
-			} else if (type === 'iframe') {
-				F._loadIframe();
-
-			} else {
-				F._afterLoad();
-			}
-		},
-
-		_error: function ( type ) {
-			$.extend(F.coming, {
-				type       : 'html',
-				autoWidth  : true,
-				autoHeight : true,
-				minWidth   : 0,
-				minHeight  : 0,
-				scrolling  : 'no',
-				hasError   : type,
-				content    : F.coming.tpl.error
-			});
-
-			F._afterLoad();
-		},
-
-		_loadImage: function () {
-			// Reset preload image so it is later possible to check "complete" property
-			var img = F.imgPreload = new Image();
-
-			img.onload = function () {
-				this.onload = this.onerror = null;
-
-				F.coming.width  = this.width / F.opts.pixelRatio;
-				F.coming.height = this.height / F.opts.pixelRatio;
-
-				F._afterLoad();
-			};
-
-			img.onerror = function () {
-				this.onload = this.onerror = null;
-
-				F._error( 'image' );
-			};
-
-			img.src = F.coming.href;
-
-			if (img.complete !== true) {
-				F.showLoading();
-			}
-		},
-
-		_loadAjax: function () {
-			var coming = F.coming;
-
-			F.showLoading();
-
-			F.ajaxLoad = $.ajax($.extend({}, coming.ajax, {
-				url: coming.href,
-				error: function (jqXHR, textStatus) {
-					if (F.coming && textStatus !== 'abort') {
-						F._error( 'ajax', jqXHR );
-
-					} else {
-						F.hideLoading();
-					}
-				},
-				success: function (data, textStatus) {
-					if (textStatus === 'success') {
-						coming.content = data;
-
-						F._afterLoad();
-					}
-				}
-			}));
-		},
-
-		_loadIframe: function() {
-			var coming = F.coming,
-				iframe = $(coming.tpl.iframe.replace(/\{rnd\}/g, new Date().getTime()))
-					.attr('scrolling', isTouch ? 'auto' : coming.iframe.scrolling)
-					.attr('src', coming.href);
-
-			// This helps IE
-			$(coming.wrap).bind('onReset', function () {
-				try {
-					$(this).find('iframe').hide().attr('src', '//about:blank').end().empty();
-				} catch (e) {}
-			});
-
-			if (coming.iframe.preload) {
-				F.showLoading();
-
-				iframe.one('load', function() {
-					$(this).data('ready', 1);
-
-					// iOS will lose scrolling if we resize
-					if (!isTouch) {
-						$(this).bind('load.fb', F.update);
-					}
-
-					// Without this trick:
-					//   - iframe won't scroll on iOS devices
-					//   - IE7 sometimes displays empty iframe
-					$(this).parents('.fancybox-wrap').width('100%').removeClass('fancybox-tmp').show();
-
-					F._afterLoad();
-				});
-			}
-
-			coming.content = iframe.appendTo( coming.inner );
-
-			if (!coming.iframe.preload) {
-				F._afterLoad();
-			}
-		},
-
-		_preloadImages: function() {
-			var group   = F.group,
-				current = F.current,
-				len     = group.length,
-				cnt     = current.preload ? Math.min(current.preload, len - 1) : 0,
-				item,
-				i;
-
-			for (i = 1; i <= cnt; i += 1) {
-				item = group[ (current.index + i ) % len ];
-
-				if (item.type === 'image' && item.href) {
-					new Image().src = item.href;
-				}
-			}
-		},
-
-		_afterLoad: function () {
-			var coming   = F.coming,
-				previous = F.current,
-				placeholder = 'fancybox-placeholder',
-				current,
-				content,
-				type,
-				scrolling,
-				href,
-				embed;
-
-			F.hideLoading();
-
-			if (!coming || F.isActive === false) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (false === F.trigger('afterLoad', coming, previous)) {
-				coming.wrap.stop(true).trigger('onReset').remove();
-
-				F.coming = null;
-
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (previous) {
-				F.trigger('beforeChange', previous);
-
-				previous.wrap.stop(true).removeClass('fancybox-opened')
-					.find('.fancybox-item, .fancybox-nav')
-					.remove();
-			}
-
-			F.unbindEvents();
-
-			current   = coming;
-			content   = coming.content;
-			type      = coming.type;
-			scrolling = coming.scrolling;
-
-			$.extend(F, {
-				wrap  : current.wrap,
-				skin  : current.skin,
-				outer : current.outer,
-				inner : current.inner,
-				current  : current,
-				previous : previous
-			});
-
-			href = current.href;
-
-			switch (type) {
-				case 'inline':
-				case 'ajax':
-				case 'html':
-					if (current.selector) {
-						content = $('<div>').html(content).find(current.selector);
-
-					} else if (isQuery(content)) {
-						if (!content.data(placeholder)) {
-							content.data(placeholder, $('<div class="' + placeholder + '"></div>').insertAfter( content ).hide() );
-						}
-
-						content = content.show().detach();
-
-						current.wrap.bind('onReset', function () {
-							if ($(this).find(content).length) {
-								content.hide().replaceAll( content.data(placeholder) ).data(placeholder, false);
-							}
-						});
-					}
-				break;
-
-				case 'image':
-					content = current.tpl.image.replace('{href}', href);
-				break;
-
-				case 'swf':
-					content = '<object id="fancybox-swf" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="100%" height="100%"><param name="movie" value="' + href + '"></param>';
-					embed   = '';
-
-					$.each(current.swf, function(name, val) {
-						content += '<param name="' + name + '" value="' + val + '"></param>';
-						embed   += ' ' + name + '="' + val + '"';
-					});
-
-					content += '<embed src="' + href + '" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" height="100%"' + embed + '></embed></object>';
-				break;
-			}
-
-			if (!(isQuery(content) && content.parent().is(current.inner))) {
-				current.inner.append( content );
-			}
-
-			// Give a chance for helpers or callbacks to update elements
-			F.trigger('beforeShow');
-
-			// Set scrolling before calculating dimensions
-			current.inner.css('overflow', scrolling === 'yes' ? 'scroll' : (scrolling === 'no' ? 'hidden' : scrolling));
-
-			// Set initial dimensions and start position
-			F._setDimension();
-
-			F.reposition();
-
-			F.isOpen = false;
-			F.coming = null;
-
-			F.bindEvents();
-
-			if (!F.isOpened) {
-				$('.fancybox-wrap').not( current.wrap ).stop(true).trigger('onReset').remove();
-
-			} else if (previous.prevMethod) {
-				F.transitions[ previous.prevMethod ]();
-			}
-
-			F.transitions[ F.isOpened ? current.nextMethod : current.openMethod ]();
-
-			F._preloadImages();
-		},
-
-		_setDimension: function () {
-			var viewport   = F.getViewport(),
-				steps      = 0,
-				canShrink  = false,
-				canExpand  = false,
-				wrap       = F.wrap,
-				skin       = F.skin,
-				inner      = F.inner,
-				current    = F.current,
-				width      = current.width,
-				height     = current.height,
-				minWidth   = current.minWidth,
-				minHeight  = current.minHeight,
-				maxWidth   = current.maxWidth,
-				maxHeight  = current.maxHeight,
-				scrolling  = current.scrolling,
-				scrollOut  = current.scrollOutside ? current.scrollbarWidth : 0,
-				margin     = current.margin,
-				wMargin    = getScalar(margin[1] + margin[3]),
-				hMargin    = getScalar(margin[0] + margin[2]),
-				wPadding,
-				hPadding,
-				wSpace,
-				hSpace,
-				origWidth,
-				origHeight,
-				origMaxWidth,
-				origMaxHeight,
-				ratio,
-				width_,
-				height_,
-				maxWidth_,
-				maxHeight_,
-				iframe,
-				body;
-
-			// Reset dimensions so we could re-check actual size
-			wrap.add(skin).add(inner).width('auto').height('auto').removeClass('fancybox-tmp');
-
-			wPadding = getScalar(skin.outerWidth(true)  - skin.width());
-			hPadding = getScalar(skin.outerHeight(true) - skin.height());
-
-			// Any space between content and viewport (margin, padding, border, title)
-			wSpace = wMargin + wPadding;
-			hSpace = hMargin + hPadding;
-
-			origWidth  = isPercentage(width)  ? (viewport.w - wSpace) * getScalar(width)  / 100 : width;
-			origHeight = isPercentage(height) ? (viewport.h - hSpace) * getScalar(height) / 100 : height;
-
-			if (current.type === 'iframe') {
-				iframe = current.content;
-
-				if (current.autoHeight && iframe.data('ready') === 1) {
-					try {
-						if (iframe[0].contentWindow.document.location) {
-							inner.width( origWidth ).height(9999);
-
-							body = iframe.contents().find('body');
-
-							if (scrollOut) {
-								body.css('overflow-x', 'hidden');
-							}
-
-							origHeight = body.outerHeight(true);
-						}
-
-					} catch (e) {}
-				}
-
-			} else if (current.autoWidth || current.autoHeight) {
-				inner.addClass( 'fancybox-tmp' );
-
-				// Set width or height in case we need to calculate only one dimension
-				if (!current.autoWidth) {
-					inner.width( origWidth );
-				}
-
-				if (!current.autoHeight) {
-					inner.height( origHeight );
-				}
-
-				if (current.autoWidth) {
-					origWidth = inner.width();
-				}
-
-				if (current.autoHeight) {
-					origHeight = inner.height();
-				}
-
-				inner.removeClass( 'fancybox-tmp' );
-			}
-
-			width  = getScalar( origWidth );
-			height = getScalar( origHeight );
-
-			ratio  = origWidth / origHeight;
-
-			// Calculations for the content
-			minWidth  = getScalar(isPercentage(minWidth) ? getScalar(minWidth, 'w') - wSpace : minWidth);
-			maxWidth  = getScalar(isPercentage(maxWidth) ? getScalar(maxWidth, 'w') - wSpace : maxWidth);
-
-			minHeight = getScalar(isPercentage(minHeight) ? getScalar(minHeight, 'h') - hSpace : minHeight);
-			maxHeight = getScalar(isPercentage(maxHeight) ? getScalar(maxHeight, 'h') - hSpace : maxHeight);
-
-			// These will be used to determine if wrap can fit in the viewport
-			origMaxWidth  = maxWidth;
-			origMaxHeight = maxHeight;
-
-			if (current.fitToView) {
-				maxWidth  = Math.min(viewport.w - wSpace, maxWidth);
-				maxHeight = Math.min(viewport.h - hSpace, maxHeight);
-			}
-
-			maxWidth_  = viewport.w - wMargin;
-			maxHeight_ = viewport.h - hMargin;
-
-			if (current.aspectRatio) {
-				if (width > maxWidth) {
-					width  = maxWidth;
-					height = getScalar(width / ratio);
-				}
-
-				if (height > maxHeight) {
-					height = maxHeight;
-					width  = getScalar(height * ratio);
-				}
-
-				if (width < minWidth) {
-					width  = minWidth;
-					height = getScalar(width / ratio);
-				}
-
-				if (height < minHeight) {
-					height = minHeight;
-					width  = getScalar(height * ratio);
-				}
-
-			} else {
-				width = Math.max(minWidth, Math.min(width, maxWidth));
-
-				if (current.autoHeight && current.type !== 'iframe') {
-					inner.width( width );
-
-					height = inner.height();
-				}
-
-				height = Math.max(minHeight, Math.min(height, maxHeight));
-			}
-
-			// Try to fit inside viewport (including the title)
-			if (current.fitToView) {
-				inner.width( width ).height( height );
-
-				wrap.width( width + wPadding );
-
-				// Real wrap dimensions
-				width_  = wrap.width();
-				height_ = wrap.height();
-
-				if (current.aspectRatio) {
-					while ((width_ > maxWidth_ || height_ > maxHeight_) && width > minWidth && height > minHeight) {
-						if (steps++ > 19) {
-							break;
-						}
-
-						height = Math.max(minHeight, Math.min(maxHeight, height - 10));
-						width  = getScalar(height * ratio);
-
-						if (width < minWidth) {
-							width  = minWidth;
-							height = getScalar(width / ratio);
-						}
-
-						if (width > maxWidth) {
-							width  = maxWidth;
-							height = getScalar(width / ratio);
-						}
-
-						inner.width( width ).height( height );
-
-						wrap.width( width + wPadding );
-
-						width_  = wrap.width();
-						height_ = wrap.height();
-					}
-
-				} else {
-					width  = Math.max(minWidth,  Math.min(width,  width  - (width_  - maxWidth_)));
-					height = Math.max(minHeight, Math.min(height, height - (height_ - maxHeight_)));
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (scrollOut && scrolling === 'auto' && height < origHeight && (width + wPadding + scrollOut) < maxWidth_) {
-				width += scrollOut;
-			}
-
-			inner.width( width ).height( height );
-
-			wrap.width( width + wPadding );
-
-			width_  = wrap.width();
-			height_ = wrap.height();
-
-			canShrink = (width_ > maxWidth_ || height_ > maxHeight_) && width > minWidth && height > minHeight;
-			canExpand = current.aspectRatio ? (width < origMaxWidth && height < origMaxHeight && width < origWidth && height < origHeight) : ((width < origMaxWidth || height < origMaxHeight) && (width < origWidth || height < origHeight));
-
-			$.extend(current, {
-				dim : {
-					width	: getValue( width_ ),
-					height	: getValue( height_ )
-				},
-				origWidth  : origWidth,
-				origHeight : origHeight,
-				canShrink  : canShrink,
-				canExpand  : canExpand,
-				wPadding   : wPadding,
-				hPadding   : hPadding,
-				wrapSpace  : height_ - skin.outerHeight(true),
-				skinSpace  : skin.height() - height
-			});
-
-			if (!iframe && current.autoHeight && height > minHeight && height < maxHeight && !canExpand) {
-				inner.height('auto');
-			}
-		},
-
-		_getPosition: function (onlyAbsolute) {
-			var current  = F.current,
-				viewport = F.getViewport(),
-				margin   = current.margin,
-				width    = F.wrap.width()  + margin[1] + margin[3],
-				height   = F.wrap.height() + margin[0] + margin[2],
-				rez      = {
-					position: 'absolute',
-					top  : margin[0],
-					left : margin[3]
-				};
-
-			if (current.autoCenter && current.fixed && !onlyAbsolute && height <= viewport.h && width <= viewport.w) {
-				rez.position = 'fixed';
-
-			} else if (!current.locked) {
-				rez.top  += viewport.y;
-				rez.left += viewport.x;
-			}
-
-			rez.top  = getValue(Math.max(rez.top,  rez.top  + ((viewport.h - height) * current.topRatio)));
-			rez.left = getValue(Math.max(rez.left, rez.left + ((viewport.w - width)  * current.leftRatio)));
-
-			return rez;
-		},
-
-		_afterZoomIn: function () {
-			var current = F.current;
-
-			if (!current) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			F.isOpen = F.isOpened = true;
-
-			F.wrap.css('overflow', 'visible').addClass('fancybox-opened');
-
-			F.update();
-
-			// Assign a click event
-			if ( current.closeClick || (current.nextClick && F.group.length > 1) ) {
-				F.inner.css('cursor', 'pointer').bind('click.fb', function(e) {
-					if (!$(e.target).is('a') && !$(e.target).parent().is('a')) {
-						e.preventDefault();
-
-						F[ current.closeClick ? 'close' : 'next' ]();
-					}
-				});
-			}
-
-			// Create a close button
-			if (current.closeBtn) {
-				$(current.tpl.closeBtn).appendTo(F.skin).bind('click.fb', function(e) {
-					e.preventDefault();
-
-					F.close();
-				});
-			}
-
-			// Create navigation arrows
-			if (current.arrows && F.group.length > 1) {
-				if (current.loop || current.index > 0) {
-					$(current.tpl.prev).appendTo(F.outer).bind('click.fb', F.prev);
-				}
-
-				if (current.loop || current.index < F.group.length - 1) {
-					$(current.tpl.next).appendTo(F.outer).bind('click.fb', F.next);
-				}
-			}
-
-			F.trigger('afterShow');
-
-			// Stop the slideshow if this is the last item
-			if (!current.loop && current.index === current.group.length - 1) {
-				F.play( false );
-
-			} else if (F.opts.autoPlay && !F.player.isActive) {
-				F.opts.autoPlay = false;
-
-				F.play();
-			}
-		},
-
-		_afterZoomOut: function ( obj ) {
-			obj = obj || F.current;
-
-			$('.fancybox-wrap').trigger('onReset').remove();
-
-			$.extend(F, {
-				group  : {},
-				opts   : {},
-				router : false,
-				current   : null,
-				isActive  : false,
-				isOpened  : false,
-				isOpen    : false,
-				isClosing : false,
-				wrap   : null,
-				skin   : null,
-				outer  : null,
-				inner  : null
-			});
-
-			F.trigger('afterClose', obj);
-		}
-	});
-
-	/*
-	 *	Default transitions
-	 */
-
-	F.transitions = {
-		getOrigPosition: function () {
-			var current  = F.current,
-				element  = current.element,
-				orig     = current.orig,
-				pos      = {},
-				width    = 50,
-				height   = 50,
-				hPadding = current.hPadding,
-				wPadding = current.wPadding,
-				viewport = F.getViewport();
-
-			if (!orig && current.isDom && element.is(':visible')) {
-				orig = element.find('img:first');
-
-				if (!orig.length) {
-					orig = element;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (isQuery(orig)) {
-				pos = orig.offset();
-
-				if (orig.is('img')) {
-					width  = orig.outerWidth();
-					height = orig.outerHeight();
-				}
-
-			} else {
-				pos.top  = viewport.y + (viewport.h - height) * current.topRatio;
-				pos.left = viewport.x + (viewport.w - width)  * current.leftRatio;
-			}
-
-			if (F.wrap.css('position') === 'fixed' || current.locked) {
-				pos.top  -= viewport.y;
-				pos.left -= viewport.x;
-			}
-
-			pos = {
-				top     : getValue(pos.top  - hPadding * current.topRatio),
-				left    : getValue(pos.left - wPadding * current.leftRatio),
-				width   : getValue(width  + wPadding),
-				height  : getValue(height + hPadding)
-			};
-
-			return pos;
-		},
-
-		step: function (now, fx) {
-			var ratio,
-				padding,
-				value,
-				prop       = fx.prop,
-				current    = F.current,
-				wrapSpace  = current.wrapSpace,
-				skinSpace  = current.skinSpace;
-
-			if (prop === 'width' || prop === 'height') {
-				ratio = fx.end === fx.start ? 1 : (now - fx.start) / (fx.end - fx.start);
-
-				if (F.isClosing) {
-					ratio = 1 - ratio;
-				}
-
-				padding = prop === 'width' ? current.wPadding : current.hPadding;
-				value   = now - padding;
-
-				F.skin[ prop ](  getScalar( prop === 'width' ?  value : value - (wrapSpace * ratio) ) );
-				F.inner[ prop ]( getScalar( prop === 'width' ?  value : value - (wrapSpace * ratio) - (skinSpace * ratio) ) );
-			}
-		},
-
-		zoomIn: function () {
-			var current  = F.current,
-				startPos = current.pos,
-				effect   = current.openEffect,
-				elastic  = effect === 'elastic',
-				endPos   = $.extend({opacity : 1}, startPos);
-
-			// Remove "position" property that breaks older IE
-			delete endPos.position;
-
-			if (elastic) {
-				startPos = this.getOrigPosition();
-
-				if (current.openOpacity) {
-					startPos.opacity = 0.1;
-				}
-
-			} else if (effect === 'fade') {
-				startPos.opacity = 0.1;
-			}
-
-			F.wrap.css(startPos).animate(endPos, {
-				duration : effect === 'none' ? 0 : current.openSpeed,
-				easing   : current.openEasing,
-				step     : elastic ? this.step : null,
-				complete : F._afterZoomIn
-			});
-		},
-
-		zoomOut: function () {
-			var current  = F.current,
-				effect   = current.closeEffect,
-				elastic  = effect === 'elastic',
-				endPos   = {opacity : 0.1};
-
-			if (elastic) {
-				endPos = this.getOrigPosition();
-
-				if (current.closeOpacity) {
-					endPos.opacity = 0.1;
-				}
-			}
-
-			F.wrap.animate(endPos, {
-				duration : effect === 'none' ? 0 : current.closeSpeed,
-				easing   : current.closeEasing,
-				step     : elastic ? this.step : null,
-				complete : F._afterZoomOut
-			});
-		},
-
-		changeIn: function () {
-			var current   = F.current,
-				effect    = current.nextEffect,
-				startPos  = current.pos,
-				endPos    = { opacity : 1 },
-				direction = F.direction,
-				distance  = 200,
-				field;
-
-			startPos.opacity = 0.1;
-
-			if (effect === 'elastic') {
-				field = direction === 'down' || direction === 'up' ? 'top' : 'left';
-
-				if (direction === 'down' || direction === 'right') {
-					startPos[ field ] = getValue(getScalar(startPos[ field ]) - distance);
-					endPos[ field ]   = '+=' + distance + 'px';
-
-				} else {
-					startPos[ field ] = getValue(getScalar(startPos[ field ]) + distance);
-					endPos[ field ]   = '-=' + distance + 'px';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Workaround for http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12273
-			if (effect === 'none') {
-				F._afterZoomIn();
-
-			} else {
-				F.wrap.css(startPos).animate(endPos, {
-					duration : current.nextSpeed,
-					easing   : current.nextEasing,
-					complete : F._afterZoomIn
-				});
-			}
-		},
-
-		changeOut: function () {
-			var previous  = F.previous,
-				effect    = previous.prevEffect,
-				endPos    = { opacity : 0.1 },
-				direction = F.direction,
-				distance  = 200;
-
-			if (effect === 'elastic') {
-				endPos[ direction === 'down' || direction === 'up' ? 'top' : 'left' ] = ( direction === 'up' || direction === 'left' ? '-' : '+' ) + '=' + distance + 'px';
-			}
-
-			previous.wrap.animate(endPos, {
-				duration : effect === 'none' ? 0 : previous.prevSpeed,
-				easing   : previous.prevEasing,
-				complete : function () {
-					$(this).trigger('onReset').remove();
-				}
-			});
-		}
-	};
-
-	/*
-	 *	Overlay helper
-	 */
-
-	F.helpers.overlay = {
-		defaults : {
-			closeClick : true,      // if true, fancyBox will be closed when user clicks on the overlay
-			speedOut   : 200,       // duration of fadeOut animation
-			showEarly  : true,      // indicates if should be opened immediately or wait until the content is ready
-			css        : {},        // custom CSS properties
-			locked     : !isTouch,  // if true, the content will be locked into overlay
-			fixed      : true       // if false, the overlay CSS position property will not be set to "fixed"
-		},
-
-		overlay : null,      // current handle
-		fixed   : false,     // indicates if the overlay has position "fixed"
-		el      : $('html'), // element that contains "the lock"
-
-		// Public methods
-		create : function(opts) {
-			opts = $.extend({}, this.defaults, opts);
-
-			if (this.overlay) {
-				this.close();
-			}
-
-			this.overlay = $('<div class="fancybox-overlay"></div>').appendTo( F.coming ? F.coming.parent : opts.parent );
-			this.fixed   = false;
-
-			if (opts.fixed && F.defaults.fixed) {
-				this.overlay.addClass('fancybox-overlay-fixed');
-
-				this.fixed = true;
-			}
-		},
-
-		open : function(opts) {
-			var that = this;
-
-			opts = $.extend({}, this.defaults, opts);
-
-			if (this.overlay) {
-				this.overlay.unbind('.overlay').width('auto').height('auto');
-
-			} else {
-				this.create(opts);
-			}
-
-			if (!this.fixed) {
-				W.bind('resize.overlay', $.proxy( this.update, this) );
-
-				this.update();
-			}
-
-			if (opts.closeClick) {
-				this.overlay.bind('click.overlay', function(e) {
-					if ($(e.target).hasClass('fancybox-overlay')) {
-						if (F.isActive) {
-							F.close();
-						} else {
-							that.close();
-						}
-
-						return false;
-					}
-				});
-			}
-
-			this.overlay.css( opts.css ).show();
-		},
-
-		close : function() {
-			var scrollV, scrollH;
-
-			W.unbind('resize.overlay');
-
-			if (this.el.hasClass('fancybox-lock')) {
-				$('.fancybox-margin').removeClass('fancybox-margin');
-
-				scrollV = W.scrollTop();
-				scrollH = W.scrollLeft();
-
-				this.el.removeClass('fancybox-lock');
-
-				W.scrollTop( scrollV ).scrollLeft( scrollH );
-			}
-
-			$('.fancybox-overlay').remove().hide();
-
-			$.extend(this, {
-				overlay : null,
-				fixed   : false
-			});
-		},
-
-		// Private, callbacks
-
-		update : function () {
-			var width = '100%', offsetWidth;
-
-			// Reset width/height so it will not mess
-			this.overlay.width(width).height('100%');
-
-			// jQuery does not return reliable result for IE
-			if (IE) {
-				offsetWidth = Math.max(document.documentElement.offsetWidth, document.body.offsetWidth);
-
-				if (D.width() > offsetWidth) {
-					width = D.width();
-				}
-
-			} else if (D.width() > W.width()) {
-				width = D.width();
-			}
-
-			this.overlay.width(width).height(D.height());
-		},
-
-		// This is where we can manipulate DOM, because later it would cause iframes to reload
-		onReady : function (opts, obj) {
-			var overlay = this.overlay;
-
-			$('.fancybox-overlay').stop(true, true);
-
-			if (!overlay) {
-				this.create(opts);
-			}
-
-			if (opts.locked && this.fixed && obj.fixed) {
-				if (!overlay) {
-					this.margin = D.height() > W.height() ? $('html').css('margin-right').replace("px", "") : false;
-				}
-
-				obj.locked = this.overlay.append( obj.wrap );
-				obj.fixed  = false;
-			}
-
-			if (opts.showEarly === true) {
-				this.beforeShow.apply(this, arguments);
-			}
-		},
-
-		beforeShow : function(opts, obj) {
-			var scrollV, scrollH;
-
-			if (obj.locked) {
-				if (this.margin !== false) {
-					$('*').filter(function(){
-						return ($(this).css('position') === 'fixed' && !$(this).hasClass("fancybox-overlay") && !$(this).hasClass("fancybox-wrap") );
-					}).addClass('fancybox-margin');
-
-					this.el.addClass('fancybox-margin');
-				}
-
-				scrollV = W.scrollTop();
-				scrollH = W.scrollLeft();
-
-				this.el.addClass('fancybox-lock');
-
-				W.scrollTop( scrollV ).scrollLeft( scrollH );
-			}
-
-			this.open(opts);
-		},
-
-		onUpdate : function() {
-			if (!this.fixed) {
-				this.update();
-			}
-		},
-
-		afterClose: function (opts) {
-			// Remove overlay if exists and fancyBox is not opening
-			// (e.g., it is not being open using afterClose callback)
-			//if (this.overlay && !F.isActive) {
-			if (this.overlay && !F.coming) {
-				this.overlay.fadeOut(opts.speedOut, $.proxy( this.close, this ));
-			}
-		}
-	};
-
-	/*
-	 *	Title helper
-	 */
-
-	F.helpers.title = {
-		defaults : {
-			type     : 'float', // 'float', 'inside', 'outside' or 'over',
-			position : 'bottom' // 'top' or 'bottom'
-		},
-
-		beforeShow: function (opts) {
-			var current = F.current,
-				text    = current.title,
-				type    = opts.type,
-				title,
-				target;
-
-			if ($.isFunction(text)) {
-				text = text.call(current.element, current);
-			}
-
-			if (!isString(text) || $.trim(text) === '') {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			title = $('<div class="fancybox-title fancybox-title-' + type + '-wrap">' + text + '</div>');
-
-			switch (type) {
-				case 'inside':
-					target = F.skin;
-				break;
-
-				case 'outside':
-					target = F.wrap;
-				break;
-
-				case 'over':
-					target = F.inner;
-				break;
-
-				default: // 'float'
-					target = F.skin;
-
-					title.appendTo('body');
-
-					if (IE) {
-						title.width( title.width() );
-					}
-
-					title.wrapInner('<span class="child"></span>');
-
-					//Increase bottom margin so this title will also fit into viewport
-					F.current.margin[2] += Math.abs( getScalar(title.css('margin-bottom')) );
-				break;
-			}
-
-			title[ (opts.position === 'top' ? 'prependTo'  : 'appendTo') ](target);
-		}
-	};
-
-	// jQuery plugin initialization
-	$.fn.fancybox = function (options) {
-		var index,
-			that     = $(this),
-			selector = this.selector || '',
-			run      = function(e) {
-				var what = $(this).blur(), idx = index, relType, relVal;
-
-				if (!(e.ctrlKey || e.altKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey) && !what.is('.fancybox-wrap')) {
-					relType = options.groupAttr || 'data-fancybox-group';
-					relVal  = what.attr(relType);
-
-					if (!relVal) {
-						relType = 'rel';
-						relVal  = what.get(0)[ relType ];
-					}
-
-					if (relVal && relVal !== '' && relVal !== 'nofollow') {
-						what = selector.length ? $(selector) : that;
-						what = what.filter('[' + relType + '="' + relVal + '"]');
-						idx  = what.index(this);
-					}
-
-					options.index = idx;
-
-					// Stop an event from bubbling if everything is fine
-					if (F.open(what, options) !== false) {
-						e.preventDefault();
-					}
-				}
-			};
-
-		options = options || {};
-		index   = options.index || 0;
-
-		if (!selector || options.live === false) {
-			that.unbind('click.fb-start').bind('click.fb-start', run);
-
-		} else {
-			D.undelegate(selector, 'click.fb-start').delegate(selector + ":not('.fancybox-item, .fancybox-nav')", 'click.fb-start', run);
-		}
-
-		this.filter('[data-fancybox-start=1]').trigger('click');
-
-		return this;
-	};
-
-	// Tests that need a body at doc ready
-	D.ready(function() {
-		var w1, w2;
-
-		if ( $.scrollbarWidth === undefined ) {
-			// http://benalman.com/projects/jquery-misc-plugins/#scrollbarwidth
-			$.scrollbarWidth = function() {
-				var parent = $('<div style="width:50px;height:50px;overflow:auto"><div/></div>').appendTo('body'),
-					child  = parent.children(),
-					width  = child.innerWidth() - child.height( 99 ).innerWidth();
-
-				parent.remove();
-
-				return width;
-			};
-		}
-
-		if ( $.support.fixedPosition === undefined ) {
-			$.support.fixedPosition = (function() {
-				var elem  = $('<div style="position:fixed;top:20px;"></div>').appendTo('body'),
-					fixed = ( elem[0].offsetTop === 20 || elem[0].offsetTop === 15 );
-
-				elem.remove();
-
-				return fixed;
-			}());
-		}
-
-		$.extend(F.defaults, {
-			scrollbarWidth : $.scrollbarWidth(),
-			fixed  : $.support.fixedPosition,
-			parent : $('body')
-		});
-
-		//Get real width of page scroll-bar
-		w1 = $(window).width();
-
-		H.addClass('fancybox-lock-test');
-
-		w2 = $(window).width();
-
-		H.removeClass('fancybox-lock-test');
-
-		$("<style type='text/css'>.fancybox-margin{margin-right:" + (w2 - w1) + "px;}</style>").appendTo("head");
-	});
-
-}(window, document, jQuery));
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js b/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 73f75784..00000000
--- a/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-/*! fancyBox v2.1.5 fancyapps.com | fancyapps.com/fancybox/#license */
-(function(r,G,f,v){var J=f("html"),n=f(r),p=f(G),b=f.fancybox=function(){b.open.apply(this,arguments)},I=navigator.userAgent.match(/msie/i),B=null,s=G.createTouch!==v,t=function(a){return a&&a.hasOwnProperty&&a instanceof f},q=function(a){return a&&"string"===f.type(a)},E=function(a){return q(a)&&0<a.indexOf("%")},l=function(a,d){var e=parseInt(a,10)||0;d&&E(a)&&(e*=b.getViewport()[d]/100);return Math.ceil(e)},w=function(a,b){return l(a,b)+"px"};f.extend(b,{version:"2.1.5",defaults:{padding:15,margin:20,
-width:800,height:600,minWidth:100,minHeight:100,maxWidth:9999,maxHeight:9999,pixelRatio:1,autoSize:!0,autoHeight:!1,autoWidth:!1,autoResize:!0,autoCenter:!s,fitToView:!0,aspectRatio:!1,topRatio:0.5,leftRatio:0.5,scrolling:"auto",wrapCSS:"",arrows:!0,closeBtn:!0,closeClick:!1,nextClick:!1,mouseWheel:!0,autoPlay:!1,playSpeed:3E3,preload:3,modal:!1,loop:!0,ajax:{dataType:"html",headers:{"X-fancyBox":!0}},iframe:{scrolling:"auto",preload:!0},swf:{wmode:"transparent",allowfullscreen:"true",allowscriptaccess:"always"},
-keys:{next:{13:"left",34:"up",39:"left",40:"up"},prev:{8:"right",33:"down",37:"right",38:"down"},close:[27],play:[32],toggle:[70]},direction:{next:"left",prev:"right"},scrollOutside:!0,index:0,type:null,href:null,content:null,title:null,tpl:{wrap:'<div class="fancybox-wrap" tabIndex="-1"><div class="fancybox-skin"><div class="fancybox-outer"><div class="fancybox-inner"></div></div></div></div>',image:'<img class="fancybox-image" src="{href}" alt="" />',iframe:'<iframe id="fancybox-frame{rnd}" name="fancybox-frame{rnd}" class="fancybox-iframe" frameborder="0" vspace="0" hspace="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen'+
-(I?' allowtransparency="true"':"")+"></iframe>",error:'<p class="fancybox-error">The requested content cannot be loaded.<br/>Please try again later.</p>',closeBtn:'<a title="Close" class="fancybox-item fancybox-close" href="javascript:;"></a>',next:'<a title="Next" class="fancybox-nav fancybox-next" href="javascript:;"><span></span></a>',prev:'<a title="Previous" class="fancybox-nav fancybox-prev" href="javascript:;"><span></span></a>'},openEffect:"fade",openSpeed:250,openEasing:"swing",openOpacity:!0,
-openMethod:"zoomIn",closeEffect:"fade",closeSpeed:250,closeEasing:"swing",closeOpacity:!0,closeMethod:"zoomOut",nextEffect:"elastic",nextSpeed:250,nextEasing:"swing",nextMethod:"changeIn",prevEffect:"elastic",prevSpeed:250,prevEasing:"swing",prevMethod:"changeOut",helpers:{overlay:!0,title:!0},onCancel:f.noop,beforeLoad:f.noop,afterLoad:f.noop,beforeShow:f.noop,afterShow:f.noop,beforeChange:f.noop,beforeClose:f.noop,afterClose:f.noop},group:{},opts:{},previous:null,coming:null,current:null,isActive:!1,
-isOpen:!1,isOpened:!1,wrap:null,skin:null,outer:null,inner:null,player:{timer:null,isActive:!1},ajaxLoad:null,imgPreload:null,transitions:{},helpers:{},open:function(a,d){if(a&&(f.isPlainObject(d)||(d={}),!1!==b.close(!0)))return f.isArray(a)||(a=t(a)?f(a).get():[a]),f.each(a,function(e,c){var k={},g,h,j,m,l;"object"===f.type(c)&&(c.nodeType&&(c=f(c)),t(c)?(k={href:c.data("fancybox-href")||c.attr("href"),title:c.data("fancybox-title")||c.attr("title"),isDom:!0,element:c},f.metadata&&f.extend(!0,k,
-c.metadata())):k=c);g=d.href||k.href||(q(c)?c:null);h=d.title!==v?d.title:k.title||"";m=(j=d.content||k.content)?"html":d.type||k.type;!m&&k.isDom&&(m=c.data("fancybox-type"),m||(m=(m=c.prop("class").match(/fancybox\.(\w+)/))?m[1]:null));q(g)&&(m||(b.isImage(g)?m="image":b.isSWF(g)?m="swf":"#"===g.charAt(0)?m="inline":q(c)&&(m="html",j=c)),"ajax"===m&&(l=g.split(/\s+/,2),g=l.shift(),l=l.shift()));j||("inline"===m?g?j=f(q(g)?g.replace(/.*(?=#[^\s]+$)/,""):g):k.isDom&&(j=c):"html"===m?j=g:!m&&(!g&&
-k.isDom)&&(m="inline",j=c));f.extend(k,{href:g,type:m,content:j,title:h,selector:l});a[e]=k}),b.opts=f.extend(!0,{},b.defaults,d),d.keys!==v&&(b.opts.keys=d.keys?f.extend({},b.defaults.keys,d.keys):!1),b.group=a,b._start(b.opts.index)},cancel:function(){var a=b.coming;a&&!1!==b.trigger("onCancel")&&(b.hideLoading(),b.ajaxLoad&&b.ajaxLoad.abort(),b.ajaxLoad=null,b.imgPreload&&(b.imgPreload.onload=b.imgPreload.onerror=null),a.wrap&&a.wrap.stop(!0,!0).trigger("onReset").remove(),b.coming=null,b.current||
-b._afterZoomOut(a))},close:function(a){b.cancel();!1!==b.trigger("beforeClose")&&(b.unbindEvents(),b.isActive&&(!b.isOpen||!0===a?(f(".fancybox-wrap").stop(!0).trigger("onReset").remove(),b._afterZoomOut()):(b.isOpen=b.isOpened=!1,b.isClosing=!0,f(".fancybox-item, .fancybox-nav").remove(),b.wrap.stop(!0,!0).removeClass("fancybox-opened"),b.transitions[b.current.closeMethod]())))},play:function(a){var d=function(){clearTimeout(b.player.timer)},e=function(){d();b.current&&b.player.isActive&&(b.player.timer=
-setTimeout(b.next,b.current.playSpeed))},c=function(){d();p.unbind(".player");b.player.isActive=!1;b.trigger("onPlayEnd")};if(!0===a||!b.player.isActive&&!1!==a){if(b.current&&(b.current.loop||b.current.index<b.group.length-1))b.player.isActive=!0,p.bind({"onCancel.player beforeClose.player":c,"onUpdate.player":e,"beforeLoad.player":d}),e(),b.trigger("onPlayStart")}else c()},next:function(a){var d=b.current;d&&(q(a)||(a=d.direction.next),b.jumpto(d.index+1,a,"next"))},prev:function(a){var d=b.current;
-d&&(q(a)||(a=d.direction.prev),b.jumpto(d.index-1,a,"prev"))},jumpto:function(a,d,e){var c=b.current;c&&(a=l(a),b.direction=d||c.direction[a>=c.index?"next":"prev"],b.router=e||"jumpto",c.loop&&(0>a&&(a=c.group.length+a%c.group.length),a%=c.group.length),c.group[a]!==v&&(b.cancel(),b._start(a)))},reposition:function(a,d){var e=b.current,c=e?e.wrap:null,k;c&&(k=b._getPosition(d),a&&"scroll"===a.type?(delete k.position,c.stop(!0,!0).animate(k,200)):(c.css(k),e.pos=f.extend({},e.dim,k)))},update:function(a){var d=
-a&&a.type,e=!d||"orientationchange"===d;e&&(clearTimeout(B),B=null);b.isOpen&&!B&&(B=setTimeout(function(){var c=b.current;c&&!b.isClosing&&(b.wrap.removeClass("fancybox-tmp"),(e||"load"===d||"resize"===d&&c.autoResize)&&b._setDimension(),"scroll"===d&&c.canShrink||b.reposition(a),b.trigger("onUpdate"),B=null)},e&&!s?0:300))},toggle:function(a){b.isOpen&&(b.current.fitToView="boolean"===f.type(a)?a:!b.current.fitToView,s&&(b.wrap.removeAttr("style").addClass("fancybox-tmp"),b.trigger("onUpdate")),
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fastclick/LICENSE b/lib/fastclick/LICENSE
deleted file mode 100644
index 459a20db..00000000
--- a/lib/fastclick/LICENSE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-Copyright (c) 2014 The Financial Times Ltd.
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
-obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
-files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
-restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
-copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
-Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
-conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
-OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
-HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
-WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
-FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
-OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lib/fastclick/README.html b/lib/fastclick/README.html
deleted file mode 100644
index c9ab89c9..00000000
--- a/lib/fastclick/README.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-<h1 id="FastClick"><a href="#FastClick" class="headerlink" title="FastClick"></a>FastClick</h1><p>FastClick is a simple, easy-to-use library for eliminating the 300ms delay between a physical tap and the firing of a <code>click</code> event on mobile browsers. The aim is to make your application feel less laggy and more responsive while avoiding any interference with your current logic.</p>
-<p>FastClick is developed by <a href="http://labs.ft.com/">FT Labs</a>, part of the Financial Times.</p>
-<p><a href="http://maxime.sh/2013/02/supprimer-le-lag-des-clics-sur-mobile-avec-fastclick/">Explication en français</a>.</p>
-<p><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Mozilla/Firefox_OS/Apps/Tips_and_techniques#Make_events_immediate">日本語で説明</a>。</p>
-<h2 id="Why-does-the-delay-exist"><a href="#Why-does-the-delay-exist" class="headerlink" title="Why does the delay exist?"></a>Why does the delay exist?</h2><p>According to <a href="https://developers.google.com/mobile/articles/fast_buttons">Google</a>:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p>…mobile browsers will wait approximately 300ms from the time that you tap the button to fire the click event. The reason for this is that the browser is waiting to see if you are actually performing a double tap.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<h2 id="Compatibility"><a href="#Compatibility" class="headerlink" title="Compatibility"></a>Compatibility</h2><p>The library has been deployed as part of the <a href="http://app.ft.com/">FT Web App</a> and is tried and tested on the following mobile browsers:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Mobile Safari on iOS 3 and upwards</li>
-<li>Chrome on iOS 5 and upwards</li>
-<li>Chrome on Android (ICS)</li>
-<li>Opera Mobile 11.5 and upwards</li>
-<li>Android Browser since Android 2</li>
-<li>PlayBook OS 1 and upwards</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="When-it-isn’t-needed"><a href="#When-it-isn’t-needed" class="headerlink" title="When it isn’t needed"></a>When it isn’t needed</h2><p>FastClick doesn’t attach any listeners on desktop browsers.</p>
-<p>Chrome 32+ on Android with <code>width=device-width</code> in the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mobile/Viewport_meta_tag">viewport meta tag</a> doesn’t have a 300ms delay, therefore listeners aren’t attached.</p>
-<pre><code class="html"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">meta</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">"viewport"</span> <span class="attr">content</span>=<span class="string">"width=device-width, initial-scale=1"</span>&gt;</span>
-</code></pre>
-<p>Same goes for Chrome on Android (all versions) with <code>user-scalable=no</code> in the viewport meta tag. But be aware that <code>user-scalable=no</code> also disables pinch zooming, which may be an accessibility concern.</p>
-<p>For IE11+, you can use <code>touch-action: manipulation;</code> to disable double-tap-to-zoom on certain elements (like links and buttons).  For IE10 use <code>-ms-touch-action: manipulation</code>.</p>
-<h2 id="Usage"><a href="#Usage" class="headerlink" title="Usage"></a>Usage</h2><p>Include fastclick.js in your JavaScript bundle or add it to your HTML page like this:</p>
-<pre><code class="html"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">script</span> <span class="attr">type</span>=<span class="string">'application/javascript'</span> <span class="attr">src</span>=<span class="string">'/path/to/fastclick.js'</span>&gt;</span><span class="undefined"></span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span>
-</code></pre>
-<p>The script must be loaded prior to instantiating FastClick on any element of the page.</p>
-<p>To instantiate FastClick on the <code>body</code>, which is the recommended method of use:</p>
-<pre><code class="js"><span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="string">'addEventListener'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">document</span>) {
-    <span class="built_in">document</span>.addEventListener(<span class="string">'DOMContentLoaded'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>{
-        FastClick.attach(<span class="built_in">document</span>.body);
-    }, <span class="literal">false</span>);
-}
-</code></pre>
-<p>Or, if you’re using jQuery:</p>
-<pre><code class="js">$(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>{
-    FastClick.attach(<span class="built_in">document</span>.body);
-});
-</code></pre>
-<p>If you’re using Browserify or another CommonJS-style module system, the <code>FastClick.attach</code> function will be returned when you call <code>require(&#39;fastclick&#39;)</code>. As a result, the easiest way to use FastClick with these loaders is as follows:</p>
-<pre><code class="js"><span class="keyword">var</span> attachFastClick = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'fastclick'</span>);
-attachFastClick(<span class="built_in">document</span>.body);
-</code></pre>
-<h3 id="Minified"><a href="#Minified" class="headerlink" title="Minified"></a>Minified</h3><p>Run <code>make</code> to build a minified version of FastClick using the Closure Compiler REST API. The minified file is saved to <code>build/fastclick.min.js</code> or you can <a href="http://build.origami.ft.com/bundles/js?modules=fastclick">download a pre-minified version</a>.</p>
-<p>Note: the pre-minified version is built using <a href="http://origami.ft.com/docs/developer-guide/build-service/">our build service</a> which exposes the <code>FastClick</code> object through <code>Origami.fastclick</code> and will have the Browserify/CommonJS API (see above).</p>
-<pre><code class="js"><span class="keyword">var</span> attachFastClick = Origami.fastclick;
-attachFastClick(<span class="built_in">document</span>.body);
-</code></pre>
-<h3 id="AMD"><a href="#AMD" class="headerlink" title="AMD"></a>AMD</h3><p>FastClick has AMD (Asynchronous Module Definition) support. This allows it to be lazy-loaded with an AMD loader, such as <a href="http://requirejs.org/">RequireJS</a>. Note that when using the AMD style require, the full <code>FastClick</code> object will be returned, <em>not</em> <code>FastClick.attach</code></p>
-<pre><code class="js"><span class="keyword">var</span> FastClick = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'fastclick'</span>);
-FastClick.attach(<span class="built_in">document</span>.body, options);
-</code></pre>
-<h3 id="Package-managers"><a href="#Package-managers" class="headerlink" title="Package managers"></a>Package managers</h3><p>You can install FastClick using <a href="https://github.com/component/component">Component</a>, <a href="https://npmjs.org/package/fastclick">npm</a> or <a href="http://bower.io/">Bower</a>.</p>
-<p>For Ruby, there’s a third-party gem called <a href="http://rubygems.org/gems/fastclick-rails">fastclick-rails</a>. For .NET there’s a <a href="http://nuget.org/packages/FastClick">NuGet package</a>.</p>
-<h2 id="Advanced"><a href="#Advanced" class="headerlink" title="Advanced"></a>Advanced</h2><h3 id="Ignore-certain-elements-with-needsclick"><a href="#Ignore-certain-elements-with-needsclick" class="headerlink" title="Ignore certain elements with needsclick"></a>Ignore certain elements with <code>needsclick</code></h3><p>Sometimes you need FastClick to ignore certain elements. You can do this easily by adding the <code>needsclick</code> class.</p>
-<pre><code class="html"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"needsclick"</span>&gt;</span>Ignored by FastClick<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span>
-</code></pre>
-<h4 id="Use-case-1-non-synthetic-click-required"><a href="#Use-case-1-non-synthetic-click-required" class="headerlink" title="Use case 1: non-synthetic click required"></a>Use case 1: non-synthetic click required</h4><p>Internally, FastClick uses <code>document.createEvent</code> to fire a synthetic <code>click</code> event as soon as <code>touchend</code> is fired by the browser. It then suppresses the additional <code>click</code> event created by the browser after that. In some cases, the non-synthetic <code>click</code> event created by the browser is required, as described in the <a href="http://ftlabs.github.com/fastclick/examples/focus.html">triggering focus example</a>.</p>
-<p>This is where the <code>needsclick</code> class comes in. Add the class to any element that requires a non-synthetic click.</p>
-<h4 id="Use-case-2-Twitter-Bootstrap-2-2-2-dropdowns"><a href="#Use-case-2-Twitter-Bootstrap-2-2-2-dropdowns" class="headerlink" title="Use case 2: Twitter Bootstrap 2.2.2 dropdowns"></a>Use case 2: Twitter Bootstrap 2.2.2 dropdowns</h4><p>Another example of when to use the <code>needsclick</code> class is with dropdowns in Twitter Bootstrap 2.2.2. Bootstrap add its own <code>touchstart</code> listener for dropdowns, so you want to tell FastClick to ignore those. If you don’t, touch devices will automatically close the dropdown as soon as it is clicked, because both FastClick and Bootstrap execute the synthetic click, one opens the dropdown, the second closes it immediately after.</p>
-<pre><code class="html"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"dropdown-toggle needsclick"</span> <span class="attr">data-toggle</span>=<span class="string">"dropdown"</span>&gt;</span>Dropdown<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span>
-</code></pre>
-<h2 id="Examples"><a href="#Examples" class="headerlink" title="Examples"></a>Examples</h2><p>FastClick is designed to cope with many different browser oddities. Here are some examples to illustrate this:</p>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://ftlabs.github.com/fastclick/examples/layer.html">basic use</a> showing the increase in perceived responsiveness</li>
-<li><a href="http://ftlabs.github.com/fastclick/examples/focus.html">triggering focus</a> on an input element from a <code>click</code> handler</li>
-<li><a href="http://ftlabs.github.com/fastclick/examples/input.html">input element</a> which never receives clicks but gets fast focus</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="Tests"><a href="#Tests" class="headerlink" title="Tests"></a>Tests</h2><p>There are no automated tests. The files in <code>tests/</code> are manual reduced test cases. We’ve had a think about how best to test these cases, but they tend to be very browser/device specific and sometimes subjective which means it’s not so trivial to test.</p>
-<h2 id="Credits-and-collaboration"><a href="#Credits-and-collaboration" class="headerlink" title="Credits and collaboration"></a>Credits and collaboration</h2><p>FastClick is maintained by <a href="http://twitter.com/rowanbeentje">Rowan Beentje</a>, <a href="http://twitter.com/mcaruanagalizia">Matthew Caruana Galizia</a> and <a href="http://twitter.com/andrewsmatt">Matthew Andrews</a> at <a href="http://labs.ft.com">FT Labs</a>. All open source code released by FT Labs is licenced under the MIT licence. We welcome comments, feedback and suggestions.  Please feel free to raise an issue or pull request.</p>
diff --git a/lib/fastclick/bower.json b/lib/fastclick/bower.json
deleted file mode 100644
index cdbbf93a..00000000
--- a/lib/fastclick/bower.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name":"fastclick","main":"lib/fastclick.js","ignore":["**/.*","component.json","package.json","Makefile","tests","examples"]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js b/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 3af4f9d6..00000000
--- a/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,841 +0,0 @@
-;(function () {
-	'use strict';
-
-	/**
-	 * @preserve FastClick: polyfill to remove click delays on browsers with touch UIs.
-	 *
-	 * @codingstandard ftlabs-jsv2
-	 * @copyright The Financial Times Limited [All Rights Reserved]
-	 * @license MIT License (see LICENSE.txt)
-	 */
-
-	/*jslint browser:true, node:true*/
-	/*global define, Event, Node*/
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Instantiate fast-clicking listeners on the specified layer.
-	 *
-	 * @constructor
-	 * @param {Element} layer The layer to listen on
-	 * @param {Object} [options={}] The options to override the defaults
-	 */
-	function FastClick(layer, options) {
-		var oldOnClick;
-
-		options = options || {};
-
-		/**
-		 * Whether a click is currently being tracked.
-		 *
-		 * @type boolean
-		 */
-		this.trackingClick = false;
-
-
-		/**
-		 * Timestamp for when click tracking started.
-		 *
-		 * @type number
-		 */
-		this.trackingClickStart = 0;
-
-
-		/**
-		 * The element being tracked for a click.
-		 *
-		 * @type EventTarget
-		 */
-		this.targetElement = null;
-
-
-		/**
-		 * X-coordinate of touch start event.
-		 *
-		 * @type number
-		 */
-		this.touchStartX = 0;
-
-
-		/**
-		 * Y-coordinate of touch start event.
-		 *
-		 * @type number
-		 */
-		this.touchStartY = 0;
-
-
-		/**
-		 * ID of the last touch, retrieved from Touch.identifier.
-		 *
-		 * @type number
-		 */
-		this.lastTouchIdentifier = 0;
-
-
-		/**
-		 * Touchmove boundary, beyond which a click will be cancelled.
-		 *
-		 * @type number
-		 */
-		this.touchBoundary = options.touchBoundary || 10;
-
-
-		/**
-		 * The FastClick layer.
-		 *
-		 * @type Element
-		 */
-		this.layer = layer;
-
-		/**
-		 * The minimum time between tap(touchstart and touchend) events
-		 *
-		 * @type number
-		 */
-		this.tapDelay = options.tapDelay || 200;
-
-		/**
-		 * The maximum time for a tap
-		 *
-		 * @type number
-		 */
-		this.tapTimeout = options.tapTimeout || 700;
-
-		if (FastClick.notNeeded(layer)) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// Some old versions of Android don't have Function.prototype.bind
-		function bind(method, context) {
-			return function() { return method.apply(context, arguments); };
-		}
-
-
-		var methods = ['onMouse', 'onClick', 'onTouchStart', 'onTouchMove', 'onTouchEnd', 'onTouchCancel'];
-		var context = this;
-		for (var i = 0, l = methods.length; i < l; i++) {
-			context[methods[i]] = bind(context[methods[i]], context);
-		}
-
-		// Set up event handlers as required
-		if (deviceIsAndroid) {
-			layer.addEventListener('mouseover', this.onMouse, true);
-			layer.addEventListener('mousedown', this.onMouse, true);
-			layer.addEventListener('mouseup', this.onMouse, true);
-		}
-
-		layer.addEventListener('click', this.onClick, true);
-		layer.addEventListener('touchstart', this.onTouchStart, false);
-		layer.addEventListener('touchmove', this.onTouchMove, false);
-		layer.addEventListener('touchend', this.onTouchEnd, false);
-		layer.addEventListener('touchcancel', this.onTouchCancel, false);
-
-		// Hack is required for browsers that don't support Event#stopImmediatePropagation (e.g. Android 2)
-		// which is how FastClick normally stops click events bubbling to callbacks registered on the FastClick
-		// layer when they are cancelled.
-		if (!Event.prototype.stopImmediatePropagation) {
-			layer.removeEventListener = function(type, callback, capture) {
-				var rmv = Node.prototype.removeEventListener;
-				if (type === 'click') {
-					rmv.call(layer, type, callback.hijacked || callback, capture);
-				} else {
-					rmv.call(layer, type, callback, capture);
-				}
-			};
-
-			layer.addEventListener = function(type, callback, capture) {
-				var adv = Node.prototype.addEventListener;
-				if (type === 'click') {
-					adv.call(layer, type, callback.hijacked || (callback.hijacked = function(event) {
-						if (!event.propagationStopped) {
-							callback(event);
-						}
-					}), capture);
-				} else {
-					adv.call(layer, type, callback, capture);
-				}
-			};
-		}
-
-		// If a handler is already declared in the element's onclick attribute, it will be fired before
-		// FastClick's onClick handler. Fix this by pulling out the user-defined handler function and
-		// adding it as listener.
-		if (typeof layer.onclick === 'function') {
-
-			// Android browser on at least 3.2 requires a new reference to the function in layer.onclick
-			// - the old one won't work if passed to addEventListener directly.
-			oldOnClick = layer.onclick;
-			layer.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
-				oldOnClick(event);
-			}, false);
-			layer.onclick = null;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	* Windows Phone 8.1 fakes user agent string to look like Android and iPhone.
-	*
-	* @type boolean
-	*/
-	var deviceIsWindowsPhone = navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Windows Phone") >= 0;
-
-	/**
-	 * Android requires exceptions.
-	 *
-	 * @type boolean
-	 */
-	var deviceIsAndroid = navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Android') > 0 && !deviceIsWindowsPhone;
-
-
-	/**
-	 * iOS requires exceptions.
-	 *
-	 * @type boolean
-	 */
-	var deviceIsIOS = /iP(ad|hone|od)/.test(navigator.userAgent) && !deviceIsWindowsPhone;
-
-
-	/**
-	 * iOS 4 requires an exception for select elements.
-	 *
-	 * @type boolean
-	 */
-	var deviceIsIOS4 = deviceIsIOS && (/OS 4_\d(_\d)?/).test(navigator.userAgent);
-
-
-	/**
-	 * iOS 6.0-7.* requires the target element to be manually derived
-	 *
-	 * @type boolean
-	 */
-	var deviceIsIOSWithBadTarget = deviceIsIOS && (/OS [6-7]_\d/).test(navigator.userAgent);
-
-	/**
-	 * BlackBerry requires exceptions.
-	 *
-	 * @type boolean
-	 */
-	var deviceIsBlackBerry10 = navigator.userAgent.indexOf('BB10') > 0;
-
-	/**
-	 * Determine whether a given element requires a native click.
-	 *
-	 * @param {EventTarget|Element} target Target DOM element
-	 * @returns {boolean} Returns true if the element needs a native click
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.needsClick = function(target) {
-		switch (target.nodeName.toLowerCase()) {
-
-		// Don't send a synthetic click to disabled inputs (issue #62)
-		case 'button':
-		case 'select':
-		case 'textarea':
-			if (target.disabled) {
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			break;
-		case 'input':
-
-			// File inputs need real clicks on iOS 6 due to a browser bug (issue #68)
-			if ((deviceIsIOS && target.type === 'file') || target.disabled) {
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			break;
-		case 'label':
-		case 'iframe': // iOS8 homescreen apps can prevent events bubbling into frames
-		case 'video':
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		return (/\bneedsclick\b/).test(target.className);
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Determine whether a given element requires a call to focus to simulate click into element.
-	 *
-	 * @param {EventTarget|Element} target Target DOM element
-	 * @returns {boolean} Returns true if the element requires a call to focus to simulate native click.
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.needsFocus = function(target) {
-		switch (target.nodeName.toLowerCase()) {
-		case 'textarea':
-			return true;
-		case 'select':
-			return !deviceIsAndroid;
-		case 'input':
-			switch (target.type) {
-			case 'button':
-			case 'checkbox':
-			case 'file':
-			case 'image':
-			case 'radio':
-			case 'submit':
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			// No point in attempting to focus disabled inputs
-			return !target.disabled && !target.readOnly;
-		default:
-			return (/\bneedsfocus\b/).test(target.className);
-		}
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Send a click event to the specified element.
-	 *
-	 * @param {EventTarget|Element} targetElement
-	 * @param {Event} event
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.sendClick = function(targetElement, event) {
-		var clickEvent, touch;
-
-		// On some Android devices activeElement needs to be blurred otherwise the synthetic click will have no effect (#24)
-		if (document.activeElement && document.activeElement !== targetElement) {
-			document.activeElement.blur();
-		}
-
-		touch = event.changedTouches[0];
-
-		// Synthesise a click event, with an extra attribute so it can be tracked
-		clickEvent = document.createEvent('MouseEvents');
-		clickEvent.initMouseEvent(this.determineEventType(targetElement), true, true, window, 1, touch.screenX, touch.screenY, touch.clientX, touch.clientY, false, false, false, false, 0, null);
-		clickEvent.forwardedTouchEvent = true;
-		targetElement.dispatchEvent(clickEvent);
-	};
-
-	FastClick.prototype.determineEventType = function(targetElement) {
-
-		//Issue #159: Android Chrome Select Box does not open with a synthetic click event
-		if (deviceIsAndroid && targetElement.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'select') {
-			return 'mousedown';
-		}
-
-		return 'click';
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * @param {EventTarget|Element} targetElement
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.focus = function(targetElement) {
-		var length;
-
-		// Issue #160: on iOS 7, some input elements (e.g. date datetime month) throw a vague TypeError on setSelectionRange. These elements don't have an integer value for the selectionStart and selectionEnd properties, but unfortunately that can't be used for detection because accessing the properties also throws a TypeError. Just check the type instead. Filed as Apple bug #15122724.
-		if (deviceIsIOS && targetElement.setSelectionRange && targetElement.type.indexOf('date') !== 0 && targetElement.type !== 'time' && targetElement.type !== 'month') {
-			length = targetElement.value.length;
-			targetElement.setSelectionRange(length, length);
-		} else {
-			targetElement.focus();
-		}
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Check whether the given target element is a child of a scrollable layer and if so, set a flag on it.
-	 *
-	 * @param {EventTarget|Element} targetElement
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.updateScrollParent = function(targetElement) {
-		var scrollParent, parentElement;
-
-		scrollParent = targetElement.fastClickScrollParent;
-
-		// Attempt to discover whether the target element is contained within a scrollable layer. Re-check if the
-		// target element was moved to another parent.
-		if (!scrollParent || !scrollParent.contains(targetElement)) {
-			parentElement = targetElement;
-			do {
-				if (parentElement.scrollHeight > parentElement.offsetHeight) {
-					scrollParent = parentElement;
-					targetElement.fastClickScrollParent = parentElement;
-					break;
-				}
-
-				parentElement = parentElement.parentElement;
-			} while (parentElement);
-		}
-
-		// Always update the scroll top tracker if possible.
-		if (scrollParent) {
-			scrollParent.fastClickLastScrollTop = scrollParent.scrollTop;
-		}
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * @param {EventTarget} targetElement
-	 * @returns {Element|EventTarget}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.getTargetElementFromEventTarget = function(eventTarget) {
-
-		// On some older browsers (notably Safari on iOS 4.1 - see issue #56) the event target may be a text node.
-		if (eventTarget.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
-			return eventTarget.parentNode;
-		}
-
-		return eventTarget;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * On touch start, record the position and scroll offset.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Event} event
-	 * @returns {boolean}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.onTouchStart = function(event) {
-		var targetElement, touch, selection;
-
-		// Ignore multiple touches, otherwise pinch-to-zoom is prevented if both fingers are on the FastClick element (issue #111).
-		if (event.targetTouches.length > 1) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		targetElement = this.getTargetElementFromEventTarget(event.target);
-		touch = event.targetTouches[0];
-
-		if (deviceIsIOS) {
-
-			// Only trusted events will deselect text on iOS (issue #49)
-			selection = window.getSelection();
-			if (selection.rangeCount && !selection.isCollapsed) {
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			if (!deviceIsIOS4) {
-
-				// Weird things happen on iOS when an alert or confirm dialog is opened from a click event callback (issue #23):
-				// when the user next taps anywhere else on the page, new touchstart and touchend events are dispatched
-				// with the same identifier as the touch event that previously triggered the click that triggered the alert.
-				// Sadly, there is an issue on iOS 4 that causes some normal touch events to have the same identifier as an
-				// immediately preceeding touch event (issue #52), so this fix is unavailable on that platform.
-				// Issue 120: touch.identifier is 0 when Chrome dev tools 'Emulate touch events' is set with an iOS device UA string,
-				// which causes all touch events to be ignored. As this block only applies to iOS, and iOS identifiers are always long,
-				// random integers, it's safe to to continue if the identifier is 0 here.
-				if (touch.identifier && touch.identifier === this.lastTouchIdentifier) {
-					event.preventDefault();
-					return false;
-				}
-
-				this.lastTouchIdentifier = touch.identifier;
-
-				// If the target element is a child of a scrollable layer (using -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch) and:
-				// 1) the user does a fling scroll on the scrollable layer
-				// 2) the user stops the fling scroll with another tap
-				// then the event.target of the last 'touchend' event will be the element that was under the user's finger
-				// when the fling scroll was started, causing FastClick to send a click event to that layer - unless a check
-				// is made to ensure that a parent layer was not scrolled before sending a synthetic click (issue #42).
-				this.updateScrollParent(targetElement);
-			}
-		}
-
-		this.trackingClick = true;
-		this.trackingClickStart = event.timeStamp;
-		this.targetElement = targetElement;
-
-		this.touchStartX = touch.pageX;
-		this.touchStartY = touch.pageY;
-
-		// Prevent phantom clicks on fast double-tap (issue #36)
-		if ((event.timeStamp - this.lastClickTime) < this.tapDelay) {
-			event.preventDefault();
-		}
-
-		return true;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Based on a touchmove event object, check whether the touch has moved past a boundary since it started.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Event} event
-	 * @returns {boolean}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.touchHasMoved = function(event) {
-		var touch = event.changedTouches[0], boundary = this.touchBoundary;
-
-		if (Math.abs(touch.pageX - this.touchStartX) > boundary || Math.abs(touch.pageY - this.touchStartY) > boundary) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		return false;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Update the last position.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Event} event
-	 * @returns {boolean}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.onTouchMove = function(event) {
-		if (!this.trackingClick) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// If the touch has moved, cancel the click tracking
-		if (this.targetElement !== this.getTargetElementFromEventTarget(event.target) || this.touchHasMoved(event)) {
-			this.trackingClick = false;
-			this.targetElement = null;
-		}
-
-		return true;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Attempt to find the labelled control for the given label element.
-	 *
-	 * @param {EventTarget|HTMLLabelElement} labelElement
-	 * @returns {Element|null}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.findControl = function(labelElement) {
-
-		// Fast path for newer browsers supporting the HTML5 control attribute
-		if (labelElement.control !== undefined) {
-			return labelElement.control;
-		}
-
-		// All browsers under test that support touch events also support the HTML5 htmlFor attribute
-		if (labelElement.htmlFor) {
-			return document.getElementById(labelElement.htmlFor);
-		}
-
-		// If no for attribute exists, attempt to retrieve the first labellable descendant element
-		// the list of which is defined here: http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/forms.html#category-label
-		return labelElement.querySelector('button, input:not([type=hidden]), keygen, meter, output, progress, select, textarea');
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * On touch end, determine whether to send a click event at once.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Event} event
-	 * @returns {boolean}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.onTouchEnd = function(event) {
-		var forElement, trackingClickStart, targetTagName, scrollParent, touch, targetElement = this.targetElement;
-
-		if (!this.trackingClick) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Prevent phantom clicks on fast double-tap (issue #36)
-		if ((event.timeStamp - this.lastClickTime) < this.tapDelay) {
-			this.cancelNextClick = true;
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		if ((event.timeStamp - this.trackingClickStart) > this.tapTimeout) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Reset to prevent wrong click cancel on input (issue #156).
-		this.cancelNextClick = false;
-
-		this.lastClickTime = event.timeStamp;
-
-		trackingClickStart = this.trackingClickStart;
-		this.trackingClick = false;
-		this.trackingClickStart = 0;
-
-		// On some iOS devices, the targetElement supplied with the event is invalid if the layer
-		// is performing a transition or scroll, and has to be re-detected manually. Note that
-		// for this to function correctly, it must be called *after* the event target is checked!
-		// See issue #57; also filed as rdar://13048589 .
-		if (deviceIsIOSWithBadTarget) {
-			touch = event.changedTouches[0];
-
-			// In certain cases arguments of elementFromPoint can be negative, so prevent setting targetElement to null
-			targetElement = document.elementFromPoint(touch.pageX - window.pageXOffset, touch.pageY - window.pageYOffset) || targetElement;
-			targetElement.fastClickScrollParent = this.targetElement.fastClickScrollParent;
-		}
-
-		targetTagName = targetElement.tagName.toLowerCase();
-		if (targetTagName === 'label') {
-			forElement = this.findControl(targetElement);
-			if (forElement) {
-				this.focus(targetElement);
-				if (deviceIsAndroid) {
-					return false;
-				}
-
-				targetElement = forElement;
-			}
-		} else if (this.needsFocus(targetElement)) {
-
-			// Case 1: If the touch started a while ago (best guess is 100ms based on tests for issue #36) then focus will be triggered anyway. Return early and unset the target element reference so that the subsequent click will be allowed through.
-			// Case 2: Without this exception for input elements tapped when the document is contained in an iframe, then any inputted text won't be visible even though the value attribute is updated as the user types (issue #37).
-			if ((event.timeStamp - trackingClickStart) > 100 || (deviceIsIOS && window.top !== window && targetTagName === 'input')) {
-				this.targetElement = null;
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			this.focus(targetElement);
-			this.sendClick(targetElement, event);
-
-			// Select elements need the event to go through on iOS 4, otherwise the selector menu won't open.
-			// Also this breaks opening selects when VoiceOver is active on iOS6, iOS7 (and possibly others)
-			if (!deviceIsIOS || targetTagName !== 'select') {
-				this.targetElement = null;
-				event.preventDefault();
-			}
-
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		if (deviceIsIOS && !deviceIsIOS4) {
-
-			// Don't send a synthetic click event if the target element is contained within a parent layer that was scrolled
-			// and this tap is being used to stop the scrolling (usually initiated by a fling - issue #42).
-			scrollParent = targetElement.fastClickScrollParent;
-			if (scrollParent && scrollParent.fastClickLastScrollTop !== scrollParent.scrollTop) {
-				return true;
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Prevent the actual click from going though - unless the target node is marked as requiring
-		// real clicks or if it is in the whitelist in which case only non-programmatic clicks are permitted.
-		if (!this.needsClick(targetElement)) {
-			event.preventDefault();
-			this.sendClick(targetElement, event);
-		}
-
-		return false;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * On touch cancel, stop tracking the click.
-	 *
-	 * @returns {void}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.onTouchCancel = function() {
-		this.trackingClick = false;
-		this.targetElement = null;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Determine mouse events which should be permitted.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Event} event
-	 * @returns {boolean}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.onMouse = function(event) {
-
-		// If a target element was never set (because a touch event was never fired) allow the event
-		if (!this.targetElement) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		if (event.forwardedTouchEvent) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Programmatically generated events targeting a specific element should be permitted
-		if (!event.cancelable) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Derive and check the target element to see whether the mouse event needs to be permitted;
-		// unless explicitly enabled, prevent non-touch click events from triggering actions,
-		// to prevent ghost/doubleclicks.
-		if (!this.needsClick(this.targetElement) || this.cancelNextClick) {
-
-			// Prevent any user-added listeners declared on FastClick element from being fired.
-			if (event.stopImmediatePropagation) {
-				event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-			} else {
-
-				// Part of the hack for browsers that don't support Event#stopImmediatePropagation (e.g. Android 2)
-				event.propagationStopped = true;
-			}
-
-			// Cancel the event
-			event.stopPropagation();
-			event.preventDefault();
-
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		// If the mouse event is permitted, return true for the action to go through.
-		return true;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * On actual clicks, determine whether this is a touch-generated click, a click action occurring
-	 * naturally after a delay after a touch (which needs to be cancelled to avoid duplication), or
-	 * an actual click which should be permitted.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Event} event
-	 * @returns {boolean}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.onClick = function(event) {
-		var permitted;
-
-		// It's possible for another FastClick-like library delivered with third-party code to fire a click event before FastClick does (issue #44). In that case, set the click-tracking flag back to false and return early. This will cause onTouchEnd to return early.
-		if (this.trackingClick) {
-			this.targetElement = null;
-			this.trackingClick = false;
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Very odd behaviour on iOS (issue #18): if a submit element is present inside a form and the user hits enter in the iOS simulator or clicks the Go button on the pop-up OS keyboard the a kind of 'fake' click event will be triggered with the submit-type input element as the target.
-		if (event.target.type === 'submit' && event.detail === 0) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		permitted = this.onMouse(event);
-
-		// Only unset targetElement if the click is not permitted. This will ensure that the check for !targetElement in onMouse fails and the browser's click doesn't go through.
-		if (!permitted) {
-			this.targetElement = null;
-		}
-
-		// If clicks are permitted, return true for the action to go through.
-		return permitted;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Remove all FastClick's event listeners.
-	 *
-	 * @returns {void}
-	 */
-	FastClick.prototype.destroy = function() {
-		var layer = this.layer;
-
-		if (deviceIsAndroid) {
-			layer.removeEventListener('mouseover', this.onMouse, true);
-			layer.removeEventListener('mousedown', this.onMouse, true);
-			layer.removeEventListener('mouseup', this.onMouse, true);
-		}
-
-		layer.removeEventListener('click', this.onClick, true);
-		layer.removeEventListener('touchstart', this.onTouchStart, false);
-		layer.removeEventListener('touchmove', this.onTouchMove, false);
-		layer.removeEventListener('touchend', this.onTouchEnd, false);
-		layer.removeEventListener('touchcancel', this.onTouchCancel, false);
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Check whether FastClick is needed.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Element} layer The layer to listen on
-	 */
-	FastClick.notNeeded = function(layer) {
-		var metaViewport;
-		var chromeVersion;
-		var blackberryVersion;
-		var firefoxVersion;
-
-		// Devices that don't support touch don't need FastClick
-		if (typeof window.ontouchstart === 'undefined') {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Chrome version - zero for other browsers
-		chromeVersion = +(/Chrome\/([0-9]+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent) || [,0])[1];
-
-		if (chromeVersion) {
-
-			if (deviceIsAndroid) {
-				metaViewport = document.querySelector('meta[name=viewport]');
-
-				if (metaViewport) {
-					// Chrome on Android with user-scalable="no" doesn't need FastClick (issue #89)
-					if (metaViewport.content.indexOf('user-scalable=no') !== -1) {
-						return true;
-					}
-					// Chrome 32 and above with width=device-width or less don't need FastClick
-					if (chromeVersion > 31 && document.documentElement.scrollWidth <= window.outerWidth) {
-						return true;
-					}
-				}
-
-			// Chrome desktop doesn't need FastClick (issue #15)
-			} else {
-				return true;
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (deviceIsBlackBerry10) {
-			blackberryVersion = navigator.userAgent.match(/Version\/([0-9]*)\.([0-9]*)/);
-
-			// BlackBerry 10.3+ does not require Fastclick library.
-			// https://github.com/ftlabs/fastclick/issues/251
-			if (blackberryVersion[1] >= 10 && blackberryVersion[2] >= 3) {
-				metaViewport = document.querySelector('meta[name=viewport]');
-
-				if (metaViewport) {
-					// user-scalable=no eliminates click delay.
-					if (metaViewport.content.indexOf('user-scalable=no') !== -1) {
-						return true;
-					}
-					// width=device-width (or less than device-width) eliminates click delay.
-					if (document.documentElement.scrollWidth <= window.outerWidth) {
-						return true;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// IE10 with -ms-touch-action: none or manipulation, which disables double-tap-to-zoom (issue #97)
-		if (layer.style.msTouchAction === 'none' || layer.style.touchAction === 'manipulation') {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Firefox version - zero for other browsers
-		firefoxVersion = +(/Firefox\/([0-9]+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent) || [,0])[1];
-
-		if (firefoxVersion >= 27) {
-			// Firefox 27+ does not have tap delay if the content is not zoomable - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=922896
-
-			metaViewport = document.querySelector('meta[name=viewport]');
-			if (metaViewport && (metaViewport.content.indexOf('user-scalable=no') !== -1 || document.documentElement.scrollWidth <= window.outerWidth)) {
-				return true;
-			}
-		}
-
-		// IE11: prefixed -ms-touch-action is no longer supported and it's recomended to use non-prefixed version
-		// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/Hh767313.aspx
-		if (layer.style.touchAction === 'none' || layer.style.touchAction === 'manipulation') {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		return false;
-	};
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Factory method for creating a FastClick object
-	 *
-	 * @param {Element} layer The layer to listen on
-	 * @param {Object} [options={}] The options to override the defaults
-	 */
-	FastClick.attach = function(layer, options) {
-		return new FastClick(layer, options);
-	};
-
-
-	if (typeof define === 'function' && typeof define.amd === 'object' && define.amd) {
-
-		// AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
-		define(function() {
-			return FastClick;
-		});
-	} else if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
-		module.exports = FastClick.attach;
-		module.exports.FastClick = FastClick;
-	} else {
-		window.FastClick = FastClick;
-	}
-}());
diff --git a/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js b/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index cf064279..00000000
--- a/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-!function(){"use strict";function t(e,o){function i(t,e){return function(){return t.apply(e,arguments)}}var r;if(o=o||{},this.trackingClick=!1,this.trackingClickStart=0,this.targetElement=null,this.touchStartX=0,this.touchStartY=0,this.lastTouchIdentifier=0,this.touchBoundary=o.touchBoundary||10,this.layer=e,this.tapDelay=o.tapDelay||200,this.tapTimeout=o.tapTimeout||700,!t.notNeeded(e)){for(var a=["onMouse","onClick","onTouchStart","onTouchMove","onTouchEnd","onTouchCancel"],c=this,s=0,u=a.length;u>s;s++)c[a[s]]=i(c[a[s]],c);n&&(e.addEventListener("mouseover",this.onMouse,!0),e.addEventListener("mousedown",this.onMouse,!0),e.addEventListener("mouseup",this.onMouse,!0)),e.addEventListener("click",this.onClick,!0),e.addEventListener("touchstart",this.onTouchStart,!1),e.addEventListener("touchmove",this.onTouchMove,!1),e.addEventListener("touchend",this.onTouchEnd,!1),e.addEventListener("touchcancel",this.onTouchCancel,!1),Event.prototype.stopImmediatePropagation||(e.removeEventListener=function(t,n,o){var i=Node.prototype.removeEventListener;"click"===t?i.call(e,t,n.hijacked||n,o):i.call(e,t,n,o)},e.addEventListener=function(t,n,o){var i=Node.prototype.addEventListener;"click"===t?i.call(e,t,n.hijacked||(n.hijacked=function(t){t.propagationStopped||n(t)}),o):i.call(e,t,n,o)}),"function"==typeof e.onclick&&(r=e.onclick,e.addEventListener("click",function(t){r(t)},!1),e.onclick=null)}}var e=navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Windows Phone")>=0,n=navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Android")>0&&!e,o=/iP(ad|hone|od)/.test(navigator.userAgent)&&!e,i=o&&/OS 4_\d(_\d)?/.test(navigator.userAgent),r=o&&/OS [6-7]_\d/.test(navigator.userAgent),a=navigator.userAgent.indexOf("BB10")>0;t.prototype.needsClick=function(t){switch(t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){case"button":case"select":case"textarea":if(t.disabled)return!0;break;case"input":if(o&&"file"===t.type||t.disabled)return!0;break;case"label":case"iframe":case"video":return!0}return/\bneedsclick\b/.test(t.className)},t.prototype.needsFocus=function(t){switch(t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){case"textarea":return!0;case"select":return!n;case"input":switch(t.type){case"button":case"checkbox":case"file":case"image":case"radio":case"submit":return!1}return!t.disabled&&!t.readOnly;default:return/\bneedsfocus\b/.test(t.className)}},t.prototype.sendClick=function(t,e){var n,o;document.activeElement&&document.activeElement!==t&&document.activeElement.blur(),o=e.changedTouches[0],n=document.createEvent("MouseEvents"),n.initMouseEvent(this.determineEventType(t),!0,!0,window,1,o.screenX,o.screenY,o.clientX,o.clientY,!1,!1,!1,!1,0,null),n.forwardedTouchEvent=!0,t.dispatchEvent(n)},t.prototype.determineEventType=function(t){return n&&"select"===t.tagName.toLowerCase()?"mousedown":"click"},t.prototype.focus=function(t){var e;o&&t.setSelectionRange&&0!==t.type.indexOf("date")&&"time"!==t.type&&"month"!==t.type?(e=t.value.length,t.setSelectionRange(e,e)):t.focus()},t.prototype.updateScrollParent=function(t){var e,n;if(e=t.fastClickScrollParent,!e||!e.contains(t)){n=t;do{if(n.scrollHeight>n.offsetHeight){e=n,t.fastClickScrollParent=n;break}n=n.parentElement}while(n)}e&&(e.fastClickLastScrollTop=e.scrollTop)},t.prototype.getTargetElementFromEventTarget=function(t){return t.nodeType===Node.TEXT_NODE?t.parentNode:t},t.prototype.onTouchStart=function(t){var e,n,r;if(t.targetTouches.length>1)return!0;if(e=this.getTargetElementFromEventTarget(t.target),n=t.targetTouches[0],o){if(r=window.getSelection(),r.rangeCount&&!r.isCollapsed)return!0;if(!i){if(n.identifier&&n.identifier===this.lastTouchIdentifier)return t.preventDefault(),!1;this.lastTouchIdentifier=n.identifier,this.updateScrollParent(e)}}return this.trackingClick=!0,this.trackingClickStart=t.timeStamp,this.targetElement=e,this.touchStartX=n.pageX,this.touchStartY=n.pageY,t.timeStamp-this.lastClickTime<this.tapDelay&&t.preventDefault(),!0},t.prototype.touchHasMoved=function(t){var e=t.changedTouches[0],n=this.touchBoundary;return Math.abs(e.pageX-this.touchStartX)>n||Math.abs(e.pageY-this.touchStartY)>n?!0:!1},t.prototype.onTouchMove=function(t){return this.trackingClick?((this.targetElement!==this.getTargetElementFromEventTarget(t.target)||this.touchHasMoved(t))&&(this.trackingClick=!1,this.targetElement=null),!0):!0},t.prototype.findControl=function(t){return void 0!==t.control?t.control:t.htmlFor?document.getElementById(t.htmlFor):t.querySelector("button, input:not([type=hidden]), keygen, meter, output, progress, select, textarea")},t.prototype.onTouchEnd=function(t){var e,a,c,s,u,l=this.targetElement;if(!this.trackingClick)return!0;if(t.timeStamp-this.lastClickTime<this.tapDelay)return this.cancelNextClick=!0,!0;if(t.timeStamp-this.trackingClickStart>this.tapTimeout)return!0;if(this.cancelNextClick=!1,this.lastClickTime=t.timeStamp,a=this.trackingClickStart,this.trackingClick=!1,this.trackingClickStart=0,r&&(u=t.changedTouches[0],l=document.elementFromPoint(u.pageX-window.pageXOffset,u.pageY-window.pageYOffset)||l,l.fastClickScrollParent=this.targetElement.fastClickScrollParent),c=l.tagName.toLowerCase(),"label"===c){if(e=this.findControl(l)){if(this.focus(l),n)return!1;l=e}}else if(this.needsFocus(l))return t.timeStamp-a>100||o&&window.top!==window&&"input"===c?(this.targetElement=null,!1):(this.focus(l),this.sendClick(l,t),o&&"select"===c||(this.targetElement=null,t.preventDefault()),!1);return o&&!i&&(s=l.fastClickScrollParent,s&&s.fastClickLastScrollTop!==s.scrollTop)?!0:(this.needsClick(l)||(t.preventDefault(),this.sendClick(l,t)),!1)},t.prototype.onTouchCancel=function(){this.trackingClick=!1,this.targetElement=null},t.prototype.onMouse=function(t){return this.targetElement?t.forwardedTouchEvent?!0:t.cancelable&&(!this.needsClick(this.targetElement)||this.cancelNextClick)?(t.stopImmediatePropagation?t.stopImmediatePropagation():t.propagationStopped=!0,t.stopPropagation(),t.preventDefault(),!1):!0:!0},t.prototype.onClick=function(t){var e;return this.trackingClick?(this.targetElement=null,this.trackingClick=!1,!0):"submit"===t.target.type&&0===t.detail?!0:(e=this.onMouse(t),e||(this.targetElement=null),e)},t.prototype.destroy=function(){var t=this.layer;n&&(t.removeEventListener("mouseover",this.onMouse,!0),t.removeEventListener("mousedown",this.onMouse,!0),t.removeEventListener("mouseup",this.onMouse,!0)),t.removeEventListener("click",this.onClick,!0),t.removeEventListener("touchstart",this.onTouchStart,!1),t.removeEventListener("touchmove",this.onTouchMove,!1),t.removeEventListener("touchend",this.onTouchEnd,!1),t.removeEventListener("touchcancel",this.onTouchCancel,!1)},t.notNeeded=function(t){var e,o,i,r;if("undefined"==typeof window.ontouchstart)return!0;if(o=+(/Chrome\/([0-9]+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent)||[,0])[1]){if(!n)return!0;if(e=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]")){if(-1!==e.content.indexOf("user-scalable=no"))return!0;if(o>31&&document.documentElement.scrollWidth<=window.outerWidth)return!0}}if(a&&(i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Version\/([0-9]*)\.([0-9]*)/),i[1]>=10&&i[2]>=3&&(e=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]")))){if(-1!==e.content.indexOf("user-scalable=no"))return!0;if(document.documentElement.scrollWidth<=window.outerWidth)return!0}return"none"===t.style.msTouchAction||"manipulation"===t.style.touchAction?!0:(r=+(/Firefox\/([0-9]+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent)||[,0])[1],r>=27&&(e=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]"),e&&(-1!==e.content.indexOf("user-scalable=no")||document.documentElement.scrollWidth<=window.outerWidth))?!0:"none"===t.style.touchAction||"manipulation"===t.style.touchAction?!0:!1)},t.attach=function(e,n){return new t(e,n)},"function"==typeof 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diff --git a/lib/jquery_lazyload/CONTRIBUTING.html b/lib/jquery_lazyload/CONTRIBUTING.html
deleted file mode 100644
index c732c082..00000000
--- a/lib/jquery_lazyload/CONTRIBUTING.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-<h1 id="Contributing-to-Lazy-Load"><a href="#Contributing-to-Lazy-Load" class="headerlink" title="Contributing to Lazy Load"></a>Contributing to Lazy Load</h1><h2 id="Only-one-feature-or-change-per-pull-request"><a href="#Only-one-feature-or-change-per-pull-request" class="headerlink" title="Only one feature or change per pull request"></a>Only one feature or change per pull request</h2><p>Make pull requests only one feature or change at the time. For example you have fixed a bug. You also have optimized some code. Optimization is not related to a bug. These should be submitted as separate pull requests. This way I can easily choose what to include. It is also easier to understand the code changes. Commit messages should be descriptive and full sentences.</p>
-<p>Do not commit minified versions. Do not touch the version number. Make the pull requests against <a href="https://github.com/tuupola/jquery_lazyload/commits/1.9.x">1.9.x branch</a>.</p>
-<h2 id="Write-meaningful-commit-messages"><a href="#Write-meaningful-commit-messages" class="headerlink" title="Write meaningful commit messages"></a>Write meaningful commit messages</h2><p>Proper commit message is full sentence. It starts with capital letter but does not end with period. Headlines do not end with period. The GitHub default <code>Update filename.js</code> is not enough. When needed include also longer explanation what the commit does.</p>
-<pre><code>Capitalized, short (50 chars or less) summary
-
-More detailed explanatory text, if necessary.  Wrap it to about 72
-characters or so.  In some contexts, the first line is treated as the
-subject of an email and the rest of the text as the body.  The blank
-line separating the summary from the body is critical (unless you omit
-the body entirely); tools like rebase can get confused if you run the
-two together.
-</code></pre><p>When in doubt see Tim Pope’s blogpost <a href="http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html">A Note About Git Commit Messages</a></p>
-<h2 id="Follow-the-existing-coding-standards"><a href="#Follow-the-existing-coding-standards" class="headerlink" title="Follow the existing coding standards"></a>Follow the existing coding standards</h2><p>When contributing to open source project it is polite to follow the original authors coding standars. They might be different than yours. It is not a holy war. Just follow then original.</p>
-<pre><code class="javascript"><span class="keyword">var</span> snake_case = <span class="string">"something"</span>;
-
-<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">camelCase</span>(<span class="params">options</span>) </span>{
-}
-
-<span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="literal">true</span> !== <span class="literal">false</span>) {
-    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">"here be dragons"</span>);
-}
-</code></pre>
diff --git a/lib/jquery_lazyload/README.html b/lib/jquery_lazyload/README.html
deleted file mode 100644
index a24769bc..00000000
--- a/lib/jquery_lazyload/README.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-<h1 id="Lazy-Load-Plugin-for-jQuery"><a href="#Lazy-Load-Plugin-for-jQuery" class="headerlink" title="Lazy Load Plugin for jQuery"></a>Lazy Load Plugin for jQuery</h1><p>Lazy Load delays loading of images in long web pages. Images outside of viewport wont be loaded before user scrolls to them. This is opposite of image preloading.</p>
-<p>Using Lazy Load on long web pages containing many large images makes the page load faster. Browser will be in ready state after loading visible images. In some cases it can also help to reduce server load.</p>
-<p>Lazy Load is inspired by <a href="http://developer.yahoo.com/yui/imageloader/">YUI ImageLoader</a> Utility by Matt Mlinac.</p>
-<h2 id="How-to-Use"><a href="#How-to-Use" class="headerlink" title="How to Use?"></a>How to Use?</h2><p>Lazy Load depends on jQuery. Include them both in end of your HTML code:</p>
-<pre><code class="html"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">script</span> <span class="attr">src</span>=<span class="string">"jquery.js"</span> <span class="attr">type</span>=<span class="string">"text/javascript"</span>&gt;</span><span class="undefined"></span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span>
-<span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">script</span> <span class="attr">src</span>=<span class="string">"jquery.lazyload.js"</span> <span class="attr">type</span>=<span class="string">"text/javascript"</span>&gt;</span><span class="undefined"></span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span>
-</code></pre>
-<p>You must alter your HTML code. URL of the real image must be put into data-original attribute. It is good idea to give Lazy Loaded image a specific class. This way you can easily control which images plugin is binded to. Note that you should have width and height attributes in your image tag.</p>
-<pre><code class="html"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">img</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"lazy"</span> <span class="attr">data-original</span>=<span class="string">"img/example.jpg"</span> <span class="attr">width</span>=<span class="string">"640"</span> <span class="attr">height</span>=<span class="string">"480"</span>&gt;</span>
-</code></pre>
-<p>then in your code do:</p>
-<pre><code class="js">$(<span class="string">"img.lazy"</span>).lazyload();
-</code></pre>
-<p>This causes all images of class lazy to be lazy loaded.</p>
-<p>More information on <a href="http://www.appelsiini.net/projects/lazyload">Lazy Load</a> project page.</p>
-<h2 id="Install"><a href="#Install" class="headerlink" title="Install"></a>Install</h2><p>You can install with <a href="http://bower.io/">bower</a> or <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/">npm</a>.</p>
-<pre><code class="sh">$ bower install jquery.lazyload
-$ npm install jquery-lazyload
-</code></pre>
-<h1 id="License"><a href="#License" class="headerlink" title="License"></a>License</h1><p>All code licensed under the <a href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php">MIT License</a>. All images licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License</a>. In other words you are basically free to do whatever you want. Just don’t remove my name from the source.</p>
diff --git a/lib/jquery_lazyload/bower.json b/lib/jquery_lazyload/bower.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ffd9bc1..00000000
--- a/lib/jquery_lazyload/bower.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name":"jquery_lazyload","version":"1.9.4","homepage":"http://www.appelsiini.net/projects/lazyload","authors":["Mika Tuupola <tuupola@appelsiini.net>"],"description":"jQuery plugin for lazy loading images","main":["jquery.lazyload.js","jquery.scrollstop.js"],"license":"MIT","ignore":["**/.*","**/*.min.js","**/*.html","**/*.textile","Gruntfile.js","lazyload.jquery.json","package.json","node_modules","bower_components","test","img"]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js b/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e684331..00000000
--- a/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
-/*!
- * Lazy Load - jQuery plugin for lazy loading images
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2007-2015 Mika Tuupola
- *
- * Licensed under the MIT license:
- *   http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
- *
- * Project home:
- *   http://www.appelsiini.net/projects/lazyload
- *
- * Version:  1.9.7
- *
- */
-
-(function($, window, document, undefined) {
-    var $window = $(window);
-
-    $.fn.lazyload = function(options) {
-        var elements = this;
-        var $container;
-        var settings = {
-            threshold       : 0,
-            failure_limit   : 0,
-            event           : "scroll",
-            effect          : "show",
-            container       : window,
-            data_attribute  : "original",
-            skip_invisible  : false,
-            appear          : null,
-            load            : null,
-            placeholder     : "data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAANSURBVBhXYzh8+PB/AAffA0nNPuCLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"
-        };
-
-        function update() {
-            var counter = 0;
-
-            elements.each(function() {
-                var $this = $(this);
-                if (settings.skip_invisible && !$this.is(":visible")) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                if ($.abovethetop(this, settings) ||
-                    $.leftofbegin(this, settings)) {
-                        /* Nothing. */
-                } else if (!$.belowthefold(this, settings) &&
-                    !$.rightoffold(this, settings)) {
-                        $this.trigger("appear");
-                        /* if we found an image we'll load, reset the counter */
-                        counter = 0;
-                } else {
-                    if (++counter > settings.failure_limit) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-
-        }
-
-        if(options) {
-            /* Maintain BC for a couple of versions. */
-            if (undefined !== options.failurelimit) {
-                options.failure_limit = options.failurelimit;
-                delete options.failurelimit;
-            }
-            if (undefined !== options.effectspeed) {
-                options.effect_speed = options.effectspeed;
-                delete options.effectspeed;
-            }
-
-            $.extend(settings, options);
-        }
-
-        /* Cache container as jQuery as object. */
-        $container = (settings.container === undefined ||
-                      settings.container === window) ? $window : $(settings.container);
-
-        /* Fire one scroll event per scroll. Not one scroll event per image. */
-        if (0 === settings.event.indexOf("scroll")) {
-            $container.bind(settings.event, function() {
-                return update();
-            });
-        }
-
-        this.each(function() {
-            var self = this;
-            var $self = $(self);
-
-            self.loaded = false;
-
-            /* If no src attribute given use data:uri. */
-            if ($self.attr("src") === undefined || $self.attr("src") === false) {
-                if ($self.is("img")) {
-                    $self.attr("src", settings.placeholder);
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* When appear is triggered load original image. */
-            $self.one("appear", function() {
-                if (!this.loaded) {
-                    if (settings.appear) {
-                        var elements_left = elements.length;
-                        settings.appear.call(self, elements_left, settings);
-                    }
-                    $("<img />")
-                        .bind("load", function() {
-
-                            var original = $self.attr("data-" + settings.data_attribute);
-                            $self.hide();
-                            if ($self.is("img")) {
-                                $self.attr("src", original);
-                            } else {
-                                $self.css("background-image", "url('" + original + "')");
-                            }
-                            $self[settings.effect](settings.effect_speed);
-
-                            self.loaded = true;
-
-                            /* Remove image from array so it is not looped next time. */
-                            var temp = $.grep(elements, function(element) {
-                                return !element.loaded;
-                            });
-                            elements = $(temp);
-
-                            if (settings.load) {
-                                var elements_left = elements.length;
-                                settings.load.call(self, elements_left, settings);
-                            }
-                        })
-                        .attr("src", $self.attr("data-" + settings.data_attribute));
-                }
-            });
-
-            /* When wanted event is triggered load original image */
-            /* by triggering appear.                              */
-            if (0 !== settings.event.indexOf("scroll")) {
-                $self.bind(settings.event, function() {
-                    if (!self.loaded) {
-                        $self.trigger("appear");
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-        });
-
-        /* Check if something appears when window is resized. */
-        $window.bind("resize", function() {
-            update();
-        });
-
-        /* With IOS5 force loading images when navigating with back button. */
-        /* Non optimal workaround. */
-        if ((/(?:iphone|ipod|ipad).*os 5/gi).test(navigator.appVersion)) {
-            $window.bind("pageshow", function(event) {
-                if (event.originalEvent && event.originalEvent.persisted) {
-                    elements.each(function() {
-                        $(this).trigger("appear");
-                    });
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        /* Force initial check if images should appear. */
-        $(document).ready(function() {
-            update();
-        });
-
-        return this;
-    };
-
-    /* Convenience methods in jQuery namespace.           */
-    /* Use as  $.belowthefold(element, {threshold : 100, container : window}) */
-
-    $.belowthefold = function(element, settings) {
-        var fold;
-
-        if (settings.container === undefined || settings.container === window) {
-            fold = (window.innerHeight ? window.innerHeight : $window.height()) + $window.scrollTop();
-        } else {
-            fold = $(settings.container).offset().top + $(settings.container).height();
-        }
-
-        return fold <= $(element).offset().top - settings.threshold;
-    };
-
-    $.rightoffold = function(element, settings) {
-        var fold;
-
-        if (settings.container === undefined || settings.container === window) {
-            fold = $window.width() + $window.scrollLeft();
-        } else {
-            fold = $(settings.container).offset().left + $(settings.container).width();
-        }
-
-        return fold <= $(element).offset().left - settings.threshold;
-    };
-
-    $.abovethetop = function(element, settings) {
-        var fold;
-
-        if (settings.container === undefined || settings.container === window) {
-            fold = $window.scrollTop();
-        } else {
-            fold = $(settings.container).offset().top;
-        }
-
-        return fold >= $(element).offset().top + settings.threshold  + $(element).height();
-    };
-
-    $.leftofbegin = function(element, settings) {
-        var fold;
-
-        if (settings.container === undefined || settings.container === window) {
-            fold = $window.scrollLeft();
-        } else {
-            fold = $(settings.container).offset().left;
-        }
-
-        return fold >= $(element).offset().left + settings.threshold + $(element).width();
-    };
-
-    $.inviewport = function(element, settings) {
-         return !$.rightoffold(element, settings) && !$.leftofbegin(element, settings) &&
-                !$.belowthefold(element, settings) && !$.abovethetop(element, settings);
-     };
-
-    /* Custom selectors for your convenience.   */
-    /* Use as $("img:below-the-fold").something() or */
-    /* $("img").filter(":below-the-fold").something() which is faster */
-
-    $.extend($.expr[":"], {
-        "below-the-fold" : function(a) { return $.belowthefold(a, {threshold : 0}); },
-        "above-the-top"  : function(a) { return !$.belowthefold(a, {threshold : 0}); },
-        "right-of-screen": function(a) { return $.rightoffold(a, {threshold : 0}); },
-        "left-of-screen" : function(a) { return !$.rightoffold(a, {threshold : 0}); },
-        "in-viewport"    : function(a) { return $.inviewport(a, {threshold : 0}); },
-        /* Maintain BC for couple of versions. */
-        "above-the-fold" : function(a) { return !$.belowthefold(a, {threshold : 0}); },
-        "right-of-fold"  : function(a) { return $.rightoffold(a, {threshold : 0}); },
-        "left-of-fold"   : function(a) { return !$.rightoffold(a, {threshold : 0}); }
-    });
-
-})(jQuery, window, document);
diff --git a/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.scrollstop.js b/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.scrollstop.js
deleted file mode 100644
index a0bb6371..00000000
--- a/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.scrollstop.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-/* http://james.padolsey.com/javascript/special-scroll-events-for-jquery/ */
-
-(function(){
-    
-    var special = jQuery.event.special,
-        uid1 = "D" + (+new Date()),
-        uid2 = "D" + (+new Date() + 1);
-        
-    special.scrollstart = {
-        setup: function() {
-            
-            var timer,
-                handler =  function(evt) {
-                    
-                    var _self = this,
-                        _args = arguments;
-                    
-                    if (timer) {
-                        clearTimeout(timer);
-                    } else {
-                        evt.type = "scrollstart";
-                        jQuery.event.dispatch.apply(_self, _args);
-                    }
-                    
-                    timer = setTimeout( function(){
-                        timer = null;
-                    }, special.scrollstop.latency);
-                    
-                };
-            
-            jQuery(this).bind("scroll", handler).data(uid1, handler);
-            
-        },
-        teardown: function(){
-            jQuery(this).unbind( "scroll", jQuery(this).data(uid1) );
-        }
-    };
-    
-    special.scrollstop = {
-        latency: 300,
-        setup: function() {
-            
-            var timer,
-                    handler = function(evt) {
-                    
-                    var _self = this,
-                        _args = arguments;
-                    
-                    if (timer) {
-                        clearTimeout(timer);
-                    }
-                    
-                    timer = setTimeout( function(){
-                        
-                        timer = null;
-                        evt.type = "scrollstop";
-                        jQuery.event.dispatch.apply(_self, _args);
-                        
-                        
-                    }, special.scrollstop.latency);
-                    
-                };
-            
-            jQuery(this).bind("scroll", handler).data(uid2, handler);
-            
-        },
-        teardown: function() {
-            jQuery(this).unbind( "scroll", jQuery(this).data(uid2) );
-        }
-    };
-    
-})();
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-barber-shop.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-barber-shop.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 971e8a1f..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-barber-shop.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.pace,.pace .pace-progress{width:100%;overflow:hidden}.pace,.pace .pace-activity{position:fixed;top:0;left:0}.pace{-webkit-pointer-events:none;pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;z-index:2000;height:12px;background:#fff}.pace-inactive{display:none}.pace .pace-progress{background-color:#29d;position:fixed;top:0;bottom:0;right:100%}.pace .pace-activity{right:-32px;bottom:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-o-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0);background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 100%,100% 0,color-stop(.25,rgba(255,255,255,.2)),color-stop(.25,transparent),color-stop(.5,transparent),color-stop(.5,rgba(255,255,255,.2)),color-stop(.75,rgba(255,255,255,.2)),color-stop(.75,transparent),to(transparent));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(45deg,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 25%,transparent 25%,transparent 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 75%,transparent 75%,transparent);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(45deg,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 25%,transparent 25%,transparent 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 75%,transparent 75%,transparent);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(45deg,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 25%,transparent 25%,transparent 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 75%,transparent 75%,transparent);background-image:linear-gradient(45deg,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 25%,transparent 25%,transparent 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 50%,rgba(255,255,255,.2) 75%,transparent 75%,transparent);-webkit-background-size:32px 32px;-moz-background-size:32px 32px;-o-background-size:32px 32px;background-size:32px 32px;-webkit-animation:pace-theme-barber-shop-motion .5s linear infinite;-moz-animation:pace-theme-barber-shop-motion .5s linear infinite;-ms-animation:pace-theme-barber-shop-motion .5s linear infinite;-o-animation:pace-theme-barber-shop-motion .5s linear infinite;animation:pace-theme-barber-shop-motion .5s linear infinite}@-webkit-keyframes pace-theme-barber-shop-motion{0%{-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}100%{-webkit-transform:translate(-32px,0);transform:translate(-32px,0)}}@-moz-keyframes pace-theme-barber-shop-motion{0%{-moz-transform:none;transform:none}100%{-moz-transform:translate(-32px,0);transform:translate(-32px,0)}}@-o-keyframes pace-theme-barber-shop-motion{0%{-o-transform:none;transform:none}100%{-o-transform:translate(-32px,0);transform:translate(-32px,0)}}@-ms-keyframes pace-theme-barber-shop-motion{0%{-ms-transform:none;transform:none}100%{-ms-transform:translate(-32px,0);transform:translate(-32px,0)}}@keyframes pace-theme-barber-shop-motion{0%{transform:none}100%{transform:translate(-32px,0)}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index f30e0a99..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.pace{-webkit-pointer-events:none;pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none}.pace.pace-inactive .pace-progress{display:none}.pace .pace-progress{position:fixed;z-index:2000;top:0;right:0;height:5rem;width:5rem;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0)!important;-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0)!important;transform:translate3d(0,0,0)!important}.pace .pace-progress:after{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;right:.5rem;content:attr(data-progress-text);font-family:"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;font-weight:100;font-size:5rem;line-height:1;text-align:right;color:rgba(34,153,221,.19999999999999996)}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-bounce.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-bounce.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 3edcd352..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-bounce.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.pace{width:140px;height:300px;position:fixed;top:-90px;right:-20px;z-index:2000;-webkit-transform:scale(0);-moz-transform:scale(0);-ms-transform:scale(0);-o-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);opacity:0;-webkit-transition:all 2s linear 0s;-moz-transition:all 2s linear 0s;transition:all 2s linear 0s}.pace.pace-active{-webkit-transform:scale(.25);-moz-transform:scale(.25);-ms-transform:scale(.25);-o-transform:scale(.25);transform:scale(.25);opacity:1}.pace .pace-activity{width:140px;height:140px;border-radius:70px;background:#29d;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:1911;-webkit-animation:pace-bounce 1s infinite;-moz-animation:pace-bounce 1s infinite;-o-animation:pace-bounce 1s infinite;-ms-animation:pace-bounce 1s infinite;animation:pace-bounce 1s infinite}.pace .pace-progress{position:absolute;display:block;left:50%;bottom:0;z-index:1910;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;height:75px;background:rgba(20,20,20,.1);box-shadow:0 0 20px 35px rgba(20,20,20,.1);border-radius:30px/40px;-webkit-transform:scaleY(.3)!important;-moz-transform:scaleY(.3)!important;-ms-transform:scaleY(.3)!important;-o-transform:scaleY(.3)!important;transform:scaleY(.3)!important;-webkit-animation:pace-compress .5s infinite alternate;-moz-animation:pace-compress .5s infinite alternate;-o-animation:pace-compress .5s infinite alternate;-ms-animation:pace-compress .5s infinite alternate;animation:pace-compress .5s infinite alternate}@-webkit-keyframes pace-bounce{0%,100%,95%{top:0;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in}50%{top:140px;height:140px;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out}55%{top:160px;height:120px;border-radius:70px/60px;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in}65%{top:120px;height:140px;border-radius:70px;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out}}@-moz-keyframes pace-bounce{0%,100%,95%{top:0;-moz-animation-timing-function:ease-in}50%{top:140px;height:140px;-moz-animation-timing-function:ease-out}55%{top:160px;height:120px;border-radius:70px/60px;-moz-animation-timing-function:ease-in}65%{top:120px;height:140px;border-radius:70px;-moz-animation-timing-function:ease-out}}@keyframes pace-bounce{0%,100%,95%{top:0;animation-timing-function:ease-in}50%{top:140px;height:140px;animation-timing-function:ease-out}55%{top:160px;height:120px;border-radius:70px/60px;animation-timing-function:ease-in}65%{top:120px;height:140px;border-radius:70px;animation-timing-function:ease-out}}@-webkit-keyframes pace-compress{0%{bottom:0;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;height:75px;background:rgba(20,20,20,.1);box-shadow:0 0 20px 35px rgba(20,20,20,.1);border-radius:30px/40px;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in}100%{bottom:30px;margin-left:-10px;width:20px;height:5px;background:rgba(20,20,20,.3);box-shadow:0 0 20px 35px rgba(20,20,20,.3);border-radius:20px;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out}}@-moz-keyframes pace-compress{0%{bottom:0;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;height:75px;background:rgba(20,20,20,.1);box-shadow:0 0 20px 35px rgba(20,20,20,.1);border-radius:30px/40px;-moz-animation-timing-function:ease-in}100%{bottom:30px;margin-left:-10px;width:20px;height:5px;background:rgba(20,20,20,.3);box-shadow:0 0 20px 35px rgba(20,20,20,.3);border-radius:20px;-moz-animation-timing-function:ease-out}}@keyframes pace-compress{0%{bottom:0;margin-left:-30px;width:60px;height:75px;background:rgba(20,20,20,.1);box-shadow:0 0 20px 35px rgba(20,20,20,.1);border-radius:30px/40px;animation-timing-function:ease-in}100%{bottom:30px;margin-left:-10px;width:20px;height:5px;background:rgba(20,20,20,.3);box-shadow:0 0 20px 35px rgba(20,20,20,.3);border-radius:20px;animation-timing-function:ease-out}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-atom.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-atom.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 828dcba3..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-atom.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.pace,.pace .pace-progress{z-index:2000;height:60px;width:100px}.pace .pace-activity,.pace .pace-progress:before{border-radius:50%;display:block;position:absolute}.pace.pace-inactive{display:none}.pace{-webkit-pointer-events:none;pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:fixed;margin:auto;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0}.pace .pace-progress{position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0)!important;-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0)!important;transform:translate3d(0,0,0)!important}.pace .pace-progress:before{content:attr(data-progress-text);text-align:center;color:#fff;background:#29d;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:100;line-height:1;padding:20% 0 7px;width:50%;height:40%;margin:10px 0 0 30px;z-index:999}.pace .pace-activity{font-size:15px;line-height:1;z-index:2000;-webkit-animation:pace-theme-center-atom-spin 2s linear infinite;-moz-animation:pace-theme-center-atom-spin 2s linear infinite;-o-animation:pace-theme-center-atom-spin 2s linear infinite;animation:pace-theme-center-atom-spin 2s linear infinite;border:5px solid #29d;content:' ';top:0;left:0;height:60px;width:100px}.pace .pace-activity:after,.pace .pace-activity:before{content:' ';display:block;position:absolute;top:-5px;left:-5px;height:60px;width:100px}.pace .pace-activity:after{border-radius:50%;border:5px solid #29d;-webkit-transform:rotate(60deg);-moz-transform:rotate(60deg);-o-transform:rotate(60deg);transform:rotate(60deg)}.pace .pace-activity:before{border-radius:50%;border:5px solid #29d;-webkit-transform:rotate(120deg);-moz-transform:rotate(120deg);-o-transform:rotate(120deg);transform:rotate(120deg)}@-webkit-keyframes pace-theme-center-atom-spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(359deg)}}@-moz-keyframes pace-theme-center-atom-spin{0%{-moz-transform:rotate(0)}100%{-moz-transform:rotate(359deg)}}@-o-keyframes pace-theme-center-atom-spin{0%{-o-transform:rotate(0)}100%{-o-transform:rotate(359deg)}}@keyframes pace-theme-center-atom-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0)}100%{transform:rotate(359deg)}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-circle.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-circle.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index c005c71f..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-circle.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-radar.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-radar.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bb4535a..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-radar.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-simple.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-simple.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index a6dbd9c9..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-center-simple.min.css
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-corner-indicator.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-corner-indicator.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 490db22b..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-corner-indicator.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-fill-left.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-fill-left.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 533d55db..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-fill-left.min.css
+++ /dev/null
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-.pace{-webkit-pointer-events:none;pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none}.pace-inactive{display:none}.pace .pace-progress{background-color:rgba(34,153,221,.19999999999999996);position:fixed;z-index:-1;top:0;right:100%;bottom:0;width:100%}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-flash.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-flash.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 35a749d8..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-flash.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-loading-bar.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-loading-bar.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b305806..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-loading-bar.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-mac-osx.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-mac-osx.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 4dfbb499..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-mac-osx.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace-theme-minimal.min.css b/lib/pace/pace-theme-minimal.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c159365..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace-theme-minimal.min.css
+++ /dev/null
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pace/pace.min.js b/lib/pace/pace.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 234f9b3e..00000000
--- a/lib/pace/pace.min.js
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diff --git a/lib/three/canvas_lines.min.js b/lib/three/canvas_lines.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 676b9f61..00000000
--- a/lib/three/canvas_lines.min.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-$(function(){var mouseX=0,mouseY=0,windowHalfX=window.innerWidth/2,windowHalfY=window.innerHeight/2,SEPARATION=200,AMOUNTX=10,AMOUNTY=10,camera,scene,renderer;init();animate();function init(){var container,separation=100,amountX=50,amountY=50,particles,particle;container=document.createElement("div");container.style.position="fixed";container.style.top="0px";container.style.left="0px";container.style.zIndex="-1";container.style.opacity="0.5";document.body.appendChild(container);camera=new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75,window.innerWidth/window.innerHeight,1,10000);camera.position.z=100;scene=new THREE.Scene();renderer=new THREE.CanvasRenderer();renderer.setClearColor(16119801,0);renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth,window.innerHeight);container.appendChild(renderer.domElement);var PI2=Math.PI*2;var material=new THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial({color:10263708,program:function(context){context.beginPath();context.arc(0,0,0.5,0,PI2,true);context.fill()}});var geometry=new THREE.Geometry();for(var i=0;i<100;i++){particle=new THREE.Sprite(material);particle.position.x=Math.random()*2-1;particle.position.y=Math.random()*2-1;particle.position.z=Math.random()*2-1;particle.position.normalize();particle.position.multiplyScalar(Math.random()*10+450);particle.scale.x=particle.scale.y=10;scene.add(particle);geometry.vertices.push(particle.position)}var line=new THREE.Line(geometry,new THREE.LineBasicMaterial({color:10263708,opacity:0.5}));scene.add(line);document.addEventListener("mousemove",onDocumentMouseMove,false);document.addEventListener("touchstart",onDocumentTouchStart,false);document.addEventListener("touchmove",onDocumentTouchMove,false);window.addEventListener("resize",onWindowResize,false)}function onWindowResize(){windowHalfX=window.innerWidth/2;windowHalfY=window.innerHeight/2;camera.aspect=window.innerWidth/window.innerHeight;camera.updateProjectionMatrix();renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth,window.innerHeight)}function onDocumentMouseMove(event){mouseX=event.clientX-windowHalfX;
-mouseY=event.clientY-windowHalfY}function onDocumentTouchStart(event){if(event.touches.length>1){mouseX=event.touches[0].pageX-windowHalfX}}function onDocumentTouchMove(event){if(event.touches.length==1){mouseX=event.touches[0].pageX-windowHalfX}}function animate(){requestAnimationFrame(animate);render()}function render(){camera.position.x+=(mouseX-camera.position.x)*0.05;camera.position.y+=(-mouseY+200-camera.position.y)*0.05;camera.lookAt(scene.position);renderer.render(scene,camera)}});
-THREE.RenderableObject=function(){this.id=0;this.object=null;this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableFace=function(){this.id=0;this.v1=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v2=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v3=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.normalModel=new THREE.Vector3();this.vertexNormalsModel=[new THREE.Vector3(),new THREE.Vector3(),new THREE.Vector3()];this.vertexNormalsLength=0;this.color=new THREE.Color();this.material=null;this.uvs=[new THREE.Vector2(),new THREE.Vector2(),new THREE.Vector2()];this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableVertex=function(){this.position=new THREE.Vector3();this.positionWorld=new THREE.Vector3();this.positionScreen=new THREE.Vector4();this.visible=true};THREE.RenderableVertex.prototype.copy=function(vertex){this.positionWorld.copy(vertex.positionWorld);this.positionScreen.copy(vertex.positionScreen)};THREE.RenderableLine=function(){this.id=0;this.v1=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v2=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.vertexColors=[new THREE.Color(),new THREE.Color()];this.material=null;this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableSprite=function(){this.id=0;this.object=null;this.x=0;this.y=0;this.z=0;this.rotation=0;this.scale=new THREE.Vector2();this.material=null;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.Projector=function(){var _object,_objectCount,_objectPool=[],_objectPoolLength=0,_vertex,_vertexCount,_vertexPool=[],_vertexPoolLength=0,_face,_faceCount,_facePool=[],_facePoolLength=0,_line,_lineCount,_linePool=[],_linePoolLength=0,_sprite,_spriteCount,_spritePool=[],_spritePoolLength=0,_renderData={objects:[],lights:[],elements:[]},_vector3=new THREE.Vector3(),_vector4=new THREE.Vector4(),_clipBox=new THREE.Box3(new THREE.Vector3(-1,-1,-1),new THREE.Vector3(1,1,1)),_boundingBox=new THREE.Box3(),_points3=new Array(3),_points4=new Array(4),_viewMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_viewProjectionMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_modelMatrix,_modelViewProjectionMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_normalMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3(),_frustum=new THREE.Frustum(),_clippedVertex1PositionScreen=new THREE.Vector4(),_clippedVertex2PositionScreen=new THREE.Vector4();
-this.projectVector=function(vector,camera){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .projectVector() is now vector.project().");vector.project(camera)};this.unprojectVector=function(vector,camera){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .unprojectVector() is now vector.unproject().");vector.unproject(camera)};this.pickingRay=function(vector,camera){console.error("THREE.Projector: .pickingRay() is now raycaster.setFromCamera().")};var RenderList=function(){var normals=[];var uvs=[];var object=null;var material=null;var normalMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3();function setObject(value){object=value;material=object.material;normalMatrix.getNormalMatrix(object.matrixWorld);normals.length=0;uvs.length=0}function projectVertex(vertex){var position=vertex.position;var positionWorld=vertex.positionWorld;var positionScreen=vertex.positionScreen;positionWorld.copy(position).applyMatrix4(_modelMatrix);positionScreen.copy(positionWorld).applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);var invW=1/positionScreen.w;positionScreen.x*=invW;positionScreen.y*=invW;positionScreen.z*=invW;vertex.visible=positionScreen.x>=-1&&positionScreen.x<=1&&positionScreen.y>=-1&&positionScreen.y<=1&&positionScreen.z>=-1&&positionScreen.z<=1}function pushVertex(x,y,z){_vertex=getNextVertexInPool();_vertex.position.set(x,y,z);projectVertex(_vertex)}function pushNormal(x,y,z){normals.push(x,y,z)}function pushUv(x,y){uvs.push(x,y)}function checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3){if(v1.visible===true||v2.visible===true||v3.visible===true){return true}_points3[0]=v1.positionScreen;_points3[1]=v2.positionScreen;_points3[2]=v3.positionScreen;return _clipBox.intersectsBox(_boundingBox.setFromPoints(_points3))}function checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3){return((v3.positionScreen.x-v1.positionScreen.x)*(v2.positionScreen.y-v1.positionScreen.y)-(v3.positionScreen.y-v1.positionScreen.y)*(v2.positionScreen.x-v1.positionScreen.x))<0}function pushLine(a,b){var v1=_vertexPool[a];var v2=_vertexPool[b];_line=getNextLineInPool();_line.id=object.id;_line.v1.copy(v1);_line.v2.copy(v2);
-_line.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z)/2;_line.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_line.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_line)}function pushTriangle(a,b,c){var v1=_vertexPool[a];var v2=_vertexPool[b];var v3=_vertexPool[c];if(checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3)===false){return}if(material.side===THREE.DoubleSide||checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3)===true){_face=getNextFaceInPool();_face.id=object.id;_face.v1.copy(v1);_face.v2.copy(v2);_face.v3.copy(v3);_face.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z+v3.positionScreen.z)/3;_face.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_face.normalModel.fromArray(normals,a*3);_face.normalModel.applyMatrix3(normalMatrix).normalize();for(var i=0;i<3;i++){var normal=_face.vertexNormalsModel[i];normal.fromArray(normals,arguments[i]*3);normal.applyMatrix3(normalMatrix).normalize();var uv=_face.uvs[i];uv.fromArray(uvs,arguments[i]*2)}_face.vertexNormalsLength=3;_face.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_face)}}return{setObject:setObject,projectVertex:projectVertex,checkTriangleVisibility:checkTriangleVisibility,checkBackfaceCulling:checkBackfaceCulling,pushVertex:pushVertex,pushNormal:pushNormal,pushUv:pushUv,pushLine:pushLine,pushTriangle:pushTriangle}};var renderList=new RenderList();this.projectScene=function(scene,camera,sortObjects,sortElements){_faceCount=0;_lineCount=0;_spriteCount=0;_renderData.elements.length=0;if(scene.autoUpdate===true){scene.updateMatrixWorld()}if(camera.parent===null){camera.updateMatrixWorld()}_viewMatrix.copy(camera.matrixWorldInverse.getInverse(camera.matrixWorld));_viewProjectionMatrix.multiplyMatrices(camera.projectionMatrix,_viewMatrix);_frustum.setFromMatrix(_viewProjectionMatrix);_objectCount=0;_renderData.objects.length=0;_renderData.lights.length=0;function addObject(object){_object=getNextObjectInPool();_object.id=object.id;_object.object=object;_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(object.matrixWorld);_vector3.applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);_object.z=_vector3.z;_object.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;
-_renderData.objects.push(_object)}scene.traverseVisible(function(object){if(object instanceof THREE.Light){_renderData.lights.push(object)}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Mesh||object instanceof THREE.Line){if(object.material.visible===false){return}if(object.frustumCulled===true&&_frustum.intersectsObject(object)===false){return}addObject(object)}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Sprite){if(object.material.visible===false){return}if(object.frustumCulled===true&&_frustum.intersectsSprite(object)===false){return}addObject(object)}}}});if(sortObjects===true){_renderData.objects.sort(painterSort)}for(var o=0,ol=_renderData.objects.length;o<ol;o++){var object=_renderData.objects[o].object;var geometry=object.geometry;renderList.setObject(object);_modelMatrix=object.matrixWorld;_vertexCount=0;if(object instanceof THREE.Mesh){if(geometry instanceof THREE.BufferGeometry){var attributes=geometry.attributes;var groups=geometry.groups;if(attributes.position===undefined){continue}var positions=attributes.position.array;for(var i=0,l=positions.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushVertex(positions[i],positions[i+1],positions[i+2])}if(attributes.normal!==undefined){var normals=attributes.normal.array;for(var i=0,l=normals.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushNormal(normals[i],normals[i+1],normals[i+2])}}if(attributes.uv!==undefined){var uvs=attributes.uv.array;for(var i=0,l=uvs.length;i<l;i+=2){renderList.pushUv(uvs[i],uvs[i+1])}}if(geometry.index!==null){var indices=geometry.index.array;if(groups.length>0){for(var g=0;g<groups.length;g++){var group=groups[g];for(var i=group.start,l=group.start+group.count;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(indices[i],indices[i+1],indices[i+2])}}}else{for(var i=0,l=indices.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(indices[i],indices[i+1],indices[i+2])}}}else{for(var i=0,l=positions.length/3;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(i,i+1,i+2)}}}else{if(geometry instanceof THREE.Geometry){var vertices=geometry.vertices;var faces=geometry.faces;var faceVertexUvs=geometry.faceVertexUvs[0];
-_normalMatrix.getNormalMatrix(_modelMatrix);var material=object.material;var isFaceMaterial=material instanceof THREE.MultiMaterial;var objectMaterials=isFaceMaterial===true?object.material:null;for(var v=0,vl=vertices.length;v<vl;v++){var vertex=vertices[v];_vector3.copy(vertex);if(material.morphTargets===true){var morphTargets=geometry.morphTargets;var morphInfluences=object.morphTargetInfluences;for(var t=0,tl=morphTargets.length;t<tl;t++){var influence=morphInfluences[t];if(influence===0){continue}var target=morphTargets[t];var targetVertex=target.vertices[v];_vector3.x+=(targetVertex.x-vertex.x)*influence;_vector3.y+=(targetVertex.y-vertex.y)*influence;_vector3.z+=(targetVertex.z-vertex.z)*influence}}renderList.pushVertex(_vector3.x,_vector3.y,_vector3.z)}for(var f=0,fl=faces.length;f<fl;f++){var face=faces[f];material=isFaceMaterial===true?objectMaterials.materials[face.materialIndex]:object.material;if(material===undefined){continue}var side=material.side;var v1=_vertexPool[face.a];var v2=_vertexPool[face.b];var v3=_vertexPool[face.c];if(renderList.checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3)===false){continue}var visible=renderList.checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3);if(side!==THREE.DoubleSide){if(side===THREE.FrontSide&&visible===false){continue}if(side===THREE.BackSide&&visible===true){continue}}_face=getNextFaceInPool();_face.id=object.id;_face.v1.copy(v1);_face.v2.copy(v2);_face.v3.copy(v3);_face.normalModel.copy(face.normal);if(visible===false&&(side===THREE.BackSide||side===THREE.DoubleSide)){_face.normalModel.negate()}_face.normalModel.applyMatrix3(_normalMatrix).normalize();var faceVertexNormals=face.vertexNormals;for(var n=0,nl=Math.min(faceVertexNormals.length,3);n<nl;n++){var normalModel=_face.vertexNormalsModel[n];normalModel.copy(faceVertexNormals[n]);if(visible===false&&(side===THREE.BackSide||side===THREE.DoubleSide)){normalModel.negate()}normalModel.applyMatrix3(_normalMatrix).normalize()}_face.vertexNormalsLength=faceVertexNormals.length;var vertexUvs=faceVertexUvs[f];
-if(vertexUvs!==undefined){for(var u=0;u<3;u++){_face.uvs[u].copy(vertexUvs[u])}}_face.color=face.color;_face.material=material;_face.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z+v3.positionScreen.z)/3;_face.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_renderData.elements.push(_face)}}}}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Line){if(geometry instanceof THREE.BufferGeometry){var attributes=geometry.attributes;if(attributes.position!==undefined){var positions=attributes.position.array;for(var i=0,l=positions.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushVertex(positions[i],positions[i+1],positions[i+2])}if(geometry.index!==null){var indices=geometry.index.array;for(var i=0,l=indices.length;i<l;i+=2){renderList.pushLine(indices[i],indices[i+1])}}else{var step=object instanceof THREE.LineSegments?2:1;for(var i=0,l=(positions.length/3)-1;i<l;i+=step){renderList.pushLine(i,i+1)}}}}else{if(geometry instanceof THREE.Geometry){_modelViewProjectionMatrix.multiplyMatrices(_viewProjectionMatrix,_modelMatrix);var vertices=object.geometry.vertices;if(vertices.length===0){continue}v1=getNextVertexInPool();v1.positionScreen.copy(vertices[0]).applyMatrix4(_modelViewProjectionMatrix);var step=object instanceof THREE.LineSegments?2:1;for(var v=1,vl=vertices.length;v<vl;v++){v1=getNextVertexInPool();v1.positionScreen.copy(vertices[v]).applyMatrix4(_modelViewProjectionMatrix);if((v+1)%step>0){continue}v2=_vertexPool[_vertexCount-2];_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.copy(v1.positionScreen);_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.copy(v2.positionScreen);if(clipLine(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen,_clippedVertex2PositionScreen)===true){_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.multiplyScalar(1/_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.w);_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.multiplyScalar(1/_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.w);_line=getNextLineInPool();_line.id=object.id;_line.v1.positionScreen.copy(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen);_line.v2.positionScreen.copy(_clippedVertex2PositionScreen);_line.z=Math.max(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.z,_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.z);_line.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;
-_line.material=object.material;if(object.material.vertexColors===THREE.VertexColors){_line.vertexColors[0].copy(object.geometry.colors[v]);_line.vertexColors[1].copy(object.geometry.colors[v-1])}_renderData.elements.push(_line)}}}}}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Sprite){_vector4.set(_modelMatrix.elements[12],_modelMatrix.elements[13],_modelMatrix.elements[14],1);_vector4.applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);var invW=1/_vector4.w;_vector4.z*=invW;if(_vector4.z>=-1&&_vector4.z<=1){_sprite=getNextSpriteInPool();_sprite.id=object.id;_sprite.x=_vector4.x*invW;_sprite.y=_vector4.y*invW;_sprite.z=_vector4.z;_sprite.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_sprite.object=object;_sprite.rotation=object.rotation;_sprite.scale.x=object.scale.x*Math.abs(_sprite.x-(_vector4.x+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[0])/(_vector4.w+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[12]));_sprite.scale.y=object.scale.y*Math.abs(_sprite.y-(_vector4.y+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[5])/(_vector4.w+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[13]));_sprite.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_sprite)}}}}}if(sortElements===true){_renderData.elements.sort(painterSort)}return _renderData};function getNextObjectInPool(){if(_objectCount===_objectPoolLength){var object=new THREE.RenderableObject();_objectPool.push(object);_objectPoolLength++;_objectCount++;return object}return _objectPool[_objectCount++]}function getNextVertexInPool(){if(_vertexCount===_vertexPoolLength){var vertex=new THREE.RenderableVertex();_vertexPool.push(vertex);_vertexPoolLength++;_vertexCount++;return vertex}return _vertexPool[_vertexCount++]}function getNextFaceInPool(){if(_faceCount===_facePoolLength){var face=new THREE.RenderableFace();_facePool.push(face);_facePoolLength++;_faceCount++;return face}return _facePool[_faceCount++]}function getNextLineInPool(){if(_lineCount===_linePoolLength){var line=new THREE.RenderableLine();_linePool.push(line);_linePoolLength++;_lineCount++;return line}return _linePool[_lineCount++]}function getNextSpriteInPool(){if(_spriteCount===_spritePoolLength){var sprite=new THREE.RenderableSprite();
-_spritePool.push(sprite);_spritePoolLength++;_spriteCount++;return sprite}return _spritePool[_spriteCount++]}function painterSort(a,b){if(a.renderOrder!==b.renderOrder){return a.renderOrder-b.renderOrder}else{if(a.z!==b.z){return b.z-a.z}else{if(a.id!==b.id){return a.id-b.id}else{return 0}}}}function clipLine(s1,s2){var alpha1=0,alpha2=1,bc1near=s1.z+s1.w,bc2near=s2.z+s2.w,bc1far=-s1.z+s1.w,bc2far=-s2.z+s2.w;if(bc1near>=0&&bc2near>=0&&bc1far>=0&&bc2far>=0){return true}else{if((bc1near<0&&bc2near<0)||(bc1far<0&&bc2far<0)){return false}else{if(bc1near<0){alpha1=Math.max(alpha1,bc1near/(bc1near-bc2near))}else{if(bc2near<0){alpha2=Math.min(alpha2,bc1near/(bc1near-bc2near))}}if(bc1far<0){alpha1=Math.max(alpha1,bc1far/(bc1far-bc2far))}else{if(bc2far<0){alpha2=Math.min(alpha2,bc1far/(bc1far-bc2far))}}if(alpha2<alpha1){return false}else{s1.lerp(s2,alpha1);s2.lerp(s1,1-alpha2);return true}}}}};
-THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial=function(parameters){THREE.Material.call(this);this.type="SpriteCanvasMaterial";this.color=new THREE.Color(16777215);this.program=function(context,color){};this.setValues(parameters)};THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype=Object.create(THREE.Material.prototype);THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype.constructor=THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial;THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype.clone=function(){var material=new THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial();material.copy(this);material.color.copy(this.color);material.program=this.program;return material};THREE.CanvasRenderer=function(parameters){console.log("THREE.CanvasRenderer",THREE.REVISION);parameters=parameters||{};var _this=this,_renderData,_elements,_lights,_projector=new THREE.Projector(),_canvas=parameters.canvas!==undefined?parameters.canvas:document.createElement("canvas"),_canvasWidth=_canvas.width,_canvasHeight=_canvas.height,_canvasWidthHalf=Math.floor(_canvasWidth/2),_canvasHeightHalf=Math.floor(_canvasHeight/2),_viewportX=0,_viewportY=0,_viewportWidth=_canvasWidth,_viewportHeight=_canvasHeight,_pixelRatio=1,_context=_canvas.getContext("2d",{alpha:parameters.alpha===true}),_clearColor=new THREE.Color(0),_clearAlpha=parameters.alpha===true?0:1,_contextGlobalAlpha=1,_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=0,_contextStrokeStyle=null,_contextFillStyle=null,_contextLineWidth=null,_contextLineCap=null,_contextLineJoin=null,_contextLineDash=[],_camera,_v1,_v2,_v3,_v4,_v5=new THREE.RenderableVertex(),_v6=new THREE.RenderableVertex(),_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_v4x,_v4y,_v5x,_v5y,_v6x,_v6y,_color=new THREE.Color(),_color1=new THREE.Color(),_color2=new THREE.Color(),_color3=new THREE.Color(),_color4=new THREE.Color(),_diffuseColor=new THREE.Color(),_emissiveColor=new THREE.Color(),_lightColor=new THREE.Color(),_patterns={},_image,_uvs,_uv1x,_uv1y,_uv2x,_uv2y,_uv3x,_uv3y,_clipBox=new THREE.Box2(),_clearBox=new THREE.Box2(),_elemBox=new THREE.Box2(),_ambientLight=new THREE.Color(),_directionalLights=new THREE.Color(),_pointLights=new THREE.Color(),_vector3=new THREE.Vector3(),_centroid=new THREE.Vector3(),_normal=new THREE.Vector3(),_normalViewMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3();
-if(_context.setLineDash===undefined){_context.setLineDash=function(){}}this.domElement=_canvas;this.autoClear=true;this.sortObjects=true;this.sortElements=true;this.info={render:{vertices:0,faces:0}};this.supportsVertexTextures=function(){};this.setFaceCulling=function(){};this.getContext=function(){return _context};this.getContextAttributes=function(){return _context.getContextAttributes()};this.getPixelRatio=function(){return _pixelRatio};this.setPixelRatio=function(value){if(value!==undefined){_pixelRatio=value}};this.setSize=function(width,height,updateStyle){_canvasWidth=width*_pixelRatio;_canvasHeight=height*_pixelRatio;_canvas.width=_canvasWidth;_canvas.height=_canvasHeight;_canvasWidthHalf=Math.floor(_canvasWidth/2);_canvasHeightHalf=Math.floor(_canvasHeight/2);if(updateStyle!==false){_canvas.style.width=width+"px";_canvas.style.height=height+"px"}_clipBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clipBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_contextGlobalAlpha=1;_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=0;_contextStrokeStyle=null;_contextFillStyle=null;_contextLineWidth=null;_contextLineCap=null;_contextLineJoin=null;this.setViewport(0,0,width,height)};this.setViewport=function(x,y,width,height){_viewportX=x*_pixelRatio;_viewportY=y*_pixelRatio;_viewportWidth=width*_pixelRatio;_viewportHeight=height*_pixelRatio};this.setScissor=function(){};this.setScissorTest=function(){};this.setClearColor=function(color,alpha){_clearColor.set(color);_clearAlpha=alpha!==undefined?alpha:1;_clearBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf)};this.setClearColorHex=function(hex,alpha){console.warn("THREE.CanvasRenderer: .setClearColorHex() is being removed. Use .setClearColor() instead.");this.setClearColor(hex,alpha)};this.getClearColor=function(){return _clearColor};this.getClearAlpha=function(){return _clearAlpha
-};this.getMaxAnisotropy=function(){return 0};this.clear=function(){if(_clearBox.isEmpty()===false){_clearBox.intersect(_clipBox);_clearBox.expandByScalar(2);_clearBox.min.x=_clearBox.min.x+_canvasWidthHalf;_clearBox.min.y=-_clearBox.min.y+_canvasHeightHalf;_clearBox.max.x=_clearBox.max.x+_canvasWidthHalf;_clearBox.max.y=-_clearBox.max.y+_canvasHeightHalf;if(_clearAlpha<1){_context.clearRect(_clearBox.min.x|0,_clearBox.max.y|0,(_clearBox.max.x-_clearBox.min.x)|0,(_clearBox.min.y-_clearBox.max.y)|0)}if(_clearAlpha>0){setBlending(THREE.NormalBlending);setOpacity(1);setFillStyle("rgba("+Math.floor(_clearColor.r*255)+","+Math.floor(_clearColor.g*255)+","+Math.floor(_clearColor.b*255)+","+_clearAlpha+")");_context.fillRect(_clearBox.min.x|0,_clearBox.max.y|0,(_clearBox.max.x-_clearBox.min.x)|0,(_clearBox.min.y-_clearBox.max.y)|0)}_clearBox.makeEmpty()}};this.clearColor=function(){};this.clearDepth=function(){};this.clearStencil=function(){};this.render=function(scene,camera){if(camera instanceof THREE.Camera===false){console.error("THREE.CanvasRenderer.render: camera is not an instance of THREE.Camera.");return}var background=scene.background;if(background&&background.isColor){setFillStyle("rgb("+Math.floor(background.r*255)+","+Math.floor(background.g*255)+","+Math.floor(background.b*255)+")");_context.fillRect(0,0,_canvasWidth,_canvasHeight)}else{if(this.autoClear===true){this.clear()}}_this.info.render.vertices=0;_this.info.render.faces=0;_context.setTransform(_viewportWidth/_canvasWidth,0,0,-_viewportHeight/_canvasHeight,_viewportX,_canvasHeight-_viewportY);_context.translate(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_renderData=_projector.projectScene(scene,camera,this.sortObjects,this.sortElements);_elements=_renderData.elements;_lights=_renderData.lights;_camera=camera;_normalViewMatrix.getNormalMatrix(camera.matrixWorldInverse);calculateLights();for(var e=0,el=_elements.length;e<el;e++){var element=_elements[e];var material=element.material;if(material===undefined||material.opacity===0){continue
-}_elemBox.makeEmpty();if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableSprite){_v1=element;_v1.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;renderSprite(_v1,element,material)}else{if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableLine){_v1=element.v1;_v2=element.v2;_v1.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v2.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v2.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_elemBox.setFromPoints([_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen]);if(_clipBox.intersectsBox(_elemBox)===true){renderLine(_v1,_v2,element,material)}}else{if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableFace){_v1=element.v1;_v2=element.v2;_v3=element.v3;if(_v1.positionScreen.z<-1||_v1.positionScreen.z>1){continue}if(_v2.positionScreen.z<-1||_v2.positionScreen.z>1){continue}if(_v3.positionScreen.z<-1||_v3.positionScreen.z>1){continue}_v1.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v2.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v2.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v3.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v3.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;if(material.overdraw>0){expand(_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen,material.overdraw);expand(_v2.positionScreen,_v3.positionScreen,material.overdraw);expand(_v3.positionScreen,_v1.positionScreen,material.overdraw)}_elemBox.setFromPoints([_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen,_v3.positionScreen]);if(_clipBox.intersectsBox(_elemBox)===true){renderFace3(_v1,_v2,_v3,0,1,2,element,material)}}}}_clearBox.union(_elemBox)}_context.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0)};function calculateLights(){_ambientLight.setRGB(0,0,0);_directionalLights.setRGB(0,0,0);_pointLights.setRGB(0,0,0);for(var l=0,ll=_lights.length;l<ll;l++){var light=_lights[l];var lightColor=light.color;if(light instanceof THREE.AmbientLight){_ambientLight.add(lightColor)}else{if(light instanceof THREE.DirectionalLight){_directionalLights.add(lightColor)}else{if(light instanceof THREE.PointLight){_pointLights.add(lightColor)}}}}}function calculateLight(position,normal,color){for(var l=0,ll=_lights.length;
-l<ll;l++){var light=_lights[l];_lightColor.copy(light.color);if(light instanceof THREE.DirectionalLight){var lightPosition=_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(light.matrixWorld).normalize();var amount=normal.dot(lightPosition);if(amount<=0){continue}amount*=light.intensity;color.add(_lightColor.multiplyScalar(amount))}else{if(light instanceof THREE.PointLight){var lightPosition=_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(light.matrixWorld);var amount=normal.dot(_vector3.subVectors(lightPosition,position).normalize());if(amount<=0){continue}amount*=light.distance==0?1:1-Math.min(position.distanceTo(lightPosition)/light.distance,1);if(amount==0){continue}amount*=light.intensity;color.add(_lightColor.multiplyScalar(amount))}}}}function renderSprite(v1,element,material){setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);var scaleX=element.scale.x*_canvasWidthHalf;var scaleY=element.scale.y*_canvasHeightHalf;var dist=0.5*Math.sqrt(scaleX*scaleX+scaleY*scaleY);_elemBox.min.set(v1.x-dist,v1.y-dist);_elemBox.max.set(v1.x+dist,v1.y+dist);if(material instanceof THREE.SpriteMaterial){var texture=material.map;if(texture!==null){var pattern=_patterns[texture.id];if(pattern===undefined||pattern.version!==texture.version){pattern=textureToPattern(texture);_patterns[texture.id]=pattern}if(pattern.canvas!==undefined){setFillStyle(pattern.canvas);var bitmap=texture.image;var ox=bitmap.width*texture.offset.x;var oy=bitmap.height*texture.offset.y;var sx=bitmap.width*texture.repeat.x;var sy=bitmap.height*texture.repeat.y;var cx=scaleX/sx;var cy=scaleY/sy;_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.translate(-scaleX/2,-scaleY/2);_context.scale(cx,cy);_context.translate(-ox,-oy);_context.fillRect(ox,oy,sx,sy);_context.restore()}}else{setFillStyle(material.color.getStyle());_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.scale(scaleX,-scaleY);_context.fillRect(-0.5,-0.5,1,1);
-_context.restore()}}else{if(material instanceof THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial){setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle());setFillStyle(material.color.getStyle());_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.scale(scaleX,scaleY);material.program(_context);_context.restore()}}}function renderLine(v1,v2,element,material){setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);_context.beginPath();_context.moveTo(v1.positionScreen.x,v1.positionScreen.y);_context.lineTo(v2.positionScreen.x,v2.positionScreen.y);if(material instanceof THREE.LineBasicMaterial){setLineWidth(material.linewidth);setLineCap(material.linecap);setLineJoin(material.linejoin);if(material.vertexColors!==THREE.VertexColors){setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle())}else{var colorStyle1=element.vertexColors[0].getStyle();var colorStyle2=element.vertexColors[1].getStyle();if(colorStyle1===colorStyle2){setStrokeStyle(colorStyle1)}else{try{var grad=_context.createLinearGradient(v1.positionScreen.x,v1.positionScreen.y,v2.positionScreen.x,v2.positionScreen.y);grad.addColorStop(0,colorStyle1);grad.addColorStop(1,colorStyle2)}catch(exception){grad=colorStyle1}setStrokeStyle(grad)}}_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(material.linewidth*2)}else{if(material instanceof THREE.LineDashedMaterial){setLineWidth(material.linewidth);setLineCap(material.linecap);setLineJoin(material.linejoin);setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle());setLineDash([material.dashSize,material.gapSize]);_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(material.linewidth*2);setLineDash([])}}}function renderFace3(v1,v2,v3,uv1,uv2,uv3,element,material){_this.info.render.vertices+=3;_this.info.render.faces++;setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);_v1x=v1.positionScreen.x;_v1y=v1.positionScreen.y;_v2x=v2.positionScreen.x;_v2y=v2.positionScreen.y;_v3x=v3.positionScreen.x;_v3y=v3.positionScreen.y;drawTriangle(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y);if((material instanceof THREE.MeshLambertMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshPhongMaterial)&&material.map===null){_diffuseColor.copy(material.color);
-_emissiveColor.copy(material.emissive);if(material.vertexColors===THREE.FaceColors){_diffuseColor.multiply(element.color)}_color.copy(_ambientLight);_centroid.copy(v1.positionWorld).add(v2.positionWorld).add(v3.positionWorld).divideScalar(3);calculateLight(_centroid,element.normalModel,_color);_color.multiply(_diffuseColor).add(_emissiveColor);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}else{if(material instanceof THREE.MeshBasicMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshLambertMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshPhongMaterial){if(material.map!==null){var mapping=material.map.mapping;if(mapping===THREE.UVMapping){_uvs=element.uvs;patternPath(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_uvs[uv1].x,_uvs[uv1].y,_uvs[uv2].x,_uvs[uv2].y,_uvs[uv3].x,_uvs[uv3].y,material.map)}}else{if(material.envMap!==null){if(material.envMap.mapping===THREE.SphericalReflectionMapping){_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv1]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv1x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv1y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv2]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv2x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv2y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv3]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv3x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv3y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;patternPath(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_uv1x,_uv1y,_uv2x,_uv2y,_uv3x,_uv3y,material.envMap)}}else{_color.copy(material.color);if(material.vertexColors===THREE.FaceColors){_color.multiply(element.color)}material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}}}else{if(material instanceof THREE.MeshNormalMaterial){_normal.copy(element.normalModel).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_color.setRGB(_normal.x,_normal.y,_normal.z).multiplyScalar(0.5).addScalar(0.5);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)
-}else{_color.setRGB(1,1,1);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}}}}function drawTriangle(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2){_context.beginPath();_context.moveTo(x0,y0);_context.lineTo(x1,y1);_context.lineTo(x2,y2);_context.closePath()}function strokePath(color,linewidth,linecap,linejoin){setLineWidth(linewidth);setLineCap(linecap);setLineJoin(linejoin);setStrokeStyle(color.getStyle());_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(linewidth*2)}function fillPath(color){setFillStyle(color.getStyle());_context.fill()}function textureToPattern(texture){if(texture.version===0||texture instanceof THREE.CompressedTexture||texture instanceof THREE.DataTexture){return{canvas:undefined,version:texture.version}}var image=texture.image;if(image.complete===false){return{canvas:undefined,version:0}}var repeatX=texture.wrapS===THREE.RepeatWrapping||texture.wrapS===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var repeatY=texture.wrapT===THREE.RepeatWrapping||texture.wrapT===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var mirrorX=texture.wrapS===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var mirrorY=texture.wrapT===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var canvas=document.createElement("canvas");canvas.width=image.width*(mirrorX?2:1);canvas.height=image.height*(mirrorY?2:1);var context=canvas.getContext("2d");context.setTransform(1,0,0,-1,0,image.height);context.drawImage(image,0,0);if(mirrorX===true){context.setTransform(-1,0,0,-1,image.width,image.height);context.drawImage(image,-image.width,0)}if(mirrorY===true){context.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0);context.drawImage(image,0,image.height)}if(mirrorX===true&&mirrorY===true){context.setTransform(-1,0,0,1,image.width,0);context.drawImage(image,-image.width,image.height)}var repeat="no-repeat";if(repeatX===true&&repeatY===true){repeat="repeat"}else{if(repeatX===true){repeat="repeat-x"}else{if(repeatY===true){repeat="repeat-y"}}}var pattern=_context.createPattern(canvas,repeat);if(texture.onUpdate){texture.onUpdate(texture)
-}return{canvas:pattern,version:texture.version}}function patternPath(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2,u0,v0,u1,v1,u2,v2,texture){var pattern=_patterns[texture.id];if(pattern===undefined||pattern.version!==texture.version){pattern=textureToPattern(texture);_patterns[texture.id]=pattern}if(pattern.canvas!==undefined){setFillStyle(pattern.canvas)}else{setFillStyle("rgba( 0, 0, 0, 1)");_context.fill();return}var a,b,c,d,e,f,det,idet,offsetX=texture.offset.x/texture.repeat.x,offsetY=texture.offset.y/texture.repeat.y,width=texture.image.width*texture.repeat.x,height=texture.image.height*texture.repeat.y;u0=(u0+offsetX)*width;v0=(v0+offsetY)*height;u1=(u1+offsetX)*width;v1=(v1+offsetY)*height;u2=(u2+offsetX)*width;v2=(v2+offsetY)*height;x1-=x0;y1-=y0;x2-=x0;y2-=y0;u1-=u0;v1-=v0;u2-=u0;v2-=v0;det=u1*v2-u2*v1;if(det===0){return}idet=1/det;a=(v2*x1-v1*x2)*idet;b=(v2*y1-v1*y2)*idet;c=(u1*x2-u2*x1)*idet;d=(u1*y2-u2*y1)*idet;e=x0-a*u0-c*v0;f=y0-b*u0-d*v0;_context.save();_context.transform(a,b,c,d,e,f);_context.fill();_context.restore()}function clipImage(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2,u0,v0,u1,v1,u2,v2,image){var a,b,c,d,e,f,det,idet,width=image.width-1,height=image.height-1;u0*=width;v0*=height;u1*=width;v1*=height;u2*=width;v2*=height;x1-=x0;y1-=y0;x2-=x0;y2-=y0;u1-=u0;v1-=v0;u2-=u0;v2-=v0;det=u1*v2-u2*v1;idet=1/det;a=(v2*x1-v1*x2)*idet;b=(v2*y1-v1*y2)*idet;c=(u1*x2-u2*x1)*idet;d=(u1*y2-u2*y1)*idet;e=x0-a*u0-c*v0;f=y0-b*u0-d*v0;_context.save();_context.transform(a,b,c,d,e,f);_context.clip();_context.drawImage(image,0,0);_context.restore()}function expand(v1,v2,pixels){var x=v2.x-v1.x,y=v2.y-v1.y,det=x*x+y*y,idet;if(det===0){return}idet=pixels/Math.sqrt(det);x*=idet;y*=idet;v2.x+=x;v2.y+=y;v1.x-=x;v1.y-=y}function setOpacity(value){if(_contextGlobalAlpha!==value){_context.globalAlpha=value;_contextGlobalAlpha=value}}function setBlending(value){if(_contextGlobalCompositeOperation!==value){if(value===THREE.NormalBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="source-over"}else{if(value===THREE.AdditiveBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="lighter"
-}else{if(value===THREE.SubtractiveBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="darker"}else{if(value===THREE.MultiplyBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="multiply"}}}}_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=value}}function setLineWidth(value){if(_contextLineWidth!==value){_context.lineWidth=value;_contextLineWidth=value}}function setLineCap(value){if(_contextLineCap!==value){_context.lineCap=value;_contextLineCap=value}}function setLineJoin(value){if(_contextLineJoin!==value){_context.lineJoin=value;_contextLineJoin=value}}function setStrokeStyle(value){if(_contextStrokeStyle!==value){_context.strokeStyle=value;_contextStrokeStyle=value}}function setFillStyle(value){if(_contextFillStyle!==value){_context.fillStyle=value;_contextFillStyle=value}}function setLineDash(value){if(_contextLineDash.length!==value.length){_context.setLineDash(value);_contextLineDash=value}}};
diff --git a/lib/three/canvas_sphere.min.js b/lib/three/canvas_sphere.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c6fef43..00000000
--- a/lib/three/canvas_sphere.min.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-$(function(){var SCREEN_WIDTH=window.innerWidth,SCREEN_HEIGHT=window.innerHeight,mouseX=0,mouseY=0,windowHalfX=window.innerWidth/2,windowHalfY=window.innerHeight/2,SEPARATION=200,AMOUNTX=10,AMOUNTY=10,camera,scene,renderer;init();animate();function init(){var container,separation=100,amountX=50,amountY=50,particles,particle;container=document.createElement("div");container.style.position="fixed";container.style.top="0px";container.style.left="0px";container.style.zIndex="-1";container.style.opacity="0.5";document.body.appendChild(container);camera=new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75,SCREEN_WIDTH/SCREEN_HEIGHT,1,10000);camera.position.z=1000;scene=new THREE.Scene();renderer=new THREE.CanvasRenderer();renderer.setClearColor(16119801,0);renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);renderer.setSize(SCREEN_WIDTH,SCREEN_HEIGHT);container.appendChild(renderer.domElement);var PI2=Math.PI*2;var material=new THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial({color:10263708,program:function(context){context.beginPath();context.arc(0,0,0.5,0,PI2,true);context.fill()}});for(var i=0;i<1000;i++){particle=new THREE.Sprite(material);particle.position.x=Math.random()*2-1;particle.position.y=Math.random()*2-1;particle.position.z=Math.random()*2-1;particle.position.normalize();particle.position.multiplyScalar(Math.random()*10+450);particle.scale.multiplyScalar(2);scene.add(particle)}for(var i=0;i<300;i++){var geometry=new THREE.Geometry();var vertex=new THREE.Vector3(Math.random()*2-1,Math.random()*2-1,Math.random()*2-1);vertex.normalize();vertex.multiplyScalar(450);geometry.vertices.push(vertex);var vertex2=vertex.clone();vertex2.multiplyScalar(Math.random()*0.3+1);geometry.vertices.push(vertex2);var line=new THREE.Line(geometry,new THREE.LineBasicMaterial({color:10263708,opacity:Math.random()}));scene.add(line)}document.addEventListener("mousemove",onDocumentMouseMove,false);document.addEventListener("touchstart",onDocumentTouchStart,false);document.addEventListener("touchmove",onDocumentTouchMove,false);window.addEventListener("resize",onWindowResize,false)
-}function onWindowResize(){windowHalfX=window.innerWidth/2;windowHalfY=window.innerHeight/2;camera.aspect=window.innerWidth/window.innerHeight;camera.updateProjectionMatrix();renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth,window.innerHeight)}function onDocumentMouseMove(event){mouseX=event.clientX-windowHalfX;mouseY=event.clientY-windowHalfY}function onDocumentTouchStart(event){if(event.touches.length>1){mouseX=event.touches[0].pageX-windowHalfX}}function onDocumentTouchMove(event){if(event.touches.length==1){mouseX=event.touches[0].pageX-windowHalfX}}function animate(){requestAnimationFrame(animate);render()}function render(){camera.position.x+=(mouseX-camera.position.x)*0.05;camera.position.y+=(-mouseY+200-camera.position.y)*0.05;camera.lookAt(scene.position);renderer.render(scene,camera)}});
-THREE.RenderableObject=function(){this.id=0;this.object=null;this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableFace=function(){this.id=0;this.v1=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v2=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v3=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.normalModel=new THREE.Vector3();this.vertexNormalsModel=[new THREE.Vector3(),new THREE.Vector3(),new THREE.Vector3()];this.vertexNormalsLength=0;this.color=new THREE.Color();this.material=null;this.uvs=[new THREE.Vector2(),new THREE.Vector2(),new THREE.Vector2()];this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableVertex=function(){this.position=new THREE.Vector3();this.positionWorld=new THREE.Vector3();this.positionScreen=new THREE.Vector4();this.visible=true};THREE.RenderableVertex.prototype.copy=function(vertex){this.positionWorld.copy(vertex.positionWorld);this.positionScreen.copy(vertex.positionScreen)};THREE.RenderableLine=function(){this.id=0;this.v1=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v2=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.vertexColors=[new THREE.Color(),new THREE.Color()];this.material=null;this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableSprite=function(){this.id=0;this.object=null;this.x=0;this.y=0;this.z=0;this.rotation=0;this.scale=new THREE.Vector2();this.material=null;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.Projector=function(){var _object,_objectCount,_objectPool=[],_objectPoolLength=0,_vertex,_vertexCount,_vertexPool=[],_vertexPoolLength=0,_face,_faceCount,_facePool=[],_facePoolLength=0,_line,_lineCount,_linePool=[],_linePoolLength=0,_sprite,_spriteCount,_spritePool=[],_spritePoolLength=0,_renderData={objects:[],lights:[],elements:[]},_vector3=new THREE.Vector3(),_vector4=new THREE.Vector4(),_clipBox=new THREE.Box3(new THREE.Vector3(-1,-1,-1),new THREE.Vector3(1,1,1)),_boundingBox=new THREE.Box3(),_points3=new Array(3),_points4=new Array(4),_viewMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_viewProjectionMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_modelMatrix,_modelViewProjectionMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_normalMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3(),_frustum=new THREE.Frustum(),_clippedVertex1PositionScreen=new THREE.Vector4(),_clippedVertex2PositionScreen=new THREE.Vector4();
-this.projectVector=function(vector,camera){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .projectVector() is now vector.project().");vector.project(camera)};this.unprojectVector=function(vector,camera){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .unprojectVector() is now vector.unproject().");vector.unproject(camera)};this.pickingRay=function(vector,camera){console.error("THREE.Projector: .pickingRay() is now raycaster.setFromCamera().")};var RenderList=function(){var normals=[];var uvs=[];var object=null;var material=null;var normalMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3();function setObject(value){object=value;material=object.material;normalMatrix.getNormalMatrix(object.matrixWorld);normals.length=0;uvs.length=0}function projectVertex(vertex){var position=vertex.position;var positionWorld=vertex.positionWorld;var positionScreen=vertex.positionScreen;positionWorld.copy(position).applyMatrix4(_modelMatrix);positionScreen.copy(positionWorld).applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);var invW=1/positionScreen.w;positionScreen.x*=invW;positionScreen.y*=invW;positionScreen.z*=invW;vertex.visible=positionScreen.x>=-1&&positionScreen.x<=1&&positionScreen.y>=-1&&positionScreen.y<=1&&positionScreen.z>=-1&&positionScreen.z<=1}function pushVertex(x,y,z){_vertex=getNextVertexInPool();_vertex.position.set(x,y,z);projectVertex(_vertex)}function pushNormal(x,y,z){normals.push(x,y,z)}function pushUv(x,y){uvs.push(x,y)}function checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3){if(v1.visible===true||v2.visible===true||v3.visible===true){return true}_points3[0]=v1.positionScreen;_points3[1]=v2.positionScreen;_points3[2]=v3.positionScreen;return _clipBox.intersectsBox(_boundingBox.setFromPoints(_points3))}function checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3){return((v3.positionScreen.x-v1.positionScreen.x)*(v2.positionScreen.y-v1.positionScreen.y)-(v3.positionScreen.y-v1.positionScreen.y)*(v2.positionScreen.x-v1.positionScreen.x))<0}function pushLine(a,b){var v1=_vertexPool[a];var v2=_vertexPool[b];_line=getNextLineInPool();_line.id=object.id;_line.v1.copy(v1);_line.v2.copy(v2);
-_line.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z)/2;_line.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_line.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_line)}function pushTriangle(a,b,c){var v1=_vertexPool[a];var v2=_vertexPool[b];var v3=_vertexPool[c];if(checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3)===false){return}if(material.side===THREE.DoubleSide||checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3)===true){_face=getNextFaceInPool();_face.id=object.id;_face.v1.copy(v1);_face.v2.copy(v2);_face.v3.copy(v3);_face.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z+v3.positionScreen.z)/3;_face.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_face.normalModel.fromArray(normals,a*3);_face.normalModel.applyMatrix3(normalMatrix).normalize();for(var i=0;i<3;i++){var normal=_face.vertexNormalsModel[i];normal.fromArray(normals,arguments[i]*3);normal.applyMatrix3(normalMatrix).normalize();var uv=_face.uvs[i];uv.fromArray(uvs,arguments[i]*2)}_face.vertexNormalsLength=3;_face.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_face)}}return{setObject:setObject,projectVertex:projectVertex,checkTriangleVisibility:checkTriangleVisibility,checkBackfaceCulling:checkBackfaceCulling,pushVertex:pushVertex,pushNormal:pushNormal,pushUv:pushUv,pushLine:pushLine,pushTriangle:pushTriangle}};var renderList=new RenderList();this.projectScene=function(scene,camera,sortObjects,sortElements){_faceCount=0;_lineCount=0;_spriteCount=0;_renderData.elements.length=0;if(scene.autoUpdate===true){scene.updateMatrixWorld()}if(camera.parent===null){camera.updateMatrixWorld()}_viewMatrix.copy(camera.matrixWorldInverse.getInverse(camera.matrixWorld));_viewProjectionMatrix.multiplyMatrices(camera.projectionMatrix,_viewMatrix);_frustum.setFromMatrix(_viewProjectionMatrix);_objectCount=0;_renderData.objects.length=0;_renderData.lights.length=0;function addObject(object){_object=getNextObjectInPool();_object.id=object.id;_object.object=object;_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(object.matrixWorld);_vector3.applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);_object.z=_vector3.z;_object.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;
-_renderData.objects.push(_object)}scene.traverseVisible(function(object){if(object instanceof THREE.Light){_renderData.lights.push(object)}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Mesh||object instanceof THREE.Line){if(object.material.visible===false){return}if(object.frustumCulled===true&&_frustum.intersectsObject(object)===false){return}addObject(object)}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Sprite){if(object.material.visible===false){return}if(object.frustumCulled===true&&_frustum.intersectsSprite(object)===false){return}addObject(object)}}}});if(sortObjects===true){_renderData.objects.sort(painterSort)}for(var o=0,ol=_renderData.objects.length;o<ol;o++){var object=_renderData.objects[o].object;var geometry=object.geometry;renderList.setObject(object);_modelMatrix=object.matrixWorld;_vertexCount=0;if(object instanceof THREE.Mesh){if(geometry instanceof THREE.BufferGeometry){var attributes=geometry.attributes;var groups=geometry.groups;if(attributes.position===undefined){continue}var positions=attributes.position.array;for(var i=0,l=positions.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushVertex(positions[i],positions[i+1],positions[i+2])}if(attributes.normal!==undefined){var normals=attributes.normal.array;for(var i=0,l=normals.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushNormal(normals[i],normals[i+1],normals[i+2])}}if(attributes.uv!==undefined){var uvs=attributes.uv.array;for(var i=0,l=uvs.length;i<l;i+=2){renderList.pushUv(uvs[i],uvs[i+1])}}if(geometry.index!==null){var indices=geometry.index.array;if(groups.length>0){for(var g=0;g<groups.length;g++){var group=groups[g];for(var i=group.start,l=group.start+group.count;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(indices[i],indices[i+1],indices[i+2])}}}else{for(var i=0,l=indices.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(indices[i],indices[i+1],indices[i+2])}}}else{for(var i=0,l=positions.length/3;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(i,i+1,i+2)}}}else{if(geometry instanceof THREE.Geometry){var vertices=geometry.vertices;var faces=geometry.faces;var faceVertexUvs=geometry.faceVertexUvs[0];
-_normalMatrix.getNormalMatrix(_modelMatrix);var material=object.material;var isFaceMaterial=material instanceof THREE.MultiMaterial;var objectMaterials=isFaceMaterial===true?object.material:null;for(var v=0,vl=vertices.length;v<vl;v++){var vertex=vertices[v];_vector3.copy(vertex);if(material.morphTargets===true){var morphTargets=geometry.morphTargets;var morphInfluences=object.morphTargetInfluences;for(var t=0,tl=morphTargets.length;t<tl;t++){var influence=morphInfluences[t];if(influence===0){continue}var target=morphTargets[t];var targetVertex=target.vertices[v];_vector3.x+=(targetVertex.x-vertex.x)*influence;_vector3.y+=(targetVertex.y-vertex.y)*influence;_vector3.z+=(targetVertex.z-vertex.z)*influence}}renderList.pushVertex(_vector3.x,_vector3.y,_vector3.z)}for(var f=0,fl=faces.length;f<fl;f++){var face=faces[f];material=isFaceMaterial===true?objectMaterials.materials[face.materialIndex]:object.material;if(material===undefined){continue}var side=material.side;var v1=_vertexPool[face.a];var v2=_vertexPool[face.b];var v3=_vertexPool[face.c];if(renderList.checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3)===false){continue}var visible=renderList.checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3);if(side!==THREE.DoubleSide){if(side===THREE.FrontSide&&visible===false){continue}if(side===THREE.BackSide&&visible===true){continue}}_face=getNextFaceInPool();_face.id=object.id;_face.v1.copy(v1);_face.v2.copy(v2);_face.v3.copy(v3);_face.normalModel.copy(face.normal);if(visible===false&&(side===THREE.BackSide||side===THREE.DoubleSide)){_face.normalModel.negate()}_face.normalModel.applyMatrix3(_normalMatrix).normalize();var faceVertexNormals=face.vertexNormals;for(var n=0,nl=Math.min(faceVertexNormals.length,3);n<nl;n++){var normalModel=_face.vertexNormalsModel[n];normalModel.copy(faceVertexNormals[n]);if(visible===false&&(side===THREE.BackSide||side===THREE.DoubleSide)){normalModel.negate()}normalModel.applyMatrix3(_normalMatrix).normalize()}_face.vertexNormalsLength=faceVertexNormals.length;var vertexUvs=faceVertexUvs[f];
-if(vertexUvs!==undefined){for(var u=0;u<3;u++){_face.uvs[u].copy(vertexUvs[u])}}_face.color=face.color;_face.material=material;_face.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z+v3.positionScreen.z)/3;_face.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_renderData.elements.push(_face)}}}}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Line){if(geometry instanceof THREE.BufferGeometry){var attributes=geometry.attributes;if(attributes.position!==undefined){var positions=attributes.position.array;for(var i=0,l=positions.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushVertex(positions[i],positions[i+1],positions[i+2])}if(geometry.index!==null){var indices=geometry.index.array;for(var i=0,l=indices.length;i<l;i+=2){renderList.pushLine(indices[i],indices[i+1])}}else{var step=object instanceof THREE.LineSegments?2:1;for(var i=0,l=(positions.length/3)-1;i<l;i+=step){renderList.pushLine(i,i+1)}}}}else{if(geometry instanceof THREE.Geometry){_modelViewProjectionMatrix.multiplyMatrices(_viewProjectionMatrix,_modelMatrix);var vertices=object.geometry.vertices;if(vertices.length===0){continue}v1=getNextVertexInPool();v1.positionScreen.copy(vertices[0]).applyMatrix4(_modelViewProjectionMatrix);var step=object instanceof THREE.LineSegments?2:1;for(var v=1,vl=vertices.length;v<vl;v++){v1=getNextVertexInPool();v1.positionScreen.copy(vertices[v]).applyMatrix4(_modelViewProjectionMatrix);if((v+1)%step>0){continue}v2=_vertexPool[_vertexCount-2];_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.copy(v1.positionScreen);_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.copy(v2.positionScreen);if(clipLine(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen,_clippedVertex2PositionScreen)===true){_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.multiplyScalar(1/_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.w);_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.multiplyScalar(1/_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.w);_line=getNextLineInPool();_line.id=object.id;_line.v1.positionScreen.copy(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen);_line.v2.positionScreen.copy(_clippedVertex2PositionScreen);_line.z=Math.max(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.z,_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.z);_line.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;
-_line.material=object.material;if(object.material.vertexColors===THREE.VertexColors){_line.vertexColors[0].copy(object.geometry.colors[v]);_line.vertexColors[1].copy(object.geometry.colors[v-1])}_renderData.elements.push(_line)}}}}}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Sprite){_vector4.set(_modelMatrix.elements[12],_modelMatrix.elements[13],_modelMatrix.elements[14],1);_vector4.applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);var invW=1/_vector4.w;_vector4.z*=invW;if(_vector4.z>=-1&&_vector4.z<=1){_sprite=getNextSpriteInPool();_sprite.id=object.id;_sprite.x=_vector4.x*invW;_sprite.y=_vector4.y*invW;_sprite.z=_vector4.z;_sprite.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_sprite.object=object;_sprite.rotation=object.rotation;_sprite.scale.x=object.scale.x*Math.abs(_sprite.x-(_vector4.x+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[0])/(_vector4.w+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[12]));_sprite.scale.y=object.scale.y*Math.abs(_sprite.y-(_vector4.y+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[5])/(_vector4.w+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[13]));_sprite.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_sprite)}}}}}if(sortElements===true){_renderData.elements.sort(painterSort)}return _renderData};function getNextObjectInPool(){if(_objectCount===_objectPoolLength){var object=new THREE.RenderableObject();_objectPool.push(object);_objectPoolLength++;_objectCount++;return object}return _objectPool[_objectCount++]}function getNextVertexInPool(){if(_vertexCount===_vertexPoolLength){var vertex=new THREE.RenderableVertex();_vertexPool.push(vertex);_vertexPoolLength++;_vertexCount++;return vertex}return _vertexPool[_vertexCount++]}function getNextFaceInPool(){if(_faceCount===_facePoolLength){var face=new THREE.RenderableFace();_facePool.push(face);_facePoolLength++;_faceCount++;return face}return _facePool[_faceCount++]}function getNextLineInPool(){if(_lineCount===_linePoolLength){var line=new THREE.RenderableLine();_linePool.push(line);_linePoolLength++;_lineCount++;return line}return _linePool[_lineCount++]}function getNextSpriteInPool(){if(_spriteCount===_spritePoolLength){var sprite=new THREE.RenderableSprite();
-_spritePool.push(sprite);_spritePoolLength++;_spriteCount++;return sprite}return _spritePool[_spriteCount++]}function painterSort(a,b){if(a.renderOrder!==b.renderOrder){return a.renderOrder-b.renderOrder}else{if(a.z!==b.z){return b.z-a.z}else{if(a.id!==b.id){return a.id-b.id}else{return 0}}}}function clipLine(s1,s2){var alpha1=0,alpha2=1,bc1near=s1.z+s1.w,bc2near=s2.z+s2.w,bc1far=-s1.z+s1.w,bc2far=-s2.z+s2.w;if(bc1near>=0&&bc2near>=0&&bc1far>=0&&bc2far>=0){return true}else{if((bc1near<0&&bc2near<0)||(bc1far<0&&bc2far<0)){return false}else{if(bc1near<0){alpha1=Math.max(alpha1,bc1near/(bc1near-bc2near))}else{if(bc2near<0){alpha2=Math.min(alpha2,bc1near/(bc1near-bc2near))}}if(bc1far<0){alpha1=Math.max(alpha1,bc1far/(bc1far-bc2far))}else{if(bc2far<0){alpha2=Math.min(alpha2,bc1far/(bc1far-bc2far))}}if(alpha2<alpha1){return false}else{s1.lerp(s2,alpha1);s2.lerp(s1,1-alpha2);return true}}}}};
-THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial=function(parameters){THREE.Material.call(this);this.type="SpriteCanvasMaterial";this.color=new THREE.Color(16777215);this.program=function(context,color){};this.setValues(parameters)};THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype=Object.create(THREE.Material.prototype);THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype.constructor=THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial;THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype.clone=function(){var material=new THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial();material.copy(this);material.color.copy(this.color);material.program=this.program;return material};THREE.CanvasRenderer=function(parameters){console.log("THREE.CanvasRenderer",THREE.REVISION);parameters=parameters||{};var _this=this,_renderData,_elements,_lights,_projector=new THREE.Projector(),_canvas=parameters.canvas!==undefined?parameters.canvas:document.createElement("canvas"),_canvasWidth=_canvas.width,_canvasHeight=_canvas.height,_canvasWidthHalf=Math.floor(_canvasWidth/2),_canvasHeightHalf=Math.floor(_canvasHeight/2),_viewportX=0,_viewportY=0,_viewportWidth=_canvasWidth,_viewportHeight=_canvasHeight,_pixelRatio=1,_context=_canvas.getContext("2d",{alpha:parameters.alpha===true}),_clearColor=new THREE.Color(0),_clearAlpha=parameters.alpha===true?0:1,_contextGlobalAlpha=1,_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=0,_contextStrokeStyle=null,_contextFillStyle=null,_contextLineWidth=null,_contextLineCap=null,_contextLineJoin=null,_contextLineDash=[],_camera,_v1,_v2,_v3,_v4,_v5=new THREE.RenderableVertex(),_v6=new THREE.RenderableVertex(),_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_v4x,_v4y,_v5x,_v5y,_v6x,_v6y,_color=new THREE.Color(),_color1=new THREE.Color(),_color2=new THREE.Color(),_color3=new THREE.Color(),_color4=new THREE.Color(),_diffuseColor=new THREE.Color(),_emissiveColor=new THREE.Color(),_lightColor=new THREE.Color(),_patterns={},_image,_uvs,_uv1x,_uv1y,_uv2x,_uv2y,_uv3x,_uv3y,_clipBox=new THREE.Box2(),_clearBox=new THREE.Box2(),_elemBox=new THREE.Box2(),_ambientLight=new THREE.Color(),_directionalLights=new THREE.Color(),_pointLights=new THREE.Color(),_vector3=new THREE.Vector3(),_centroid=new THREE.Vector3(),_normal=new THREE.Vector3(),_normalViewMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3();
-if(_context.setLineDash===undefined){_context.setLineDash=function(){}}this.domElement=_canvas;this.autoClear=true;this.sortObjects=true;this.sortElements=true;this.info={render:{vertices:0,faces:0}};this.supportsVertexTextures=function(){};this.setFaceCulling=function(){};this.getContext=function(){return _context};this.getContextAttributes=function(){return _context.getContextAttributes()};this.getPixelRatio=function(){return _pixelRatio};this.setPixelRatio=function(value){if(value!==undefined){_pixelRatio=value}};this.setSize=function(width,height,updateStyle){_canvasWidth=width*_pixelRatio;_canvasHeight=height*_pixelRatio;_canvas.width=_canvasWidth;_canvas.height=_canvasHeight;_canvasWidthHalf=Math.floor(_canvasWidth/2);_canvasHeightHalf=Math.floor(_canvasHeight/2);if(updateStyle!==false){_canvas.style.width=width+"px";_canvas.style.height=height+"px"}_clipBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clipBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_contextGlobalAlpha=1;_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=0;_contextStrokeStyle=null;_contextFillStyle=null;_contextLineWidth=null;_contextLineCap=null;_contextLineJoin=null;this.setViewport(0,0,width,height)};this.setViewport=function(x,y,width,height){_viewportX=x*_pixelRatio;_viewportY=y*_pixelRatio;_viewportWidth=width*_pixelRatio;_viewportHeight=height*_pixelRatio};this.setScissor=function(){};this.setScissorTest=function(){};this.setClearColor=function(color,alpha){_clearColor.set(color);_clearAlpha=alpha!==undefined?alpha:1;_clearBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf)};this.setClearColorHex=function(hex,alpha){console.warn("THREE.CanvasRenderer: .setClearColorHex() is being removed. Use .setClearColor() instead.");this.setClearColor(hex,alpha)};this.getClearColor=function(){return _clearColor};this.getClearAlpha=function(){return _clearAlpha
-};this.getMaxAnisotropy=function(){return 0};this.clear=function(){if(_clearBox.isEmpty()===false){_clearBox.intersect(_clipBox);_clearBox.expandByScalar(2);_clearBox.min.x=_clearBox.min.x+_canvasWidthHalf;_clearBox.min.y=-_clearBox.min.y+_canvasHeightHalf;_clearBox.max.x=_clearBox.max.x+_canvasWidthHalf;_clearBox.max.y=-_clearBox.max.y+_canvasHeightHalf;if(_clearAlpha<1){_context.clearRect(_clearBox.min.x|0,_clearBox.max.y|0,(_clearBox.max.x-_clearBox.min.x)|0,(_clearBox.min.y-_clearBox.max.y)|0)}if(_clearAlpha>0){setBlending(THREE.NormalBlending);setOpacity(1);setFillStyle("rgba("+Math.floor(_clearColor.r*255)+","+Math.floor(_clearColor.g*255)+","+Math.floor(_clearColor.b*255)+","+_clearAlpha+")");_context.fillRect(_clearBox.min.x|0,_clearBox.max.y|0,(_clearBox.max.x-_clearBox.min.x)|0,(_clearBox.min.y-_clearBox.max.y)|0)}_clearBox.makeEmpty()}};this.clearColor=function(){};this.clearDepth=function(){};this.clearStencil=function(){};this.render=function(scene,camera){if(camera instanceof THREE.Camera===false){console.error("THREE.CanvasRenderer.render: camera is not an instance of THREE.Camera.");return}var background=scene.background;if(background&&background.isColor){setFillStyle("rgb("+Math.floor(background.r*255)+","+Math.floor(background.g*255)+","+Math.floor(background.b*255)+")");_context.fillRect(0,0,_canvasWidth,_canvasHeight)}else{if(this.autoClear===true){this.clear()}}_this.info.render.vertices=0;_this.info.render.faces=0;_context.setTransform(_viewportWidth/_canvasWidth,0,0,-_viewportHeight/_canvasHeight,_viewportX,_canvasHeight-_viewportY);_context.translate(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_renderData=_projector.projectScene(scene,camera,this.sortObjects,this.sortElements);_elements=_renderData.elements;_lights=_renderData.lights;_camera=camera;_normalViewMatrix.getNormalMatrix(camera.matrixWorldInverse);calculateLights();for(var e=0,el=_elements.length;e<el;e++){var element=_elements[e];var material=element.material;if(material===undefined||material.opacity===0){continue
-}_elemBox.makeEmpty();if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableSprite){_v1=element;_v1.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;renderSprite(_v1,element,material)}else{if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableLine){_v1=element.v1;_v2=element.v2;_v1.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v2.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v2.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_elemBox.setFromPoints([_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen]);if(_clipBox.intersectsBox(_elemBox)===true){renderLine(_v1,_v2,element,material)}}else{if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableFace){_v1=element.v1;_v2=element.v2;_v3=element.v3;if(_v1.positionScreen.z<-1||_v1.positionScreen.z>1){continue}if(_v2.positionScreen.z<-1||_v2.positionScreen.z>1){continue}if(_v3.positionScreen.z<-1||_v3.positionScreen.z>1){continue}_v1.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v2.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v2.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v3.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v3.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;if(material.overdraw>0){expand(_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen,material.overdraw);expand(_v2.positionScreen,_v3.positionScreen,material.overdraw);expand(_v3.positionScreen,_v1.positionScreen,material.overdraw)}_elemBox.setFromPoints([_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen,_v3.positionScreen]);if(_clipBox.intersectsBox(_elemBox)===true){renderFace3(_v1,_v2,_v3,0,1,2,element,material)}}}}_clearBox.union(_elemBox)}_context.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0)};function calculateLights(){_ambientLight.setRGB(0,0,0);_directionalLights.setRGB(0,0,0);_pointLights.setRGB(0,0,0);for(var l=0,ll=_lights.length;l<ll;l++){var light=_lights[l];var lightColor=light.color;if(light instanceof THREE.AmbientLight){_ambientLight.add(lightColor)}else{if(light instanceof THREE.DirectionalLight){_directionalLights.add(lightColor)}else{if(light instanceof THREE.PointLight){_pointLights.add(lightColor)}}}}}function calculateLight(position,normal,color){for(var l=0,ll=_lights.length;
-l<ll;l++){var light=_lights[l];_lightColor.copy(light.color);if(light instanceof THREE.DirectionalLight){var lightPosition=_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(light.matrixWorld).normalize();var amount=normal.dot(lightPosition);if(amount<=0){continue}amount*=light.intensity;color.add(_lightColor.multiplyScalar(amount))}else{if(light instanceof THREE.PointLight){var lightPosition=_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(light.matrixWorld);var amount=normal.dot(_vector3.subVectors(lightPosition,position).normalize());if(amount<=0){continue}amount*=light.distance==0?1:1-Math.min(position.distanceTo(lightPosition)/light.distance,1);if(amount==0){continue}amount*=light.intensity;color.add(_lightColor.multiplyScalar(amount))}}}}function renderSprite(v1,element,material){setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);var scaleX=element.scale.x*_canvasWidthHalf;var scaleY=element.scale.y*_canvasHeightHalf;var dist=0.5*Math.sqrt(scaleX*scaleX+scaleY*scaleY);_elemBox.min.set(v1.x-dist,v1.y-dist);_elemBox.max.set(v1.x+dist,v1.y+dist);if(material instanceof THREE.SpriteMaterial){var texture=material.map;if(texture!==null){var pattern=_patterns[texture.id];if(pattern===undefined||pattern.version!==texture.version){pattern=textureToPattern(texture);_patterns[texture.id]=pattern}if(pattern.canvas!==undefined){setFillStyle(pattern.canvas);var bitmap=texture.image;var ox=bitmap.width*texture.offset.x;var oy=bitmap.height*texture.offset.y;var sx=bitmap.width*texture.repeat.x;var sy=bitmap.height*texture.repeat.y;var cx=scaleX/sx;var cy=scaleY/sy;_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.translate(-scaleX/2,-scaleY/2);_context.scale(cx,cy);_context.translate(-ox,-oy);_context.fillRect(ox,oy,sx,sy);_context.restore()}}else{setFillStyle(material.color.getStyle());_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.scale(scaleX,-scaleY);_context.fillRect(-0.5,-0.5,1,1);
-_context.restore()}}else{if(material instanceof THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial){setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle());setFillStyle(material.color.getStyle());_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.scale(scaleX,scaleY);material.program(_context);_context.restore()}}}function renderLine(v1,v2,element,material){setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);_context.beginPath();_context.moveTo(v1.positionScreen.x,v1.positionScreen.y);_context.lineTo(v2.positionScreen.x,v2.positionScreen.y);if(material instanceof THREE.LineBasicMaterial){setLineWidth(material.linewidth);setLineCap(material.linecap);setLineJoin(material.linejoin);if(material.vertexColors!==THREE.VertexColors){setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle())}else{var colorStyle1=element.vertexColors[0].getStyle();var colorStyle2=element.vertexColors[1].getStyle();if(colorStyle1===colorStyle2){setStrokeStyle(colorStyle1)}else{try{var grad=_context.createLinearGradient(v1.positionScreen.x,v1.positionScreen.y,v2.positionScreen.x,v2.positionScreen.y);grad.addColorStop(0,colorStyle1);grad.addColorStop(1,colorStyle2)}catch(exception){grad=colorStyle1}setStrokeStyle(grad)}}_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(material.linewidth*2)}else{if(material instanceof THREE.LineDashedMaterial){setLineWidth(material.linewidth);setLineCap(material.linecap);setLineJoin(material.linejoin);setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle());setLineDash([material.dashSize,material.gapSize]);_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(material.linewidth*2);setLineDash([])}}}function renderFace3(v1,v2,v3,uv1,uv2,uv3,element,material){_this.info.render.vertices+=3;_this.info.render.faces++;setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);_v1x=v1.positionScreen.x;_v1y=v1.positionScreen.y;_v2x=v2.positionScreen.x;_v2y=v2.positionScreen.y;_v3x=v3.positionScreen.x;_v3y=v3.positionScreen.y;drawTriangle(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y);if((material instanceof THREE.MeshLambertMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshPhongMaterial)&&material.map===null){_diffuseColor.copy(material.color);
-_emissiveColor.copy(material.emissive);if(material.vertexColors===THREE.FaceColors){_diffuseColor.multiply(element.color)}_color.copy(_ambientLight);_centroid.copy(v1.positionWorld).add(v2.positionWorld).add(v3.positionWorld).divideScalar(3);calculateLight(_centroid,element.normalModel,_color);_color.multiply(_diffuseColor).add(_emissiveColor);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}else{if(material instanceof THREE.MeshBasicMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshLambertMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshPhongMaterial){if(material.map!==null){var mapping=material.map.mapping;if(mapping===THREE.UVMapping){_uvs=element.uvs;patternPath(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_uvs[uv1].x,_uvs[uv1].y,_uvs[uv2].x,_uvs[uv2].y,_uvs[uv3].x,_uvs[uv3].y,material.map)}}else{if(material.envMap!==null){if(material.envMap.mapping===THREE.SphericalReflectionMapping){_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv1]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv1x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv1y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv2]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv2x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv2y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv3]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv3x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv3y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;patternPath(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_uv1x,_uv1y,_uv2x,_uv2y,_uv3x,_uv3y,material.envMap)}}else{_color.copy(material.color);if(material.vertexColors===THREE.FaceColors){_color.multiply(element.color)}material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}}}else{if(material instanceof THREE.MeshNormalMaterial){_normal.copy(element.normalModel).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_color.setRGB(_normal.x,_normal.y,_normal.z).multiplyScalar(0.5).addScalar(0.5);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)
-}else{_color.setRGB(1,1,1);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}}}}function drawTriangle(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2){_context.beginPath();_context.moveTo(x0,y0);_context.lineTo(x1,y1);_context.lineTo(x2,y2);_context.closePath()}function strokePath(color,linewidth,linecap,linejoin){setLineWidth(linewidth);setLineCap(linecap);setLineJoin(linejoin);setStrokeStyle(color.getStyle());_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(linewidth*2)}function fillPath(color){setFillStyle(color.getStyle());_context.fill()}function textureToPattern(texture){if(texture.version===0||texture instanceof THREE.CompressedTexture||texture instanceof THREE.DataTexture){return{canvas:undefined,version:texture.version}}var image=texture.image;if(image.complete===false){return{canvas:undefined,version:0}}var repeatX=texture.wrapS===THREE.RepeatWrapping||texture.wrapS===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var repeatY=texture.wrapT===THREE.RepeatWrapping||texture.wrapT===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var mirrorX=texture.wrapS===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var mirrorY=texture.wrapT===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var canvas=document.createElement("canvas");canvas.width=image.width*(mirrorX?2:1);canvas.height=image.height*(mirrorY?2:1);var context=canvas.getContext("2d");context.setTransform(1,0,0,-1,0,image.height);context.drawImage(image,0,0);if(mirrorX===true){context.setTransform(-1,0,0,-1,image.width,image.height);context.drawImage(image,-image.width,0)}if(mirrorY===true){context.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0);context.drawImage(image,0,image.height)}if(mirrorX===true&&mirrorY===true){context.setTransform(-1,0,0,1,image.width,0);context.drawImage(image,-image.width,image.height)}var repeat="no-repeat";if(repeatX===true&&repeatY===true){repeat="repeat"}else{if(repeatX===true){repeat="repeat-x"}else{if(repeatY===true){repeat="repeat-y"}}}var pattern=_context.createPattern(canvas,repeat);if(texture.onUpdate){texture.onUpdate(texture)
-}return{canvas:pattern,version:texture.version}}function patternPath(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2,u0,v0,u1,v1,u2,v2,texture){var pattern=_patterns[texture.id];if(pattern===undefined||pattern.version!==texture.version){pattern=textureToPattern(texture);_patterns[texture.id]=pattern}if(pattern.canvas!==undefined){setFillStyle(pattern.canvas)}else{setFillStyle("rgba( 0, 0, 0, 1)");_context.fill();return}var a,b,c,d,e,f,det,idet,offsetX=texture.offset.x/texture.repeat.x,offsetY=texture.offset.y/texture.repeat.y,width=texture.image.width*texture.repeat.x,height=texture.image.height*texture.repeat.y;u0=(u0+offsetX)*width;v0=(v0+offsetY)*height;u1=(u1+offsetX)*width;v1=(v1+offsetY)*height;u2=(u2+offsetX)*width;v2=(v2+offsetY)*height;x1-=x0;y1-=y0;x2-=x0;y2-=y0;u1-=u0;v1-=v0;u2-=u0;v2-=v0;det=u1*v2-u2*v1;if(det===0){return}idet=1/det;a=(v2*x1-v1*x2)*idet;b=(v2*y1-v1*y2)*idet;c=(u1*x2-u2*x1)*idet;d=(u1*y2-u2*y1)*idet;e=x0-a*u0-c*v0;f=y0-b*u0-d*v0;_context.save();_context.transform(a,b,c,d,e,f);_context.fill();_context.restore()}function clipImage(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2,u0,v0,u1,v1,u2,v2,image){var a,b,c,d,e,f,det,idet,width=image.width-1,height=image.height-1;u0*=width;v0*=height;u1*=width;v1*=height;u2*=width;v2*=height;x1-=x0;y1-=y0;x2-=x0;y2-=y0;u1-=u0;v1-=v0;u2-=u0;v2-=v0;det=u1*v2-u2*v1;idet=1/det;a=(v2*x1-v1*x2)*idet;b=(v2*y1-v1*y2)*idet;c=(u1*x2-u2*x1)*idet;d=(u1*y2-u2*y1)*idet;e=x0-a*u0-c*v0;f=y0-b*u0-d*v0;_context.save();_context.transform(a,b,c,d,e,f);_context.clip();_context.drawImage(image,0,0);_context.restore()}function expand(v1,v2,pixels){var x=v2.x-v1.x,y=v2.y-v1.y,det=x*x+y*y,idet;if(det===0){return}idet=pixels/Math.sqrt(det);x*=idet;y*=idet;v2.x+=x;v2.y+=y;v1.x-=x;v1.y-=y}function setOpacity(value){if(_contextGlobalAlpha!==value){_context.globalAlpha=value;_contextGlobalAlpha=value}}function setBlending(value){if(_contextGlobalCompositeOperation!==value){if(value===THREE.NormalBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="source-over"}else{if(value===THREE.AdditiveBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="lighter"
-}else{if(value===THREE.SubtractiveBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="darker"}else{if(value===THREE.MultiplyBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="multiply"}}}}_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=value}}function setLineWidth(value){if(_contextLineWidth!==value){_context.lineWidth=value;_contextLineWidth=value}}function setLineCap(value){if(_contextLineCap!==value){_context.lineCap=value;_contextLineCap=value}}function setLineJoin(value){if(_contextLineJoin!==value){_context.lineJoin=value;_contextLineJoin=value}}function setStrokeStyle(value){if(_contextStrokeStyle!==value){_context.strokeStyle=value;_contextStrokeStyle=value}}function setFillStyle(value){if(_contextFillStyle!==value){_context.fillStyle=value;_contextFillStyle=value}}function setLineDash(value){if(_contextLineDash.length!==value.length){_context.setLineDash(value);_contextLineDash=value}}};
diff --git a/lib/three/three-waves.min.js b/lib/three/three-waves.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 8269b6fd..00000000
--- a/lib/three/three-waves.min.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-$(function(){var SEPARATION=100,AMOUNTX=50,AMOUNTY=50;var container;var camera,scene,renderer;var particles,particle,count=0;var mouseX=0,mouseY=0;var windowHalfX=window.innerWidth/2;var windowHalfY=window.innerHeight/2;init();animate();function init(){container=document.createElement("div");container.style.position="fixed";container.style.top="0px";container.style.left="0px";container.style.zIndex="-1";container.style.opacity="0.5";document.body.appendChild(container);camera=new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75,window.innerWidth/window.innerHeight,1,10000);camera.position.z=1000;scene=new THREE.Scene();particles=new Array();var PI2=Math.PI*2;var material=new THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial({color:10263708,program:function(context){context.beginPath();context.arc(0,0,0.5,0,PI2,true);context.fill()}});var i=0;for(var ix=0;ix<AMOUNTX;ix++){for(var iy=0;iy<AMOUNTY;iy++){particle=particles[i++]=new THREE.Sprite(material);particle.position.x=ix*SEPARATION-((AMOUNTX*SEPARATION)/2);particle.position.z=iy*SEPARATION-((AMOUNTY*SEPARATION)/2);scene.add(particle)}}renderer=new THREE.CanvasRenderer();renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth,window.innerHeight);renderer.setClearColor(16119801,0);container.appendChild(renderer.domElement);document.addEventListener("mousemove",onDocumentMouseMove,false);window.addEventListener("resize",onWindowResize,false)}function onWindowResize(){windowHalfX=window.innerWidth/2;windowHalfY=window.innerHeight/2;camera.aspect=window.innerWidth/window.innerHeight;camera.updateProjectionMatrix();renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth,window.innerHeight)}function onDocumentMouseMove(event){mouseX=event.clientX-windowHalfX}function animate(){requestAnimationFrame(animate);render()}function render(){camera.position.x+=(mouseX-camera.position.x)*0.05;camera.position.y=362.05;camera.lookAt({x:scene.position.x,y:window.innerHeight/3,z:scene.position.z});var i=0;for(var ix=0;ix<AMOUNTX;ix++){for(var iy=0;iy<AMOUNTY;iy++){particle=particles[i++];
-particle.position.y=(Math.sin((ix+count)*0.3)*50)+(Math.sin((iy+count)*0.5)*50);particle.scale.x=particle.scale.y=(Math.sin((ix+count)*0.3)+1)*4+(Math.sin((iy+count)*0.5)+1)*4}}renderer.render(scene,camera);count+=0.1}});
-THREE.RenderableObject=function(){this.id=0;this.object=null;this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableFace=function(){this.id=0;this.v1=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v2=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v3=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.normalModel=new THREE.Vector3();this.vertexNormalsModel=[new THREE.Vector3(),new THREE.Vector3(),new THREE.Vector3()];this.vertexNormalsLength=0;this.color=new THREE.Color();this.material=null;this.uvs=[new THREE.Vector2(),new THREE.Vector2(),new THREE.Vector2()];this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableVertex=function(){this.position=new THREE.Vector3();this.positionWorld=new THREE.Vector3();this.positionScreen=new THREE.Vector4();this.visible=true};THREE.RenderableVertex.prototype.copy=function(vertex){this.positionWorld.copy(vertex.positionWorld);this.positionScreen.copy(vertex.positionScreen)};THREE.RenderableLine=function(){this.id=0;this.v1=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.v2=new THREE.RenderableVertex();this.vertexColors=[new THREE.Color(),new THREE.Color()];this.material=null;this.z=0;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.RenderableSprite=function(){this.id=0;this.object=null;this.x=0;this.y=0;this.z=0;this.rotation=0;this.scale=new THREE.Vector2();this.material=null;this.renderOrder=0};THREE.Projector=function(){var _object,_objectCount,_objectPool=[],_objectPoolLength=0,_vertex,_vertexCount,_vertexPool=[],_vertexPoolLength=0,_face,_faceCount,_facePool=[],_facePoolLength=0,_line,_lineCount,_linePool=[],_linePoolLength=0,_sprite,_spriteCount,_spritePool=[],_spritePoolLength=0,_renderData={objects:[],lights:[],elements:[]},_vector3=new THREE.Vector3(),_vector4=new THREE.Vector4(),_clipBox=new THREE.Box3(new THREE.Vector3(-1,-1,-1),new THREE.Vector3(1,1,1)),_boundingBox=new THREE.Box3(),_points3=new Array(3),_points4=new Array(4),_viewMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_viewProjectionMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_modelMatrix,_modelViewProjectionMatrix=new THREE.Matrix4(),_normalMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3(),_frustum=new THREE.Frustum(),_clippedVertex1PositionScreen=new THREE.Vector4(),_clippedVertex2PositionScreen=new THREE.Vector4();
-this.projectVector=function(vector,camera){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .projectVector() is now vector.project().");vector.project(camera)};this.unprojectVector=function(vector,camera){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .unprojectVector() is now vector.unproject().");vector.unproject(camera)};this.pickingRay=function(vector,camera){console.error("THREE.Projector: .pickingRay() is now raycaster.setFromCamera().")};var RenderList=function(){var normals=[];var uvs=[];var object=null;var material=null;var normalMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3();function setObject(value){object=value;material=object.material;normalMatrix.getNormalMatrix(object.matrixWorld);normals.length=0;uvs.length=0}function projectVertex(vertex){var position=vertex.position;var positionWorld=vertex.positionWorld;var positionScreen=vertex.positionScreen;positionWorld.copy(position).applyMatrix4(_modelMatrix);positionScreen.copy(positionWorld).applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);var invW=1/positionScreen.w;positionScreen.x*=invW;positionScreen.y*=invW;positionScreen.z*=invW;vertex.visible=positionScreen.x>=-1&&positionScreen.x<=1&&positionScreen.y>=-1&&positionScreen.y<=1&&positionScreen.z>=-1&&positionScreen.z<=1}function pushVertex(x,y,z){_vertex=getNextVertexInPool();_vertex.position.set(x,y,z);projectVertex(_vertex)}function pushNormal(x,y,z){normals.push(x,y,z)}function pushUv(x,y){uvs.push(x,y)}function checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3){if(v1.visible===true||v2.visible===true||v3.visible===true){return true}_points3[0]=v1.positionScreen;_points3[1]=v2.positionScreen;_points3[2]=v3.positionScreen;return _clipBox.intersectsBox(_boundingBox.setFromPoints(_points3))}function checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3){return((v3.positionScreen.x-v1.positionScreen.x)*(v2.positionScreen.y-v1.positionScreen.y)-(v3.positionScreen.y-v1.positionScreen.y)*(v2.positionScreen.x-v1.positionScreen.x))<0}function pushLine(a,b){var v1=_vertexPool[a];var v2=_vertexPool[b];_line=getNextLineInPool();_line.id=object.id;_line.v1.copy(v1);_line.v2.copy(v2);
-_line.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z)/2;_line.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_line.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_line)}function pushTriangle(a,b,c){var v1=_vertexPool[a];var v2=_vertexPool[b];var v3=_vertexPool[c];if(checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3)===false){return}if(material.side===THREE.DoubleSide||checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3)===true){_face=getNextFaceInPool();_face.id=object.id;_face.v1.copy(v1);_face.v2.copy(v2);_face.v3.copy(v3);_face.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z+v3.positionScreen.z)/3;_face.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_face.normalModel.fromArray(normals,a*3);_face.normalModel.applyMatrix3(normalMatrix).normalize();for(var i=0;i<3;i++){var normal=_face.vertexNormalsModel[i];normal.fromArray(normals,arguments[i]*3);normal.applyMatrix3(normalMatrix).normalize();var uv=_face.uvs[i];uv.fromArray(uvs,arguments[i]*2)}_face.vertexNormalsLength=3;_face.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_face)}}return{setObject:setObject,projectVertex:projectVertex,checkTriangleVisibility:checkTriangleVisibility,checkBackfaceCulling:checkBackfaceCulling,pushVertex:pushVertex,pushNormal:pushNormal,pushUv:pushUv,pushLine:pushLine,pushTriangle:pushTriangle}};var renderList=new RenderList();this.projectScene=function(scene,camera,sortObjects,sortElements){_faceCount=0;_lineCount=0;_spriteCount=0;_renderData.elements.length=0;if(scene.autoUpdate===true){scene.updateMatrixWorld()}if(camera.parent===null){camera.updateMatrixWorld()}_viewMatrix.copy(camera.matrixWorldInverse.getInverse(camera.matrixWorld));_viewProjectionMatrix.multiplyMatrices(camera.projectionMatrix,_viewMatrix);_frustum.setFromMatrix(_viewProjectionMatrix);_objectCount=0;_renderData.objects.length=0;_renderData.lights.length=0;function addObject(object){_object=getNextObjectInPool();_object.id=object.id;_object.object=object;_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(object.matrixWorld);_vector3.applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);_object.z=_vector3.z;_object.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;
-_renderData.objects.push(_object)}scene.traverseVisible(function(object){if(object instanceof THREE.Light){_renderData.lights.push(object)}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Mesh||object instanceof THREE.Line){if(object.material.visible===false){return}if(object.frustumCulled===true&&_frustum.intersectsObject(object)===false){return}addObject(object)}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Sprite){if(object.material.visible===false){return}if(object.frustumCulled===true&&_frustum.intersectsSprite(object)===false){return}addObject(object)}}}});if(sortObjects===true){_renderData.objects.sort(painterSort)}for(var o=0,ol=_renderData.objects.length;o<ol;o++){var object=_renderData.objects[o].object;var geometry=object.geometry;renderList.setObject(object);_modelMatrix=object.matrixWorld;_vertexCount=0;if(object instanceof THREE.Mesh){if(geometry instanceof THREE.BufferGeometry){var attributes=geometry.attributes;var groups=geometry.groups;if(attributes.position===undefined){continue}var positions=attributes.position.array;for(var i=0,l=positions.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushVertex(positions[i],positions[i+1],positions[i+2])}if(attributes.normal!==undefined){var normals=attributes.normal.array;for(var i=0,l=normals.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushNormal(normals[i],normals[i+1],normals[i+2])}}if(attributes.uv!==undefined){var uvs=attributes.uv.array;for(var i=0,l=uvs.length;i<l;i+=2){renderList.pushUv(uvs[i],uvs[i+1])}}if(geometry.index!==null){var indices=geometry.index.array;if(groups.length>0){for(var g=0;g<groups.length;g++){var group=groups[g];for(var i=group.start,l=group.start+group.count;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(indices[i],indices[i+1],indices[i+2])}}}else{for(var i=0,l=indices.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(indices[i],indices[i+1],indices[i+2])}}}else{for(var i=0,l=positions.length/3;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushTriangle(i,i+1,i+2)}}}else{if(geometry instanceof THREE.Geometry){var vertices=geometry.vertices;var faces=geometry.faces;var faceVertexUvs=geometry.faceVertexUvs[0];
-_normalMatrix.getNormalMatrix(_modelMatrix);var material=object.material;var isFaceMaterial=material instanceof THREE.MultiMaterial;var objectMaterials=isFaceMaterial===true?object.material:null;for(var v=0,vl=vertices.length;v<vl;v++){var vertex=vertices[v];_vector3.copy(vertex);if(material.morphTargets===true){var morphTargets=geometry.morphTargets;var morphInfluences=object.morphTargetInfluences;for(var t=0,tl=morphTargets.length;t<tl;t++){var influence=morphInfluences[t];if(influence===0){continue}var target=morphTargets[t];var targetVertex=target.vertices[v];_vector3.x+=(targetVertex.x-vertex.x)*influence;_vector3.y+=(targetVertex.y-vertex.y)*influence;_vector3.z+=(targetVertex.z-vertex.z)*influence}}renderList.pushVertex(_vector3.x,_vector3.y,_vector3.z)}for(var f=0,fl=faces.length;f<fl;f++){var face=faces[f];material=isFaceMaterial===true?objectMaterials.materials[face.materialIndex]:object.material;if(material===undefined){continue}var side=material.side;var v1=_vertexPool[face.a];var v2=_vertexPool[face.b];var v3=_vertexPool[face.c];if(renderList.checkTriangleVisibility(v1,v2,v3)===false){continue}var visible=renderList.checkBackfaceCulling(v1,v2,v3);if(side!==THREE.DoubleSide){if(side===THREE.FrontSide&&visible===false){continue}if(side===THREE.BackSide&&visible===true){continue}}_face=getNextFaceInPool();_face.id=object.id;_face.v1.copy(v1);_face.v2.copy(v2);_face.v3.copy(v3);_face.normalModel.copy(face.normal);if(visible===false&&(side===THREE.BackSide||side===THREE.DoubleSide)){_face.normalModel.negate()}_face.normalModel.applyMatrix3(_normalMatrix).normalize();var faceVertexNormals=face.vertexNormals;for(var n=0,nl=Math.min(faceVertexNormals.length,3);n<nl;n++){var normalModel=_face.vertexNormalsModel[n];normalModel.copy(faceVertexNormals[n]);if(visible===false&&(side===THREE.BackSide||side===THREE.DoubleSide)){normalModel.negate()}normalModel.applyMatrix3(_normalMatrix).normalize()}_face.vertexNormalsLength=faceVertexNormals.length;var vertexUvs=faceVertexUvs[f];
-if(vertexUvs!==undefined){for(var u=0;u<3;u++){_face.uvs[u].copy(vertexUvs[u])}}_face.color=face.color;_face.material=material;_face.z=(v1.positionScreen.z+v2.positionScreen.z+v3.positionScreen.z)/3;_face.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_renderData.elements.push(_face)}}}}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Line){if(geometry instanceof THREE.BufferGeometry){var attributes=geometry.attributes;if(attributes.position!==undefined){var positions=attributes.position.array;for(var i=0,l=positions.length;i<l;i+=3){renderList.pushVertex(positions[i],positions[i+1],positions[i+2])}if(geometry.index!==null){var indices=geometry.index.array;for(var i=0,l=indices.length;i<l;i+=2){renderList.pushLine(indices[i],indices[i+1])}}else{var step=object instanceof THREE.LineSegments?2:1;for(var i=0,l=(positions.length/3)-1;i<l;i+=step){renderList.pushLine(i,i+1)}}}}else{if(geometry instanceof THREE.Geometry){_modelViewProjectionMatrix.multiplyMatrices(_viewProjectionMatrix,_modelMatrix);var vertices=object.geometry.vertices;if(vertices.length===0){continue}v1=getNextVertexInPool();v1.positionScreen.copy(vertices[0]).applyMatrix4(_modelViewProjectionMatrix);var step=object instanceof THREE.LineSegments?2:1;for(var v=1,vl=vertices.length;v<vl;v++){v1=getNextVertexInPool();v1.positionScreen.copy(vertices[v]).applyMatrix4(_modelViewProjectionMatrix);if((v+1)%step>0){continue}v2=_vertexPool[_vertexCount-2];_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.copy(v1.positionScreen);_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.copy(v2.positionScreen);if(clipLine(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen,_clippedVertex2PositionScreen)===true){_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.multiplyScalar(1/_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.w);_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.multiplyScalar(1/_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.w);_line=getNextLineInPool();_line.id=object.id;_line.v1.positionScreen.copy(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen);_line.v2.positionScreen.copy(_clippedVertex2PositionScreen);_line.z=Math.max(_clippedVertex1PositionScreen.z,_clippedVertex2PositionScreen.z);_line.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;
-_line.material=object.material;if(object.material.vertexColors===THREE.VertexColors){_line.vertexColors[0].copy(object.geometry.colors[v]);_line.vertexColors[1].copy(object.geometry.colors[v-1])}_renderData.elements.push(_line)}}}}}else{if(object instanceof THREE.Sprite){_vector4.set(_modelMatrix.elements[12],_modelMatrix.elements[13],_modelMatrix.elements[14],1);_vector4.applyMatrix4(_viewProjectionMatrix);var invW=1/_vector4.w;_vector4.z*=invW;if(_vector4.z>=-1&&_vector4.z<=1){_sprite=getNextSpriteInPool();_sprite.id=object.id;_sprite.x=_vector4.x*invW;_sprite.y=_vector4.y*invW;_sprite.z=_vector4.z;_sprite.renderOrder=object.renderOrder;_sprite.object=object;_sprite.rotation=object.rotation;_sprite.scale.x=object.scale.x*Math.abs(_sprite.x-(_vector4.x+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[0])/(_vector4.w+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[12]));_sprite.scale.y=object.scale.y*Math.abs(_sprite.y-(_vector4.y+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[5])/(_vector4.w+camera.projectionMatrix.elements[13]));_sprite.material=object.material;_renderData.elements.push(_sprite)}}}}}if(sortElements===true){_renderData.elements.sort(painterSort)}return _renderData};function getNextObjectInPool(){if(_objectCount===_objectPoolLength){var object=new THREE.RenderableObject();_objectPool.push(object);_objectPoolLength++;_objectCount++;return object}return _objectPool[_objectCount++]}function getNextVertexInPool(){if(_vertexCount===_vertexPoolLength){var vertex=new THREE.RenderableVertex();_vertexPool.push(vertex);_vertexPoolLength++;_vertexCount++;return vertex}return _vertexPool[_vertexCount++]}function getNextFaceInPool(){if(_faceCount===_facePoolLength){var face=new THREE.RenderableFace();_facePool.push(face);_facePoolLength++;_faceCount++;return face}return _facePool[_faceCount++]}function getNextLineInPool(){if(_lineCount===_linePoolLength){var line=new THREE.RenderableLine();_linePool.push(line);_linePoolLength++;_lineCount++;return line}return _linePool[_lineCount++]}function getNextSpriteInPool(){if(_spriteCount===_spritePoolLength){var sprite=new THREE.RenderableSprite();
-_spritePool.push(sprite);_spritePoolLength++;_spriteCount++;return sprite}return _spritePool[_spriteCount++]}function painterSort(a,b){if(a.renderOrder!==b.renderOrder){return a.renderOrder-b.renderOrder}else{if(a.z!==b.z){return b.z-a.z}else{if(a.id!==b.id){return a.id-b.id}else{return 0}}}}function clipLine(s1,s2){var alpha1=0,alpha2=1,bc1near=s1.z+s1.w,bc2near=s2.z+s2.w,bc1far=-s1.z+s1.w,bc2far=-s2.z+s2.w;if(bc1near>=0&&bc2near>=0&&bc1far>=0&&bc2far>=0){return true}else{if((bc1near<0&&bc2near<0)||(bc1far<0&&bc2far<0)){return false}else{if(bc1near<0){alpha1=Math.max(alpha1,bc1near/(bc1near-bc2near))}else{if(bc2near<0){alpha2=Math.min(alpha2,bc1near/(bc1near-bc2near))}}if(bc1far<0){alpha1=Math.max(alpha1,bc1far/(bc1far-bc2far))}else{if(bc2far<0){alpha2=Math.min(alpha2,bc1far/(bc1far-bc2far))}}if(alpha2<alpha1){return false}else{s1.lerp(s2,alpha1);s2.lerp(s1,1-alpha2);return true}}}}};
-THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial=function(parameters){THREE.Material.call(this);this.type="SpriteCanvasMaterial";this.color=new THREE.Color(16777215);this.program=function(context,color){};this.setValues(parameters)};THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype=Object.create(THREE.Material.prototype);THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype.constructor=THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial;THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial.prototype.clone=function(){var material=new THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial();material.copy(this);material.color.copy(this.color);material.program=this.program;return material};THREE.CanvasRenderer=function(parameters){console.log("THREE.CanvasRenderer",THREE.REVISION);parameters=parameters||{};var _this=this,_renderData,_elements,_lights,_projector=new THREE.Projector(),_canvas=parameters.canvas!==undefined?parameters.canvas:document.createElement("canvas"),_canvasWidth=_canvas.width,_canvasHeight=_canvas.height,_canvasWidthHalf=Math.floor(_canvasWidth/2),_canvasHeightHalf=Math.floor(_canvasHeight/2),_viewportX=0,_viewportY=0,_viewportWidth=_canvasWidth,_viewportHeight=_canvasHeight,_pixelRatio=1,_context=_canvas.getContext("2d",{alpha:parameters.alpha===true}),_clearColor=new THREE.Color(0),_clearAlpha=parameters.alpha===true?0:1,_contextGlobalAlpha=1,_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=0,_contextStrokeStyle=null,_contextFillStyle=null,_contextLineWidth=null,_contextLineCap=null,_contextLineJoin=null,_contextLineDash=[],_camera,_v1,_v2,_v3,_v4,_v5=new THREE.RenderableVertex(),_v6=new THREE.RenderableVertex(),_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_v4x,_v4y,_v5x,_v5y,_v6x,_v6y,_color=new THREE.Color(),_color1=new THREE.Color(),_color2=new THREE.Color(),_color3=new THREE.Color(),_color4=new THREE.Color(),_diffuseColor=new THREE.Color(),_emissiveColor=new THREE.Color(),_lightColor=new THREE.Color(),_patterns={},_image,_uvs,_uv1x,_uv1y,_uv2x,_uv2y,_uv3x,_uv3y,_clipBox=new THREE.Box2(),_clearBox=new THREE.Box2(),_elemBox=new THREE.Box2(),_ambientLight=new THREE.Color(),_directionalLights=new THREE.Color(),_pointLights=new THREE.Color(),_vector3=new THREE.Vector3(),_centroid=new THREE.Vector3(),_normal=new THREE.Vector3(),_normalViewMatrix=new THREE.Matrix3();
-if(_context.setLineDash===undefined){_context.setLineDash=function(){}}this.domElement=_canvas;this.autoClear=true;this.sortObjects=true;this.sortElements=true;this.info={render:{vertices:0,faces:0}};this.supportsVertexTextures=function(){};this.setFaceCulling=function(){};this.getContext=function(){return _context};this.getContextAttributes=function(){return _context.getContextAttributes()};this.getPixelRatio=function(){return _pixelRatio};this.setPixelRatio=function(value){if(value!==undefined){_pixelRatio=value}};this.setSize=function(width,height,updateStyle){_canvasWidth=width*_pixelRatio;_canvasHeight=height*_pixelRatio;_canvas.width=_canvasWidth;_canvas.height=_canvasHeight;_canvasWidthHalf=Math.floor(_canvasWidth/2);_canvasHeightHalf=Math.floor(_canvasHeight/2);if(updateStyle!==false){_canvas.style.width=width+"px";_canvas.style.height=height+"px"}_clipBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clipBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_contextGlobalAlpha=1;_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=0;_contextStrokeStyle=null;_contextFillStyle=null;_contextLineWidth=null;_contextLineCap=null;_contextLineJoin=null;this.setViewport(0,0,width,height)};this.setViewport=function(x,y,width,height){_viewportX=x*_pixelRatio;_viewportY=y*_pixelRatio;_viewportWidth=width*_pixelRatio;_viewportHeight=height*_pixelRatio};this.setScissor=function(){};this.setScissorTest=function(){};this.setClearColor=function(color,alpha){_clearColor.set(color);_clearAlpha=alpha!==undefined?alpha:1;_clearBox.min.set(-_canvasWidthHalf,-_canvasHeightHalf);_clearBox.max.set(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf)};this.setClearColorHex=function(hex,alpha){console.warn("THREE.CanvasRenderer: .setClearColorHex() is being removed. Use .setClearColor() instead.");this.setClearColor(hex,alpha)};this.getClearColor=function(){return _clearColor};this.getClearAlpha=function(){return _clearAlpha
-};this.getMaxAnisotropy=function(){return 0};this.clear=function(){if(_clearBox.isEmpty()===false){_clearBox.intersect(_clipBox);_clearBox.expandByScalar(2);_clearBox.min.x=_clearBox.min.x+_canvasWidthHalf;_clearBox.min.y=-_clearBox.min.y+_canvasHeightHalf;_clearBox.max.x=_clearBox.max.x+_canvasWidthHalf;_clearBox.max.y=-_clearBox.max.y+_canvasHeightHalf;if(_clearAlpha<1){_context.clearRect(_clearBox.min.x|0,_clearBox.max.y|0,(_clearBox.max.x-_clearBox.min.x)|0,(_clearBox.min.y-_clearBox.max.y)|0)}if(_clearAlpha>0){setBlending(THREE.NormalBlending);setOpacity(1);setFillStyle("rgba("+Math.floor(_clearColor.r*255)+","+Math.floor(_clearColor.g*255)+","+Math.floor(_clearColor.b*255)+","+_clearAlpha+")");_context.fillRect(_clearBox.min.x|0,_clearBox.max.y|0,(_clearBox.max.x-_clearBox.min.x)|0,(_clearBox.min.y-_clearBox.max.y)|0)}_clearBox.makeEmpty()}};this.clearColor=function(){};this.clearDepth=function(){};this.clearStencil=function(){};this.render=function(scene,camera){if(camera instanceof THREE.Camera===false){console.error("THREE.CanvasRenderer.render: camera is not an instance of THREE.Camera.");return}var background=scene.background;if(background&&background.isColor){setFillStyle("rgb("+Math.floor(background.r*255)+","+Math.floor(background.g*255)+","+Math.floor(background.b*255)+")");_context.fillRect(0,0,_canvasWidth,_canvasHeight)}else{if(this.autoClear===true){this.clear()}}_this.info.render.vertices=0;_this.info.render.faces=0;_context.setTransform(_viewportWidth/_canvasWidth,0,0,-_viewportHeight/_canvasHeight,_viewportX,_canvasHeight-_viewportY);_context.translate(_canvasWidthHalf,_canvasHeightHalf);_renderData=_projector.projectScene(scene,camera,this.sortObjects,this.sortElements);_elements=_renderData.elements;_lights=_renderData.lights;_camera=camera;_normalViewMatrix.getNormalMatrix(camera.matrixWorldInverse);calculateLights();for(var e=0,el=_elements.length;e<el;e++){var element=_elements[e];var material=element.material;if(material===undefined||material.opacity===0){continue
-}_elemBox.makeEmpty();if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableSprite){_v1=element;_v1.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;renderSprite(_v1,element,material)}else{if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableLine){_v1=element.v1;_v2=element.v2;_v1.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v2.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v2.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_elemBox.setFromPoints([_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen]);if(_clipBox.intersectsBox(_elemBox)===true){renderLine(_v1,_v2,element,material)}}else{if(element instanceof THREE.RenderableFace){_v1=element.v1;_v2=element.v2;_v3=element.v3;if(_v1.positionScreen.z<-1||_v1.positionScreen.z>1){continue}if(_v2.positionScreen.z<-1||_v2.positionScreen.z>1){continue}if(_v3.positionScreen.z<-1||_v3.positionScreen.z>1){continue}_v1.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v1.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v2.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v2.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;_v3.positionScreen.x*=_canvasWidthHalf;_v3.positionScreen.y*=_canvasHeightHalf;if(material.overdraw>0){expand(_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen,material.overdraw);expand(_v2.positionScreen,_v3.positionScreen,material.overdraw);expand(_v3.positionScreen,_v1.positionScreen,material.overdraw)}_elemBox.setFromPoints([_v1.positionScreen,_v2.positionScreen,_v3.positionScreen]);if(_clipBox.intersectsBox(_elemBox)===true){renderFace3(_v1,_v2,_v3,0,1,2,element,material)}}}}_clearBox.union(_elemBox)}_context.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0)};function calculateLights(){_ambientLight.setRGB(0,0,0);_directionalLights.setRGB(0,0,0);_pointLights.setRGB(0,0,0);for(var l=0,ll=_lights.length;l<ll;l++){var light=_lights[l];var lightColor=light.color;if(light instanceof THREE.AmbientLight){_ambientLight.add(lightColor)}else{if(light instanceof THREE.DirectionalLight){_directionalLights.add(lightColor)}else{if(light instanceof THREE.PointLight){_pointLights.add(lightColor)}}}}}function calculateLight(position,normal,color){for(var l=0,ll=_lights.length;
-l<ll;l++){var light=_lights[l];_lightColor.copy(light.color);if(light instanceof THREE.DirectionalLight){var lightPosition=_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(light.matrixWorld).normalize();var amount=normal.dot(lightPosition);if(amount<=0){continue}amount*=light.intensity;color.add(_lightColor.multiplyScalar(amount))}else{if(light instanceof THREE.PointLight){var lightPosition=_vector3.setFromMatrixPosition(light.matrixWorld);var amount=normal.dot(_vector3.subVectors(lightPosition,position).normalize());if(amount<=0){continue}amount*=light.distance==0?1:1-Math.min(position.distanceTo(lightPosition)/light.distance,1);if(amount==0){continue}amount*=light.intensity;color.add(_lightColor.multiplyScalar(amount))}}}}function renderSprite(v1,element,material){setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);var scaleX=element.scale.x*_canvasWidthHalf;var scaleY=element.scale.y*_canvasHeightHalf;var dist=0.5*Math.sqrt(scaleX*scaleX+scaleY*scaleY);_elemBox.min.set(v1.x-dist,v1.y-dist);_elemBox.max.set(v1.x+dist,v1.y+dist);if(material instanceof THREE.SpriteMaterial){var texture=material.map;if(texture!==null){var pattern=_patterns[texture.id];if(pattern===undefined||pattern.version!==texture.version){pattern=textureToPattern(texture);_patterns[texture.id]=pattern}if(pattern.canvas!==undefined){setFillStyle(pattern.canvas);var bitmap=texture.image;var ox=bitmap.width*texture.offset.x;var oy=bitmap.height*texture.offset.y;var sx=bitmap.width*texture.repeat.x;var sy=bitmap.height*texture.repeat.y;var cx=scaleX/sx;var cy=scaleY/sy;_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.translate(-scaleX/2,-scaleY/2);_context.scale(cx,cy);_context.translate(-ox,-oy);_context.fillRect(ox,oy,sx,sy);_context.restore()}}else{setFillStyle(material.color.getStyle());_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.scale(scaleX,-scaleY);_context.fillRect(-0.5,-0.5,1,1);
-_context.restore()}}else{if(material instanceof THREE.SpriteCanvasMaterial){setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle());setFillStyle(material.color.getStyle());_context.save();_context.translate(v1.x,v1.y);if(material.rotation!==0){_context.rotate(material.rotation)}_context.scale(scaleX,scaleY);material.program(_context);_context.restore()}}}function renderLine(v1,v2,element,material){setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);_context.beginPath();_context.moveTo(v1.positionScreen.x,v1.positionScreen.y);_context.lineTo(v2.positionScreen.x,v2.positionScreen.y);if(material instanceof THREE.LineBasicMaterial){setLineWidth(material.linewidth);setLineCap(material.linecap);setLineJoin(material.linejoin);if(material.vertexColors!==THREE.VertexColors){setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle())}else{var colorStyle1=element.vertexColors[0].getStyle();var colorStyle2=element.vertexColors[1].getStyle();if(colorStyle1===colorStyle2){setStrokeStyle(colorStyle1)}else{try{var grad=_context.createLinearGradient(v1.positionScreen.x,v1.positionScreen.y,v2.positionScreen.x,v2.positionScreen.y);grad.addColorStop(0,colorStyle1);grad.addColorStop(1,colorStyle2)}catch(exception){grad=colorStyle1}setStrokeStyle(grad)}}_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(material.linewidth*2)}else{if(material instanceof THREE.LineDashedMaterial){setLineWidth(material.linewidth);setLineCap(material.linecap);setLineJoin(material.linejoin);setStrokeStyle(material.color.getStyle());setLineDash([material.dashSize,material.gapSize]);_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(material.linewidth*2);setLineDash([])}}}function renderFace3(v1,v2,v3,uv1,uv2,uv3,element,material){_this.info.render.vertices+=3;_this.info.render.faces++;setOpacity(material.opacity);setBlending(material.blending);_v1x=v1.positionScreen.x;_v1y=v1.positionScreen.y;_v2x=v2.positionScreen.x;_v2y=v2.positionScreen.y;_v3x=v3.positionScreen.x;_v3y=v3.positionScreen.y;drawTriangle(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y);if((material instanceof THREE.MeshLambertMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshPhongMaterial)&&material.map===null){_diffuseColor.copy(material.color);
-_emissiveColor.copy(material.emissive);if(material.vertexColors===THREE.FaceColors){_diffuseColor.multiply(element.color)}_color.copy(_ambientLight);_centroid.copy(v1.positionWorld).add(v2.positionWorld).add(v3.positionWorld).divideScalar(3);calculateLight(_centroid,element.normalModel,_color);_color.multiply(_diffuseColor).add(_emissiveColor);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}else{if(material instanceof THREE.MeshBasicMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshLambertMaterial||material instanceof THREE.MeshPhongMaterial){if(material.map!==null){var mapping=material.map.mapping;if(mapping===THREE.UVMapping){_uvs=element.uvs;patternPath(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_uvs[uv1].x,_uvs[uv1].y,_uvs[uv2].x,_uvs[uv2].y,_uvs[uv3].x,_uvs[uv3].y,material.map)}}else{if(material.envMap!==null){if(material.envMap.mapping===THREE.SphericalReflectionMapping){_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv1]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv1x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv1y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv2]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv2x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv2y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;_normal.copy(element.vertexNormalsModel[uv3]).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_uv3x=0.5*_normal.x+0.5;_uv3y=0.5*_normal.y+0.5;patternPath(_v1x,_v1y,_v2x,_v2y,_v3x,_v3y,_uv1x,_uv1y,_uv2x,_uv2y,_uv3x,_uv3y,material.envMap)}}else{_color.copy(material.color);if(material.vertexColors===THREE.FaceColors){_color.multiply(element.color)}material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}}}else{if(material instanceof THREE.MeshNormalMaterial){_normal.copy(element.normalModel).applyMatrix3(_normalViewMatrix);_color.setRGB(_normal.x,_normal.y,_normal.z).multiplyScalar(0.5).addScalar(0.5);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)
-}else{_color.setRGB(1,1,1);material.wireframe===true?strokePath(_color,material.wireframeLinewidth,material.wireframeLinecap,material.wireframeLinejoin):fillPath(_color)}}}}function drawTriangle(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2){_context.beginPath();_context.moveTo(x0,y0);_context.lineTo(x1,y1);_context.lineTo(x2,y2);_context.closePath()}function strokePath(color,linewidth,linecap,linejoin){setLineWidth(linewidth);setLineCap(linecap);setLineJoin(linejoin);setStrokeStyle(color.getStyle());_context.stroke();_elemBox.expandByScalar(linewidth*2)}function fillPath(color){setFillStyle(color.getStyle());_context.fill()}function textureToPattern(texture){if(texture.version===0||texture instanceof THREE.CompressedTexture||texture instanceof THREE.DataTexture){return{canvas:undefined,version:texture.version}}var image=texture.image;if(image.complete===false){return{canvas:undefined,version:0}}var repeatX=texture.wrapS===THREE.RepeatWrapping||texture.wrapS===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var repeatY=texture.wrapT===THREE.RepeatWrapping||texture.wrapT===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var mirrorX=texture.wrapS===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var mirrorY=texture.wrapT===THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping;var canvas=document.createElement("canvas");canvas.width=image.width*(mirrorX?2:1);canvas.height=image.height*(mirrorY?2:1);var context=canvas.getContext("2d");context.setTransform(1,0,0,-1,0,image.height);context.drawImage(image,0,0);if(mirrorX===true){context.setTransform(-1,0,0,-1,image.width,image.height);context.drawImage(image,-image.width,0)}if(mirrorY===true){context.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0);context.drawImage(image,0,image.height)}if(mirrorX===true&&mirrorY===true){context.setTransform(-1,0,0,1,image.width,0);context.drawImage(image,-image.width,image.height)}var repeat="no-repeat";if(repeatX===true&&repeatY===true){repeat="repeat"}else{if(repeatX===true){repeat="repeat-x"}else{if(repeatY===true){repeat="repeat-y"}}}var pattern=_context.createPattern(canvas,repeat);if(texture.onUpdate){texture.onUpdate(texture)
-}return{canvas:pattern,version:texture.version}}function patternPath(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2,u0,v0,u1,v1,u2,v2,texture){var pattern=_patterns[texture.id];if(pattern===undefined||pattern.version!==texture.version){pattern=textureToPattern(texture);_patterns[texture.id]=pattern}if(pattern.canvas!==undefined){setFillStyle(pattern.canvas)}else{setFillStyle("rgba( 0, 0, 0, 1)");_context.fill();return}var a,b,c,d,e,f,det,idet,offsetX=texture.offset.x/texture.repeat.x,offsetY=texture.offset.y/texture.repeat.y,width=texture.image.width*texture.repeat.x,height=texture.image.height*texture.repeat.y;u0=(u0+offsetX)*width;v0=(v0+offsetY)*height;u1=(u1+offsetX)*width;v1=(v1+offsetY)*height;u2=(u2+offsetX)*width;v2=(v2+offsetY)*height;x1-=x0;y1-=y0;x2-=x0;y2-=y0;u1-=u0;v1-=v0;u2-=u0;v2-=v0;det=u1*v2-u2*v1;if(det===0){return}idet=1/det;a=(v2*x1-v1*x2)*idet;b=(v2*y1-v1*y2)*idet;c=(u1*x2-u2*x1)*idet;d=(u1*y2-u2*y1)*idet;e=x0-a*u0-c*v0;f=y0-b*u0-d*v0;_context.save();_context.transform(a,b,c,d,e,f);_context.fill();_context.restore()}function clipImage(x0,y0,x1,y1,x2,y2,u0,v0,u1,v1,u2,v2,image){var a,b,c,d,e,f,det,idet,width=image.width-1,height=image.height-1;u0*=width;v0*=height;u1*=width;v1*=height;u2*=width;v2*=height;x1-=x0;y1-=y0;x2-=x0;y2-=y0;u1-=u0;v1-=v0;u2-=u0;v2-=v0;det=u1*v2-u2*v1;idet=1/det;a=(v2*x1-v1*x2)*idet;b=(v2*y1-v1*y2)*idet;c=(u1*x2-u2*x1)*idet;d=(u1*y2-u2*y1)*idet;e=x0-a*u0-c*v0;f=y0-b*u0-d*v0;_context.save();_context.transform(a,b,c,d,e,f);_context.clip();_context.drawImage(image,0,0);_context.restore()}function expand(v1,v2,pixels){var x=v2.x-v1.x,y=v2.y-v1.y,det=x*x+y*y,idet;if(det===0){return}idet=pixels/Math.sqrt(det);x*=idet;y*=idet;v2.x+=x;v2.y+=y;v1.x-=x;v1.y-=y}function setOpacity(value){if(_contextGlobalAlpha!==value){_context.globalAlpha=value;_contextGlobalAlpha=value}}function setBlending(value){if(_contextGlobalCompositeOperation!==value){if(value===THREE.NormalBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="source-over"}else{if(value===THREE.AdditiveBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="lighter"
-}else{if(value===THREE.SubtractiveBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="darker"}else{if(value===THREE.MultiplyBlending){_context.globalCompositeOperation="multiply"}}}}_contextGlobalCompositeOperation=value}}function setLineWidth(value){if(_contextLineWidth!==value){_context.lineWidth=value;_contextLineWidth=value}}function setLineCap(value){if(_contextLineCap!==value){_context.lineCap=value;_contextLineCap=value}}function setLineJoin(value){if(_contextLineJoin!==value){_context.lineJoin=value;_contextLineJoin=value}}function setStrokeStyle(value){if(_contextStrokeStyle!==value){_context.strokeStyle=value;_contextStrokeStyle=value}}function setFillStyle(value){if(_contextFillStyle!==value){_context.fillStyle=value;_contextFillStyle=value}}function setLineDash(value){if(_contextLineDash.length!==value.length){_context.setLineDash(value);_contextLineDash=value}}};
diff --git a/lib/three/three.min.js b/lib/three/three.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 76310b5a..00000000
--- a/lib/three/three.min.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,859 +0,0 @@
-// threejs.org/license
-(function(l,pa){"object"===typeof exports&&"undefined"!==typeof module?pa(exports):"function"===typeof define&&define.amd?define(["exports"],pa):pa(l.THREE=l.THREE||{})})(this,function(l){function pa(){}function D(a,b){this.x=a||0;this.y=b||0}function ea(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,m,k){Object.defineProperty(this,"id",{value:Ze++});this.uuid=N.generateUUID();this.name="";this.image=void 0!==a?a:ea.DEFAULT_IMAGE;this.mipmaps=[];this.mapping=void 0!==b?b:ea.DEFAULT_MAPPING;this.wrapS=void 0!==c?c:1001;this.wrapT=
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-emissiveMap:!!d.emissiveMap,emissiveMapEncoding:c(d.emissiveMap,a.gammaInput),bumpMap:!!d.bumpMap,normalMap:!!d.normalMap,displacementMap:!!d.displacementMap,roughnessMap:!!d.roughnessMap,metalnessMap:!!d.metalnessMap,specularMap:!!d.specularMap,alphaMap:!!d.alphaMap,gradientMap:!!d.gradientMap,combine:d.combine,vertexColors:d.vertexColors,fog:!!m,useFog:d.fog,fogExp:m&&m.isFogExp2,flatShading:1===d.shading,sizeAttenuation:d.sizeAttenuation,logarithmicDepthBuffer:b.logarithmicDepthBuffer,skinning:d.skinning,
-maxBones:u,useVertexTexture:b.floatVertexTextures&&p&&p.skeleton&&p.skeleton.useVertexTexture,morphTargets:d.morphTargets,morphNormals:d.morphNormals,maxMorphTargets:a.maxMorphTargets,maxMorphNormals:a.maxMorphNormals,numDirLights:f.directional.length,numPointLights:f.point.length,numSpotLights:f.spot.length,numRectAreaLights:f.rectArea.length,numHemiLights:f.hemi.length,numClippingPlanes:k,numClipIntersection:t,shadowMapEnabled:a.shadowMap.enabled&&p.receiveShadow&&0<f.shadows.length,shadowMapType:a.shadowMap.type,
-toneMapping:a.toneMapping,physicallyCorrectLights:a.physicallyCorrectLights,premultipliedAlpha:d.premultipliedAlpha,alphaTest:d.alphaTest,doubleSided:2===d.side,flipSided:1===d.side,depthPacking:void 0!==d.depthPacking?d.depthPacking:!1}};this.getProgramCode=function(a,b){var c=[];b.shaderID?c.push(b.shaderID):(c.push(a.fragmentShader),c.push(a.vertexShader));if(void 0!==a.defines)for(var d in a.defines)c.push(d),c.push(a.defines[d]);for(d=0;d<f.length;d++)c.push(b[f[d]]);return c.join()};this.acquireProgram=
-function(b,c,e){for(var f,t=0,p=d.length;t<p;t++){var n=d[t];if(n.code===e){f=n;++f.usedTimes;break}}void 0===f&&(f=new Kf(a,e,b,c),d.push(f));return f};this.releaseProgram=function(a){if(0===--a.usedTimes){var b=d.indexOf(a);d[b]=d[d.length-1];d.pop();a.destroy()}};this.programs=d}function Nf(a,b,c){function d(a){var h=a.target;a=f[h.id];null!==a.index&&e(a.index);var m=a.attributes,k;for(k in m)e(m[k]);h.removeEventListener("dispose",d);delete f[h.id];k=b.get(h);k.wireframe&&e(k.wireframe);b["delete"](h);
-h=b.get(a);h.wireframe&&e(h.wireframe);b["delete"](a);c.memory.geometries--}function e(c){var d;d=c.isInterleavedBufferAttribute?b.get(c.data).__webglBuffer:b.get(c).__webglBuffer;void 0!==d&&(a.deleteBuffer(d),c.isInterleavedBufferAttribute?b["delete"](c.data):b["delete"](c))}var f={};return{get:function(a){var b=a.geometry;if(void 0!==f[b.id])return f[b.id];b.addEventListener("dispose",d);var e;b.isBufferGeometry?e=b:b.isGeometry&&(void 0===b._bufferGeometry&&(b._bufferGeometry=(new I).setFromObject(a)),
-e=b._bufferGeometry);f[b.id]=e;c.memory.geometries++;return e}}}function Of(a,b,c){function d(c,d){var e=c.isInterleavedBufferAttribute?c.data:c,m=b.get(e);if(void 0===m.__webglBuffer){m.__webglBuffer=a.createBuffer();a.bindBuffer(d,m.__webglBuffer);a.bufferData(d,e.array,e.dynamic?a.DYNAMIC_DRAW:a.STATIC_DRAW);var k=a.FLOAT,t=e.array;t instanceof Float32Array?k=a.FLOAT:t instanceof Float64Array?console.warn("Unsupported data buffer format: Float64Array"):t instanceof Uint16Array?k=a.UNSIGNED_SHORT:
-t instanceof Int16Array?k=a.SHORT:t instanceof Uint32Array?k=a.UNSIGNED_INT:t instanceof Int32Array?k=a.INT:t instanceof Int8Array?k=a.BYTE:t instanceof Uint8Array&&(k=a.UNSIGNED_BYTE);m.bytesPerElement=t.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;m.type=k;m.version=e.version;e.onUploadCallback()}else m.version!==e.version&&(a.bindBuffer(d,m.__webglBuffer),!1===e.dynamic?a.bufferData(d,e.array,a.STATIC_DRAW):-1===e.updateRange.count?a.bufferSubData(d,0,e.array):0===e.updateRange.count?console.error("THREE.WebGLObjects.updateBuffer: dynamic THREE.BufferAttribute marked as needsUpdate but updateRange.count is 0, ensure you are using set methods or updating manually."):
-(a.bufferSubData(d,e.updateRange.offset*e.array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,e.array.subarray(e.updateRange.offset,e.updateRange.offset+e.updateRange.count)),e.updateRange.count=0),m.version=e.version)}var e=new Nf(a,b,c);return{getAttributeBuffer:function(a){return a.isInterleavedBufferAttribute?b.get(a.data).__webglBuffer:b.get(a).__webglBuffer},getAttributeProperties:function(a){return a.isInterleavedBufferAttribute?b.get(a.data):b.get(a)},getWireframeAttribute:function(c){var e=b.get(c);if(void 0!==e.wireframe)return e.wireframe;
-var h=[],m=c.index;c=c.attributes;if(null!==m){m=m.array;c=0;for(var k=m.length;c<k;c+=3){var t=m[c+0],p=m[c+1],n=m[c+2];h.push(t,p,p,n,n,t)}}else for(m=c.position.array,c=0,k=m.length/3-1;c<k;c+=3)t=c+0,p=c+1,n=c+2,h.push(t,p,p,n,n,t);h=new (65535<Ud(h)?jb:ib)(h,1);d(h,a.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);return e.wireframe=h},update:function(b){var c=e.get(b);b.geometry.isGeometry&&c.updateFromObject(b);b=c.index;var h=c.attributes;null!==b&&d(b,a.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);for(var m in h)d(h[m],a.ARRAY_BUFFER);
-b=c.morphAttributes;for(m in b)for(var h=b[m],k=0,t=h.length;k<t;k++)d(h[k],a.ARRAY_BUFFER);return c}}}function Pf(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){function h(a,b){if(a.width>b||a.height>b){var c=b/Math.max(a.width,a.height),d=document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml","canvas");d.width=Math.floor(a.width*c);d.height=Math.floor(a.height*c);d.getContext("2d").drawImage(a,0,0,a.width,a.height,0,0,d.width,d.height);console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: image is too big ("+a.width+"x"+a.height+"). Resized to "+
-d.width+"x"+d.height,a);return d}return a}function m(a){return N.isPowerOfTwo(a.width)&&N.isPowerOfTwo(a.height)}function k(b){return 1003===b||1004===b||1005===b?a.NEAREST:a.LINEAR}function t(b){b=b.target;b.removeEventListener("dispose",t);a:{var c=d.get(b);if(b.image&&c.__image__webglTextureCube)a.deleteTexture(c.__image__webglTextureCube);else{if(void 0===c.__webglInit)break a;a.deleteTexture(c.__webglTexture)}d["delete"](b)}q.textures--}function p(b){b=b.target;b.removeEventListener("dispose",
-p);var c=d.get(b),e=d.get(b.texture);if(b){void 0!==e.__webglTexture&&a.deleteTexture(e.__webglTexture);b.depthTexture&&b.depthTexture.dispose();if(b.isWebGLRenderTargetCube)for(e=0;6>e;e++)a.deleteFramebuffer(c.__webglFramebuffer[e]),c.__webglDepthbuffer&&a.deleteRenderbuffer(c.__webglDepthbuffer[e]);else a.deleteFramebuffer(c.__webglFramebuffer),c.__webglDepthbuffer&&a.deleteRenderbuffer(c.__webglDepthbuffer);d["delete"](b.texture);d["delete"](b)}q.textures--}function n(b,g){var k=d.get(b);if(0<
-b.version&&k.__version!==b.version){var n=b.image;if(void 0===n)console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Texture marked for update but image is undefined",b);else if(!1===n.complete)console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Texture marked for update but image is incomplete",b);else{void 0===k.__webglInit&&(k.__webglInit=!0,b.addEventListener("dispose",t),k.__webglTexture=a.createTexture(),q.textures++);c.activeTexture(a.TEXTURE0+g);c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_2D,k.__webglTexture);a.pixelStorei(a.UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL,
-b.flipY);a.pixelStorei(a.UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_WEBGL,b.premultiplyAlpha);a.pixelStorei(a.UNPACK_ALIGNMENT,b.unpackAlignment);var p=h(b.image,e.maxTextureSize);if((1001!==b.wrapS||1001!==b.wrapT||1003!==b.minFilter&&1006!==b.minFilter)&&!1===m(p))if(n=p,n instanceof HTMLImageElement||n instanceof HTMLCanvasElement){var l=document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml","canvas");l.width=N.nearestPowerOfTwo(n.width);l.height=N.nearestPowerOfTwo(n.height);l.getContext("2d").drawImage(n,0,0,
-l.width,l.height);console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: image is not power of two ("+n.width+"x"+n.height+"). Resized to "+l.width+"x"+l.height,n);p=l}else p=n;var n=m(p),l=f(b.format),G=f(b.type);u(a.TEXTURE_2D,b,n);var r=b.mipmaps;if(b.isDepthTexture){r=a.DEPTH_COMPONENT;if(1015===b.type){if(!w)throw Error("Float Depth Texture only supported in WebGL2.0");r=a.DEPTH_COMPONENT32F}else w&&(r=a.DEPTH_COMPONENT16);1026===b.format&&r===a.DEPTH_COMPONENT&&1012!==b.type&&1014!==b.type&&(console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Use UnsignedShortType or UnsignedIntType for DepthFormat DepthTexture."),
-b.type=1012,G=f(b.type));1027===b.format&&(r=a.DEPTH_STENCIL,1020!==b.type&&(console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Use UnsignedInt248Type for DepthStencilFormat DepthTexture."),b.type=1020,G=f(b.type)));c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_2D,0,r,p.width,p.height,0,l,G,null)}else if(b.isDataTexture)if(0<r.length&&n){for(var H=0,aa=r.length;H<aa;H++)p=r[H],c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_2D,H,l,p.width,p.height,0,l,G,p.data);b.generateMipmaps=!1}else c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_2D,0,l,p.width,p.height,0,l,G,p.data);else if(b.isCompressedTexture)for(H=
-0,aa=r.length;H<aa;H++)p=r[H],1023!==b.format&&1022!==b.format?-1<c.getCompressedTextureFormats().indexOf(l)?c.compressedTexImage2D(a.TEXTURE_2D,H,l,p.width,p.height,0,p.data):console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Attempt to load unsupported compressed texture format in .uploadTexture()"):c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_2D,H,l,p.width,p.height,0,l,G,p.data);else if(0<r.length&&n){H=0;for(aa=r.length;H<aa;H++)p=r[H],c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_2D,H,l,l,G,p);b.generateMipmaps=!1}else c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_2D,0,l,l,
-G,p);b.generateMipmaps&&n&&a.generateMipmap(a.TEXTURE_2D);k.__version=b.version;if(b.onUpdate)b.onUpdate(b);return}}c.activeTexture(a.TEXTURE0+g);c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_2D,k.__webglTexture)}function u(c,g,h){h?(a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_WRAP_S,f(g.wrapS)),a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_WRAP_T,f(g.wrapT)),a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,f(g.magFilter)),a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,f(g.minFilter))):(a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_WRAP_S,a.CLAMP_TO_EDGE),a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
-a.CLAMP_TO_EDGE),1001===g.wrapS&&1001===g.wrapT||console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Texture is not power of two. Texture.wrapS and Texture.wrapT should be set to THREE.ClampToEdgeWrapping.",g),a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,k(g.magFilter)),a.texParameteri(c,a.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,k(g.minFilter)),1003!==g.minFilter&&1006!==g.minFilter&&console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Texture is not power of two. Texture.minFilter should be set to THREE.NearestFilter or THREE.LinearFilter.",g));!(h=b.get("EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic"))||
-1015===g.type&&null===b.get("OES_texture_float_linear")||1016===g.type&&null===b.get("OES_texture_half_float_linear")||!(1<g.anisotropy||d.get(g).__currentAnisotropy)||(a.texParameterf(c,h.TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,Math.min(g.anisotropy,e.getMaxAnisotropy())),d.get(g).__currentAnisotropy=g.anisotropy)}function l(b,e,g,h){var m=f(e.texture.format),k=f(e.texture.type);c.texImage2D(h,0,m,e.width,e.height,0,m,k,null);a.bindFramebuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,b);a.framebufferTexture2D(a.FRAMEBUFFER,g,h,d.get(e.texture).__webglTexture,
-0);a.bindFramebuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,null)}function r(b,c){a.bindRenderbuffer(a.RENDERBUFFER,b);c.depthBuffer&&!c.stencilBuffer?(a.renderbufferStorage(a.RENDERBUFFER,a.DEPTH_COMPONENT16,c.width,c.height),a.framebufferRenderbuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,a.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT,a.RENDERBUFFER,b)):c.depthBuffer&&c.stencilBuffer?(a.renderbufferStorage(a.RENDERBUFFER,a.DEPTH_STENCIL,c.width,c.height),a.framebufferRenderbuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,a.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,a.RENDERBUFFER,b)):a.renderbufferStorage(a.RENDERBUFFER,
-a.RGBA4,c.width,c.height);a.bindRenderbuffer(a.RENDERBUFFER,null)}var q=g.memory,w="undefined"!==typeof WebGL2RenderingContext&&a instanceof WebGL2RenderingContext;this.setTexture2D=n;this.setTextureCube=function(b,g){var k=d.get(b);if(6===b.image.length)if(0<b.version&&k.__version!==b.version){k.__image__webglTextureCube||(b.addEventListener("dispose",t),k.__image__webglTextureCube=a.createTexture(),q.textures++);c.activeTexture(a.TEXTURE0+g);c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,k.__image__webglTextureCube);
-a.pixelStorei(a.UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL,b.flipY);for(var n=b&&b.isCompressedTexture,p=b.image[0]&&b.image[0].isDataTexture,l=[],r=0;6>r;r++)l[r]=n||p?p?b.image[r].image:b.image[r]:h(b.image[r],e.maxCubemapSize);var G=m(l[0]),w=f(b.format),aa=f(b.type);u(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,b,G);for(r=0;6>r;r++)if(n)for(var x,D=l[r].mipmaps,z=0,Q=D.length;z<Q;z++)x=D[z],1023!==b.format&&1022!==b.format?-1<c.getCompressedTextureFormats().indexOf(w)?c.compressedTexImage2D(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X+r,z,w,x.width,x.height,
-0,x.data):console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: Attempt to load unsupported compressed texture format in .setTextureCube()"):c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X+r,z,w,x.width,x.height,0,w,aa,x.data);else p?c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X+r,0,w,l[r].width,l[r].height,0,w,aa,l[r].data):c.texImage2D(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X+r,0,w,w,aa,l[r]);b.generateMipmaps&&G&&a.generateMipmap(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP);k.__version=b.version;if(b.onUpdate)b.onUpdate(b)}else c.activeTexture(a.TEXTURE0+
-g),c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,k.__image__webglTextureCube)};this.setTextureCubeDynamic=function(b,e){c.activeTexture(a.TEXTURE0+e);c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,d.get(b).__webglTexture)};this.setupRenderTarget=function(b){var e=d.get(b),f=d.get(b.texture);b.addEventListener("dispose",p);f.__webglTexture=a.createTexture();q.textures++;var g=!0===b.isWebGLRenderTargetCube,h=m(b);if(g){e.__webglFramebuffer=[];for(var k=0;6>k;k++)e.__webglFramebuffer[k]=a.createFramebuffer()}else e.__webglFramebuffer=
-a.createFramebuffer();if(g){c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,f.__webglTexture);u(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,b.texture,h);for(k=0;6>k;k++)l(e.__webglFramebuffer[k],b,a.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X+k);b.texture.generateMipmaps&&h&&a.generateMipmap(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP);c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,null)}else c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_2D,f.__webglTexture),u(a.TEXTURE_2D,b.texture,h),l(e.__webglFramebuffer,b,a.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,a.TEXTURE_2D),b.texture.generateMipmaps&&h&&a.generateMipmap(a.TEXTURE_2D),
-c.bindTexture(a.TEXTURE_2D,null);if(b.depthBuffer){e=d.get(b);f=!0===b.isWebGLRenderTargetCube;if(b.depthTexture){if(f)throw Error("target.depthTexture not supported in Cube render targets");if(b&&b.isWebGLRenderTargetCube)throw Error("Depth Texture with cube render targets is not supported!");a.bindFramebuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,e.__webglFramebuffer);if(!b.depthTexture||!b.depthTexture.isDepthTexture)throw Error("renderTarget.depthTexture must be an instance of THREE.DepthTexture");d.get(b.depthTexture).__webglTexture&&
-b.depthTexture.image.width===b.width&&b.depthTexture.image.height===b.height||(b.depthTexture.image.width=b.width,b.depthTexture.image.height=b.height,b.depthTexture.needsUpdate=!0);n(b.depthTexture,0);e=d.get(b.depthTexture).__webglTexture;if(1026===b.depthTexture.format)a.framebufferTexture2D(a.FRAMEBUFFER,a.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT,a.TEXTURE_2D,e,0);else if(1027===b.depthTexture.format)a.framebufferTexture2D(a.FRAMEBUFFER,a.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,a.TEXTURE_2D,e,0);else throw Error("Unknown depthTexture format");
-}else if(f)for(e.__webglDepthbuffer=[],f=0;6>f;f++)a.bindFramebuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,e.__webglFramebuffer[f]),e.__webglDepthbuffer[f]=a.createRenderbuffer(),r(e.__webglDepthbuffer[f],b);else a.bindFramebuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,e.__webglFramebuffer),e.__webglDepthbuffer=a.createRenderbuffer(),r(e.__webglDepthbuffer,b);a.bindFramebuffer(a.FRAMEBUFFER,null)}};this.updateRenderTargetMipmap=function(b){var e=b.texture;e.generateMipmaps&&m(b)&&1003!==e.minFilter&&1006!==e.minFilter&&(b=b&&b.isWebGLRenderTargetCube?
-a.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP:a.TEXTURE_2D,e=d.get(e).__webglTexture,c.bindTexture(b,e),a.generateMipmap(b),c.bindTexture(b,null))}}function Qf(){var a={};return{get:function(b){b=b.uuid;var c=a[b];void 0===c&&(c={},a[b]=c);return c},"delete":function(b){delete a[b.uuid]},clear:function(){a={}}}}function Rf(a,b,c){function d(b,c,d){var e=new Uint8Array(4),f=a.createTexture();a.bindTexture(b,f);a.texParameteri(b,a.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,a.NEAREST);a.texParameteri(b,a.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,a.NEAREST);for(b=0;b<d;b++)a.texImage2D(c+
-b,0,a.RGBA,1,1,0,a.RGBA,a.UNSIGNED_BYTE,e);return f}function e(b){!0!==y[b]&&(a.enable(b),y[b]=!0)}function f(b){!1!==y[b]&&(a.disable(b),y[b]=!1)}function g(b,d,g,h,m,k,n,t){0!==b?e(a.BLEND):f(a.BLEND);if(b!==v||t!==x)2===b?t?(a.blendEquationSeparate(a.FUNC_ADD,a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFuncSeparate(a.ONE,a.ONE,a.ONE,a.ONE)):(a.blendEquation(a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFunc(a.SRC_ALPHA,a.ONE)):3===b?t?(a.blendEquationSeparate(a.FUNC_ADD,a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFuncSeparate(a.ZERO,a.ZERO,a.ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR,a.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)):
-(a.blendEquation(a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFunc(a.ZERO,a.ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR)):4===b?t?(a.blendEquationSeparate(a.FUNC_ADD,a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFuncSeparate(a.ZERO,a.SRC_COLOR,a.ZERO,a.SRC_ALPHA)):(a.blendEquation(a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFunc(a.ZERO,a.SRC_COLOR)):t?(a.blendEquationSeparate(a.FUNC_ADD,a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFuncSeparate(a.ONE,a.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,a.ONE,a.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)):(a.blendEquationSeparate(a.FUNC_ADD,a.FUNC_ADD),a.blendFuncSeparate(a.SRC_ALPHA,a.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,a.ONE,a.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)),
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-a.bumpScale.value=b.bumpScale);b.normalMap&&(a.normalMap.value=b.normalMap,a.normalScale.value.copy(b.normalScale));b.displacementMap&&(a.displacementMap.value=b.displacementMap,a.displacementScale.value=b.displacementScale,a.displacementBias.value=b.displacementBias)}function A(a,b){a.roughness.value=b.roughness;a.metalness.value=b.metalness;b.roughnessMap&&(a.roughnessMap.value=b.roughnessMap);b.metalnessMap&&(a.metalnessMap.value=b.metalnessMap);b.emissiveMap&&(a.emissiveMap.value=b.emissiveMap);
-b.bumpMap&&(a.bumpMap.value=b.bumpMap,a.bumpScale.value=b.bumpScale);b.normalMap&&(a.normalMap.value=b.normalMap,a.normalScale.value.copy(b.normalScale));b.displacementMap&&(a.displacementMap.value=b.displacementMap,a.displacementScale.value=b.displacementScale,a.displacementBias.value=b.displacementBias);b.envMap&&(a.envMapIntensity.value=b.envMapIntensity)}function w(a){var b;if(1E3===a)return B.REPEAT;if(1001===a)return B.CLAMP_TO_EDGE;if(1002===a)return B.MIRRORED_REPEAT;if(1003===a)return B.NEAREST;
-if(1004===a)return B.NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST;if(1005===a)return B.NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR;if(1006===a)return B.LINEAR;if(1007===a)return B.LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST;if(1008===a)return B.LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR;if(1009===a)return B.UNSIGNED_BYTE;if(1017===a)return B.UNSIGNED_SHORT_4_4_4_4;if(1018===a)return B.UNSIGNED_SHORT_5_5_5_1;if(1019===a)return B.UNSIGNED_SHORT_5_6_5;if(1010===a)return B.BYTE;if(1011===a)return B.SHORT;if(1012===a)return B.UNSIGNED_SHORT;if(1013===a)return B.INT;if(1014===a)return B.UNSIGNED_INT;
-if(1015===a)return B.FLOAT;if(1016===a&&(b=ja.get("OES_texture_half_float"),null!==b))return b.HALF_FLOAT_OES;if(1021===a)return B.ALPHA;if(1022===a)return B.RGB;if(1023===a)return B.RGBA;if(1024===a)return B.LUMINANCE;if(1025===a)return B.LUMINANCE_ALPHA;if(1026===a)return B.DEPTH_COMPONENT;if(1027===a)return B.DEPTH_STENCIL;if(100===a)return B.FUNC_ADD;if(101===a)return B.FUNC_SUBTRACT;if(102===a)return B.FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT;if(200===a)return B.ZERO;if(201===a)return B.ONE;if(202===a)return B.SRC_COLOR;
-if(203===a)return B.ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR;if(204===a)return B.SRC_ALPHA;if(205===a)return B.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;if(206===a)return B.DST_ALPHA;if(207===a)return B.ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA;if(208===a)return B.DST_COLOR;if(209===a)return B.ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR;if(210===a)return B.SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE;if(2001===a||2002===a||2003===a||2004===a)if(b=ja.get("WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc"),null!==b){if(2001===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT;if(2002===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT;if(2003===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT;
-if(2004===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT}if(2100===a||2101===a||2102===a||2103===a)if(b=ja.get("WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc"),null!==b){if(2100===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGB_PVRTC_4BPPV1_IMG;if(2101===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGB_PVRTC_2BPPV1_IMG;if(2102===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGBA_PVRTC_4BPPV1_IMG;if(2103===a)return b.COMPRESSED_RGBA_PVRTC_2BPPV1_IMG}if(2151===a&&(b=ja.get("WEBGL_compressed_texture_etc1"),null!==b))return b.COMPRESSED_RGB_ETC1_WEBGL;if(103===a||104===a)if(b=ja.get("EXT_blend_minmax"),
-null!==b){if(103===a)return b.MIN_EXT;if(104===a)return b.MAX_EXT}return 1020===a&&(b=ja.get("WEBGL_depth_texture"),null!==b)?b.UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_WEBGL:0}console.log("THREE.WebGLRenderer","84");a=a||{};var y=void 0!==a.canvas?a.canvas:document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml","canvas"),K=void 0!==a.context?a.context:null,v=void 0!==a.alpha?a.alpha:!1,E=void 0!==a.depth?a.depth:!0,L=void 0!==a.stencil?a.stencil:!0,C=void 0!==a.antialias?a.antialias:!1,F=void 0!==a.premultipliedAlpha?
-a.premultipliedAlpha:!0,x=void 0!==a.preserveDrawingBuffer?a.preserveDrawingBuffer:!1,H=[],aa=[],D=-1,z=[],T=-1,Q=new Float32Array(8),M=[],O=[];this.domElement=y;this.context=null;this.sortObjects=this.autoClearStencil=this.autoClearDepth=this.autoClearColor=this.autoClear=!0;this.clippingPlanes=[];this.localClippingEnabled=!1;this.gammaFactor=2;this.physicallyCorrectLights=this.gammaOutput=this.gammaInput=!1;this.toneMappingWhitePoint=this.toneMappingExposure=this.toneMapping=1;this.maxMorphTargets=
-8;this.maxMorphNormals=4;var P=this,wa=null,W=null,N=null,R=-1,V="",U=null,X=new fa,Sa=null,Z=new fa,ea=0,Ea=new J(0),gb=0,md=y.width,Cc=y.height,Ra=1,ga=new fa(0,0,md,Cc),ka=!1,ia=new fa(0,0,md,Cc),ma=new tc,ca=new Uf,oa=!1,ra=!1,na=new Na,ua=new S,Ga=new q,Ba=new S,xa=new S,ba={hash:"",ambient:[0,0,0],directional:[],directionalShadowMap:[],directionalShadowMatrix:[],spot:[],spotShadowMap:[],spotShadowMatrix:[],rectArea:[],point:[],pointShadowMap:[],pointShadowMatrix:[],hemi:[],shadows:[]},pa={calls:0,
-vertices:0,faces:0,points:0};this.info={render:pa,memory:{geometries:0,textures:0},programs:null};var B;try{v={alpha:v,depth:E,stencil:L,antialias:C,premultipliedAlpha:F,preserveDrawingBuffer:x};B=K||y.getContext("webgl",v)||y.getContext("experimental-webgl",v);if(null===B){if(null!==y.getContext("webgl"))throw"Error creating WebGL context with your selected attributes.";throw"Error creating WebGL context.";}void 0===B.getShaderPrecisionFormat&&(B.getShaderPrecisionFormat=function(){return{rangeMin:1,
-rangeMax:1,precision:1}});y.addEventListener("webglcontextlost",d,!1)}catch(Vf){console.error("THREE.WebGLRenderer: "+Vf)}var ja=new Tf(B);ja.get("WEBGL_depth_texture");ja.get("OES_texture_float");ja.get("OES_texture_float_linear");ja.get("OES_texture_half_float");ja.get("OES_texture_half_float_linear");ja.get("OES_standard_derivatives");ja.get("ANGLE_instanced_arrays");ja.get("OES_element_index_uint")&&(I.MaxIndex=4294967296);var la=new Sf(B,ja,a),Y=new Rf(B,ja,w),ha=new Qf,ta=new Pf(B,ja,Y,ha,la,
-w,this.info),qa=new Of(B,ha,this.info),ya=new Mf(this,la),za=new Ef;this.info.programs=ya.programs;var La=new Df(B,ja,pa),Oa=new Cf(B,ja,pa),Ia,Ca,sa,va;b();this.context=B;this.capabilities=la;this.extensions=ja;this.properties=ha;this.state=Y;var Ma=new Ke(this,ba,qa,la);this.shadowMap=Ma;var Pa=new zf(this,M),Qa=new yf(this,O);this.getContext=function(){return B};this.getContextAttributes=function(){return B.getContextAttributes()};this.forceContextLoss=function(){ja.get("WEBGL_lose_context").loseContext()};
-this.getMaxAnisotropy=function(){return la.getMaxAnisotropy()};this.getPrecision=function(){return la.precision};this.getPixelRatio=function(){return Ra};this.setPixelRatio=function(a){void 0!==a&&(Ra=a,this.setSize(ia.z,ia.w,!1))};this.getSize=function(){return{width:md,height:Cc}};this.setSize=function(a,b,c){md=a;Cc=b;y.width=a*Ra;y.height=b*Ra;!1!==c&&(y.style.width=a+"px",y.style.height=b+"px");this.setViewport(0,0,a,b)};this.setViewport=function(a,b,c,d){Y.viewport(ia.set(a,b,c,d))};this.setScissor=
-function(a,b,c,d){Y.scissor(ga.set(a,b,c,d))};this.setScissorTest=function(a){Y.setScissorTest(ka=a)};this.getClearColor=function(){return Ea};this.setClearColor=function(a,b){Ea.set(a);gb=void 0!==b?b:1;Y.buffers.color.setClear(Ea.r,Ea.g,Ea.b,gb,F)};this.getClearAlpha=function(){return gb};this.setClearAlpha=function(a){gb=a;Y.buffers.color.setClear(Ea.r,Ea.g,Ea.b,gb,F)};this.clear=function(a,b,c){var d=0;if(void 0===a||a)d|=B.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;if(void 0===b||b)d|=B.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;if(void 0===c||
-c)d|=B.STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;B.clear(d)};this.clearColor=function(){this.clear(!0,!1,!1)};this.clearDepth=function(){this.clear(!1,!0,!1)};this.clearStencil=function(){this.clear(!1,!1,!0)};this.clearTarget=function(a,b,c,d){this.setRenderTarget(a);this.clear(b,c,d)};this.resetGLState=c;this.dispose=function(){z=[];T=-1;aa=[];D=-1;y.removeEventListener("webglcontextlost",d,!1)};this.renderBufferImmediate=function(a,b,c){Y.initAttributes();var d=ha.get(a);a.hasPositions&&!d.position&&(d.position=B.createBuffer());
-a.hasNormals&&!d.normal&&(d.normal=B.createBuffer());a.hasUvs&&!d.uv&&(d.uv=B.createBuffer());a.hasColors&&!d.color&&(d.color=B.createBuffer());b=b.getAttributes();a.hasPositions&&(B.bindBuffer(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,d.position),B.bufferData(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,a.positionArray,B.DYNAMIC_DRAW),Y.enableAttribute(b.position),B.vertexAttribPointer(b.position,3,B.FLOAT,!1,0,0));if(a.hasNormals){B.bindBuffer(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,d.normal);if(!c.isMeshPhongMaterial&&!c.isMeshStandardMaterial&&!c.isMeshNormalMaterial&&1===
-c.shading)for(var e=0,f=3*a.count;e<f;e+=9){var g=a.normalArray,h=(g[e+0]+g[e+3]+g[e+6])/3,m=(g[e+1]+g[e+4]+g[e+7])/3,k=(g[e+2]+g[e+5]+g[e+8])/3;g[e+0]=h;g[e+1]=m;g[e+2]=k;g[e+3]=h;g[e+4]=m;g[e+5]=k;g[e+6]=h;g[e+7]=m;g[e+8]=k}B.bufferData(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,a.normalArray,B.DYNAMIC_DRAW);Y.enableAttribute(b.normal);B.vertexAttribPointer(b.normal,3,B.FLOAT,!1,0,0)}a.hasUvs&&c.map&&(B.bindBuffer(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,d.uv),B.bufferData(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,a.uvArray,B.DYNAMIC_DRAW),Y.enableAttribute(b.uv),B.vertexAttribPointer(b.uv,
-2,B.FLOAT,!1,0,0));a.hasColors&&0!==c.vertexColors&&(B.bindBuffer(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,d.color),B.bufferData(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,a.colorArray,B.DYNAMIC_DRAW),Y.enableAttribute(b.color),B.vertexAttribPointer(b.color,3,B.FLOAT,!1,0,0));Y.disableUnusedAttributes();B.drawArrays(B.TRIANGLES,0,a.count);a.count=0};this.renderBufferDirect=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){l(d);var h=G(a,b,d,e),m=!1;a=c.id+"_"+h.id+"_"+d.wireframe;a!==V&&(V=a,m=!0);b=e.morphTargetInfluences;if(void 0!==b){var k=[];a=0;for(var n=b.length;a<n;a++)m=
-b[a],k.push([m,a]);k.sort(g);8<k.length&&(k.length=8);var t=c.morphAttributes;a=0;for(n=k.length;a<n;a++)m=k[a],Q[a]=m[0],0!==m[0]?(b=m[1],!0===d.morphTargets&&t.position&&c.addAttribute("morphTarget"+a,t.position[b]),!0===d.morphNormals&&t.normal&&c.addAttribute("morphNormal"+a,t.normal[b])):(!0===d.morphTargets&&c.removeAttribute("morphTarget"+a),!0===d.morphNormals&&c.removeAttribute("morphNormal"+a));a=k.length;for(b=Q.length;a<b;a++)Q[a]=0;h.getUniforms().setValue(B,"morphTargetInfluences",Q);
-m=!0}b=c.index;n=c.attributes.position;k=1;!0===d.wireframe&&(b=qa.getWireframeAttribute(c),k=2);null!==b?(a=Oa,a.setIndex(b)):a=La;if(m){a:{var m=void 0,p;if(c&&c.isInstancedBufferGeometry&&(p=ja.get("ANGLE_instanced_arrays"),null===p)){console.error("THREE.WebGLRenderer.setupVertexAttributes: using THREE.InstancedBufferGeometry but hardware does not support extension ANGLE_instanced_arrays.");break a}void 0===m&&(m=0);Y.initAttributes();var t=c.attributes,h=h.getAttributes(),r=d.defaultAttributeValues,
-q;for(q in h){var y=h[q];if(0<=y){var v=t[q];if(void 0!==v){var w=v.normalized,A=v.itemSize,K=qa.getAttributeProperties(v),C=K.__webglBuffer,L=K.type,K=K.bytesPerElement;if(v.isInterleavedBufferAttribute){var F=v.data,E=F.stride,v=v.offset;F&&F.isInstancedInterleavedBuffer?(Y.enableAttributeAndDivisor(y,F.meshPerAttribute,p),void 0===c.maxInstancedCount&&(c.maxInstancedCount=F.meshPerAttribute*F.count)):Y.enableAttribute(y);B.bindBuffer(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,C);B.vertexAttribPointer(y,A,L,w,E*K,(m*E+v)*
-K)}else v.isInstancedBufferAttribute?(Y.enableAttributeAndDivisor(y,v.meshPerAttribute,p),void 0===c.maxInstancedCount&&(c.maxInstancedCount=v.meshPerAttribute*v.count)):Y.enableAttribute(y),B.bindBuffer(B.ARRAY_BUFFER,C),B.vertexAttribPointer(y,A,L,w,0,m*A*K)}else if(void 0!==r&&(w=r[q],void 0!==w))switch(w.length){case 2:B.vertexAttrib2fv(y,w);break;case 3:B.vertexAttrib3fv(y,w);break;case 4:B.vertexAttrib4fv(y,w);break;default:B.vertexAttrib1fv(y,w)}}}Y.disableUnusedAttributes()}null!==b&&B.bindBuffer(B.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
-qa.getAttributeBuffer(b))}p=0;null!==b?p=b.count:void 0!==n&&(p=n.count);b=c.drawRange.start*k;n=null!==f?f.start*k:0;q=Math.max(b,n);f=Math.max(0,Math.min(p,b+c.drawRange.count*k,n+(null!==f?f.count*k:Infinity))-1-q+1);if(0!==f){if(e.isMesh)if(!0===d.wireframe)Y.setLineWidth(d.wireframeLinewidth*(null===W?Ra:1)),a.setMode(B.LINES);else switch(e.drawMode){case 0:a.setMode(B.TRIANGLES);break;case 1:a.setMode(B.TRIANGLE_STRIP);break;case 2:a.setMode(B.TRIANGLE_FAN)}else e.isLine?(d=d.linewidth,void 0===
-d&&(d=1),Y.setLineWidth(d*(null===W?Ra:1)),e.isLineSegments?a.setMode(B.LINES):a.setMode(B.LINE_STRIP)):e.isPoints&&a.setMode(B.POINTS);c&&c.isInstancedBufferGeometry?0<c.maxInstancedCount&&a.renderInstances(c,q,f):a.render(q,f)}};this.render=function(a,b,c,d){if(void 0!==b&&!0!==b.isCamera)console.error("THREE.WebGLRenderer.render: camera is not an instance of THREE.Camera.");else{V="";R=-1;U=null;!0===a.autoUpdate&&a.updateMatrixWorld();null===b.parent&&b.updateMatrixWorld();b.matrixWorldInverse.getInverse(b.matrixWorld);
-ua.multiplyMatrices(b.projectionMatrix,b.matrixWorldInverse);ma.setFromMatrix(ua);H.length=0;T=D=-1;M.length=0;O.length=0;ra=this.localClippingEnabled;oa=ca.init(this.clippingPlanes,ra,b);p(a,b);aa.length=D+1;z.length=T+1;!0===P.sortObjects&&(aa.sort(h),z.sort(m));oa&&ca.beginShadows();for(var e=H,f=0,g=0,k=e.length;g<k;g++){var t=e[g];t.castShadow&&(ba.shadows[f++]=t)}ba.shadows.length=f;Ma.render(a,b);for(var e=H,l=t=0,u=0,r,G,q,y,v=b.matrixWorldInverse,w=0,A=0,K=0,C=0,L=0,f=0,g=e.length;f<g;f++)if(k=
-e[f],r=k.color,G=k.intensity,q=k.distance,y=k.shadow&&k.shadow.map?k.shadow.map.texture:null,k.isAmbientLight)t+=r.r*G,l+=r.g*G,u+=r.b*G;else if(k.isDirectionalLight){var E=za.get(k);E.color.copy(k.color).multiplyScalar(k.intensity);E.direction.setFromMatrixPosition(k.matrixWorld);Ga.setFromMatrixPosition(k.target.matrixWorld);E.direction.sub(Ga);E.direction.transformDirection(v);if(E.shadow=k.castShadow)E.shadowBias=k.shadow.bias,E.shadowRadius=k.shadow.radius,E.shadowMapSize=k.shadow.mapSize;ba.directionalShadowMap[w]=
-y;ba.directionalShadowMatrix[w]=k.shadow.matrix;ba.directional[w++]=E}else if(k.isSpotLight){E=za.get(k);E.position.setFromMatrixPosition(k.matrixWorld);E.position.applyMatrix4(v);E.color.copy(r).multiplyScalar(G);E.distance=q;E.direction.setFromMatrixPosition(k.matrixWorld);Ga.setFromMatrixPosition(k.target.matrixWorld);E.direction.sub(Ga);E.direction.transformDirection(v);E.coneCos=Math.cos(k.angle);E.penumbraCos=Math.cos(k.angle*(1-k.penumbra));E.decay=0===k.distance?0:k.decay;if(E.shadow=k.castShadow)E.shadowBias=
-k.shadow.bias,E.shadowRadius=k.shadow.radius,E.shadowMapSize=k.shadow.mapSize;ba.spotShadowMap[K]=y;ba.spotShadowMatrix[K]=k.shadow.matrix;ba.spot[K++]=E}else if(k.isRectAreaLight)E=za.get(k),E.color.copy(r).multiplyScalar(G/(k.width*k.height)),E.position.setFromMatrixPosition(k.matrixWorld),E.position.applyMatrix4(v),xa.identity(),Ba.copy(k.matrixWorld),Ba.premultiply(v),xa.extractRotation(Ba),E.halfWidth.set(.5*k.width,0,0),E.halfHeight.set(0,.5*k.height,0),E.halfWidth.applyMatrix4(xa),E.halfHeight.applyMatrix4(xa),
-ba.rectArea[C++]=E;else if(k.isPointLight){E=za.get(k);E.position.setFromMatrixPosition(k.matrixWorld);E.position.applyMatrix4(v);E.color.copy(k.color).multiplyScalar(k.intensity);E.distance=k.distance;E.decay=0===k.distance?0:k.decay;if(E.shadow=k.castShadow)E.shadowBias=k.shadow.bias,E.shadowRadius=k.shadow.radius,E.shadowMapSize=k.shadow.mapSize;ba.pointShadowMap[A]=y;void 0===ba.pointShadowMatrix[A]&&(ba.pointShadowMatrix[A]=new S);Ga.setFromMatrixPosition(k.matrixWorld).negate();ba.pointShadowMatrix[A].identity().setPosition(Ga);
-ba.point[A++]=E}else k.isHemisphereLight&&(E=za.get(k),E.direction.setFromMatrixPosition(k.matrixWorld),E.direction.transformDirection(v),E.direction.normalize(),E.skyColor.copy(k.color).multiplyScalar(G),E.groundColor.copy(k.groundColor).multiplyScalar(G),ba.hemi[L++]=E);ba.ambient[0]=t;ba.ambient[1]=l;ba.ambient[2]=u;ba.directional.length=w;ba.spot.length=K;ba.rectArea.length=C;ba.point.length=A;ba.hemi.length=L;ba.hash=w+","+A+","+K+","+C+","+L+","+ba.shadows.length;oa&&ca.endShadows();pa.calls=
-0;pa.vertices=0;pa.faces=0;pa.points=0;void 0===c&&(c=null);this.setRenderTarget(c);e=a.background;null===e?Y.buffers.color.setClear(Ea.r,Ea.g,Ea.b,gb,F):e&&e.isColor&&(Y.buffers.color.setClear(e.r,e.g,e.b,1,F),d=!0);(this.autoClear||d)&&this.clear(this.autoClearColor,this.autoClearDepth,this.autoClearStencil);e&&e.isCubeTexture?(void 0===sa&&(sa=new Fa,va=new Aa(new kb(5,5,5),new Ha({uniforms:bb.cube.uniforms,vertexShader:bb.cube.vertexShader,fragmentShader:bb.cube.fragmentShader,side:1,depthTest:!1,
-depthWrite:!1,fog:!1}))),sa.projectionMatrix.copy(b.projectionMatrix),sa.matrixWorld.extractRotation(b.matrixWorld),sa.matrixWorldInverse.getInverse(sa.matrixWorld),va.material.uniforms.tCube.value=e,va.modelViewMatrix.multiplyMatrices(sa.matrixWorldInverse,va.matrixWorld),qa.update(va),P.renderBufferDirect(sa,null,va.geometry,va.material,va,null)):e&&e.isTexture&&(void 0===Ia&&(Ia=new Jb(-1,1,1,-1,0,1),Ca=new Aa(new lb(2,2),new Ka({depthTest:!1,depthWrite:!1,fog:!1}))),Ca.material.map=e,qa.update(Ca),
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-b,c){if(a<=b)return 0;if(a>=c)return 1;a=(a-b)/(c-b);return a*a*(3-2*a)},smootherstep:function(a,b,c){if(a<=b)return 0;if(a>=c)return 1;a=(a-b)/(c-b);return a*a*a*(a*(6*a-15)+10)},randInt:function(a,b){return a+Math.floor(Math.random()*(b-a+1))},randFloat:function(a,b){return a+Math.random()*(b-a)},randFloatSpread:function(a){return a*(.5-Math.random())},degToRad:function(a){return a*N.DEG2RAD},radToDeg:function(a){return a*N.RAD2DEG},isPowerOfTwo:function(a){return 0===(a&a-1)&&0!==a},nearestPowerOfTwo:function(a){return Math.pow(2,
-Math.round(Math.log(a)/Math.LN2))},nextPowerOfTwo:function(a){a--;a|=a>>1;a|=a>>2;a|=a>>4;a|=a>>8;a|=a>>16;a++;return a}};D.prototype={constructor:D,isVector2:!0,get width(){return this.x},set width(a){this.x=a},get height(){return this.y},set height(a){this.y=a},set:function(a,b){this.x=a;this.y=b;return this},setScalar:function(a){this.y=this.x=a;return this},setX:function(a){this.x=a;return this},setY:function(a){this.y=a;return this},setComponent:function(a,b){switch(a){case 0:this.x=b;break;
-case 1:this.y=b;break;default:throw Error("index is out of range: "+a);}return this},getComponent:function(a){switch(a){case 0:return this.x;case 1:return this.y;default:throw Error("index is out of range: "+a);}},clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this.x,this.y)},copy:function(a){this.x=a.x;this.y=a.y;return this},add:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector2: .add() now only accepts one argument. Use .addVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.addVectors(a,b);this.x+=a.x;
-this.y+=a.y;return this},addScalar:function(a){this.x+=a;this.y+=a;return this},addVectors:function(a,b){this.x=a.x+b.x;this.y=a.y+b.y;return this},addScaledVector:function(a,b){this.x+=a.x*b;this.y+=a.y*b;return this},sub:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector2: .sub() now only accepts one argument. Use .subVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.subVectors(a,b);this.x-=a.x;this.y-=a.y;return this},subScalar:function(a){this.x-=a;this.y-=a;return this},subVectors:function(a,b){this.x=
-a.x-b.x;this.y=a.y-b.y;return this},multiply:function(a){this.x*=a.x;this.y*=a.y;return this},multiplyScalar:function(a){isFinite(a)?(this.x*=a,this.y*=a):this.y=this.x=0;return this},divide:function(a){this.x/=a.x;this.y/=a.y;return this},divideScalar:function(a){return this.multiplyScalar(1/a)},min:function(a){this.x=Math.min(this.x,a.x);this.y=Math.min(this.y,a.y);return this},max:function(a){this.x=Math.max(this.x,a.x);this.y=Math.max(this.y,a.y);return this},clamp:function(a,b){this.x=Math.max(a.x,
-Math.min(b.x,this.x));this.y=Math.max(a.y,Math.min(b.y,this.y));return this},clampScalar:function(){var a,b;return function(c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new D,b=new D);a.set(c,c);b.set(d,d);return this.clamp(a,b)}}(),clampLength:function(a,b){var c=this.length();return this.multiplyScalar(Math.max(a,Math.min(b,c))/c)},floor:function(){this.x=Math.floor(this.x);this.y=Math.floor(this.y);return this},ceil:function(){this.x=Math.ceil(this.x);this.y=Math.ceil(this.y);return this},round:function(){this.x=Math.round(this.x);
-this.y=Math.round(this.y);return this},roundToZero:function(){this.x=0>this.x?Math.ceil(this.x):Math.floor(this.x);this.y=0>this.y?Math.ceil(this.y):Math.floor(this.y);return this},negate:function(){this.x=-this.x;this.y=-this.y;return this},dot:function(a){return this.x*a.x+this.y*a.y},lengthSq:function(){return this.x*this.x+this.y*this.y},length:function(){return Math.sqrt(this.x*this.x+this.y*this.y)},lengthManhattan:function(){return Math.abs(this.x)+Math.abs(this.y)},normalize:function(){return this.divideScalar(this.length())},
-angle:function(){var a=Math.atan2(this.y,this.x);0>a&&(a+=2*Math.PI);return a},distanceTo:function(a){return Math.sqrt(this.distanceToSquared(a))},distanceToSquared:function(a){var b=this.x-a.x;a=this.y-a.y;return b*b+a*a},distanceToManhattan:function(a){return Math.abs(this.x-a.x)+Math.abs(this.y-a.y)},setLength:function(a){return this.multiplyScalar(a/this.length())},lerp:function(a,b){this.x+=(a.x-this.x)*b;this.y+=(a.y-this.y)*b;return this},lerpVectors:function(a,b,c){return this.subVectors(b,
-a).multiplyScalar(c).add(a)},equals:function(a){return a.x===this.x&&a.y===this.y},fromArray:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);this.x=a[b];this.y=a[b+1];return this},toArray:function(a,b){void 0===a&&(a=[]);void 0===b&&(b=0);a[b]=this.x;a[b+1]=this.y;return a},fromBufferAttribute:function(a,b,c){void 0!==c&&console.warn("THREE.Vector2: offset has been removed from .fromBufferAttribute().");this.x=a.getX(b);this.y=a.getY(b);return this},rotateAround:function(a,b){var c=Math.cos(b),d=Math.sin(b),e=this.x-
-a.x,f=this.y-a.y;this.x=e*c-f*d+a.x;this.y=e*d+f*c+a.y;return this}};var Ze=0;ea.DEFAULT_IMAGE=void 0;ea.DEFAULT_MAPPING=300;ea.prototype={constructor:ea,isTexture:!0,set needsUpdate(a){!0===a&&this.version++},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.image=a.image;this.mipmaps=a.mipmaps.slice(0);this.mapping=a.mapping;this.wrapS=a.wrapS;this.wrapT=a.wrapT;this.magFilter=a.magFilter;this.minFilter=a.minFilter;this.anisotropy=a.anisotropy;this.format=a.format;
-this.type=a.type;this.offset.copy(a.offset);this.repeat.copy(a.repeat);this.generateMipmaps=a.generateMipmaps;this.premultiplyAlpha=a.premultiplyAlpha;this.flipY=a.flipY;this.unpackAlignment=a.unpackAlignment;this.encoding=a.encoding;return this},toJSON:function(a){if(void 0!==a.textures[this.uuid])return a.textures[this.uuid];var b={metadata:{version:4.4,type:"Texture",generator:"Texture.toJSON"},uuid:this.uuid,name:this.name,mapping:this.mapping,repeat:[this.repeat.x,this.repeat.y],offset:[this.offset.x,
-this.offset.y],wrap:[this.wrapS,this.wrapT],minFilter:this.minFilter,magFilter:this.magFilter,anisotropy:this.anisotropy,flipY:this.flipY};if(void 0!==this.image){var c=this.image;void 0===c.uuid&&(c.uuid=N.generateUUID());if(void 0===a.images[c.uuid]){var d=a.images,e=c.uuid,f=c.uuid,g;void 0!==c.toDataURL?g=c:(g=document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml","canvas"),g.width=c.width,g.height=c.height,g.getContext("2d").drawImage(c,0,0,c.width,c.height));g=2048<g.width||2048<g.height?g.toDataURL("image/jpeg",
-.6):g.toDataURL("image/png");d[e]={uuid:f,url:g}}b.image=c.uuid}return a.textures[this.uuid]=b},dispose:function(){this.dispatchEvent({type:"dispose"})},transformUv:function(a){if(300===this.mapping){a.multiply(this.repeat);a.add(this.offset);if(0>a.x||1<a.x)switch(this.wrapS){case 1E3:a.x-=Math.floor(a.x);break;case 1001:a.x=0>a.x?0:1;break;case 1002:a.x=1===Math.abs(Math.floor(a.x)%2)?Math.ceil(a.x)-a.x:a.x-Math.floor(a.x)}if(0>a.y||1<a.y)switch(this.wrapT){case 1E3:a.y-=Math.floor(a.y);break;case 1001:a.y=
-0>a.y?0:1;break;case 1002:a.y=1===Math.abs(Math.floor(a.y)%2)?Math.ceil(a.y)-a.y:a.y-Math.floor(a.y)}this.flipY&&(a.y=1-a.y)}}};Object.assign(ea.prototype,pa.prototype);fa.prototype={constructor:fa,isVector4:!0,set:function(a,b,c,d){this.x=a;this.y=b;this.z=c;this.w=d;return this},setScalar:function(a){this.w=this.z=this.y=this.x=a;return this},setX:function(a){this.x=a;return this},setY:function(a){this.y=a;return this},setZ:function(a){this.z=a;return this},setW:function(a){this.w=a;return this},
-setComponent:function(a,b){switch(a){case 0:this.x=b;break;case 1:this.y=b;break;case 2:this.z=b;break;case 3:this.w=b;break;default:throw Error("index is out of range: "+a);}return this},getComponent:function(a){switch(a){case 0:return this.x;case 1:return this.y;case 2:return this.z;case 3:return this.w;default:throw Error("index is out of range: "+a);}},clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this.x,this.y,this.z,this.w)},copy:function(a){this.x=a.x;this.y=a.y;this.z=a.z;this.w=void 0!==a.w?
-a.w:1;return this},add:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector4: .add() now only accepts one argument. Use .addVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.addVectors(a,b);this.x+=a.x;this.y+=a.y;this.z+=a.z;this.w+=a.w;return this},addScalar:function(a){this.x+=a;this.y+=a;this.z+=a;this.w+=a;return this},addVectors:function(a,b){this.x=a.x+b.x;this.y=a.y+b.y;this.z=a.z+b.z;this.w=a.w+b.w;return this},addScaledVector:function(a,b){this.x+=a.x*b;this.y+=a.y*b;this.z+=a.z*b;this.w+=a.w*b;
-return this},sub:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector4: .sub() now only accepts one argument. Use .subVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.subVectors(a,b);this.x-=a.x;this.y-=a.y;this.z-=a.z;this.w-=a.w;return this},subScalar:function(a){this.x-=a;this.y-=a;this.z-=a;this.w-=a;return this},subVectors:function(a,b){this.x=a.x-b.x;this.y=a.y-b.y;this.z=a.z-b.z;this.w=a.w-b.w;return this},multiplyScalar:function(a){isFinite(a)?(this.x*=a,this.y*=a,this.z*=a,this.w*=a):this.w=this.z=
-this.y=this.x=0;return this},applyMatrix4:function(a){var b=this.x,c=this.y,d=this.z,e=this.w;a=a.elements;this.x=a[0]*b+a[4]*c+a[8]*d+a[12]*e;this.y=a[1]*b+a[5]*c+a[9]*d+a[13]*e;this.z=a[2]*b+a[6]*c+a[10]*d+a[14]*e;this.w=a[3]*b+a[7]*c+a[11]*d+a[15]*e;return this},divideScalar:function(a){return this.multiplyScalar(1/a)},setAxisAngleFromQuaternion:function(a){this.w=2*Math.acos(a.w);var b=Math.sqrt(1-a.w*a.w);1E-4>b?(this.x=1,this.z=this.y=0):(this.x=a.x/b,this.y=a.y/b,this.z=a.z/b);return this},
-setAxisAngleFromRotationMatrix:function(a){var b,c,d;a=a.elements;var e=a[0];d=a[4];var f=a[8],g=a[1],h=a[5],m=a[9];c=a[2];b=a[6];var k=a[10];if(.01>Math.abs(d-g)&&.01>Math.abs(f-c)&&.01>Math.abs(m-b)){if(.1>Math.abs(d+g)&&.1>Math.abs(f+c)&&.1>Math.abs(m+b)&&.1>Math.abs(e+h+k-3))return this.set(1,0,0,0),this;a=Math.PI;e=(e+1)/2;h=(h+1)/2;k=(k+1)/2;d=(d+g)/4;f=(f+c)/4;m=(m+b)/4;e>h&&e>k?.01>e?(b=0,d=c=.707106781):(b=Math.sqrt(e),c=d/b,d=f/b):h>k?.01>h?(b=.707106781,c=0,d=.707106781):(c=Math.sqrt(h),
-b=d/c,d=m/c):.01>k?(c=b=.707106781,d=0):(d=Math.sqrt(k),b=f/d,c=m/d);this.set(b,c,d,a);return this}a=Math.sqrt((b-m)*(b-m)+(f-c)*(f-c)+(g-d)*(g-d));.001>Math.abs(a)&&(a=1);this.x=(b-m)/a;this.y=(f-c)/a;this.z=(g-d)/a;this.w=Math.acos((e+h+k-1)/2);return this},min:function(a){this.x=Math.min(this.x,a.x);this.y=Math.min(this.y,a.y);this.z=Math.min(this.z,a.z);this.w=Math.min(this.w,a.w);return this},max:function(a){this.x=Math.max(this.x,a.x);this.y=Math.max(this.y,a.y);this.z=Math.max(this.z,a.z);
-this.w=Math.max(this.w,a.w);return this},clamp:function(a,b){this.x=Math.max(a.x,Math.min(b.x,this.x));this.y=Math.max(a.y,Math.min(b.y,this.y));this.z=Math.max(a.z,Math.min(b.z,this.z));this.w=Math.max(a.w,Math.min(b.w,this.w));return this},clampScalar:function(){var a,b;return function(c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new fa,b=new fa);a.set(c,c,c,c);b.set(d,d,d,d);return this.clamp(a,b)}}(),floor:function(){this.x=Math.floor(this.x);this.y=Math.floor(this.y);this.z=Math.floor(this.z);this.w=Math.floor(this.w);
-return this},ceil:function(){this.x=Math.ceil(this.x);this.y=Math.ceil(this.y);this.z=Math.ceil(this.z);this.w=Math.ceil(this.w);return this},round:function(){this.x=Math.round(this.x);this.y=Math.round(this.y);this.z=Math.round(this.z);this.w=Math.round(this.w);return this},roundToZero:function(){this.x=0>this.x?Math.ceil(this.x):Math.floor(this.x);this.y=0>this.y?Math.ceil(this.y):Math.floor(this.y);this.z=0>this.z?Math.ceil(this.z):Math.floor(this.z);this.w=0>this.w?Math.ceil(this.w):Math.floor(this.w);
-return this},negate:function(){this.x=-this.x;this.y=-this.y;this.z=-this.z;this.w=-this.w;return this},dot:function(a){return this.x*a.x+this.y*a.y+this.z*a.z+this.w*a.w},lengthSq:function(){return this.x*this.x+this.y*this.y+this.z*this.z+this.w*this.w},length:function(){return Math.sqrt(this.x*this.x+this.y*this.y+this.z*this.z+this.w*this.w)},lengthManhattan:function(){return Math.abs(this.x)+Math.abs(this.y)+Math.abs(this.z)+Math.abs(this.w)},normalize:function(){return this.divideScalar(this.length())},
-setLength:function(a){return this.multiplyScalar(a/this.length())},lerp:function(a,b){this.x+=(a.x-this.x)*b;this.y+=(a.y-this.y)*b;this.z+=(a.z-this.z)*b;this.w+=(a.w-this.w)*b;return this},lerpVectors:function(a,b,c){return this.subVectors(b,a).multiplyScalar(c).add(a)},equals:function(a){return a.x===this.x&&a.y===this.y&&a.z===this.z&&a.w===this.w},fromArray:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);this.x=a[b];this.y=a[b+1];this.z=a[b+2];this.w=a[b+3];return this},toArray:function(a,b){void 0===a&&(a=
-[]);void 0===b&&(b=0);a[b]=this.x;a[b+1]=this.y;a[b+2]=this.z;a[b+3]=this.w;return a},fromBufferAttribute:function(a,b,c){void 0!==c&&console.warn("THREE.Vector4: offset has been removed from .fromBufferAttribute().");this.x=a.getX(b);this.y=a.getY(b);this.z=a.getZ(b);this.w=a.getW(b);return this}};Ya.prototype={constructor:Ya,isWebGLRenderTarget:!0,setSize:function(a,b){if(this.width!==a||this.height!==b)this.width=a,this.height=b,this.dispose();this.viewport.set(0,0,a,b);this.scissor.set(0,0,a,
-b)},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.width=a.width;this.height=a.height;this.viewport.copy(a.viewport);this.texture=a.texture.clone();this.depthBuffer=a.depthBuffer;this.stencilBuffer=a.stencilBuffer;this.depthTexture=a.depthTexture;return this},dispose:function(){this.dispatchEvent({type:"dispose"})}};Object.assign(Ya.prototype,pa.prototype);Gb.prototype=Object.create(Ya.prototype);Gb.prototype.constructor=Gb;Gb.prototype.isWebGLRenderTargetCube=!0;
-ca.prototype={constructor:ca,get x(){return this._x},set x(a){this._x=a;this.onChangeCallback()},get y(){return this._y},set y(a){this._y=a;this.onChangeCallback()},get z(){return this._z},set z(a){this._z=a;this.onChangeCallback()},get w(){return this._w},set w(a){this._w=a;this.onChangeCallback()},set:function(a,b,c,d){this._x=a;this._y=b;this._z=c;this._w=d;this.onChangeCallback();return this},clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this._x,this._y,this._z,this._w)},copy:function(a){this._x=
-a.x;this._y=a.y;this._z=a.z;this._w=a.w;this.onChangeCallback();return this},setFromEuler:function(a,b){if(!1===(a&&a.isEuler))throw Error("THREE.Quaternion: .setFromEuler() now expects an Euler rotation rather than a Vector3 and order.");var c=Math.cos(a._x/2),d=Math.cos(a._y/2),e=Math.cos(a._z/2),f=Math.sin(a._x/2),g=Math.sin(a._y/2),h=Math.sin(a._z/2),m=a.order;"XYZ"===m?(this._x=f*d*e+c*g*h,this._y=c*g*e-f*d*h,this._z=c*d*h+f*g*e,this._w=c*d*e-f*g*h):"YXZ"===m?(this._x=f*d*e+c*g*h,this._y=c*g*
-e-f*d*h,this._z=c*d*h-f*g*e,this._w=c*d*e+f*g*h):"ZXY"===m?(this._x=f*d*e-c*g*h,this._y=c*g*e+f*d*h,this._z=c*d*h+f*g*e,this._w=c*d*e-f*g*h):"ZYX"===m?(this._x=f*d*e-c*g*h,this._y=c*g*e+f*d*h,this._z=c*d*h-f*g*e,this._w=c*d*e+f*g*h):"YZX"===m?(this._x=f*d*e+c*g*h,this._y=c*g*e+f*d*h,this._z=c*d*h-f*g*e,this._w=c*d*e-f*g*h):"XZY"===m&&(this._x=f*d*e-c*g*h,this._y=c*g*e-f*d*h,this._z=c*d*h+f*g*e,this._w=c*d*e+f*g*h);if(!1!==b)this.onChangeCallback();return this},setFromAxisAngle:function(a,b){var c=
-b/2,d=Math.sin(c);this._x=a.x*d;this._y=a.y*d;this._z=a.z*d;this._w=Math.cos(c);this.onChangeCallback();return this},setFromRotationMatrix:function(a){var b=a.elements,c=b[0];a=b[4];var d=b[8],e=b[1],f=b[5],g=b[9],h=b[2],m=b[6],b=b[10],k=c+f+b;0<k?(c=.5/Math.sqrt(k+1),this._w=.25/c,this._x=(m-g)*c,this._y=(d-h)*c,this._z=(e-a)*c):c>f&&c>b?(c=2*Math.sqrt(1+c-f-b),this._w=(m-g)/c,this._x=.25*c,this._y=(a+e)/c,this._z=(d+h)/c):f>b?(c=2*Math.sqrt(1+f-c-b),this._w=(d-h)/c,this._x=(a+e)/c,this._y=.25*c,
-this._z=(g+m)/c):(c=2*Math.sqrt(1+b-c-f),this._w=(e-a)/c,this._x=(d+h)/c,this._y=(g+m)/c,this._z=.25*c);this.onChangeCallback();return this},setFromUnitVectors:function(){var a,b;return function(c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new q);b=c.dot(d)+1;1E-6>b?(b=0,Math.abs(c.x)>Math.abs(c.z)?a.set(-c.y,c.x,0):a.set(0,-c.z,c.y)):a.crossVectors(c,d);this._x=a.x;this._y=a.y;this._z=a.z;this._w=b;return this.normalize()}}(),inverse:function(){return this.conjugate().normalize()},conjugate:function(){this._x*=-1;this._y*=
--1;this._z*=-1;this.onChangeCallback();return this},dot:function(a){return this._x*a._x+this._y*a._y+this._z*a._z+this._w*a._w},lengthSq:function(){return this._x*this._x+this._y*this._y+this._z*this._z+this._w*this._w},length:function(){return Math.sqrt(this._x*this._x+this._y*this._y+this._z*this._z+this._w*this._w)},normalize:function(){var a=this.length();0===a?(this._z=this._y=this._x=0,this._w=1):(a=1/a,this._x*=a,this._y*=a,this._z*=a,this._w*=a);this.onChangeCallback();return this},multiply:function(a,
-b){return void 0!==b?(console.warn("THREE.Quaternion: .multiply() now only accepts one argument. Use .multiplyQuaternions( a, b ) instead."),this.multiplyQuaternions(a,b)):this.multiplyQuaternions(this,a)},premultiply:function(a){return this.multiplyQuaternions(a,this)},multiplyQuaternions:function(a,b){var c=a._x,d=a._y,e=a._z,f=a._w,g=b._x,h=b._y,m=b._z,k=b._w;this._x=c*k+f*g+d*m-e*h;this._y=d*k+f*h+e*g-c*m;this._z=e*k+f*m+c*h-d*g;this._w=f*k-c*g-d*h-e*m;this.onChangeCallback();return this},slerp:function(a,
-b){if(0===b)return this;if(1===b)return this.copy(a);var c=this._x,d=this._y,e=this._z,f=this._w,g=f*a._w+c*a._x+d*a._y+e*a._z;0>g?(this._w=-a._w,this._x=-a._x,this._y=-a._y,this._z=-a._z,g=-g):this.copy(a);if(1<=g)return this._w=f,this._x=c,this._y=d,this._z=e,this;var h=Math.sqrt(1-g*g);if(.001>Math.abs(h))return this._w=.5*(f+this._w),this._x=.5*(c+this._x),this._y=.5*(d+this._y),this._z=.5*(e+this._z),this;var m=Math.atan2(h,g),g=Math.sin((1-b)*m)/h,h=Math.sin(b*m)/h;this._w=f*g+this._w*h;this._x=
-c*g+this._x*h;this._y=d*g+this._y*h;this._z=e*g+this._z*h;this.onChangeCallback();return this},equals:function(a){return a._x===this._x&&a._y===this._y&&a._z===this._z&&a._w===this._w},fromArray:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);this._x=a[b];this._y=a[b+1];this._z=a[b+2];this._w=a[b+3];this.onChangeCallback();return this},toArray:function(a,b){void 0===a&&(a=[]);void 0===b&&(b=0);a[b]=this._x;a[b+1]=this._y;a[b+2]=this._z;a[b+3]=this._w;return a},onChange:function(a){this.onChangeCallback=a;return this},
-onChangeCallback:function(){}};Object.assign(ca,{slerp:function(a,b,c,d){return c.copy(a).slerp(b,d)},slerpFlat:function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){var h=c[d+0],m=c[d+1],k=c[d+2];c=c[d+3];d=e[f+0];var l=e[f+1],p=e[f+2];e=e[f+3];if(c!==e||h!==d||m!==l||k!==p){f=1-g;var n=h*d+m*l+k*p+c*e,u=0<=n?1:-1,q=1-n*n;q>Number.EPSILON&&(q=Math.sqrt(q),n=Math.atan2(q,n*u),f=Math.sin(f*n)/q,g=Math.sin(g*n)/q);u*=g;h=h*f+d*u;m=m*f+l*u;k=k*f+p*u;c=c*f+e*u;f===1-g&&(g=1/Math.sqrt(h*h+m*m+k*k+c*c),h*=g,m*=g,k*=g,c*=g)}a[b]=h;a[b+
-1]=m;a[b+2]=k;a[b+3]=c}});q.prototype={constructor:q,isVector3:!0,set:function(a,b,c){this.x=a;this.y=b;this.z=c;return this},setScalar:function(a){this.z=this.y=this.x=a;return this},setX:function(a){this.x=a;return this},setY:function(a){this.y=a;return this},setZ:function(a){this.z=a;return this},setComponent:function(a,b){switch(a){case 0:this.x=b;break;case 1:this.y=b;break;case 2:this.z=b;break;default:throw Error("index is out of range: "+a);}return this},getComponent:function(a){switch(a){case 0:return this.x;
-case 1:return this.y;case 2:return this.z;default:throw Error("index is out of range: "+a);}},clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this.x,this.y,this.z)},copy:function(a){this.x=a.x;this.y=a.y;this.z=a.z;return this},add:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .add() now only accepts one argument. Use .addVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.addVectors(a,b);this.x+=a.x;this.y+=a.y;this.z+=a.z;return this},addScalar:function(a){this.x+=a;this.y+=a;this.z+=a;return this},
-addVectors:function(a,b){this.x=a.x+b.x;this.y=a.y+b.y;this.z=a.z+b.z;return this},addScaledVector:function(a,b){this.x+=a.x*b;this.y+=a.y*b;this.z+=a.z*b;return this},sub:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .sub() now only accepts one argument. Use .subVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.subVectors(a,b);this.x-=a.x;this.y-=a.y;this.z-=a.z;return this},subScalar:function(a){this.x-=a;this.y-=a;this.z-=a;return this},subVectors:function(a,b){this.x=a.x-b.x;this.y=a.y-b.y;this.z=
-a.z-b.z;return this},multiply:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .multiply() now only accepts one argument. Use .multiplyVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.multiplyVectors(a,b);this.x*=a.x;this.y*=a.y;this.z*=a.z;return this},multiplyScalar:function(a){isFinite(a)?(this.x*=a,this.y*=a,this.z*=a):this.z=this.y=this.x=0;return this},multiplyVectors:function(a,b){this.x=a.x*b.x;this.y=a.y*b.y;this.z=a.z*b.z;return this},applyEuler:function(){var a;return function(b){!1===(b&&
-b.isEuler)&&console.error("THREE.Vector3: .applyEuler() now expects an Euler rotation rather than a Vector3 and order.");void 0===a&&(a=new ca);return this.applyQuaternion(a.setFromEuler(b))}}(),applyAxisAngle:function(){var a;return function(b,c){void 0===a&&(a=new ca);return this.applyQuaternion(a.setFromAxisAngle(b,c))}}(),applyMatrix3:function(a){var b=this.x,c=this.y,d=this.z;a=a.elements;this.x=a[0]*b+a[3]*c+a[6]*d;this.y=a[1]*b+a[4]*c+a[7]*d;this.z=a[2]*b+a[5]*c+a[8]*d;return this},applyMatrix4:function(a){var b=
-this.x,c=this.y,d=this.z;a=a.elements;this.x=a[0]*b+a[4]*c+a[8]*d+a[12];this.y=a[1]*b+a[5]*c+a[9]*d+a[13];this.z=a[2]*b+a[6]*c+a[10]*d+a[14];return this.divideScalar(a[3]*b+a[7]*c+a[11]*d+a[15])},applyQuaternion:function(a){var b=this.x,c=this.y,d=this.z,e=a.x,f=a.y,g=a.z;a=a.w;var h=a*b+f*d-g*c,m=a*c+g*b-e*d,k=a*d+e*c-f*b,b=-e*b-f*c-g*d;this.x=h*a+b*-e+m*-g-k*-f;this.y=m*a+b*-f+k*-e-h*-g;this.z=k*a+b*-g+h*-f-m*-e;return this},project:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.multiplyMatrices(b.projectionMatrix,
-a.getInverse(b.matrixWorld));return this.applyMatrix4(a)}}(),unproject:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.multiplyMatrices(b.matrixWorld,a.getInverse(b.projectionMatrix));return this.applyMatrix4(a)}}(),transformDirection:function(a){var b=this.x,c=this.y,d=this.z;a=a.elements;this.x=a[0]*b+a[4]*c+a[8]*d;this.y=a[1]*b+a[5]*c+a[9]*d;this.z=a[2]*b+a[6]*c+a[10]*d;return this.normalize()},divide:function(a){this.x/=a.x;this.y/=a.y;this.z/=a.z;return this},divideScalar:function(a){return this.multiplyScalar(1/
-a)},min:function(a){this.x=Math.min(this.x,a.x);this.y=Math.min(this.y,a.y);this.z=Math.min(this.z,a.z);return this},max:function(a){this.x=Math.max(this.x,a.x);this.y=Math.max(this.y,a.y);this.z=Math.max(this.z,a.z);return this},clamp:function(a,b){this.x=Math.max(a.x,Math.min(b.x,this.x));this.y=Math.max(a.y,Math.min(b.y,this.y));this.z=Math.max(a.z,Math.min(b.z,this.z));return this},clampScalar:function(){var a,b;return function(c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new q,b=new q);a.set(c,c,c);b.set(d,d,d);return this.clamp(a,
-b)}}(),clampLength:function(a,b){var c=this.length();return this.multiplyScalar(Math.max(a,Math.min(b,c))/c)},floor:function(){this.x=Math.floor(this.x);this.y=Math.floor(this.y);this.z=Math.floor(this.z);return this},ceil:function(){this.x=Math.ceil(this.x);this.y=Math.ceil(this.y);this.z=Math.ceil(this.z);return this},round:function(){this.x=Math.round(this.x);this.y=Math.round(this.y);this.z=Math.round(this.z);return this},roundToZero:function(){this.x=0>this.x?Math.ceil(this.x):Math.floor(this.x);
-this.y=0>this.y?Math.ceil(this.y):Math.floor(this.y);this.z=0>this.z?Math.ceil(this.z):Math.floor(this.z);return this},negate:function(){this.x=-this.x;this.y=-this.y;this.z=-this.z;return this},dot:function(a){return this.x*a.x+this.y*a.y+this.z*a.z},lengthSq:function(){return this.x*this.x+this.y*this.y+this.z*this.z},length:function(){return Math.sqrt(this.x*this.x+this.y*this.y+this.z*this.z)},lengthManhattan:function(){return Math.abs(this.x)+Math.abs(this.y)+Math.abs(this.z)},normalize:function(){return this.divideScalar(this.length())},
-setLength:function(a){return this.multiplyScalar(a/this.length())},lerp:function(a,b){this.x+=(a.x-this.x)*b;this.y+=(a.y-this.y)*b;this.z+=(a.z-this.z)*b;return this},lerpVectors:function(a,b,c){return this.subVectors(b,a).multiplyScalar(c).add(a)},cross:function(a,b){if(void 0!==b)return console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .cross() now only accepts one argument. Use .crossVectors( a, b ) instead."),this.crossVectors(a,b);var c=this.x,d=this.y,e=this.z;this.x=d*a.z-e*a.y;this.y=e*a.x-c*a.z;this.z=c*a.y-
-d*a.x;return this},crossVectors:function(a,b){var c=a.x,d=a.y,e=a.z,f=b.x,g=b.y,h=b.z;this.x=d*h-e*g;this.y=e*f-c*h;this.z=c*g-d*f;return this},projectOnVector:function(a){var b=a.dot(this)/a.lengthSq();return this.copy(a).multiplyScalar(b)},projectOnPlane:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new q);a.copy(this).projectOnVector(b);return this.sub(a)}}(),reflect:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new q);return this.sub(a.copy(b).multiplyScalar(2*this.dot(b)))}}(),angleTo:function(a){a=
-this.dot(a)/Math.sqrt(this.lengthSq()*a.lengthSq());return Math.acos(N.clamp(a,-1,1))},distanceTo:function(a){return Math.sqrt(this.distanceToSquared(a))},distanceToSquared:function(a){var b=this.x-a.x,c=this.y-a.y;a=this.z-a.z;return b*b+c*c+a*a},distanceToManhattan:function(a){return Math.abs(this.x-a.x)+Math.abs(this.y-a.y)+Math.abs(this.z-a.z)},setFromSpherical:function(a){var b=Math.sin(a.phi)*a.radius;this.x=b*Math.sin(a.theta);this.y=Math.cos(a.phi)*a.radius;this.z=b*Math.cos(a.theta);return this},
-setFromCylindrical:function(a){this.x=a.radius*Math.sin(a.theta);this.y=a.y;this.z=a.radius*Math.cos(a.theta);return this},setFromMatrixPosition:function(a){return this.setFromMatrixColumn(a,3)},setFromMatrixScale:function(a){var b=this.setFromMatrixColumn(a,0).length(),c=this.setFromMatrixColumn(a,1).length();a=this.setFromMatrixColumn(a,2).length();this.x=b;this.y=c;this.z=a;return this},setFromMatrixColumn:function(a,b){if("number"===typeof a){console.warn("THREE.Vector3: setFromMatrixColumn now expects ( matrix, index ).");
-var c=a;a=b;b=c}return this.fromArray(a.elements,4*b)},equals:function(a){return a.x===this.x&&a.y===this.y&&a.z===this.z},fromArray:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);this.x=a[b];this.y=a[b+1];this.z=a[b+2];return this},toArray:function(a,b){void 0===a&&(a=[]);void 0===b&&(b=0);a[b]=this.x;a[b+1]=this.y;a[b+2]=this.z;return a},fromBufferAttribute:function(a,b,c){void 0!==c&&console.warn("THREE.Vector3: offset has been removed from .fromBufferAttribute().");this.x=a.getX(b);this.y=a.getY(b);this.z=a.getZ(b);
-return this}};S.prototype={constructor:S,isMatrix4:!0,set:function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,m,k,l,p,n,u,q,r){var A=this.elements;A[0]=a;A[4]=b;A[8]=c;A[12]=d;A[1]=e;A[5]=f;A[9]=g;A[13]=h;A[2]=m;A[6]=k;A[10]=l;A[14]=p;A[3]=n;A[7]=u;A[11]=q;A[15]=r;return this},identity:function(){this.set(1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1);return this},clone:function(){return(new S).fromArray(this.elements)},copy:function(a){this.elements.set(a.elements);return this},copyPosition:function(a){var b=this.elements;a=a.elements;
-b[12]=a[12];b[13]=a[13];b[14]=a[14];return this},extractBasis:function(a,b,c){a.setFromMatrixColumn(this,0);b.setFromMatrixColumn(this,1);c.setFromMatrixColumn(this,2);return this},makeBasis:function(a,b,c){this.set(a.x,b.x,c.x,0,a.y,b.y,c.y,0,a.z,b.z,c.z,0,0,0,0,1);return this},extractRotation:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new q);var c=this.elements,d=b.elements,e=1/a.setFromMatrixColumn(b,0).length(),f=1/a.setFromMatrixColumn(b,1).length();b=1/a.setFromMatrixColumn(b,2).length();
-c[0]=d[0]*e;c[1]=d[1]*e;c[2]=d[2]*e;c[4]=d[4]*f;c[5]=d[5]*f;c[6]=d[6]*f;c[8]=d[8]*b;c[9]=d[9]*b;c[10]=d[10]*b;return this}}(),makeRotationFromEuler:function(a){!1===(a&&a.isEuler)&&console.error("THREE.Matrix: .makeRotationFromEuler() now expects a Euler rotation rather than a Vector3 and order.");var b=this.elements,c=a.x,d=a.y,e=a.z,f=Math.cos(c),c=Math.sin(c),g=Math.cos(d),d=Math.sin(d),h=Math.cos(e),e=Math.sin(e);if("XYZ"===a.order){a=f*h;var m=f*e,k=c*h,l=c*e;b[0]=g*h;b[4]=-g*e;b[8]=d;b[1]=m+
-k*d;b[5]=a-l*d;b[9]=-c*g;b[2]=l-a*d;b[6]=k+m*d;b[10]=f*g}else"YXZ"===a.order?(a=g*h,m=g*e,k=d*h,l=d*e,b[0]=a+l*c,b[4]=k*c-m,b[8]=f*d,b[1]=f*e,b[5]=f*h,b[9]=-c,b[2]=m*c-k,b[6]=l+a*c,b[10]=f*g):"ZXY"===a.order?(a=g*h,m=g*e,k=d*h,l=d*e,b[0]=a-l*c,b[4]=-f*e,b[8]=k+m*c,b[1]=m+k*c,b[5]=f*h,b[9]=l-a*c,b[2]=-f*d,b[6]=c,b[10]=f*g):"ZYX"===a.order?(a=f*h,m=f*e,k=c*h,l=c*e,b[0]=g*h,b[4]=k*d-m,b[8]=a*d+l,b[1]=g*e,b[5]=l*d+a,b[9]=m*d-k,b[2]=-d,b[6]=c*g,b[10]=f*g):"YZX"===a.order?(a=f*g,m=f*d,k=c*g,l=c*d,b[0]=
-g*h,b[4]=l-a*e,b[8]=k*e+m,b[1]=e,b[5]=f*h,b[9]=-c*h,b[2]=-d*h,b[6]=m*e+k,b[10]=a-l*e):"XZY"===a.order&&(a=f*g,m=f*d,k=c*g,l=c*d,b[0]=g*h,b[4]=-e,b[8]=d*h,b[1]=a*e+l,b[5]=f*h,b[9]=m*e-k,b[2]=k*e-m,b[6]=c*h,b[10]=l*e+a);b[3]=0;b[7]=0;b[11]=0;b[12]=0;b[13]=0;b[14]=0;b[15]=1;return this},makeRotationFromQuaternion:function(a){var b=this.elements,c=a.x,d=a.y,e=a.z,f=a.w,g=c+c,h=d+d,m=e+e;a=c*g;var k=c*h,c=c*m,l=d*h,d=d*m,e=e*m,g=f*g,h=f*h,f=f*m;b[0]=1-(l+e);b[4]=k-f;b[8]=c+h;b[1]=k+f;b[5]=1-(a+e);b[9]=
-d-g;b[2]=c-h;b[6]=d+g;b[10]=1-(a+l);b[3]=0;b[7]=0;b[11]=0;b[12]=0;b[13]=0;b[14]=0;b[15]=1;return this},lookAt:function(){var a,b,c;return function(d,e,f){void 0===a&&(a=new q,b=new q,c=new q);var g=this.elements;c.subVectors(d,e).normalize();0===c.lengthSq()&&(c.z=1);a.crossVectors(f,c).normalize();0===a.lengthSq()&&(c.z+=1E-4,a.crossVectors(f,c).normalize());b.crossVectors(c,a);g[0]=a.x;g[4]=b.x;g[8]=c.x;g[1]=a.y;g[5]=b.y;g[9]=c.y;g[2]=a.z;g[6]=b.z;g[10]=c.z;return this}}(),multiply:function(a,b){return void 0!==
-b?(console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .multiply() now only accepts one argument. Use .multiplyMatrices( a, b ) instead."),this.multiplyMatrices(a,b)):this.multiplyMatrices(this,a)},premultiply:function(a){return this.multiplyMatrices(a,this)},multiplyMatrices:function(a,b){var c=a.elements,d=b.elements,e=this.elements,f=c[0],g=c[4],h=c[8],m=c[12],k=c[1],l=c[5],p=c[9],n=c[13],u=c[2],q=c[6],r=c[10],A=c[14],w=c[3],y=c[7],K=c[11],c=c[15],v=d[0],E=d[4],L=d[8],C=d[12],F=d[1],x=d[5],H=d[9],D=d[13],z=d[2],J=d[6],
-I=d[10],Q=d[14],M=d[3],O=d[7],P=d[11],d=d[15];e[0]=f*v+g*F+h*z+m*M;e[4]=f*E+g*x+h*J+m*O;e[8]=f*L+g*H+h*I+m*P;e[12]=f*C+g*D+h*Q+m*d;e[1]=k*v+l*F+p*z+n*M;e[5]=k*E+l*x+p*J+n*O;e[9]=k*L+l*H+p*I+n*P;e[13]=k*C+l*D+p*Q+n*d;e[2]=u*v+q*F+r*z+A*M;e[6]=u*E+q*x+r*J+A*O;e[10]=u*L+q*H+r*I+A*P;e[14]=u*C+q*D+r*Q+A*d;e[3]=w*v+y*F+K*z+c*M;e[7]=w*E+y*x+K*J+c*O;e[11]=w*L+y*H+K*I+c*P;e[15]=w*C+y*D+K*Q+c*d;return this},multiplyToArray:function(a,b,c){var d=this.elements;this.multiplyMatrices(a,b);c[0]=d[0];c[1]=d[1];c[2]=
-d[2];c[3]=d[3];c[4]=d[4];c[5]=d[5];c[6]=d[6];c[7]=d[7];c[8]=d[8];c[9]=d[9];c[10]=d[10];c[11]=d[11];c[12]=d[12];c[13]=d[13];c[14]=d[14];c[15]=d[15];return this},multiplyScalar:function(a){var b=this.elements;b[0]*=a;b[4]*=a;b[8]*=a;b[12]*=a;b[1]*=a;b[5]*=a;b[9]*=a;b[13]*=a;b[2]*=a;b[6]*=a;b[10]*=a;b[14]*=a;b[3]*=a;b[7]*=a;b[11]*=a;b[15]*=a;return this},applyToBufferAttribute:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new q);for(var c=0,d=b.count;c<d;c++)a.x=b.getX(c),a.y=b.getY(c),a.z=b.getZ(c),
-a.applyMatrix4(this),b.setXYZ(c,a.x,a.y,a.z);return b}}(),determinant:function(){var a=this.elements,b=a[0],c=a[4],d=a[8],e=a[12],f=a[1],g=a[5],h=a[9],m=a[13],k=a[2],l=a[6],p=a[10],n=a[14];return a[3]*(+e*h*l-d*m*l-e*g*p+c*m*p+d*g*n-c*h*n)+a[7]*(+b*h*n-b*m*p+e*f*p-d*f*n+d*m*k-e*h*k)+a[11]*(+b*m*l-b*g*n-e*f*l+c*f*n+e*g*k-c*m*k)+a[15]*(-d*g*k-b*h*l+b*g*p+d*f*l-c*f*p+c*h*k)},transpose:function(){var a=this.elements,b;b=a[1];a[1]=a[4];a[4]=b;b=a[2];a[2]=a[8];a[8]=b;b=a[6];a[6]=a[9];a[9]=b;b=a[3];a[3]=
-a[12];a[12]=b;b=a[7];a[7]=a[13];a[13]=b;b=a[11];a[11]=a[14];a[14]=b;return this},setPosition:function(a){var b=this.elements;b[12]=a.x;b[13]=a.y;b[14]=a.z;return this},getInverse:function(a,b){var c=this.elements,d=a.elements,e=d[0],f=d[1],g=d[2],h=d[3],m=d[4],k=d[5],l=d[6],p=d[7],n=d[8],u=d[9],q=d[10],r=d[11],A=d[12],w=d[13],y=d[14],d=d[15],K=u*y*p-w*q*p+w*l*r-k*y*r-u*l*d+k*q*d,v=A*q*p-n*y*p-A*l*r+m*y*r+n*l*d-m*q*d,E=n*w*p-A*u*p+A*k*r-m*w*r-n*k*d+m*u*d,L=A*u*l-n*w*l-A*k*q+m*w*q+n*k*y-m*u*y,C=e*K+
-f*v+g*E+h*L;if(0===C){if(!0===b)throw Error("THREE.Matrix4.getInverse(): can't invert matrix, determinant is 0");console.warn("THREE.Matrix4.getInverse(): can't invert matrix, determinant is 0");return this.identity()}C=1/C;c[0]=K*C;c[1]=(w*q*h-u*y*h-w*g*r+f*y*r+u*g*d-f*q*d)*C;c[2]=(k*y*h-w*l*h+w*g*p-f*y*p-k*g*d+f*l*d)*C;c[3]=(u*l*h-k*q*h-u*g*p+f*q*p+k*g*r-f*l*r)*C;c[4]=v*C;c[5]=(n*y*h-A*q*h+A*g*r-e*y*r-n*g*d+e*q*d)*C;c[6]=(A*l*h-m*y*h-A*g*p+e*y*p+m*g*d-e*l*d)*C;c[7]=(m*q*h-n*l*h+n*g*p-e*q*p-m*g*
-r+e*l*r)*C;c[8]=E*C;c[9]=(A*u*h-n*w*h-A*f*r+e*w*r+n*f*d-e*u*d)*C;c[10]=(m*w*h-A*k*h+A*f*p-e*w*p-m*f*d+e*k*d)*C;c[11]=(n*k*h-m*u*h-n*f*p+e*u*p+m*f*r-e*k*r)*C;c[12]=L*C;c[13]=(n*w*g-A*u*g+A*f*q-e*w*q-n*f*y+e*u*y)*C;c[14]=(A*k*g-m*w*g-A*f*l+e*w*l+m*f*y-e*k*y)*C;c[15]=(m*u*g-n*k*g+n*f*l-e*u*l-m*f*q+e*k*q)*C;return this},scale:function(a){var b=this.elements,c=a.x,d=a.y;a=a.z;b[0]*=c;b[4]*=d;b[8]*=a;b[1]*=c;b[5]*=d;b[9]*=a;b[2]*=c;b[6]*=d;b[10]*=a;b[3]*=c;b[7]*=d;b[11]*=a;return this},getMaxScaleOnAxis:function(){var a=
-this.elements;return Math.sqrt(Math.max(a[0]*a[0]+a[1]*a[1]+a[2]*a[2],a[4]*a[4]+a[5]*a[5]+a[6]*a[6],a[8]*a[8]+a[9]*a[9]+a[10]*a[10]))},makeTranslation:function(a,b,c){this.set(1,0,0,a,0,1,0,b,0,0,1,c,0,0,0,1);return this},makeRotationX:function(a){var b=Math.cos(a);a=Math.sin(a);this.set(1,0,0,0,0,b,-a,0,0,a,b,0,0,0,0,1);return this},makeRotationY:function(a){var b=Math.cos(a);a=Math.sin(a);this.set(b,0,a,0,0,1,0,0,-a,0,b,0,0,0,0,1);return this},makeRotationZ:function(a){var b=Math.cos(a);a=Math.sin(a);
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-return this},decompose:function(){var a,b;return function(c,d,e){void 0===a&&(a=new q,b=new S);var f=this.elements,g=a.set(f[0],f[1],f[2]).length(),h=a.set(f[4],f[5],f[6]).length(),m=a.set(f[8],f[9],f[10]).length();0>this.determinant()&&(g=-g);c.x=f[12];c.y=f[13];c.z=f[14];b.elements.set(this.elements);c=1/g;var f=1/h,k=1/m;b.elements[0]*=c;b.elements[1]*=c;b.elements[2]*=c;b.elements[4]*=f;b.elements[5]*=f;b.elements[6]*=f;b.elements[8]*=k;b.elements[9]*=k;b.elements[10]*=k;d.setFromRotationMatrix(b);
-e.x=g;e.y=h;e.z=m;return this}}(),makePerspective:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){void 0===f&&console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .makePerspective() has been redefined and has a new signature. Please check the docs.");var g=this.elements;g[0]=2*e/(b-a);g[4]=0;g[8]=(b+a)/(b-a);g[12]=0;g[1]=0;g[5]=2*e/(c-d);g[9]=(c+d)/(c-d);g[13]=0;g[2]=0;g[6]=0;g[10]=-(f+e)/(f-e);g[14]=-2*f*e/(f-e);g[3]=0;g[7]=0;g[11]=-1;g[15]=0;return this},makeOrthographic:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){var g=this.elements,h=1/(b-a),m=1/(c-d),k=1/(f-e);g[0]=
-2*h;g[4]=0;g[8]=0;g[12]=-((b+a)*h);g[1]=0;g[5]=2*m;g[9]=0;g[13]=-((c+d)*m);g[2]=0;g[6]=0;g[10]=-2*k;g[14]=-((f+e)*k);g[3]=0;g[7]=0;g[11]=0;g[15]=1;return this},equals:function(a){var b=this.elements;a=a.elements;for(var c=0;16>c;c++)if(b[c]!==a[c])return!1;return!0},fromArray:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);for(var c=0;16>c;c++)this.elements[c]=a[c+b];return this},toArray:function(a,b){void 0===a&&(a=[]);void 0===b&&(b=0);var c=this.elements;a[b]=c[0];a[b+1]=c[1];a[b+2]=c[2];a[b+3]=c[3];a[b+4]=c[4];
-a[b+5]=c[5];a[b+6]=c[6];a[b+7]=c[7];a[b+8]=c[8];a[b+9]=c[9];a[b+10]=c[10];a[b+11]=c[11];a[b+12]=c[12];a[b+13]=c[13];a[b+14]=c[14];a[b+15]=c[15];return a}};Za.prototype=Object.create(ea.prototype);Za.prototype.constructor=Za;Za.prototype.isCubeTexture=!0;Object.defineProperty(Za.prototype,"images",{get:function(){return this.image},set:function(a){this.image=a}});var Ee=new ea,Fe=new Za,Be=[],De=[];Je.prototype.setValue=function(a,b){for(var c=this.seq,d=0,e=c.length;d!==e;++d){var f=c[d];f.setValue(a,
-b[f.id])}};var Rd=/([\w\d_]+)(\])?(\[|\.)?/g;$a.prototype.setValue=function(a,b,c){b=this.map[b];void 0!==b&&b.setValue(a,c,this.renderer)};$a.prototype.set=function(a,b,c){var d=this.map[c];void 0!==d&&d.setValue(a,b[c],this.renderer)};$a.prototype.setOptional=function(a,b,c){b=b[c];void 0!==b&&this.setValue(a,c,b)};$a.upload=function(a,b,c,d){for(var e=0,f=b.length;e!==f;++e){var g=b[e],h=c[g.id];!1!==h.needsUpdate&&g.setValue(a,h.value,d)}};$a.seqWithValue=function(a,b){for(var c=[],d=0,e=a.length;d!==
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-alphamap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_ALPHAMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D alphaMap;\n#endif\n",alphatest_fragment:"#ifdef ALPHATEST\n\tif ( diffuseColor.a < ALPHATEST ) discard;\n#endif\n",aomap_fragment:"#ifdef USE_AOMAP\n\tfloat ambientOcclusion = ( texture2D( aoMap, vUv2 ).r - 1.0 ) * aoMapIntensity + 1.0;\n\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse *= ambientOcclusion;\n\t#if defined( USE_ENVMAP ) && defined( PHYSICAL )\n\t\tfloat dotNV = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, geometry.viewDir ) );\n\t\treflectedLight.indirectSpecular *= computeSpecularOcclusion( dotNV, ambientOcclusion, material.specularRoughness );\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-aomap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_AOMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D aoMap;\n\tuniform float aoMapIntensity;\n#endif",begin_vertex:"\nvec3 transformed = vec3( position );\n",beginnormal_vertex:"\nvec3 objectNormal = vec3( normal );\n",bsdfs:"float punctualLightIntensityToIrradianceFactor( const in float lightDistance, const in float cutoffDistance, const in float decayExponent ) {\n\t\tif( decayExponent > 0.0 ) {\n#if defined ( PHYSICALLY_CORRECT_LIGHTS )\n\t\t\tfloat distanceFalloff = 1.0 / max( pow( lightDistance, decayExponent ), 0.01 );\n\t\t\tfloat maxDistanceCutoffFactor = pow2( saturate( 1.0 - pow4( lightDistance / cutoffDistance ) ) );\n\t\t\treturn distanceFalloff * maxDistanceCutoffFactor;\n#else\n\t\t\treturn pow( saturate( -lightDistance / cutoffDistance + 1.0 ), decayExponent );\n#endif\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn 1.0;\n}\nvec3 BRDF_Diffuse_Lambert( const in vec3 diffuseColor ) {\n\treturn RECIPROCAL_PI * diffuseColor;\n}\nvec3 F_Schlick( const in vec3 specularColor, const in float dotLH ) {\n\tfloat fresnel = exp2( ( -5.55473 * dotLH - 6.98316 ) * dotLH );\n\treturn ( 1.0 - specularColor ) * fresnel + specularColor;\n}\nfloat G_GGX_Smith( const in float alpha, const in float dotNL, const in float dotNV ) {\n\tfloat a2 = pow2( alpha );\n\tfloat gl = dotNL + sqrt( a2 + ( 1.0 - a2 ) * pow2( dotNL ) );\n\tfloat gv = dotNV + sqrt( a2 + ( 1.0 - a2 ) * pow2( dotNV ) );\n\treturn 1.0 / ( gl * gv );\n}\nfloat G_GGX_SmithCorrelated( const in float alpha, const in float dotNL, const in float dotNV ) {\n\tfloat a2 = pow2( alpha );\n\tfloat gv = dotNL * sqrt( a2 + ( 1.0 - a2 ) * pow2( dotNV ) );\n\tfloat gl = dotNV * sqrt( a2 + ( 1.0 - a2 ) * pow2( dotNL ) );\n\treturn 0.5 / max( gv + gl, EPSILON );\n}\nfloat D_GGX( const in float alpha, const in float dotNH ) {\n\tfloat a2 = pow2( alpha );\n\tfloat denom = pow2( dotNH ) * ( a2 - 1.0 ) + 1.0;\n\treturn RECIPROCAL_PI * a2 / pow2( denom );\n}\nvec3 BRDF_Specular_GGX( const in IncidentLight incidentLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in vec3 specularColor, const in float roughness ) {\n\tfloat alpha = pow2( roughness );\n\tvec3 halfDir = normalize( incidentLight.direction + geometry.viewDir );\n\tfloat dotNL = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, incidentLight.direction ) );\n\tfloat dotNV = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, geometry.viewDir ) );\n\tfloat dotNH = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, halfDir ) );\n\tfloat dotLH = saturate( dot( incidentLight.direction, halfDir ) );\n\tvec3 F = F_Schlick( specularColor, dotLH );\n\tfloat G = G_GGX_SmithCorrelated( alpha, dotNL, dotNV );\n\tfloat D = D_GGX( alpha, dotNH );\n\treturn F * ( G * D );\n}\nvec2 ltcTextureCoords( const in GeometricContext geometry, const in float roughness ) {\n\tconst float LUT_SIZE  = 64.0;\n\tconst float LUT_SCALE = (LUT_SIZE - 1.0)/LUT_SIZE;\n\tconst float LUT_BIAS  = 0.5/LUT_SIZE;\n\tvec3 N = geometry.normal;\n\tvec3 V = geometry.viewDir;\n\tvec3 P = geometry.position;\n\tfloat theta = acos( dot( N, V ) );\n\tvec2 uv = vec2(\n\t\tsqrt( saturate( roughness ) ),\n\t\tsaturate( theta / ( 0.5 * PI ) ) );\n\tuv = uv * LUT_SCALE + LUT_BIAS;\n\treturn uv;\n}\nvoid clipQuadToHorizon( inout vec3 L[5], out int n ) {\n\tint config = 0;\n\tif ( L[0].z > 0.0 ) config += 1;\n\tif ( L[1].z > 0.0 ) config += 2;\n\tif ( L[2].z > 0.0 ) config += 4;\n\tif ( L[3].z > 0.0 ) config += 8;\n\tn = 0;\n\tif ( config == 0 ) {\n\t} else if ( config == 1 ) {\n\t\tn = 3;\n\t\tL[1] = -L[1].z * L[0] + L[0].z * L[1];\n\t\tL[2] = -L[3].z * L[0] + L[0].z * L[3];\n\t} else if ( config == 2 ) {\n\t\tn = 3;\n\t\tL[0] = -L[0].z * L[1] + L[1].z * L[0];\n\t\tL[2] = -L[2].z * L[1] + L[1].z * L[2];\n\t} else if ( config == 3 ) {\n\t\tn = 4;\n\t\tL[2] = -L[2].z * L[1] + L[1].z * L[2];\n\t\tL[3] = -L[3].z * L[0] + L[0].z * L[3];\n\t} else if ( config == 4 ) {\n\t\tn = 3;\n\t\tL[0] = -L[3].z * L[2] + L[2].z * L[3];\n\t\tL[1] = -L[1].z * L[2] + L[2].z * L[1];\n\t} else if ( config == 5 ) {\n\t\tn = 0;\n\t} else if ( config == 6 ) {\n\t\tn = 4;\n\t\tL[0] = -L[0].z * L[1] + L[1].z * L[0];\n\t\tL[3] = -L[3].z * L[2] + L[2].z * L[3];\n\t} else if ( config == 7 ) {\n\t\tn = 5;\n\t\tL[4] = -L[3].z * L[0] + L[0].z * L[3];\n\t\tL[3] = -L[3].z * L[2] + L[2].z * L[3];\n\t} else if ( config == 8 ) {\n\t\tn = 3;\n\t\tL[0] = -L[0].z * L[3] + L[3].z * L[0];\n\t\tL[1] = -L[2].z * L[3] + L[3].z * L[2];\n\t\tL[2] =  L[3];\n\t} else if ( config == 9 ) {\n\t\tn = 4;\n\t\tL[1] = -L[1].z * L[0] + L[0].z * L[1];\n\t\tL[2] = -L[2].z * L[3] + L[3].z * L[2];\n\t} else if ( config == 10 ) {\n\t\tn = 0;\n\t} else if ( config == 11 ) {\n\t\tn = 5;\n\t\tL[4] = L[3];\n\t\tL[3] = -L[2].z * L[3] + L[3].z * L[2];\n\t\tL[2] = -L[2].z * L[1] + L[1].z * L[2];\n\t} else if ( config == 12 ) {\n\t\tn = 4;\n\t\tL[1] = -L[1].z * L[2] + L[2].z * L[1];\n\t\tL[0] = -L[0].z * L[3] + L[3].z * L[0];\n\t} else if ( config == 13 ) {\n\t\tn = 5;\n\t\tL[4] = L[3];\n\t\tL[3] = L[2];\n\t\tL[2] = -L[1].z * L[2] + L[2].z * L[1];\n\t\tL[1] = -L[1].z * L[0] + L[0].z * L[1];\n\t} else if ( config == 14 ) {\n\t\tn = 5;\n\t\tL[4] = -L[0].z * L[3] + L[3].z * L[0];\n\t\tL[0] = -L[0].z * L[1] + L[1].z * L[0];\n\t} else if ( config == 15 ) {\n\t\tn = 4;\n\t}\n\tif ( n == 3 )\n\t\tL[3] = L[0];\n\tif ( n == 4 )\n\t\tL[4] = L[0];\n}\nfloat integrateLtcBrdfOverRectEdge( vec3 v1, vec3 v2 ) {\n\tfloat cosTheta = dot( v1, v2 );\n\tfloat theta = acos( cosTheta );\n\tfloat res = cross( v1, v2 ).z * ( ( theta > 0.001 ) ? theta / sin( theta ) : 1.0 );\n\treturn res;\n}\nvoid initRectPoints( const in vec3 pos, const in vec3 halfWidth, const in vec3 halfHeight, out vec3 rectPoints[4] ) {\n\trectPoints[0] = pos - halfWidth - halfHeight;\n\trectPoints[1] = pos + halfWidth - halfHeight;\n\trectPoints[2] = pos + halfWidth + halfHeight;\n\trectPoints[3] = pos - halfWidth + halfHeight;\n}\nvec3 integrateLtcBrdfOverRect( const in GeometricContext geometry, const in mat3 brdfMat, const in vec3 rectPoints[4] ) {\n\tvec3 N = geometry.normal;\n\tvec3 V = geometry.viewDir;\n\tvec3 P = geometry.position;\n\tvec3 T1, T2;\n\tT1 = normalize(V - N * dot( V, N ));\n\tT2 = - cross( N, T1 );\n\tmat3 brdfWrtSurface = brdfMat * transpose( mat3( T1, T2, N ) );\n\tvec3 clippedRect[5];\n\tclippedRect[0] = brdfWrtSurface * ( rectPoints[0] - P );\n\tclippedRect[1] = brdfWrtSurface * ( rectPoints[1] - P );\n\tclippedRect[2] = brdfWrtSurface * ( rectPoints[2] - P );\n\tclippedRect[3] = brdfWrtSurface * ( rectPoints[3] - P );\n\tint n;\n\tclipQuadToHorizon(clippedRect, n);\n\tif ( n == 0 )\n\t\treturn vec3( 0, 0, 0 );\n\tclippedRect[0] = normalize( clippedRect[0] );\n\tclippedRect[1] = normalize( clippedRect[1] );\n\tclippedRect[2] = normalize( clippedRect[2] );\n\tclippedRect[3] = normalize( clippedRect[3] );\n\tclippedRect[4] = normalize( clippedRect[4] );\n\tfloat sum = 0.0;\n\tsum += integrateLtcBrdfOverRectEdge( clippedRect[0], clippedRect[1] );\n\tsum += integrateLtcBrdfOverRectEdge( clippedRect[1], clippedRect[2] );\n\tsum += integrateLtcBrdfOverRectEdge( clippedRect[2], clippedRect[3] );\n\tif (n >= 4)\n\t\tsum += integrateLtcBrdfOverRectEdge( clippedRect[3], clippedRect[4] );\n\tif (n == 5)\n\t\tsum += integrateLtcBrdfOverRectEdge( clippedRect[4], clippedRect[0] );\n\tsum = max( 0.0, sum );\n\tvec3 Lo_i = vec3( sum, sum, sum );\n\treturn Lo_i;\n}\nvec3 Rect_Area_Light_Specular_Reflectance(\n\t\tconst in GeometricContext geometry,\n\t\tconst in vec3 lightPos, const in vec3 lightHalfWidth, const in vec3 lightHalfHeight,\n\t\tconst in float roughness,\n\t\tconst in sampler2D ltcMat, const in sampler2D ltcMag ) {\n\tvec3 rectPoints[4];\n\tinitRectPoints( lightPos, lightHalfWidth, lightHalfHeight, rectPoints );\n\tvec2 uv = ltcTextureCoords( geometry, roughness );\n\tvec4 brdfLtcApproxParams, t;\n\tbrdfLtcApproxParams = texture2D( ltcMat, uv );\n\tt = texture2D( ltcMat, uv );\n\tfloat brdfLtcScalar = texture2D( ltcMag, uv ).a;\n\tmat3 brdfLtcApproxMat = mat3(\n\t\tvec3(   1,   0, t.y ),\n\t\tvec3(   0, t.z,   0 ),\n\t\tvec3( t.w,   0, t.x )\n\t);\n\tvec3 specularReflectance = integrateLtcBrdfOverRect( geometry, brdfLtcApproxMat, rectPoints );\n\tspecularReflectance *= brdfLtcScalar;\n\treturn specularReflectance;\n}\nvec3 Rect_Area_Light_Diffuse_Reflectance(\n\t\tconst in GeometricContext geometry,\n\t\tconst in vec3 lightPos, const in vec3 lightHalfWidth, const in vec3 lightHalfHeight ) {\n\tvec3 rectPoints[4];\n\tinitRectPoints( lightPos, lightHalfWidth, lightHalfHeight, rectPoints );\n\tmat3 diffuseBrdfMat = mat3(1);\n\tvec3 diffuseReflectance = integrateLtcBrdfOverRect( geometry, diffuseBrdfMat, rectPoints );\n\treturn diffuseReflectance;\n}\nvec3 BRDF_Specular_GGX_Environment( const in GeometricContext geometry, const in vec3 specularColor, const in float roughness ) {\n\tfloat dotNV = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, geometry.viewDir ) );\n\tconst vec4 c0 = vec4( - 1, - 0.0275, - 0.572, 0.022 );\n\tconst vec4 c1 = vec4( 1, 0.0425, 1.04, - 0.04 );\n\tvec4 r = roughness * c0 + c1;\n\tfloat a004 = min( r.x * r.x, exp2( - 9.28 * dotNV ) ) * r.x + r.y;\n\tvec2 AB = vec2( -1.04, 1.04 ) * a004 + r.zw;\n\treturn specularColor * AB.x + AB.y;\n}\nfloat G_BlinnPhong_Implicit( ) {\n\treturn 0.25;\n}\nfloat D_BlinnPhong( const in float shininess, const in float dotNH ) {\n\treturn RECIPROCAL_PI * ( shininess * 0.5 + 1.0 ) * pow( dotNH, shininess );\n}\nvec3 BRDF_Specular_BlinnPhong( const in IncidentLight incidentLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in vec3 specularColor, const in float shininess ) {\n\tvec3 halfDir = normalize( incidentLight.direction + geometry.viewDir );\n\tfloat dotNH = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, halfDir ) );\n\tfloat dotLH = saturate( dot( incidentLight.direction, halfDir ) );\n\tvec3 F = F_Schlick( specularColor, dotLH );\n\tfloat G = G_BlinnPhong_Implicit( );\n\tfloat D = D_BlinnPhong( shininess, dotNH );\n\treturn F * ( G * D );\n}\nfloat GGXRoughnessToBlinnExponent( const in float ggxRoughness ) {\n\treturn ( 2.0 / pow2( ggxRoughness + 0.0001 ) - 2.0 );\n}\nfloat BlinnExponentToGGXRoughness( const in float blinnExponent ) {\n\treturn sqrt( 2.0 / ( blinnExponent + 2.0 ) );\n}\n",
-bumpmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_BUMPMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D bumpMap;\n\tuniform float bumpScale;\n\tvec2 dHdxy_fwd() {\n\t\tvec2 dSTdx = dFdx( vUv );\n\t\tvec2 dSTdy = dFdy( vUv );\n\t\tfloat Hll = bumpScale * texture2D( bumpMap, vUv ).x;\n\t\tfloat dBx = bumpScale * texture2D( bumpMap, vUv + dSTdx ).x - Hll;\n\t\tfloat dBy = bumpScale * texture2D( bumpMap, vUv + dSTdy ).x - Hll;\n\t\treturn vec2( dBx, dBy );\n\t}\n\tvec3 perturbNormalArb( vec3 surf_pos, vec3 surf_norm, vec2 dHdxy ) {\n\t\tvec3 vSigmaX = dFdx( surf_pos );\n\t\tvec3 vSigmaY = dFdy( surf_pos );\n\t\tvec3 vN = surf_norm;\n\t\tvec3 R1 = cross( vSigmaY, vN );\n\t\tvec3 R2 = cross( vN, vSigmaX );\n\t\tfloat fDet = dot( vSigmaX, R1 );\n\t\tvec3 vGrad = sign( fDet ) * ( dHdxy.x * R1 + dHdxy.y * R2 );\n\t\treturn normalize( abs( fDet ) * surf_norm - vGrad );\n\t}\n#endif\n",
-clipping_planes_fragment:"#if NUM_CLIPPING_PLANES > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < UNION_CLIPPING_PLANES; ++ i ) {\n\t\tvec4 plane = clippingPlanes[ i ];\n\t\tif ( dot( vViewPosition, plane.xyz ) > plane.w ) discard;\n\t}\n\t\t\n\t#if UNION_CLIPPING_PLANES < NUM_CLIPPING_PLANES\n\t\tbool clipped = true;\n\t\tfor ( int i = UNION_CLIPPING_PLANES; i < NUM_CLIPPING_PLANES; ++ i ) {\n\t\t\tvec4 plane = clippingPlanes[ i ];\n\t\t\tclipped = ( dot( vViewPosition, plane.xyz ) > plane.w ) && clipped;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif ( clipped ) discard;\n\t\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-clipping_planes_pars_fragment:"#if NUM_CLIPPING_PLANES > 0\n\t#if ! defined( PHYSICAL ) && ! defined( PHONG )\n\t\tvarying vec3 vViewPosition;\n\t#endif\n\tuniform vec4 clippingPlanes[ NUM_CLIPPING_PLANES ];\n#endif\n",clipping_planes_pars_vertex:"#if NUM_CLIPPING_PLANES > 0 && ! defined( PHYSICAL ) && ! defined( PHONG )\n\tvarying vec3 vViewPosition;\n#endif\n",clipping_planes_vertex:"#if NUM_CLIPPING_PLANES > 0 && ! defined( PHYSICAL ) && ! defined( PHONG )\n\tvViewPosition = - mvPosition.xyz;\n#endif\n",
-color_fragment:"#ifdef USE_COLOR\n\tdiffuseColor.rgb *= vColor;\n#endif",color_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_COLOR\n\tvarying vec3 vColor;\n#endif\n",color_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_COLOR\n\tvarying vec3 vColor;\n#endif",color_vertex:"#ifdef USE_COLOR\n\tvColor.xyz = color.xyz;\n#endif",common:"#define PI 3.14159265359\n#define PI2 6.28318530718\n#define PI_HALF 1.5707963267949\n#define RECIPROCAL_PI 0.31830988618\n#define RECIPROCAL_PI2 0.15915494\n#define LOG2 1.442695\n#define EPSILON 1e-6\n#define saturate(a) clamp( a, 0.0, 1.0 )\n#define whiteCompliment(a) ( 1.0 - saturate( a ) )\nfloat pow2( const in float x ) { return x*x; }\nfloat pow3( const in float x ) { return x*x*x; }\nfloat pow4( const in float x ) { float x2 = x*x; return x2*x2; }\nfloat average( const in vec3 color ) { return dot( color, vec3( 0.3333 ) ); }\nhighp float rand( const in vec2 uv ) {\n\tconst highp float a = 12.9898, b = 78.233, c = 43758.5453;\n\thighp float dt = dot( uv.xy, vec2( a,b ) ), sn = mod( dt, PI );\n\treturn fract(sin(sn) * c);\n}\nstruct IncidentLight {\n\tvec3 color;\n\tvec3 direction;\n\tbool visible;\n};\nstruct ReflectedLight {\n\tvec3 directDiffuse;\n\tvec3 directSpecular;\n\tvec3 indirectDiffuse;\n\tvec3 indirectSpecular;\n};\nstruct GeometricContext {\n\tvec3 position;\n\tvec3 normal;\n\tvec3 viewDir;\n};\nvec3 transformDirection( in vec3 dir, in mat4 matrix ) {\n\treturn normalize( ( matrix * vec4( dir, 0.0 ) ).xyz );\n}\nvec3 inverseTransformDirection( in vec3 dir, in mat4 matrix ) {\n\treturn normalize( ( vec4( dir, 0.0 ) * matrix ).xyz );\n}\nvec3 projectOnPlane(in vec3 point, in vec3 pointOnPlane, in vec3 planeNormal ) {\n\tfloat distance = dot( planeNormal, point - pointOnPlane );\n\treturn - distance * planeNormal + point;\n}\nfloat sideOfPlane( in vec3 point, in vec3 pointOnPlane, in vec3 planeNormal ) {\n\treturn sign( dot( point - pointOnPlane, planeNormal ) );\n}\nvec3 linePlaneIntersect( in vec3 pointOnLine, in vec3 lineDirection, in vec3 pointOnPlane, in vec3 planeNormal ) {\n\treturn lineDirection * ( dot( planeNormal, pointOnPlane - pointOnLine ) / dot( planeNormal, lineDirection ) ) + pointOnLine;\n}\nmat3 transpose( const in mat3 v ) {\n\tmat3 tmp;\n\ttmp[0] = vec3(v[0].x, v[1].x, v[2].x);\n\ttmp[1] = vec3(v[0].y, v[1].y, v[2].y);\n\ttmp[2] = vec3(v[0].z, v[1].z, v[2].z);\n\treturn tmp;\n}\n",
-cube_uv_reflection_fragment:"#ifdef ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE_UV\n#define cubeUV_textureSize (1024.0)\nint getFaceFromDirection(vec3 direction) {\n\tvec3 absDirection = abs(direction);\n\tint face = -1;\n\tif( absDirection.x > absDirection.z ) {\n\t\tif(absDirection.x > absDirection.y )\n\t\t\tface = direction.x > 0.0 ? 0 : 3;\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tface = direction.y > 0.0 ? 1 : 4;\n\t}\n\telse {\n\t\tif(absDirection.z > absDirection.y )\n\t\t\tface = direction.z > 0.0 ? 2 : 5;\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tface = direction.y > 0.0 ? 1 : 4;\n\t}\n\treturn face;\n}\n#define cubeUV_maxLods1  (log2(cubeUV_textureSize*0.25) - 1.0)\n#define cubeUV_rangeClamp (exp2((6.0 - 1.0) * 2.0))\nvec2 MipLevelInfo( vec3 vec, float roughnessLevel, float roughness ) {\n\tfloat scale = exp2(cubeUV_maxLods1 - roughnessLevel);\n\tfloat dxRoughness = dFdx(roughness);\n\tfloat dyRoughness = dFdy(roughness);\n\tvec3 dx = dFdx( vec * scale * dxRoughness );\n\tvec3 dy = dFdy( vec * scale * dyRoughness );\n\tfloat d = max( dot( dx, dx ), dot( dy, dy ) );\n\td = clamp(d, 1.0, cubeUV_rangeClamp);\n\tfloat mipLevel = 0.5 * log2(d);\n\treturn vec2(floor(mipLevel), fract(mipLevel));\n}\n#define cubeUV_maxLods2 (log2(cubeUV_textureSize*0.25) - 2.0)\n#define cubeUV_rcpTextureSize (1.0 / cubeUV_textureSize)\nvec2 getCubeUV(vec3 direction, float roughnessLevel, float mipLevel) {\n\tmipLevel = roughnessLevel > cubeUV_maxLods2 - 3.0 ? 0.0 : mipLevel;\n\tfloat a = 16.0 * cubeUV_rcpTextureSize;\n\tvec2 exp2_packed = exp2( vec2( roughnessLevel, mipLevel ) );\n\tvec2 rcp_exp2_packed = vec2( 1.0 ) / exp2_packed;\n\tfloat powScale = exp2_packed.x * exp2_packed.y;\n\tfloat scale = rcp_exp2_packed.x * rcp_exp2_packed.y * 0.25;\n\tfloat mipOffset = 0.75*(1.0 - rcp_exp2_packed.y) * rcp_exp2_packed.x;\n\tbool bRes = mipLevel == 0.0;\n\tscale =  bRes && (scale < a) ? a : scale;\n\tvec3 r;\n\tvec2 offset;\n\tint face = getFaceFromDirection(direction);\n\tfloat rcpPowScale = 1.0 / powScale;\n\tif( face == 0) {\n\t\tr = vec3(direction.x, -direction.z, direction.y);\n\t\toffset = vec2(0.0+mipOffset,0.75 * rcpPowScale);\n\t\toffset.y = bRes && (offset.y < 2.0*a) ? a : offset.y;\n\t}\n\telse if( face == 1) {\n\t\tr = vec3(direction.y, direction.x, direction.z);\n\t\toffset = vec2(scale+mipOffset, 0.75 * rcpPowScale);\n\t\toffset.y = bRes && (offset.y < 2.0*a) ? a : offset.y;\n\t}\n\telse if( face == 2) {\n\t\tr = vec3(direction.z, direction.x, direction.y);\n\t\toffset = vec2(2.0*scale+mipOffset, 0.75 * rcpPowScale);\n\t\toffset.y = bRes && (offset.y < 2.0*a) ? a : offset.y;\n\t}\n\telse if( face == 3) {\n\t\tr = vec3(direction.x, direction.z, direction.y);\n\t\toffset = vec2(0.0+mipOffset,0.5 * rcpPowScale);\n\t\toffset.y = bRes && (offset.y < 2.0*a) ? 0.0 : offset.y;\n\t}\n\telse if( face == 4) {\n\t\tr = vec3(direction.y, direction.x, -direction.z);\n\t\toffset = vec2(scale+mipOffset, 0.5 * rcpPowScale);\n\t\toffset.y = bRes && (offset.y < 2.0*a) ? 0.0 : offset.y;\n\t}\n\telse {\n\t\tr = vec3(direction.z, -direction.x, direction.y);\n\t\toffset = vec2(2.0*scale+mipOffset, 0.5 * rcpPowScale);\n\t\toffset.y = bRes && (offset.y < 2.0*a) ? 0.0 : offset.y;\n\t}\n\tr = normalize(r);\n\tfloat texelOffset = 0.5 * cubeUV_rcpTextureSize;\n\tvec2 s = ( r.yz / abs( r.x ) + vec2( 1.0 ) ) * 0.5;\n\tvec2 base = offset + vec2( texelOffset );\n\treturn base + s * ( scale - 2.0 * texelOffset );\n}\n#define cubeUV_maxLods3 (log2(cubeUV_textureSize*0.25) - 3.0)\nvec4 textureCubeUV(vec3 reflectedDirection, float roughness ) {\n\tfloat roughnessVal = roughness* cubeUV_maxLods3;\n\tfloat r1 = floor(roughnessVal);\n\tfloat r2 = r1 + 1.0;\n\tfloat t = fract(roughnessVal);\n\tvec2 mipInfo = MipLevelInfo(reflectedDirection, r1, roughness);\n\tfloat s = mipInfo.y;\n\tfloat level0 = mipInfo.x;\n\tfloat level1 = level0 + 1.0;\n\tlevel1 = level1 > 5.0 ? 5.0 : level1;\n\tlevel0 += min( floor( s + 0.5 ), 5.0 );\n\tvec2 uv_10 = getCubeUV(reflectedDirection, r1, level0);\n\tvec4 color10 = envMapTexelToLinear(texture2D(envMap, uv_10));\n\tvec2 uv_20 = getCubeUV(reflectedDirection, r2, level0);\n\tvec4 color20 = envMapTexelToLinear(texture2D(envMap, uv_20));\n\tvec4 result = mix(color10, color20, t);\n\treturn vec4(result.rgb, 1.0);\n}\n#endif\n",
-defaultnormal_vertex:"#ifdef FLIP_SIDED\n\tobjectNormal = -objectNormal;\n#endif\nvec3 transformedNormal = normalMatrix * objectNormal;\n",displacementmap_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_DISPLACEMENTMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D displacementMap;\n\tuniform float displacementScale;\n\tuniform float displacementBias;\n#endif\n",displacementmap_vertex:"#ifdef USE_DISPLACEMENTMAP\n\ttransformed += normal * ( texture2D( displacementMap, uv ).x * displacementScale + displacementBias );\n#endif\n",emissivemap_fragment:"#ifdef USE_EMISSIVEMAP\n\tvec4 emissiveColor = texture2D( emissiveMap, vUv );\n\temissiveColor.rgb = emissiveMapTexelToLinear( emissiveColor ).rgb;\n\ttotalEmissiveRadiance *= emissiveColor.rgb;\n#endif\n",
-emissivemap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_EMISSIVEMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D emissiveMap;\n#endif\n",encodings_fragment:"  gl_FragColor = linearToOutputTexel( gl_FragColor );\n",encodings_pars_fragment:"\nvec4 LinearToLinear( in vec4 value ) {\n\treturn value;\n}\nvec4 GammaToLinear( in vec4 value, in float gammaFactor ) {\n\treturn vec4( pow( value.xyz, vec3( gammaFactor ) ), value.w );\n}\nvec4 LinearToGamma( in vec4 value, in float gammaFactor ) {\n\treturn vec4( pow( value.xyz, vec3( 1.0 / gammaFactor ) ), value.w );\n}\nvec4 sRGBToLinear( in vec4 value ) {\n\treturn vec4( mix( pow( value.rgb * 0.9478672986 + vec3( 0.0521327014 ), vec3( 2.4 ) ), value.rgb * 0.0773993808, vec3( lessThanEqual( value.rgb, vec3( 0.04045 ) ) ) ), value.w );\n}\nvec4 LinearTosRGB( in vec4 value ) {\n\treturn vec4( mix( pow( value.rgb, vec3( 0.41666 ) ) * 1.055 - vec3( 0.055 ), value.rgb * 12.92, vec3( lessThanEqual( value.rgb, vec3( 0.0031308 ) ) ) ), value.w );\n}\nvec4 RGBEToLinear( in vec4 value ) {\n\treturn vec4( value.rgb * exp2( value.a * 255.0 - 128.0 ), 1.0 );\n}\nvec4 LinearToRGBE( in vec4 value ) {\n\tfloat maxComponent = max( max( value.r, value.g ), value.b );\n\tfloat fExp = clamp( ceil( log2( maxComponent ) ), -128.0, 127.0 );\n\treturn vec4( value.rgb / exp2( fExp ), ( fExp + 128.0 ) / 255.0 );\n}\nvec4 RGBMToLinear( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {\n\treturn vec4( value.xyz * value.w * maxRange, 1.0 );\n}\nvec4 LinearToRGBM( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {\n\tfloat maxRGB = max( value.x, max( value.g, value.b ) );\n\tfloat M      = clamp( maxRGB / maxRange, 0.0, 1.0 );\n\tM            = ceil( M * 255.0 ) / 255.0;\n\treturn vec4( value.rgb / ( M * maxRange ), M );\n}\nvec4 RGBDToLinear( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {\n\treturn vec4( value.rgb * ( ( maxRange / 255.0 ) / value.a ), 1.0 );\n}\nvec4 LinearToRGBD( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {\n\tfloat maxRGB = max( value.x, max( value.g, value.b ) );\n\tfloat D      = max( maxRange / maxRGB, 1.0 );\n\tD            = min( floor( D ) / 255.0, 1.0 );\n\treturn vec4( value.rgb * ( D * ( 255.0 / maxRange ) ), D );\n}\nconst mat3 cLogLuvM = mat3( 0.2209, 0.3390, 0.4184, 0.1138, 0.6780, 0.7319, 0.0102, 0.1130, 0.2969 );\nvec4 LinearToLogLuv( in vec4 value )  {\n\tvec3 Xp_Y_XYZp = value.rgb * cLogLuvM;\n\tXp_Y_XYZp = max(Xp_Y_XYZp, vec3(1e-6, 1e-6, 1e-6));\n\tvec4 vResult;\n\tvResult.xy = Xp_Y_XYZp.xy / Xp_Y_XYZp.z;\n\tfloat Le = 2.0 * log2(Xp_Y_XYZp.y) + 127.0;\n\tvResult.w = fract(Le);\n\tvResult.z = (Le - (floor(vResult.w*255.0))/255.0)/255.0;\n\treturn vResult;\n}\nconst mat3 cLogLuvInverseM = mat3( 6.0014, -2.7008, -1.7996, -1.3320, 3.1029, -5.7721, 0.3008, -1.0882, 5.6268 );\nvec4 LogLuvToLinear( in vec4 value ) {\n\tfloat Le = value.z * 255.0 + value.w;\n\tvec3 Xp_Y_XYZp;\n\tXp_Y_XYZp.y = exp2((Le - 127.0) / 2.0);\n\tXp_Y_XYZp.z = Xp_Y_XYZp.y / value.y;\n\tXp_Y_XYZp.x = value.x * Xp_Y_XYZp.z;\n\tvec3 vRGB = Xp_Y_XYZp.rgb * cLogLuvInverseM;\n\treturn vec4( max(vRGB, 0.0), 1.0 );\n}\n",
-envmap_fragment:"#ifdef USE_ENVMAP\n\t#if defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( PHONG )\n\t\tvec3 cameraToVertex = normalize( vWorldPosition - cameraPosition );\n\t\tvec3 worldNormal = inverseTransformDirection( normal, viewMatrix );\n\t\t#ifdef ENVMAP_MODE_REFLECTION\n\t\t\tvec3 reflectVec = reflect( cameraToVertex, worldNormal );\n\t\t#else\n\t\t\tvec3 reflectVec = refract( cameraToVertex, worldNormal, refractionRatio );\n\t\t#endif\n\t#else\n\t\tvec3 reflectVec = vReflect;\n\t#endif\n\t#ifdef ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE\n\t\tvec4 envColor = textureCube( envMap, flipNormal * vec3( flipEnvMap * reflectVec.x, reflectVec.yz ) );\n\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_TYPE_EQUIREC )\n\t\tvec2 sampleUV;\n\t\tsampleUV.y = saturate( flipNormal * reflectVec.y * 0.5 + 0.5 );\n\t\tsampleUV.x = atan( flipNormal * reflectVec.z, flipNormal * reflectVec.x ) * RECIPROCAL_PI2 + 0.5;\n\t\tvec4 envColor = texture2D( envMap, sampleUV );\n\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_TYPE_SPHERE )\n\t\tvec3 reflectView = flipNormal * normalize( ( viewMatrix * vec4( reflectVec, 0.0 ) ).xyz + vec3( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 ) );\n\t\tvec4 envColor = texture2D( envMap, reflectView.xy * 0.5 + 0.5 );\n\t#else\n\t\tvec4 envColor = vec4( 0.0 );\n\t#endif\n\tenvColor = envMapTexelToLinear( envColor );\n\t#ifdef ENVMAP_BLENDING_MULTIPLY\n\t\toutgoingLight = mix( outgoingLight, outgoingLight * envColor.xyz, specularStrength * reflectivity );\n\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_BLENDING_MIX )\n\t\toutgoingLight = mix( outgoingLight, envColor.xyz, specularStrength * reflectivity );\n\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_BLENDING_ADD )\n\t\toutgoingLight += envColor.xyz * specularStrength * reflectivity;\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-envmap_pars_fragment:"#if defined( USE_ENVMAP ) || defined( PHYSICAL )\n\tuniform float reflectivity;\n\tuniform float envMapIntensity;\n#endif\n#ifdef USE_ENVMAP\n\t#if ! defined( PHYSICAL ) && ( defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( PHONG ) )\n\t\tvarying vec3 vWorldPosition;\n\t#endif\n\t#ifdef ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE\n\t\tuniform samplerCube envMap;\n\t#else\n\t\tuniform sampler2D envMap;\n\t#endif\n\tuniform float flipEnvMap;\n\t#if defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( PHONG ) || defined( PHYSICAL )\n\t\tuniform float refractionRatio;\n\t#else\n\t\tvarying vec3 vReflect;\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-envmap_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_ENVMAP\n\t#if defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( PHONG )\n\t\tvarying vec3 vWorldPosition;\n\t#else\n\t\tvarying vec3 vReflect;\n\t\tuniform float refractionRatio;\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",envmap_vertex:"#ifdef USE_ENVMAP\n\t#if defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( PHONG )\n\t\tvWorldPosition = worldPosition.xyz;\n\t#else\n\t\tvec3 cameraToVertex = normalize( worldPosition.xyz - cameraPosition );\n\t\tvec3 worldNormal = inverseTransformDirection( transformedNormal, viewMatrix );\n\t\t#ifdef ENVMAP_MODE_REFLECTION\n\t\t\tvReflect = reflect( cameraToVertex, worldNormal );\n\t\t#else\n\t\t\tvReflect = refract( cameraToVertex, worldNormal, refractionRatio );\n\t\t#endif\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-fog_vertex:"\n#ifdef USE_FOG\nfogDepth = -mvPosition.z;\n#endif",fog_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_FOG\n  varying float fogDepth;\n#endif\n",fog_fragment:"#ifdef USE_FOG\n\t#ifdef FOG_EXP2\n\t\tfloat fogFactor = whiteCompliment( exp2( - fogDensity * fogDensity * fogDepth * fogDepth * LOG2 ) );\n\t#else\n\t\tfloat fogFactor = smoothstep( fogNear, fogFar, fogDepth );\n\t#endif\n\tgl_FragColor.rgb = mix( gl_FragColor.rgb, fogColor, fogFactor );\n#endif\n",fog_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_FOG\n\tuniform vec3 fogColor;\n\tvarying float fogDepth;\n\t#ifdef FOG_EXP2\n\t\tuniform float fogDensity;\n\t#else\n\t\tuniform float fogNear;\n\t\tuniform float fogFar;\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-gradientmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef TOON\n\tuniform sampler2D gradientMap;\n\tvec3 getGradientIrradiance( vec3 normal, vec3 lightDirection ) {\n\t\tfloat dotNL = dot( normal, lightDirection );\n\t\tvec2 coord = vec2( dotNL * 0.5 + 0.5, 0.0 );\n\t\t#ifdef USE_GRADIENTMAP\n\t\t\treturn texture2D( gradientMap, coord ).rgb;\n\t\t#else\n\t\t\treturn ( coord.x < 0.7 ) ? vec3( 0.7 ) : vec3( 1.0 );\n\t\t#endif\n\t}\n#endif\n",lightmap_fragment:"#ifdef USE_LIGHTMAP\n\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse += PI * texture2D( lightMap, vUv2 ).xyz * lightMapIntensity;\n#endif\n",
-lightmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_LIGHTMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D lightMap;\n\tuniform float lightMapIntensity;\n#endif",lights_lambert_vertex:"vec3 diffuse = vec3( 1.0 );\nGeometricContext geometry;\ngeometry.position = mvPosition.xyz;\ngeometry.normal = normalize( transformedNormal );\ngeometry.viewDir = normalize( -mvPosition.xyz );\nGeometricContext backGeometry;\nbackGeometry.position = geometry.position;\nbackGeometry.normal = -geometry.normal;\nbackGeometry.viewDir = geometry.viewDir;\nvLightFront = vec3( 0.0 );\n#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\tvLightBack = vec3( 0.0 );\n#endif\nIncidentLight directLight;\nfloat dotNL;\nvec3 directLightColor_Diffuse;\n#if NUM_POINT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_POINT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tgetPointDirectLightIrradiance( pointLights[ i ], geometry, directLight );\n\t\tdotNL = dot( geometry.normal, directLight.direction );\n\t\tdirectLightColor_Diffuse = PI * directLight.color;\n\t\tvLightFront += saturate( dotNL ) * directLightColor_Diffuse;\n\t\t#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\t\t\tvLightBack += saturate( -dotNL ) * directLightColor_Diffuse;\n\t\t#endif\n\t}\n#endif\n#if NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tgetSpotDirectLightIrradiance( spotLights[ i ], geometry, directLight );\n\t\tdotNL = dot( geometry.normal, directLight.direction );\n\t\tdirectLightColor_Diffuse = PI * directLight.color;\n\t\tvLightFront += saturate( dotNL ) * directLightColor_Diffuse;\n\t\t#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\t\t\tvLightBack += saturate( -dotNL ) * directLightColor_Diffuse;\n\t\t#endif\n\t}\n#endif\n#if NUM_DIR_LIGHTS > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_DIR_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tgetDirectionalDirectLightIrradiance( directionalLights[ i ], geometry, directLight );\n\t\tdotNL = dot( geometry.normal, directLight.direction );\n\t\tdirectLightColor_Diffuse = PI * directLight.color;\n\t\tvLightFront += saturate( dotNL ) * directLightColor_Diffuse;\n\t\t#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\t\t\tvLightBack += saturate( -dotNL ) * directLightColor_Diffuse;\n\t\t#endif\n\t}\n#endif\n#if NUM_HEMI_LIGHTS > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_HEMI_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tvLightFront += getHemisphereLightIrradiance( hemisphereLights[ i ], geometry );\n\t\t#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\t\t\tvLightBack += getHemisphereLightIrradiance( hemisphereLights[ i ], backGeometry );\n\t\t#endif\n\t}\n#endif\n",
-lights_pars:"uniform vec3 ambientLightColor;\nvec3 getAmbientLightIrradiance( const in vec3 ambientLightColor ) {\n\tvec3 irradiance = ambientLightColor;\n\t#ifndef PHYSICALLY_CORRECT_LIGHTS\n\t\tirradiance *= PI;\n\t#endif\n\treturn irradiance;\n}\n#if NUM_DIR_LIGHTS > 0\n\tstruct DirectionalLight {\n\t\tvec3 direction;\n\t\tvec3 color;\n\t\tint shadow;\n\t\tfloat shadowBias;\n\t\tfloat shadowRadius;\n\t\tvec2 shadowMapSize;\n\t};\n\tuniform DirectionalLight directionalLights[ NUM_DIR_LIGHTS ];\n\tvoid getDirectionalDirectLightIrradiance( const in DirectionalLight directionalLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, out IncidentLight directLight ) {\n\t\tdirectLight.color = directionalLight.color;\n\t\tdirectLight.direction = directionalLight.direction;\n\t\tdirectLight.visible = true;\n\t}\n#endif\n#if NUM_POINT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tstruct PointLight {\n\t\tvec3 position;\n\t\tvec3 color;\n\t\tfloat distance;\n\t\tfloat decay;\n\t\tint shadow;\n\t\tfloat shadowBias;\n\t\tfloat shadowRadius;\n\t\tvec2 shadowMapSize;\n\t};\n\tuniform PointLight pointLights[ NUM_POINT_LIGHTS ];\n\tvoid getPointDirectLightIrradiance( const in PointLight pointLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, out IncidentLight directLight ) {\n\t\tvec3 lVector = pointLight.position - geometry.position;\n\t\tdirectLight.direction = normalize( lVector );\n\t\tfloat lightDistance = length( lVector );\n\t\tdirectLight.color = pointLight.color;\n\t\tdirectLight.color *= punctualLightIntensityToIrradianceFactor( lightDistance, pointLight.distance, pointLight.decay );\n\t\tdirectLight.visible = ( directLight.color != vec3( 0.0 ) );\n\t}\n#endif\n#if NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tstruct SpotLight {\n\t\tvec3 position;\n\t\tvec3 direction;\n\t\tvec3 color;\n\t\tfloat distance;\n\t\tfloat decay;\n\t\tfloat coneCos;\n\t\tfloat penumbraCos;\n\t\tint shadow;\n\t\tfloat shadowBias;\n\t\tfloat shadowRadius;\n\t\tvec2 shadowMapSize;\n\t};\n\tuniform SpotLight spotLights[ NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS ];\n\tvoid getSpotDirectLightIrradiance( const in SpotLight spotLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, out IncidentLight directLight  ) {\n\t\tvec3 lVector = spotLight.position - geometry.position;\n\t\tdirectLight.direction = normalize( lVector );\n\t\tfloat lightDistance = length( lVector );\n\t\tfloat angleCos = dot( directLight.direction, spotLight.direction );\n\t\tif ( angleCos > spotLight.coneCos ) {\n\t\t\tfloat spotEffect = smoothstep( spotLight.coneCos, spotLight.penumbraCos, angleCos );\n\t\t\tdirectLight.color = spotLight.color;\n\t\t\tdirectLight.color *= spotEffect * punctualLightIntensityToIrradianceFactor( lightDistance, spotLight.distance, spotLight.decay );\n\t\t\tdirectLight.visible = true;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tdirectLight.color = vec3( 0.0 );\n\t\t\tdirectLight.visible = false;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n#endif\n#if NUM_RECT_AREA_LIGHTS > 0\n\tstruct RectAreaLight {\n\t\tvec3 color;\n\t\tvec3 position;\n\t\tvec3 halfWidth;\n\t\tvec3 halfHeight;\n\t};\n\tuniform sampler2D ltcMat;\tuniform sampler2D ltcMag;\n\tuniform RectAreaLight rectAreaLights[ NUM_RECT_AREA_LIGHTS ];\n#endif\n#if NUM_HEMI_LIGHTS > 0\n\tstruct HemisphereLight {\n\t\tvec3 direction;\n\t\tvec3 skyColor;\n\t\tvec3 groundColor;\n\t};\n\tuniform HemisphereLight hemisphereLights[ NUM_HEMI_LIGHTS ];\n\tvec3 getHemisphereLightIrradiance( const in HemisphereLight hemiLight, const in GeometricContext geometry ) {\n\t\tfloat dotNL = dot( geometry.normal, hemiLight.direction );\n\t\tfloat hemiDiffuseWeight = 0.5 * dotNL + 0.5;\n\t\tvec3 irradiance = mix( hemiLight.groundColor, hemiLight.skyColor, hemiDiffuseWeight );\n\t\t#ifndef PHYSICALLY_CORRECT_LIGHTS\n\t\t\tirradiance *= PI;\n\t\t#endif\n\t\treturn irradiance;\n\t}\n#endif\n#if defined( USE_ENVMAP ) && defined( PHYSICAL )\n\tvec3 getLightProbeIndirectIrradiance( const in GeometricContext geometry, const in int maxMIPLevel ) {\n\t\tvec3 worldNormal = inverseTransformDirection( geometry.normal, viewMatrix );\n\t\t#ifdef ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE\n\t\t\tvec3 queryVec = vec3( flipEnvMap * worldNormal.x, worldNormal.yz );\n\t\t\t#ifdef TEXTURE_LOD_EXT\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = textureCubeLodEXT( envMap, queryVec, float( maxMIPLevel ) );\n\t\t\t#else\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = textureCube( envMap, queryVec, float( maxMIPLevel ) );\n\t\t\t#endif\n\t\t\tenvMapColor.rgb = envMapTexelToLinear( envMapColor ).rgb;\n\t\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE_UV )\n\t\t\tvec3 queryVec = vec3( flipEnvMap * worldNormal.x, worldNormal.yz );\n\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = textureCubeUV( queryVec, 1.0 );\n\t\t#else\n\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = vec4( 0.0 );\n\t\t#endif\n\t\treturn PI * envMapColor.rgb * envMapIntensity;\n\t}\n\tfloat getSpecularMIPLevel( const in float blinnShininessExponent, const in int maxMIPLevel ) {\n\t\tfloat maxMIPLevelScalar = float( maxMIPLevel );\n\t\tfloat desiredMIPLevel = maxMIPLevelScalar - 0.79248 - 0.5 * log2( pow2( blinnShininessExponent ) + 1.0 );\n\t\treturn clamp( desiredMIPLevel, 0.0, maxMIPLevelScalar );\n\t}\n\tvec3 getLightProbeIndirectRadiance( const in GeometricContext geometry, const in float blinnShininessExponent, const in int maxMIPLevel ) {\n\t\t#ifdef ENVMAP_MODE_REFLECTION\n\t\t\tvec3 reflectVec = reflect( -geometry.viewDir, geometry.normal );\n\t\t#else\n\t\t\tvec3 reflectVec = refract( -geometry.viewDir, geometry.normal, refractionRatio );\n\t\t#endif\n\t\treflectVec = inverseTransformDirection( reflectVec, viewMatrix );\n\t\tfloat specularMIPLevel = getSpecularMIPLevel( blinnShininessExponent, maxMIPLevel );\n\t\t#ifdef ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE\n\t\t\tvec3 queryReflectVec = vec3( flipEnvMap * reflectVec.x, reflectVec.yz );\n\t\t\t#ifdef TEXTURE_LOD_EXT\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = textureCubeLodEXT( envMap, queryReflectVec, specularMIPLevel );\n\t\t\t#else\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = textureCube( envMap, queryReflectVec, specularMIPLevel );\n\t\t\t#endif\n\t\t\tenvMapColor.rgb = envMapTexelToLinear( envMapColor ).rgb;\n\t\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE_UV )\n\t\t\tvec3 queryReflectVec = vec3( flipEnvMap * reflectVec.x, reflectVec.yz );\n\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = textureCubeUV(queryReflectVec, BlinnExponentToGGXRoughness(blinnShininessExponent));\n\t\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_TYPE_EQUIREC )\n\t\t\tvec2 sampleUV;\n\t\t\tsampleUV.y = saturate( reflectVec.y * 0.5 + 0.5 );\n\t\t\tsampleUV.x = atan( reflectVec.z, reflectVec.x ) * RECIPROCAL_PI2 + 0.5;\n\t\t\t#ifdef TEXTURE_LOD_EXT\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = texture2DLodEXT( envMap, sampleUV, specularMIPLevel );\n\t\t\t#else\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = texture2D( envMap, sampleUV, specularMIPLevel );\n\t\t\t#endif\n\t\t\tenvMapColor.rgb = envMapTexelToLinear( envMapColor ).rgb;\n\t\t#elif defined( ENVMAP_TYPE_SPHERE )\n\t\t\tvec3 reflectView = normalize( ( viewMatrix * vec4( reflectVec, 0.0 ) ).xyz + vec3( 0.0,0.0,1.0 ) );\n\t\t\t#ifdef TEXTURE_LOD_EXT\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = texture2DLodEXT( envMap, reflectView.xy * 0.5 + 0.5, specularMIPLevel );\n\t\t\t#else\n\t\t\t\tvec4 envMapColor = texture2D( envMap, reflectView.xy * 0.5 + 0.5, specularMIPLevel );\n\t\t\t#endif\n\t\t\tenvMapColor.rgb = envMapTexelToLinear( envMapColor ).rgb;\n\t\t#endif\n\t\treturn envMapColor.rgb * envMapIntensity;\n\t}\n#endif\n",
-lights_phong_fragment:"BlinnPhongMaterial material;\nmaterial.diffuseColor = diffuseColor.rgb;\nmaterial.specularColor = specular;\nmaterial.specularShininess = shininess;\nmaterial.specularStrength = specularStrength;\n",lights_phong_pars_fragment:"varying vec3 vViewPosition;\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvarying vec3 vNormal;\n#endif\nstruct BlinnPhongMaterial {\n\tvec3\tdiffuseColor;\n\tvec3\tspecularColor;\n\tfloat\tspecularShininess;\n\tfloat\tspecularStrength;\n};\n#if NUM_RECT_AREA_LIGHTS > 0\n\tvoid RE_Direct_RectArea_BlinnPhong( const in RectAreaLight rectAreaLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in BlinnPhongMaterial material, inout ReflectedLight reflectedLight ) {\n\t\tvec3 matDiffColor = material.diffuseColor;\n\t\tvec3 matSpecColor = material.specularColor;\n\t\tvec3 lightColor   = rectAreaLight.color;\n\t\tfloat roughness = BlinnExponentToGGXRoughness( material.specularShininess );\n\t\tvec3 spec = Rect_Area_Light_Specular_Reflectance(\n\t\t\t\tgeometry,\n\t\t\t\trectAreaLight.position, rectAreaLight.halfWidth, rectAreaLight.halfHeight,\n\t\t\t\troughness,\n\t\t\t\tltcMat, ltcMag );\n\t\tvec3 diff = Rect_Area_Light_Diffuse_Reflectance(\n\t\t\t\tgeometry,\n\t\t\t\trectAreaLight.position, rectAreaLight.halfWidth, rectAreaLight.halfHeight );\n\t\treflectedLight.directSpecular += lightColor * matSpecColor * spec / PI2;\n\t\treflectedLight.directDiffuse  += lightColor * matDiffColor * diff / PI2;\n\t}\n#endif\nvoid RE_Direct_BlinnPhong( const in IncidentLight directLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in BlinnPhongMaterial material, inout ReflectedLight reflectedLight ) {\n\t#ifdef TOON\n\t\tvec3 irradiance = getGradientIrradiance( geometry.normal, directLight.direction ) * directLight.color;\n\t#else\n\t\tfloat dotNL = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, directLight.direction ) );\n\t\tvec3 irradiance = dotNL * directLight.color;\n\t#endif\n\t#ifndef PHYSICALLY_CORRECT_LIGHTS\n\t\tirradiance *= PI;\n\t#endif\n\treflectedLight.directDiffuse += irradiance * BRDF_Diffuse_Lambert( material.diffuseColor );\n\treflectedLight.directSpecular += irradiance * BRDF_Specular_BlinnPhong( directLight, geometry, material.specularColor, material.specularShininess ) * material.specularStrength;\n}\nvoid RE_IndirectDiffuse_BlinnPhong( const in vec3 irradiance, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in BlinnPhongMaterial material, inout ReflectedLight reflectedLight ) {\n\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse += irradiance * BRDF_Diffuse_Lambert( material.diffuseColor );\n}\n#define RE_Direct\t\t\t\tRE_Direct_BlinnPhong\n#define RE_Direct_RectArea\t\tRE_Direct_RectArea_BlinnPhong\n#define RE_IndirectDiffuse\t\tRE_IndirectDiffuse_BlinnPhong\n#define Material_LightProbeLOD( material )\t(0)\n",
-lights_physical_fragment:"PhysicalMaterial material;\nmaterial.diffuseColor = diffuseColor.rgb * ( 1.0 - metalnessFactor );\nmaterial.specularRoughness = clamp( roughnessFactor, 0.04, 1.0 );\n#ifdef STANDARD\n\tmaterial.specularColor = mix( vec3( DEFAULT_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT ), diffuseColor.rgb, metalnessFactor );\n#else\n\tmaterial.specularColor = mix( vec3( MAXIMUM_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT * pow2( reflectivity ) ), diffuseColor.rgb, metalnessFactor );\n\tmaterial.clearCoat = saturate( clearCoat );\tmaterial.clearCoatRoughness = clamp( clearCoatRoughness, 0.04, 1.0 );\n#endif\n",
-lights_physical_pars_fragment:"struct PhysicalMaterial {\n\tvec3\tdiffuseColor;\n\tfloat\tspecularRoughness;\n\tvec3\tspecularColor;\n\t#ifndef STANDARD\n\t\tfloat clearCoat;\n\t\tfloat clearCoatRoughness;\n\t#endif\n};\n#define MAXIMUM_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT 0.16\n#define DEFAULT_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT 0.04\nfloat clearCoatDHRApprox( const in float roughness, const in float dotNL ) {\n\treturn DEFAULT_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT + ( 1.0 - DEFAULT_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT ) * ( pow( 1.0 - dotNL, 5.0 ) * pow( 1.0 - roughness, 2.0 ) );\n}\n#if NUM_RECT_AREA_LIGHTS > 0\n\tvoid RE_Direct_RectArea_Physical( const in RectAreaLight rectAreaLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in PhysicalMaterial material, inout ReflectedLight reflectedLight ) {\n\t\tvec3 matDiffColor = material.diffuseColor;\n\t\tvec3 matSpecColor = material.specularColor;\n\t\tvec3 lightColor   = rectAreaLight.color;\n\t\tfloat roughness = material.specularRoughness;\n\t\tvec3 spec = Rect_Area_Light_Specular_Reflectance(\n\t\t\t\tgeometry,\n\t\t\t\trectAreaLight.position, rectAreaLight.halfWidth, rectAreaLight.halfHeight,\n\t\t\t\troughness,\n\t\t\t\tltcMat, ltcMag );\n\t\tvec3 diff = Rect_Area_Light_Diffuse_Reflectance(\n\t\t\t\tgeometry,\n\t\t\t\trectAreaLight.position, rectAreaLight.halfWidth, rectAreaLight.halfHeight );\n\t\treflectedLight.directSpecular += lightColor * matSpecColor * spec;\n\t\treflectedLight.directDiffuse  += lightColor * matDiffColor * diff;\n\t}\n#endif\nvoid RE_Direct_Physical( const in IncidentLight directLight, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in PhysicalMaterial material, inout ReflectedLight reflectedLight ) {\n\tfloat dotNL = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, directLight.direction ) );\n\tvec3 irradiance = dotNL * directLight.color;\n\t#ifndef PHYSICALLY_CORRECT_LIGHTS\n\t\tirradiance *= PI;\n\t#endif\n\t#ifndef STANDARD\n\t\tfloat clearCoatDHR = material.clearCoat * clearCoatDHRApprox( material.clearCoatRoughness, dotNL );\n\t#else\n\t\tfloat clearCoatDHR = 0.0;\n\t#endif\n\treflectedLight.directSpecular += ( 1.0 - clearCoatDHR ) * irradiance * BRDF_Specular_GGX( directLight, geometry, material.specularColor, material.specularRoughness );\n\treflectedLight.directDiffuse += ( 1.0 - clearCoatDHR ) * irradiance * BRDF_Diffuse_Lambert( material.diffuseColor );\n\t#ifndef STANDARD\n\t\treflectedLight.directSpecular += irradiance * material.clearCoat * BRDF_Specular_GGX( directLight, geometry, vec3( DEFAULT_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT ), material.clearCoatRoughness );\n\t#endif\n}\nvoid RE_IndirectDiffuse_Physical( const in vec3 irradiance, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in PhysicalMaterial material, inout ReflectedLight reflectedLight ) {\n\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse += irradiance * BRDF_Diffuse_Lambert( material.diffuseColor );\n}\nvoid RE_IndirectSpecular_Physical( const in vec3 radiance, const in vec3 clearCoatRadiance, const in GeometricContext geometry, const in PhysicalMaterial material, inout ReflectedLight reflectedLight ) {\n\t#ifndef STANDARD\n\t\tfloat dotNV = saturate( dot( geometry.normal, geometry.viewDir ) );\n\t\tfloat dotNL = dotNV;\n\t\tfloat clearCoatDHR = material.clearCoat * clearCoatDHRApprox( material.clearCoatRoughness, dotNL );\n\t#else\n\t\tfloat clearCoatDHR = 0.0;\n\t#endif\n\treflectedLight.indirectSpecular += ( 1.0 - clearCoatDHR ) * radiance * BRDF_Specular_GGX_Environment( geometry, material.specularColor, material.specularRoughness );\n\t#ifndef STANDARD\n\t\treflectedLight.indirectSpecular += clearCoatRadiance * material.clearCoat * BRDF_Specular_GGX_Environment( geometry, vec3( DEFAULT_SPECULAR_COEFFICIENT ), material.clearCoatRoughness );\n\t#endif\n}\n#define RE_Direct\t\t\t\tRE_Direct_Physical\n#define RE_Direct_RectArea\t\tRE_Direct_RectArea_Physical\n#define RE_IndirectDiffuse\t\tRE_IndirectDiffuse_Physical\n#define RE_IndirectSpecular\t\tRE_IndirectSpecular_Physical\n#define Material_BlinnShininessExponent( material )   GGXRoughnessToBlinnExponent( material.specularRoughness )\n#define Material_ClearCoat_BlinnShininessExponent( material )   GGXRoughnessToBlinnExponent( material.clearCoatRoughness )\nfloat computeSpecularOcclusion( const in float dotNV, const in float ambientOcclusion, const in float roughness ) {\n\treturn saturate( pow( dotNV + ambientOcclusion, exp2( - 16.0 * roughness - 1.0 ) ) - 1.0 + ambientOcclusion );\n}\n",
-lights_template:"\nGeometricContext geometry;\ngeometry.position = - vViewPosition;\ngeometry.normal = normal;\ngeometry.viewDir = normalize( vViewPosition );\nIncidentLight directLight;\n#if ( NUM_POINT_LIGHTS > 0 ) && defined( RE_Direct )\n\tPointLight pointLight;\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_POINT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tpointLight = pointLights[ i ];\n\t\tgetPointDirectLightIrradiance( pointLight, geometry, directLight );\n\t\t#ifdef USE_SHADOWMAP\n\t\tdirectLight.color *= all( bvec2( pointLight.shadow, directLight.visible ) ) ? getPointShadow( pointShadowMap[ i ], pointLight.shadowMapSize, pointLight.shadowBias, pointLight.shadowRadius, vPointShadowCoord[ i ] ) : 1.0;\n\t\t#endif\n\t\tRE_Direct( directLight, geometry, material, reflectedLight );\n\t}\n#endif\n#if ( NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS > 0 ) && defined( RE_Direct )\n\tSpotLight spotLight;\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tspotLight = spotLights[ i ];\n\t\tgetSpotDirectLightIrradiance( spotLight, geometry, directLight );\n\t\t#ifdef USE_SHADOWMAP\n\t\tdirectLight.color *= all( bvec2( spotLight.shadow, directLight.visible ) ) ? getShadow( spotShadowMap[ i ], spotLight.shadowMapSize, spotLight.shadowBias, spotLight.shadowRadius, vSpotShadowCoord[ i ] ) : 1.0;\n\t\t#endif\n\t\tRE_Direct( directLight, geometry, material, reflectedLight );\n\t}\n#endif\n#if ( NUM_DIR_LIGHTS > 0 ) && defined( RE_Direct )\n\tDirectionalLight directionalLight;\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_DIR_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tdirectionalLight = directionalLights[ i ];\n\t\tgetDirectionalDirectLightIrradiance( directionalLight, geometry, directLight );\n\t\t#ifdef USE_SHADOWMAP\n\t\tdirectLight.color *= all( bvec2( directionalLight.shadow, directLight.visible ) ) ? getShadow( directionalShadowMap[ i ], directionalLight.shadowMapSize, directionalLight.shadowBias, directionalLight.shadowRadius, vDirectionalShadowCoord[ i ] ) : 1.0;\n\t\t#endif\n\t\tRE_Direct( directLight, geometry, material, reflectedLight );\n\t}\n#endif\n#if ( NUM_RECT_AREA_LIGHTS > 0 ) && defined( RE_Direct_RectArea )\n\tRectAreaLight rectAreaLight;\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_RECT_AREA_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\trectAreaLight = rectAreaLights[ i ];\n\t\tRE_Direct_RectArea( rectAreaLight, geometry, material, reflectedLight );\n\t}\n#endif\n#if defined( RE_IndirectDiffuse )\n\tvec3 irradiance = getAmbientLightIrradiance( ambientLightColor );\n\t#ifdef USE_LIGHTMAP\n\t\tvec3 lightMapIrradiance = texture2D( lightMap, vUv2 ).xyz * lightMapIntensity;\n\t\t#ifndef PHYSICALLY_CORRECT_LIGHTS\n\t\t\tlightMapIrradiance *= PI;\n\t\t#endif\n\t\tirradiance += lightMapIrradiance;\n\t#endif\n\t#if ( NUM_HEMI_LIGHTS > 0 )\n\t\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_HEMI_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\t\tirradiance += getHemisphereLightIrradiance( hemisphereLights[ i ], geometry );\n\t\t}\n\t#endif\n\t#if defined( USE_ENVMAP ) && defined( PHYSICAL ) && defined( ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE_UV )\n\t\tirradiance += getLightProbeIndirectIrradiance( geometry, 8 );\n\t#endif\n\tRE_IndirectDiffuse( irradiance, geometry, material, reflectedLight );\n#endif\n#if defined( USE_ENVMAP ) && defined( RE_IndirectSpecular )\n\tvec3 radiance = getLightProbeIndirectRadiance( geometry, Material_BlinnShininessExponent( material ), 8 );\n\t#ifndef STANDARD\n\t\tvec3 clearCoatRadiance = getLightProbeIndirectRadiance( geometry, Material_ClearCoat_BlinnShininessExponent( material ), 8 );\n\t#else\n\t\tvec3 clearCoatRadiance = vec3( 0.0 );\n\t#endif\n\tRE_IndirectSpecular( radiance, clearCoatRadiance, geometry, material, reflectedLight );\n#endif\n",
-logdepthbuf_fragment:"#if defined(USE_LOGDEPTHBUF) && defined(USE_LOGDEPTHBUF_EXT)\n\tgl_FragDepthEXT = log2(vFragDepth) * logDepthBufFC * 0.5;\n#endif",logdepthbuf_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_LOGDEPTHBUF\n\tuniform float logDepthBufFC;\n\t#ifdef USE_LOGDEPTHBUF_EXT\n\t\tvarying float vFragDepth;\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",logdepthbuf_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_LOGDEPTHBUF\n\t#ifdef USE_LOGDEPTHBUF_EXT\n\t\tvarying float vFragDepth;\n\t#endif\n\tuniform float logDepthBufFC;\n#endif",logdepthbuf_vertex:"#ifdef USE_LOGDEPTHBUF\n\tgl_Position.z = log2(max( EPSILON, gl_Position.w + 1.0 )) * logDepthBufFC;\n\t#ifdef USE_LOGDEPTHBUF_EXT\n\t\tvFragDepth = 1.0 + gl_Position.w;\n\t#else\n\t\tgl_Position.z = (gl_Position.z - 1.0) * gl_Position.w;\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-map_fragment:"#ifdef USE_MAP\n\tvec4 texelColor = texture2D( map, vUv );\n\ttexelColor = mapTexelToLinear( texelColor );\n\tdiffuseColor *= texelColor;\n#endif\n",map_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_MAP\n\tuniform sampler2D map;\n#endif\n",map_particle_fragment:"#ifdef USE_MAP\n\tvec4 mapTexel = texture2D( map, vec2( gl_PointCoord.x, 1.0 - gl_PointCoord.y ) * offsetRepeat.zw + offsetRepeat.xy );\n\tdiffuseColor *= mapTexelToLinear( mapTexel );\n#endif\n",map_particle_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_MAP\n\tuniform vec4 offsetRepeat;\n\tuniform sampler2D map;\n#endif\n",
-metalnessmap_fragment:"float metalnessFactor = metalness;\n#ifdef USE_METALNESSMAP\n\tvec4 texelMetalness = texture2D( metalnessMap, vUv );\n\tmetalnessFactor *= texelMetalness.r;\n#endif\n",metalnessmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_METALNESSMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D metalnessMap;\n#endif",morphnormal_vertex:"#ifdef USE_MORPHNORMALS\n\tobjectNormal += ( morphNormal0 - normal ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 0 ];\n\tobjectNormal += ( morphNormal1 - normal ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 1 ];\n\tobjectNormal += ( morphNormal2 - normal ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 2 ];\n\tobjectNormal += ( morphNormal3 - normal ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 3 ];\n#endif\n",
-morphtarget_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_MORPHTARGETS\n\t#ifndef USE_MORPHNORMALS\n\tuniform float morphTargetInfluences[ 8 ];\n\t#else\n\tuniform float morphTargetInfluences[ 4 ];\n\t#endif\n#endif",morphtarget_vertex:"#ifdef USE_MORPHTARGETS\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget0 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 0 ];\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget1 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 1 ];\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget2 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 2 ];\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget3 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 3 ];\n\t#ifndef USE_MORPHNORMALS\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget4 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 4 ];\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget5 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 5 ];\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget6 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 6 ];\n\ttransformed += ( morphTarget7 - position ) * morphTargetInfluences[ 7 ];\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-normal_flip:"#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\tfloat flipNormal = ( float( gl_FrontFacing ) * 2.0 - 1.0 );\n#else\n\tfloat flipNormal = 1.0;\n#endif\n",normal_fragment:"#ifdef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvec3 fdx = vec3( dFdx( vViewPosition.x ), dFdx( vViewPosition.y ), dFdx( vViewPosition.z ) );\n\tvec3 fdy = vec3( dFdy( vViewPosition.x ), dFdy( vViewPosition.y ), dFdy( vViewPosition.z ) );\n\tvec3 normal = normalize( cross( fdx, fdy ) );\n#else\n\tvec3 normal = normalize( vNormal ) * flipNormal;\n#endif\n#ifdef USE_NORMALMAP\n\tnormal = perturbNormal2Arb( -vViewPosition, normal );\n#elif defined( USE_BUMPMAP )\n\tnormal = perturbNormalArb( -vViewPosition, normal, dHdxy_fwd() );\n#endif\n",
-normalmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_NORMALMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D normalMap;\n\tuniform vec2 normalScale;\n\tvec3 perturbNormal2Arb( vec3 eye_pos, vec3 surf_norm ) {\n\t\tvec3 q0 = dFdx( eye_pos.xyz );\n\t\tvec3 q1 = dFdy( eye_pos.xyz );\n\t\tvec2 st0 = dFdx( vUv.st );\n\t\tvec2 st1 = dFdy( vUv.st );\n\t\tvec3 S = normalize( q0 * st1.t - q1 * st0.t );\n\t\tvec3 T = normalize( -q0 * st1.s + q1 * st0.s );\n\t\tvec3 N = normalize( surf_norm );\n\t\tvec3 mapN = texture2D( normalMap, vUv ).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0;\n\t\tmapN.xy = normalScale * mapN.xy;\n\t\tmat3 tsn = mat3( S, T, N );\n\t\treturn normalize( tsn * mapN );\n\t}\n#endif\n",
-packing:"vec3 packNormalToRGB( const in vec3 normal ) {\n\treturn normalize( normal ) * 0.5 + 0.5;\n}\nvec3 unpackRGBToNormal( const in vec3 rgb ) {\n\treturn 1.0 - 2.0 * rgb.xyz;\n}\nconst float PackUpscale = 256. / 255.;const float UnpackDownscale = 255. / 256.;\nconst vec3 PackFactors = vec3( 256. * 256. * 256., 256. * 256.,  256. );\nconst vec4 UnpackFactors = UnpackDownscale / vec4( PackFactors, 1. );\nconst float ShiftRight8 = 1. / 256.;\nvec4 packDepthToRGBA( const in float v ) {\n\tvec4 r = vec4( fract( v * PackFactors ), v );\n\tr.yzw -= r.xyz * ShiftRight8;\treturn r * PackUpscale;\n}\nfloat unpackRGBAToDepth( const in vec4 v ) {\n\treturn dot( v, UnpackFactors );\n}\nfloat viewZToOrthographicDepth( const in float viewZ, const in float near, const in float far ) {\n\treturn ( viewZ + near ) / ( near - far );\n}\nfloat orthographicDepthToViewZ( const in float linearClipZ, const in float near, const in float far ) {\n\treturn linearClipZ * ( near - far ) - near;\n}\nfloat viewZToPerspectiveDepth( const in float viewZ, const in float near, const in float far ) {\n\treturn (( near + viewZ ) * far ) / (( far - near ) * viewZ );\n}\nfloat perspectiveDepthToViewZ( const in float invClipZ, const in float near, const in float far ) {\n\treturn ( near * far ) / ( ( far - near ) * invClipZ - far );\n}\n",
-premultiplied_alpha_fragment:"#ifdef PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA\n\tgl_FragColor.rgb *= gl_FragColor.a;\n#endif\n",project_vertex:"#ifdef USE_SKINNING\n\tvec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * skinned;\n#else\n\tvec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( transformed, 1.0 );\n#endif\ngl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition;\n",roughnessmap_fragment:"float roughnessFactor = roughness;\n#ifdef USE_ROUGHNESSMAP\n\tvec4 texelRoughness = texture2D( roughnessMap, vUv );\n\troughnessFactor *= texelRoughness.r;\n#endif\n",
-roughnessmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_ROUGHNESSMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D roughnessMap;\n#endif",shadowmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_SHADOWMAP\n\t#if NUM_DIR_LIGHTS > 0\n\t\tuniform sampler2D directionalShadowMap[ NUM_DIR_LIGHTS ];\n\t\tvarying vec4 vDirectionalShadowCoord[ NUM_DIR_LIGHTS ];\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS > 0\n\t\tuniform sampler2D spotShadowMap[ NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS ];\n\t\tvarying vec4 vSpotShadowCoord[ NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS ];\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_POINT_LIGHTS > 0\n\t\tuniform sampler2D pointShadowMap[ NUM_POINT_LIGHTS ];\n\t\tvarying vec4 vPointShadowCoord[ NUM_POINT_LIGHTS ];\n\t#endif\n\tfloat texture2DCompare( sampler2D depths, vec2 uv, float compare ) {\n\t\treturn step( compare, unpackRGBAToDepth( texture2D( depths, uv ) ) );\n\t}\n\tfloat texture2DShadowLerp( sampler2D depths, vec2 size, vec2 uv, float compare ) {\n\t\tconst vec2 offset = vec2( 0.0, 1.0 );\n\t\tvec2 texelSize = vec2( 1.0 ) / size;\n\t\tvec2 centroidUV = floor( uv * size + 0.5 ) / size;\n\t\tfloat lb = texture2DCompare( depths, centroidUV + texelSize * offset.xx, compare );\n\t\tfloat lt = texture2DCompare( depths, centroidUV + texelSize * offset.xy, compare );\n\t\tfloat rb = texture2DCompare( depths, centroidUV + texelSize * offset.yx, compare );\n\t\tfloat rt = texture2DCompare( depths, centroidUV + texelSize * offset.yy, compare );\n\t\tvec2 f = fract( uv * size + 0.5 );\n\t\tfloat a = mix( lb, lt, f.y );\n\t\tfloat b = mix( rb, rt, f.y );\n\t\tfloat c = mix( a, b, f.x );\n\t\treturn c;\n\t}\n\tfloat getShadow( sampler2D shadowMap, vec2 shadowMapSize, float shadowBias, float shadowRadius, vec4 shadowCoord ) {\n\t\tshadowCoord.xyz /= shadowCoord.w;\n\t\tshadowCoord.z += shadowBias;\n\t\tbvec4 inFrustumVec = bvec4 ( shadowCoord.x >= 0.0, shadowCoord.x <= 1.0, shadowCoord.y >= 0.0, shadowCoord.y <= 1.0 );\n\t\tbool inFrustum = all( inFrustumVec );\n\t\tbvec2 frustumTestVec = bvec2( inFrustum, shadowCoord.z <= 1.0 );\n\t\tbool frustumTest = all( frustumTestVec );\n\t\tif ( frustumTest ) {\n\t\t#if defined( SHADOWMAP_TYPE_PCF )\n\t\t\tvec2 texelSize = vec2( 1.0 ) / shadowMapSize;\n\t\t\tfloat dx0 = - texelSize.x * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\tfloat dy0 = - texelSize.y * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\tfloat dx1 = + texelSize.x * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\tfloat dy1 = + texelSize.y * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\treturn (\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx0, dy0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( 0.0, dy0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx1, dy0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx0, 0.0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy, shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx1, 0.0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx0, dy1 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( 0.0, dy1 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx1, dy1 ), shadowCoord.z )\n\t\t\t) * ( 1.0 / 9.0 );\n\t\t#elif defined( SHADOWMAP_TYPE_PCF_SOFT )\n\t\t\tvec2 texelSize = vec2( 1.0 ) / shadowMapSize;\n\t\t\tfloat dx0 = - texelSize.x * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\tfloat dy0 = - texelSize.y * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\tfloat dx1 = + texelSize.x * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\tfloat dy1 = + texelSize.y * shadowRadius;\n\t\t\treturn (\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx0, dy0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( 0.0, dy0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx1, dy0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx0, 0.0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy, shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx1, 0.0 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx0, dy1 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( 0.0, dy1 ), shadowCoord.z ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DShadowLerp( shadowMap, shadowMapSize, shadowCoord.xy + vec2( dx1, dy1 ), shadowCoord.z )\n\t\t\t) * ( 1.0 / 9.0 );\n\t\t#else\n\t\t\treturn texture2DCompare( shadowMap, shadowCoord.xy, shadowCoord.z );\n\t\t#endif\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn 1.0;\n\t}\n\tvec2 cubeToUV( vec3 v, float texelSizeY ) {\n\t\tvec3 absV = abs( v );\n\t\tfloat scaleToCube = 1.0 / max( absV.x, max( absV.y, absV.z ) );\n\t\tabsV *= scaleToCube;\n\t\tv *= scaleToCube * ( 1.0 - 2.0 * texelSizeY );\n\t\tvec2 planar = v.xy;\n\t\tfloat almostATexel = 1.5 * texelSizeY;\n\t\tfloat almostOne = 1.0 - almostATexel;\n\t\tif ( absV.z >= almostOne ) {\n\t\t\tif ( v.z > 0.0 )\n\t\t\t\tplanar.x = 4.0 - v.x;\n\t\t} else if ( absV.x >= almostOne ) {\n\t\t\tfloat signX = sign( v.x );\n\t\t\tplanar.x = v.z * signX + 2.0 * signX;\n\t\t} else if ( absV.y >= almostOne ) {\n\t\t\tfloat signY = sign( v.y );\n\t\t\tplanar.x = v.x + 2.0 * signY + 2.0;\n\t\t\tplanar.y = v.z * signY - 2.0;\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn vec2( 0.125, 0.25 ) * planar + vec2( 0.375, 0.75 );\n\t}\n\tfloat getPointShadow( sampler2D shadowMap, vec2 shadowMapSize, float shadowBias, float shadowRadius, vec4 shadowCoord ) {\n\t\tvec2 texelSize = vec2( 1.0 ) / ( shadowMapSize * vec2( 4.0, 2.0 ) );\n\t\tvec3 lightToPosition = shadowCoord.xyz;\n\t\tvec3 bd3D = normalize( lightToPosition );\n\t\tfloat dp = ( length( lightToPosition ) - shadowBias ) / 1000.0;\n\t\t#if defined( SHADOWMAP_TYPE_PCF ) || defined( SHADOWMAP_TYPE_PCF_SOFT )\n\t\t\tvec2 offset = vec2( - 1, 1 ) * shadowRadius * texelSize.y;\n\t\t\treturn (\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.xyy, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.yyy, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.xyx, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.yyx, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.xxy, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.yxy, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.xxx, texelSize.y ), dp ) +\n\t\t\t\ttexture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D + offset.yxx, texelSize.y ), dp )\n\t\t\t) * ( 1.0 / 9.0 );\n\t\t#else\n\t\t\treturn texture2DCompare( shadowMap, cubeToUV( bd3D, texelSize.y ), dp );\n\t\t#endif\n\t}\n#endif\n",
-shadowmap_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_SHADOWMAP\n\t#if NUM_DIR_LIGHTS > 0\n\t\tuniform mat4 directionalShadowMatrix[ NUM_DIR_LIGHTS ];\n\t\tvarying vec4 vDirectionalShadowCoord[ NUM_DIR_LIGHTS ];\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS > 0\n\t\tuniform mat4 spotShadowMatrix[ NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS ];\n\t\tvarying vec4 vSpotShadowCoord[ NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS ];\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_POINT_LIGHTS > 0\n\t\tuniform mat4 pointShadowMatrix[ NUM_POINT_LIGHTS ];\n\t\tvarying vec4 vPointShadowCoord[ NUM_POINT_LIGHTS ];\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-shadowmap_vertex:"#ifdef USE_SHADOWMAP\n\t#if NUM_DIR_LIGHTS > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_DIR_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tvDirectionalShadowCoord[ i ] = directionalShadowMatrix[ i ] * worldPosition;\n\t}\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tvSpotShadowCoord[ i ] = spotShadowMatrix[ i ] * worldPosition;\n\t}\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_POINT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_POINT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tvPointShadowCoord[ i ] = pointShadowMatrix[ i ] * worldPosition;\n\t}\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-shadowmask_pars_fragment:"float getShadowMask() {\n\tfloat shadow = 1.0;\n\t#ifdef USE_SHADOWMAP\n\t#if NUM_DIR_LIGHTS > 0\n\tDirectionalLight directionalLight;\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_DIR_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tdirectionalLight = directionalLights[ i ];\n\t\tshadow *= bool( directionalLight.shadow ) ? getShadow( directionalShadowMap[ i ], directionalLight.shadowMapSize, directionalLight.shadowBias, directionalLight.shadowRadius, vDirectionalShadowCoord[ i ] ) : 1.0;\n\t}\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tSpotLight spotLight;\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_SPOT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tspotLight = spotLights[ i ];\n\t\tshadow *= bool( spotLight.shadow ) ? getShadow( spotShadowMap[ i ], spotLight.shadowMapSize, spotLight.shadowBias, spotLight.shadowRadius, vSpotShadowCoord[ i ] ) : 1.0;\n\t}\n\t#endif\n\t#if NUM_POINT_LIGHTS > 0\n\tPointLight pointLight;\n\tfor ( int i = 0; i < NUM_POINT_LIGHTS; i ++ ) {\n\t\tpointLight = pointLights[ i ];\n\t\tshadow *= bool( pointLight.shadow ) ? getPointShadow( pointShadowMap[ i ], pointLight.shadowMapSize, pointLight.shadowBias, pointLight.shadowRadius, vPointShadowCoord[ i ] ) : 1.0;\n\t}\n\t#endif\n\t#endif\n\treturn shadow;\n}\n",
-skinbase_vertex:"#ifdef USE_SKINNING\n\tmat4 boneMatX = getBoneMatrix( skinIndex.x );\n\tmat4 boneMatY = getBoneMatrix( skinIndex.y );\n\tmat4 boneMatZ = getBoneMatrix( skinIndex.z );\n\tmat4 boneMatW = getBoneMatrix( skinIndex.w );\n#endif",skinning_pars_vertex:"#ifdef USE_SKINNING\n\tuniform mat4 bindMatrix;\n\tuniform mat4 bindMatrixInverse;\n\t#ifdef BONE_TEXTURE\n\t\tuniform sampler2D boneTexture;\n\t\tuniform int boneTextureWidth;\n\t\tuniform int boneTextureHeight;\n\t\tmat4 getBoneMatrix( const in float i ) {\n\t\t\tfloat j = i * 4.0;\n\t\t\tfloat x = mod( j, float( boneTextureWidth ) );\n\t\t\tfloat y = floor( j / float( boneTextureWidth ) );\n\t\t\tfloat dx = 1.0 / float( boneTextureWidth );\n\t\t\tfloat dy = 1.0 / float( boneTextureHeight );\n\t\t\ty = dy * ( y + 0.5 );\n\t\t\tvec4 v1 = texture2D( boneTexture, vec2( dx * ( x + 0.5 ), y ) );\n\t\t\tvec4 v2 = texture2D( boneTexture, vec2( dx * ( x + 1.5 ), y ) );\n\t\t\tvec4 v3 = texture2D( boneTexture, vec2( dx * ( x + 2.5 ), y ) );\n\t\t\tvec4 v4 = texture2D( boneTexture, vec2( dx * ( x + 3.5 ), y ) );\n\t\t\tmat4 bone = mat4( v1, v2, v3, v4 );\n\t\t\treturn bone;\n\t\t}\n\t#else\n\t\tuniform mat4 boneMatrices[ MAX_BONES ];\n\t\tmat4 getBoneMatrix( const in float i ) {\n\t\t\tmat4 bone = boneMatrices[ int(i) ];\n\t\t\treturn bone;\n\t\t}\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",
-skinning_vertex:"#ifdef USE_SKINNING\n\tvec4 skinVertex = bindMatrix * vec4( transformed, 1.0 );\n\tvec4 skinned = vec4( 0.0 );\n\tskinned += boneMatX * skinVertex * skinWeight.x;\n\tskinned += boneMatY * skinVertex * skinWeight.y;\n\tskinned += boneMatZ * skinVertex * skinWeight.z;\n\tskinned += boneMatW * skinVertex * skinWeight.w;\n\tskinned  = bindMatrixInverse * skinned;\n#endif\n",skinnormal_vertex:"#ifdef USE_SKINNING\n\tmat4 skinMatrix = mat4( 0.0 );\n\tskinMatrix += skinWeight.x * boneMatX;\n\tskinMatrix += skinWeight.y * boneMatY;\n\tskinMatrix += skinWeight.z * boneMatZ;\n\tskinMatrix += skinWeight.w * boneMatW;\n\tskinMatrix  = bindMatrixInverse * skinMatrix * bindMatrix;\n\tobjectNormal = vec4( skinMatrix * vec4( objectNormal, 0.0 ) ).xyz;\n#endif\n",
-specularmap_fragment:"float specularStrength;\n#ifdef USE_SPECULARMAP\n\tvec4 texelSpecular = texture2D( specularMap, vUv );\n\tspecularStrength = texelSpecular.r;\n#else\n\tspecularStrength = 1.0;\n#endif",specularmap_pars_fragment:"#ifdef USE_SPECULARMAP\n\tuniform sampler2D specularMap;\n#endif",tonemapping_fragment:"#if defined( TONE_MAPPING )\n  gl_FragColor.rgb = toneMapping( gl_FragColor.rgb );\n#endif\n",tonemapping_pars_fragment:"#define saturate(a) clamp( a, 0.0, 1.0 )\nuniform float toneMappingExposure;\nuniform float toneMappingWhitePoint;\nvec3 LinearToneMapping( vec3 color ) {\n\treturn toneMappingExposure * color;\n}\nvec3 ReinhardToneMapping( vec3 color ) {\n\tcolor *= toneMappingExposure;\n\treturn saturate( color / ( vec3( 1.0 ) + color ) );\n}\n#define Uncharted2Helper( x ) max( ( ( x * ( 0.15 * x + 0.10 * 0.50 ) + 0.20 * 0.02 ) / ( x * ( 0.15 * x + 0.50 ) + 0.20 * 0.30 ) ) - 0.02 / 0.30, vec3( 0.0 ) )\nvec3 Uncharted2ToneMapping( vec3 color ) {\n\tcolor *= toneMappingExposure;\n\treturn saturate( Uncharted2Helper( color ) / Uncharted2Helper( vec3( toneMappingWhitePoint ) ) );\n}\nvec3 OptimizedCineonToneMapping( vec3 color ) {\n\tcolor *= toneMappingExposure;\n\tcolor = max( vec3( 0.0 ), color - 0.004 );\n\treturn pow( ( color * ( 6.2 * color + 0.5 ) ) / ( color * ( 6.2 * color + 1.7 ) + 0.06 ), vec3( 2.2 ) );\n}\n",
-uv_pars_fragment:"#if defined( USE_MAP ) || defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( USE_SPECULARMAP ) || defined( USE_ALPHAMAP ) || defined( USE_EMISSIVEMAP ) || defined( USE_ROUGHNESSMAP ) || defined( USE_METALNESSMAP )\n\tvarying vec2 vUv;\n#endif",uv_pars_vertex:"#if defined( USE_MAP ) || defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( USE_SPECULARMAP ) || defined( USE_ALPHAMAP ) || defined( USE_EMISSIVEMAP ) || defined( USE_ROUGHNESSMAP ) || defined( USE_METALNESSMAP )\n\tvarying vec2 vUv;\n\tuniform vec4 offsetRepeat;\n#endif\n",
-uv_vertex:"#if defined( USE_MAP ) || defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP ) || defined( USE_SPECULARMAP ) || defined( USE_ALPHAMAP ) || defined( USE_EMISSIVEMAP ) || defined( USE_ROUGHNESSMAP ) || defined( USE_METALNESSMAP )\n\tvUv = uv * offsetRepeat.zw + offsetRepeat.xy;\n#endif",uv2_pars_fragment:"#if defined( USE_LIGHTMAP ) || defined( USE_AOMAP )\n\tvarying vec2 vUv2;\n#endif",uv2_pars_vertex:"#if defined( USE_LIGHTMAP ) || defined( USE_AOMAP )\n\tattribute vec2 uv2;\n\tvarying vec2 vUv2;\n#endif",
-uv2_vertex:"#if defined( USE_LIGHTMAP ) || defined( USE_AOMAP )\n\tvUv2 = uv2;\n#endif",worldpos_vertex:"#if defined( USE_ENVMAP ) || defined( PHONG ) || defined( PHYSICAL ) || defined( LAMBERT ) || defined ( USE_SHADOWMAP )\n\t#ifdef USE_SKINNING\n\t\tvec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * skinned;\n\t#else\n\t\tvec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * vec4( transformed, 1.0 );\n\t#endif\n#endif\n",cube_frag:"uniform samplerCube tCube;\nuniform float tFlip;\nuniform float opacity;\nvarying vec3 vWorldPosition;\n#include <common>\nvoid main() {\n\tgl_FragColor = textureCube( tCube, vec3( tFlip * vWorldPosition.x, vWorldPosition.yz ) );\n\tgl_FragColor.a *= opacity;\n}\n",
-cube_vert:"varying vec3 vWorldPosition;\n#include <common>\nvoid main() {\n\tvWorldPosition = transformDirection( position, modelMatrix );\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n}\n",depth_frag:"#if DEPTH_PACKING == 3200\n\tuniform float opacity;\n#endif\n#include <common>\n#include <packing>\n#include <uv_pars_fragment>\n#include <map_pars_fragment>\n#include <alphamap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tvec4 diffuseColor = vec4( 1.0 );\n\t#if DEPTH_PACKING == 3200\n\t\tdiffuseColor.a = opacity;\n\t#endif\n\t#include <map_fragment>\n\t#include <alphamap_fragment>\n\t#include <alphatest_fragment>\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#if DEPTH_PACKING == 3200\n\t\tgl_FragColor = vec4( vec3( gl_FragCoord.z ), opacity );\n\t#elif DEPTH_PACKING == 3201\n\t\tgl_FragColor = packDepthToRGBA( gl_FragCoord.z );\n\t#endif\n}\n",
-depth_vert:"#include <common>\n#include <uv_pars_vertex>\n#include <displacementmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <morphtarget_pars_vertex>\n#include <skinning_pars_vertex>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <uv_vertex>\n\t#include <skinbase_vertex>\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <displacementmap_vertex>\n\t#include <morphtarget_vertex>\n\t#include <skinning_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n}\n",
-distanceRGBA_frag:"uniform vec3 lightPos;\nvarying vec4 vWorldPosition;\n#include <common>\n#include <packing>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main () {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tgl_FragColor = packDepthToRGBA( length( vWorldPosition.xyz - lightPos.xyz ) / 1000.0 );\n}\n",distanceRGBA_vert:"varying vec4 vWorldPosition;\n#include <common>\n#include <morphtarget_pars_vertex>\n#include <skinning_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <skinbase_vertex>\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <morphtarget_vertex>\n\t#include <skinning_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <worldpos_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n\tvWorldPosition = worldPosition;\n}\n",
-equirect_frag:"uniform sampler2D tEquirect;\nuniform float tFlip;\nvarying vec3 vWorldPosition;\n#include <common>\nvoid main() {\n\tvec3 direction = normalize( vWorldPosition );\n\tvec2 sampleUV;\n\tsampleUV.y = saturate( tFlip * direction.y * -0.5 + 0.5 );\n\tsampleUV.x = atan( direction.z, direction.x ) * RECIPROCAL_PI2 + 0.5;\n\tgl_FragColor = texture2D( tEquirect, sampleUV );\n}\n",equirect_vert:"varying vec3 vWorldPosition;\n#include <common>\nvoid main() {\n\tvWorldPosition = transformDirection( position, modelMatrix );\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n}\n",
-linedashed_frag:"uniform vec3 diffuse;\nuniform float opacity;\nuniform float dashSize;\nuniform float totalSize;\nvarying float vLineDistance;\n#include <common>\n#include <color_pars_fragment>\n#include <fog_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tif ( mod( vLineDistance, totalSize ) > dashSize ) {\n\t\tdiscard;\n\t}\n\tvec3 outgoingLight = vec3( 0.0 );\n\tvec4 diffuseColor = vec4( diffuse, opacity );\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#include <color_fragment>\n\toutgoingLight = diffuseColor.rgb;\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( outgoingLight, diffuseColor.a );\n\t#include <premultiplied_alpha_fragment>\n\t#include <tonemapping_fragment>\n\t#include <encodings_fragment>\n\t#include <fog_fragment>\n}\n",
-linedashed_vert:"uniform float scale;\nattribute float lineDistance;\nvarying float vLineDistance;\n#include <common>\n#include <color_pars_vertex>\n#include <fog_pars_vertex>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <color_vertex>\n\tvLineDistance = scale * lineDistance;\n\tvec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );\n\tgl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition;\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n\t#include <fog_vertex>\n}\n",
-meshbasic_frag:"uniform vec3 diffuse;\nuniform float opacity;\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvarying vec3 vNormal;\n#endif\n#include <common>\n#include <color_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv2_pars_fragment>\n#include <map_pars_fragment>\n#include <alphamap_pars_fragment>\n#include <aomap_pars_fragment>\n#include <lightmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <envmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <fog_pars_fragment>\n#include <specularmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tvec4 diffuseColor = vec4( diffuse, opacity );\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#include <map_fragment>\n\t#include <color_fragment>\n\t#include <alphamap_fragment>\n\t#include <alphatest_fragment>\n\t#include <specularmap_fragment>\n\tReflectedLight reflectedLight = ReflectedLight( vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ) );\n\t#ifdef USE_LIGHTMAP\n\t\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse += texture2D( lightMap, vUv2 ).xyz * lightMapIntensity;\n\t#else\n\t\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse += vec3( 1.0 );\n\t#endif\n\t#include <aomap_fragment>\n\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse *= diffuseColor.rgb;\n\tvec3 outgoingLight = reflectedLight.indirectDiffuse;\n\t#include <normal_flip>\n\t#include <envmap_fragment>\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( outgoingLight, diffuseColor.a );\n\t#include <premultiplied_alpha_fragment>\n\t#include <tonemapping_fragment>\n\t#include <encodings_fragment>\n\t#include <fog_fragment>\n}\n",
-meshbasic_vert:"#include <common>\n#include <uv_pars_vertex>\n#include <uv2_pars_vertex>\n#include <envmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <color_pars_vertex>\n#include <fog_pars_vertex>\n#include <morphtarget_pars_vertex>\n#include <skinning_pars_vertex>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <uv_vertex>\n\t#include <uv2_vertex>\n\t#include <color_vertex>\n\t#include <skinbase_vertex>\n\t#ifdef USE_ENVMAP\n\t#include <beginnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <morphnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <skinnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <defaultnormal_vertex>\n\t#endif\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <morphtarget_vertex>\n\t#include <skinning_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n\t#include <worldpos_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n\t#include <envmap_vertex>\n\t#include <fog_vertex>\n}\n",
-meshlambert_frag:"uniform vec3 diffuse;\nuniform vec3 emissive;\nuniform float opacity;\nvarying vec3 vLightFront;\n#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\tvarying vec3 vLightBack;\n#endif\n#include <common>\n#include <packing>\n#include <color_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv2_pars_fragment>\n#include <map_pars_fragment>\n#include <alphamap_pars_fragment>\n#include <aomap_pars_fragment>\n#include <lightmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <emissivemap_pars_fragment>\n#include <envmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <bsdfs>\n#include <lights_pars>\n#include <fog_pars_fragment>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <shadowmask_pars_fragment>\n#include <specularmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tvec4 diffuseColor = vec4( diffuse, opacity );\n\tReflectedLight reflectedLight = ReflectedLight( vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ) );\n\tvec3 totalEmissiveRadiance = emissive;\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#include <map_fragment>\n\t#include <color_fragment>\n\t#include <alphamap_fragment>\n\t#include <alphatest_fragment>\n\t#include <specularmap_fragment>\n\t#include <emissivemap_fragment>\n\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse = getAmbientLightIrradiance( ambientLightColor );\n\t#include <lightmap_fragment>\n\treflectedLight.indirectDiffuse *= BRDF_Diffuse_Lambert( diffuseColor.rgb );\n\t#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\t\treflectedLight.directDiffuse = ( gl_FrontFacing ) ? vLightFront : vLightBack;\n\t#else\n\t\treflectedLight.directDiffuse = vLightFront;\n\t#endif\n\treflectedLight.directDiffuse *= BRDF_Diffuse_Lambert( diffuseColor.rgb ) * getShadowMask();\n\t#include <aomap_fragment>\n\tvec3 outgoingLight = reflectedLight.directDiffuse + reflectedLight.indirectDiffuse + totalEmissiveRadiance;\n\t#include <normal_flip>\n\t#include <envmap_fragment>\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( outgoingLight, diffuseColor.a );\n\t#include <premultiplied_alpha_fragment>\n\t#include <tonemapping_fragment>\n\t#include <encodings_fragment>\n\t#include <fog_fragment>\n}\n",
-meshlambert_vert:"#define LAMBERT\nvarying vec3 vLightFront;\n#ifdef DOUBLE_SIDED\n\tvarying vec3 vLightBack;\n#endif\n#include <common>\n#include <uv_pars_vertex>\n#include <uv2_pars_vertex>\n#include <envmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <bsdfs>\n#include <lights_pars>\n#include <color_pars_vertex>\n#include <fog_pars_vertex>\n#include <morphtarget_pars_vertex>\n#include <skinning_pars_vertex>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <uv_vertex>\n\t#include <uv2_vertex>\n\t#include <color_vertex>\n\t#include <beginnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <morphnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <skinbase_vertex>\n\t#include <skinnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <defaultnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <morphtarget_vertex>\n\t#include <skinning_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n\t#include <worldpos_vertex>\n\t#include <envmap_vertex>\n\t#include <lights_lambert_vertex>\n\t#include <shadowmap_vertex>\n\t#include <fog_vertex>\n}\n",
-meshphong_frag:"#define PHONG\nuniform vec3 diffuse;\nuniform vec3 emissive;\nuniform vec3 specular;\nuniform float shininess;\nuniform float opacity;\n#include <common>\n#include <packing>\n#include <color_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv2_pars_fragment>\n#include <map_pars_fragment>\n#include <alphamap_pars_fragment>\n#include <aomap_pars_fragment>\n#include <lightmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <emissivemap_pars_fragment>\n#include <envmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <gradientmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <fog_pars_fragment>\n#include <bsdfs>\n#include <lights_pars>\n#include <lights_phong_pars_fragment>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <bumpmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <normalmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <specularmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tvec4 diffuseColor = vec4( diffuse, opacity );\n\tReflectedLight reflectedLight = ReflectedLight( vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ) );\n\tvec3 totalEmissiveRadiance = emissive;\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#include <map_fragment>\n\t#include <color_fragment>\n\t#include <alphamap_fragment>\n\t#include <alphatest_fragment>\n\t#include <specularmap_fragment>\n\t#include <normal_flip>\n\t#include <normal_fragment>\n\t#include <emissivemap_fragment>\n\t#include <lights_phong_fragment>\n\t#include <lights_template>\n\t#include <aomap_fragment>\n\tvec3 outgoingLight = reflectedLight.directDiffuse + reflectedLight.indirectDiffuse + reflectedLight.directSpecular + reflectedLight.indirectSpecular + totalEmissiveRadiance;\n\t#include <envmap_fragment>\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( outgoingLight, diffuseColor.a );\n\t#include <premultiplied_alpha_fragment>\n\t#include <tonemapping_fragment>\n\t#include <encodings_fragment>\n\t#include <fog_fragment>\n}\n",
-meshphong_vert:"#define PHONG\nvarying vec3 vViewPosition;\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvarying vec3 vNormal;\n#endif\n#include <common>\n#include <uv_pars_vertex>\n#include <uv2_pars_vertex>\n#include <displacementmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <envmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <color_pars_vertex>\n#include <fog_pars_vertex>\n#include <morphtarget_pars_vertex>\n#include <skinning_pars_vertex>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <uv_vertex>\n\t#include <uv2_vertex>\n\t#include <color_vertex>\n\t#include <beginnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <morphnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <skinbase_vertex>\n\t#include <skinnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <defaultnormal_vertex>\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvNormal = normalize( transformedNormal );\n#endif\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <displacementmap_vertex>\n\t#include <morphtarget_vertex>\n\t#include <skinning_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n\tvViewPosition = - mvPosition.xyz;\n\t#include <worldpos_vertex>\n\t#include <envmap_vertex>\n\t#include <shadowmap_vertex>\n\t#include <fog_vertex>\n}\n",
-meshphysical_frag:"#define PHYSICAL\nuniform vec3 diffuse;\nuniform vec3 emissive;\nuniform float roughness;\nuniform float metalness;\nuniform float opacity;\n#ifndef STANDARD\n\tuniform float clearCoat;\n\tuniform float clearCoatRoughness;\n#endif\nvarying vec3 vViewPosition;\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvarying vec3 vNormal;\n#endif\n#include <common>\n#include <packing>\n#include <color_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv_pars_fragment>\n#include <uv2_pars_fragment>\n#include <map_pars_fragment>\n#include <alphamap_pars_fragment>\n#include <aomap_pars_fragment>\n#include <lightmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <emissivemap_pars_fragment>\n#include <envmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <fog_pars_fragment>\n#include <bsdfs>\n#include <cube_uv_reflection_fragment>\n#include <lights_pars>\n#include <lights_physical_pars_fragment>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <bumpmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <normalmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <roughnessmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <metalnessmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tvec4 diffuseColor = vec4( diffuse, opacity );\n\tReflectedLight reflectedLight = ReflectedLight( vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ), vec3( 0.0 ) );\n\tvec3 totalEmissiveRadiance = emissive;\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#include <map_fragment>\n\t#include <color_fragment>\n\t#include <alphamap_fragment>\n\t#include <alphatest_fragment>\n\t#include <specularmap_fragment>\n\t#include <roughnessmap_fragment>\n\t#include <metalnessmap_fragment>\n\t#include <normal_flip>\n\t#include <normal_fragment>\n\t#include <emissivemap_fragment>\n\t#include <lights_physical_fragment>\n\t#include <lights_template>\n\t#include <aomap_fragment>\n\tvec3 outgoingLight = reflectedLight.directDiffuse + reflectedLight.indirectDiffuse + reflectedLight.directSpecular + reflectedLight.indirectSpecular + totalEmissiveRadiance;\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( outgoingLight, diffuseColor.a );\n\t#include <premultiplied_alpha_fragment>\n\t#include <tonemapping_fragment>\n\t#include <encodings_fragment>\n\t#include <fog_fragment>\n}\n",
-meshphysical_vert:"#define PHYSICAL\nvarying vec3 vViewPosition;\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvarying vec3 vNormal;\n#endif\n#include <common>\n#include <uv_pars_vertex>\n#include <uv2_pars_vertex>\n#include <displacementmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <color_pars_vertex>\n#include <fog_pars_vertex>\n#include <morphtarget_pars_vertex>\n#include <skinning_pars_vertex>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <specularmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <uv_vertex>\n\t#include <uv2_vertex>\n\t#include <color_vertex>\n\t#include <beginnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <morphnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <skinbase_vertex>\n\t#include <skinnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <defaultnormal_vertex>\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvNormal = normalize( transformedNormal );\n#endif\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <displacementmap_vertex>\n\t#include <morphtarget_vertex>\n\t#include <skinning_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n\tvViewPosition = - mvPosition.xyz;\n\t#include <worldpos_vertex>\n\t#include <shadowmap_vertex>\n\t#include <fog_vertex>\n}\n",
-normal_frag:"#define NORMAL\nuniform float opacity;\n#if defined( FLAT_SHADED ) || defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP )\n\tvarying vec3 vViewPosition;\n#endif\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvarying vec3 vNormal;\n#endif\n#include <packing>\n#include <uv_pars_fragment>\n#include <bumpmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <normalmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#include <normal_flip>\n\t#include <normal_fragment>\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( packNormalToRGB( normal ), opacity );\n}\n",
-normal_vert:"#define NORMAL\n#if defined( FLAT_SHADED ) || defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP )\n\tvarying vec3 vViewPosition;\n#endif\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvarying vec3 vNormal;\n#endif\n#include <uv_pars_vertex>\n#include <displacementmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <morphtarget_pars_vertex>\n#include <skinning_pars_vertex>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <uv_vertex>\n\t#include <beginnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <morphnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <skinbase_vertex>\n\t#include <skinnormal_vertex>\n\t#include <defaultnormal_vertex>\n#ifndef FLAT_SHADED\n\tvNormal = normalize( transformedNormal );\n#endif\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <displacementmap_vertex>\n\t#include <morphtarget_vertex>\n\t#include <skinning_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n#if defined( FLAT_SHADED ) || defined( USE_BUMPMAP ) || defined( USE_NORMALMAP )\n\tvViewPosition = - mvPosition.xyz;\n#endif\n}\n",
-points_frag:"uniform vec3 diffuse;\nuniform float opacity;\n#include <common>\n#include <packing>\n#include <color_pars_fragment>\n#include <map_particle_pars_fragment>\n#include <fog_pars_fragment>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_fragment>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <clipping_planes_fragment>\n\tvec3 outgoingLight = vec3( 0.0 );\n\tvec4 diffuseColor = vec4( diffuse, opacity );\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_fragment>\n\t#include <map_particle_fragment>\n\t#include <color_fragment>\n\t#include <alphatest_fragment>\n\toutgoingLight = diffuseColor.rgb;\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( outgoingLight, diffuseColor.a );\n\t#include <premultiplied_alpha_fragment>\n\t#include <tonemapping_fragment>\n\t#include <encodings_fragment>\n\t#include <fog_fragment>\n}\n",
-points_vert:"uniform float size;\nuniform float scale;\n#include <common>\n#include <color_pars_vertex>\n#include <fog_pars_vertex>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_vertex>\n#include <logdepthbuf_pars_vertex>\n#include <clipping_planes_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <color_vertex>\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#ifdef USE_SIZEATTENUATION\n\t\tgl_PointSize = size * ( scale / - mvPosition.z );\n\t#else\n\t\tgl_PointSize = size;\n\t#endif\n\t#include <logdepthbuf_vertex>\n\t#include <clipping_planes_vertex>\n\t#include <worldpos_vertex>\n\t#include <shadowmap_vertex>\n\t#include <fog_vertex>\n}\n",
-shadow_frag:"uniform float opacity;\n#include <common>\n#include <packing>\n#include <bsdfs>\n#include <lights_pars>\n#include <shadowmap_pars_fragment>\n#include <shadowmask_pars_fragment>\nvoid main() {\n\tgl_FragColor = vec4( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, opacity * ( 1.0 - getShadowMask() ) );\n}\n",shadow_vert:"#include <shadowmap_pars_vertex>\nvoid main() {\n\t#include <begin_vertex>\n\t#include <project_vertex>\n\t#include <worldpos_vertex>\n\t#include <shadowmap_vertex>\n}\n"};J.prototype={constructor:J,
-isColor:!0,r:1,g:1,b:1,set:function(a){a&&a.isColor?this.copy(a):"number"===typeof a?this.setHex(a):"string"===typeof a&&this.setStyle(a);return this},setScalar:function(a){this.b=this.g=this.r=a;return this},setHex:function(a){a=Math.floor(a);this.r=(a>>16&255)/255;this.g=(a>>8&255)/255;this.b=(a&255)/255;return this},setRGB:function(a,b,c){this.r=a;this.g=b;this.b=c;return this},setHSL:function(){function a(a,c,d){0>d&&(d+=1);1<d&&--d;return d<1/6?a+6*(c-a)*d:.5>d?c:d<2/3?a+6*(c-a)*(2/3-d):a}return function(b,
-c,d){b=N.euclideanModulo(b,1);c=N.clamp(c,0,1);d=N.clamp(d,0,1);0===c?this.r=this.g=this.b=d:(c=.5>=d?d*(1+c):d+c-d*c,d=2*d-c,this.r=a(d,c,b+1/3),this.g=a(d,c,b),this.b=a(d,c,b-1/3));return this}}(),setStyle:function(a){function b(b){void 0!==b&&1>parseFloat(b)&&console.warn("THREE.Color: Alpha component of "+a+" will be ignored.")}var c;if(c=/^((?:rgb|hsl)a?)\(\s*([^\)]*)\)/.exec(a)){var d=c[2];switch(c[1]){case "rgb":case "rgba":if(c=/^(\d+)\s*,\s*(\d+)\s*,\s*(\d+)\s*(,\s*([0-9]*\.?[0-9]+)\s*)?$/.exec(d))return this.r=
-Math.min(255,parseInt(c[1],10))/255,this.g=Math.min(255,parseInt(c[2],10))/255,this.b=Math.min(255,parseInt(c[3],10))/255,b(c[5]),this;if(c=/^(\d+)\%\s*,\s*(\d+)\%\s*,\s*(\d+)\%\s*(,\s*([0-9]*\.?[0-9]+)\s*)?$/.exec(d))return this.r=Math.min(100,parseInt(c[1],10))/100,this.g=Math.min(100,parseInt(c[2],10))/100,this.b=Math.min(100,parseInt(c[3],10))/100,b(c[5]),this;break;case "hsl":case "hsla":if(c=/^([0-9]*\.?[0-9]+)\s*,\s*(\d+)\%\s*,\s*(\d+)\%\s*(,\s*([0-9]*\.?[0-9]+)\s*)?$/.exec(d)){var d=parseFloat(c[1])/
-360,e=parseInt(c[2],10)/100,f=parseInt(c[3],10)/100;b(c[5]);return this.setHSL(d,e,f)}}}else if(c=/^\#([A-Fa-f0-9]+)$/.exec(a)){c=c[1];d=c.length;if(3===d)return this.r=parseInt(c.charAt(0)+c.charAt(0),16)/255,this.g=parseInt(c.charAt(1)+c.charAt(1),16)/255,this.b=parseInt(c.charAt(2)+c.charAt(2),16)/255,this;if(6===d)return this.r=parseInt(c.charAt(0)+c.charAt(1),16)/255,this.g=parseInt(c.charAt(2)+c.charAt(3),16)/255,this.b=parseInt(c.charAt(4)+c.charAt(5),16)/255,this}a&&0<a.length&&(c=Wf[a],void 0!==
-c?this.setHex(c):console.warn("THREE.Color: Unknown color "+a));return this},clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this.r,this.g,this.b)},copy:function(a){this.r=a.r;this.g=a.g;this.b=a.b;return this},copyGammaToLinear:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=2);this.r=Math.pow(a.r,b);this.g=Math.pow(a.g,b);this.b=Math.pow(a.b,b);return this},copyLinearToGamma:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=2);var c=0<b?1/b:1;this.r=Math.pow(a.r,c);this.g=Math.pow(a.g,c);this.b=Math.pow(a.b,c);return this},convertGammaToLinear:function(){var a=
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-roughnessmap:{roughnessMap:{value:null}},metalnessmap:{metalnessMap:{value:null}},gradientmap:{gradientMap:{value:null}},fog:{fogDensity:{value:2.5E-4},fogNear:{value:1},fogFar:{value:2E3},fogColor:{value:new J(16777215)}},lights:{ambientLightColor:{value:[]},directionalLights:{value:[],properties:{direction:{},color:{},shadow:{},shadowBias:{},shadowRadius:{},shadowMapSize:{}}},directionalShadowMap:{value:[]},directionalShadowMatrix:{value:[]},spotLights:{value:[],properties:{color:{},position:{},
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-width:{},height:{}}}},points:{diffuse:{value:new J(15658734)},opacity:{value:1},size:{value:1},scale:{value:1},map:{value:null},offsetRepeat:{value:new fa(0,0,1,1)}}},bb={basic:{uniforms:Ja.merge([V.common,V.aomap,V.lightmap,V.fog]),vertexShader:Z.meshbasic_vert,fragmentShader:Z.meshbasic_frag},lambert:{uniforms:Ja.merge([V.common,V.aomap,V.lightmap,V.emissivemap,V.fog,V.lights,{emissive:{value:new J(0)}}]),vertexShader:Z.meshlambert_vert,fragmentShader:Z.meshlambert_frag},phong:{uniforms:Ja.merge([V.common,
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-vertexShader:Z.meshphysical_vert,fragmentShader:Z.meshphysical_frag},points:{uniforms:Ja.merge([V.points,V.fog]),vertexShader:Z.points_vert,fragmentShader:Z.points_frag},dashed:{uniforms:Ja.merge([V.common,V.fog,{scale:{value:1},dashSize:{value:1},totalSize:{value:2}}]),vertexShader:Z.linedashed_vert,fragmentShader:Z.linedashed_frag},depth:{uniforms:Ja.merge([V.common,V.displacementmap]),vertexShader:Z.depth_vert,fragmentShader:Z.depth_frag},normal:{uniforms:Ja.merge([V.common,V.bumpmap,V.normalmap,
-V.displacementmap,{opacity:{value:1}}]),vertexShader:Z.normal_vert,fragmentShader:Z.normal_frag},cube:{uniforms:{tCube:{value:null},tFlip:{value:-1},opacity:{value:1}},vertexShader:Z.cube_vert,fragmentShader:Z.cube_frag},equirect:{uniforms:{tEquirect:{value:null},tFlip:{value:-1}},vertexShader:Z.equirect_vert,fragmentShader:Z.equirect_frag},distanceRGBA:{uniforms:{lightPos:{value:new q}},vertexShader:Z.distanceRGBA_vert,fragmentShader:Z.distanceRGBA_frag}};bb.physical={uniforms:Ja.merge([bb.standard.uniforms,
-{clearCoat:{value:0},clearCoatRoughness:{value:0}}]),vertexShader:Z.meshphysical_vert,fragmentShader:Z.meshphysical_frag};sc.prototype={constructor:sc,set:function(a,b){this.min.copy(a);this.max.copy(b);return this},setFromPoints:function(a){this.makeEmpty();for(var b=0,c=a.length;b<c;b++)this.expandByPoint(a[b]);return this},setFromCenterAndSize:function(){var a=new D;return function(b,c){var d=a.copy(c).multiplyScalar(.5);this.min.copy(b).sub(d);this.max.copy(b).add(d);return this}}(),clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},
-copy:function(a){this.min.copy(a.min);this.max.copy(a.max);return this},makeEmpty:function(){this.min.x=this.min.y=Infinity;this.max.x=this.max.y=-Infinity;return this},isEmpty:function(){return this.max.x<this.min.x||this.max.y<this.min.y},getCenter:function(a){a=a||new D;return this.isEmpty()?a.set(0,0):a.addVectors(this.min,this.max).multiplyScalar(.5)},getSize:function(a){a=a||new D;return this.isEmpty()?a.set(0,0):a.subVectors(this.max,this.min)},expandByPoint:function(a){this.min.min(a);this.max.max(a);
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-this.min.y))},intersectsBox:function(a){return a.max.x<this.min.x||a.min.x>this.max.x||a.max.y<this.min.y||a.min.y>this.max.y?!1:!0},clampPoint:function(a,b){return(b||new D).copy(a).clamp(this.min,this.max)},distanceToPoint:function(){var a=new D;return function(b){return a.copy(b).clamp(this.min,this.max).sub(b).length()}}(),intersect:function(a){this.min.max(a.min);this.max.min(a.max);return this},union:function(a){this.min.min(a.min);this.max.max(a.max);return this},translate:function(a){this.min.add(a);
-this.max.add(a);return this},equals:function(a){return a.min.equals(this.min)&&a.max.equals(this.max)}};var Af=0;X.prototype={constructor:X,isMaterial:!0,get needsUpdate(){return this._needsUpdate},set needsUpdate(a){!0===a&&this.update();this._needsUpdate=a},setValues:function(a){if(void 0!==a)for(var b in a){var c=a[b];if(void 0===c)console.warn("THREE.Material: '"+b+"' parameter is undefined.");else{var d=this[b];void 0===d?console.warn("THREE."+this.type+": '"+b+"' is not a property of this material."):
-d&&d.isColor?d.set(c):d&&d.isVector3&&c&&c.isVector3?d.copy(c):this[b]="overdraw"===b?Number(c):c}}},toJSON:function(a){function b(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a){var d=a[c];delete d.metadata;b.push(d)}return b}var c=void 0===a;c&&(a={textures:{},images:{}});var d={metadata:{version:4.4,type:"Material",generator:"Material.toJSON"}};d.uuid=this.uuid;d.type=this.type;""!==this.name&&(d.name=this.name);this.color&&this.color.isColor&&(d.color=this.color.getHex());void 0!==this.roughness&&(d.roughness=this.roughness);
-void 0!==this.metalness&&(d.metalness=this.metalness);this.emissive&&this.emissive.isColor&&(d.emissive=this.emissive.getHex());this.specular&&this.specular.isColor&&(d.specular=this.specular.getHex());void 0!==this.shininess&&(d.shininess=this.shininess);void 0!==this.clearCoat&&(d.clearCoat=this.clearCoat);void 0!==this.clearCoatRoughness&&(d.clearCoatRoughness=this.clearCoatRoughness);this.map&&this.map.isTexture&&(d.map=this.map.toJSON(a).uuid);this.alphaMap&&this.alphaMap.isTexture&&(d.alphaMap=
-this.alphaMap.toJSON(a).uuid);this.lightMap&&this.lightMap.isTexture&&(d.lightMap=this.lightMap.toJSON(a).uuid);this.bumpMap&&this.bumpMap.isTexture&&(d.bumpMap=this.bumpMap.toJSON(a).uuid,d.bumpScale=this.bumpScale);this.normalMap&&this.normalMap.isTexture&&(d.normalMap=this.normalMap.toJSON(a).uuid,d.normalScale=this.normalScale.toArray());this.displacementMap&&this.displacementMap.isTexture&&(d.displacementMap=this.displacementMap.toJSON(a).uuid,d.displacementScale=this.displacementScale,d.displacementBias=
-this.displacementBias);this.roughnessMap&&this.roughnessMap.isTexture&&(d.roughnessMap=this.roughnessMap.toJSON(a).uuid);this.metalnessMap&&this.metalnessMap.isTexture&&(d.metalnessMap=this.metalnessMap.toJSON(a).uuid);this.emissiveMap&&this.emissiveMap.isTexture&&(d.emissiveMap=this.emissiveMap.toJSON(a).uuid);this.specularMap&&this.specularMap.isTexture&&(d.specularMap=this.specularMap.toJSON(a).uuid);this.envMap&&this.envMap.isTexture&&(d.envMap=this.envMap.toJSON(a).uuid,d.reflectivity=this.reflectivity);
-this.gradientMap&&this.gradientMap.isTexture&&(d.gradientMap=this.gradientMap.toJSON(a).uuid);void 0!==this.size&&(d.size=this.size);void 0!==this.sizeAttenuation&&(d.sizeAttenuation=this.sizeAttenuation);1!==this.blending&&(d.blending=this.blending);2!==this.shading&&(d.shading=this.shading);0!==this.side&&(d.side=this.side);0!==this.vertexColors&&(d.vertexColors=this.vertexColors);1>this.opacity&&(d.opacity=this.opacity);!0===this.transparent&&(d.transparent=this.transparent);d.depthFunc=this.depthFunc;
-d.depthTest=this.depthTest;d.depthWrite=this.depthWrite;0<this.alphaTest&&(d.alphaTest=this.alphaTest);!0===this.premultipliedAlpha&&(d.premultipliedAlpha=this.premultipliedAlpha);!0===this.wireframe&&(d.wireframe=this.wireframe);1<this.wireframeLinewidth&&(d.wireframeLinewidth=this.wireframeLinewidth);"round"!==this.wireframeLinecap&&(d.wireframeLinecap=this.wireframeLinecap);"round"!==this.wireframeLinejoin&&(d.wireframeLinejoin=this.wireframeLinejoin);d.skinning=this.skinning;d.morphTargets=this.morphTargets;
-c&&(c=b(a.textures),a=b(a.images),0<c.length&&(d.textures=c),0<a.length&&(d.images=a));return d},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.name=a.name;this.fog=a.fog;this.lights=a.lights;this.blending=a.blending;this.side=a.side;this.shading=a.shading;this.vertexColors=a.vertexColors;this.opacity=a.opacity;this.transparent=a.transparent;this.blendSrc=a.blendSrc;this.blendDst=a.blendDst;this.blendEquation=a.blendEquation;this.blendSrcAlpha=a.blendSrcAlpha;this.blendDstAlpha=
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-a=a.clippingPlanes;var b=null;if(null!==a)for(var c=a.length,b=Array(c),d=0;d!==c;++d)b[d]=a[d].clone();this.clippingPlanes=b;return this},update:function(){this.dispatchEvent({type:"update"})},dispose:function(){this.dispatchEvent({type:"dispose"})}};Object.assign(X.prototype,pa.prototype);Ha.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);Ha.prototype.constructor=Ha;Ha.prototype.isShaderMaterial=!0;Ha.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.fragmentShader=a.fragmentShader;this.vertexShader=
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-Object.create(X.prototype);ab.prototype.constructor=ab;ab.prototype.isMeshDepthMaterial=!0;ab.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.depthPacking=a.depthPacking;this.skinning=a.skinning;this.morphTargets=a.morphTargets;this.map=a.map;this.alphaMap=a.alphaMap;this.displacementMap=a.displacementMap;this.displacementScale=a.displacementScale;this.displacementBias=a.displacementBias;this.wireframe=a.wireframe;this.wireframeLinewidth=a.wireframeLinewidth;return this};Pa.prototype=
-{constructor:Pa,isBox3:!0,set:function(a,b){this.min.copy(a);this.max.copy(b);return this},setFromArray:function(a){for(var b=Infinity,c=Infinity,d=Infinity,e=-Infinity,f=-Infinity,g=-Infinity,h=0,m=a.length;h<m;h+=3){var k=a[h],l=a[h+1],p=a[h+2];k<b&&(b=k);l<c&&(c=l);p<d&&(d=p);k>e&&(e=k);l>f&&(f=l);p>g&&(g=p)}this.min.set(b,c,d);this.max.set(e,f,g);return this},setFromBufferAttribute:function(a){for(var b=Infinity,c=Infinity,d=Infinity,e=-Infinity,f=-Infinity,g=-Infinity,h=0,m=a.count;h<m;h++){var k=
-a.getX(h),l=a.getY(h),p=a.getZ(h);k<b&&(b=k);l<c&&(c=l);p<d&&(d=p);k>e&&(e=k);l>f&&(f=l);p>g&&(g=p)}this.min.set(b,c,d);this.max.set(e,f,g);return this},setFromPoints:function(a){this.makeEmpty();for(var b=0,c=a.length;b<c;b++)this.expandByPoint(a[b]);return this},setFromCenterAndSize:function(){var a=new q;return function(b,c){var d=a.copy(c).multiplyScalar(.5);this.min.copy(b).sub(d);this.max.copy(b).add(d);return this}}(),setFromObject:function(a){this.makeEmpty();return this.expandByObject(a)},
-clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.min.copy(a.min);this.max.copy(a.max);return this},makeEmpty:function(){this.min.x=this.min.y=this.min.z=Infinity;this.max.x=this.max.y=this.max.z=-Infinity;return this},isEmpty:function(){return this.max.x<this.min.x||this.max.y<this.min.y||this.max.z<this.min.z},getCenter:function(a){a=a||new q;return this.isEmpty()?a.set(0,0,0):a.addVectors(this.min,this.max).multiplyScalar(.5)},getSize:function(a){a=a||new q;return this.isEmpty()?
-a.set(0,0,0):a.subVectors(this.max,this.min)},expandByPoint:function(a){this.min.min(a);this.max.max(a);return this},expandByVector:function(a){this.min.sub(a);this.max.add(a);return this},expandByScalar:function(a){this.min.addScalar(-a);this.max.addScalar(a);return this},expandByObject:function(){var a=new q;return function(b){var c=this;b.updateMatrixWorld(!0);b.traverse(function(b){var e,f;e=b.geometry;if(void 0!==e)if(e.isGeometry){var g=e.vertices;e=0;for(f=g.length;e<f;e++)a.copy(g[e]),a.applyMatrix4(b.matrixWorld),
-c.expandByPoint(a)}else if(e.isBufferGeometry&&(g=e.attributes.position,void 0!==g))for(e=0,f=g.count;e<f;e++)a.fromBufferAttribute(g,e).applyMatrix4(b.matrixWorld),c.expandByPoint(a)});return this}}(),containsPoint:function(a){return a.x<this.min.x||a.x>this.max.x||a.y<this.min.y||a.y>this.max.y||a.z<this.min.z||a.z>this.max.z?!1:!0},containsBox:function(a){return this.min.x<=a.min.x&&a.max.x<=this.max.x&&this.min.y<=a.min.y&&a.max.y<=this.max.y&&this.min.z<=a.min.z&&a.max.z<=this.max.z},getParameter:function(a,
-b){return(b||new q).set((a.x-this.min.x)/(this.max.x-this.min.x),(a.y-this.min.y)/(this.max.y-this.min.y),(a.z-this.min.z)/(this.max.z-this.min.z))},intersectsBox:function(a){return a.max.x<this.min.x||a.min.x>this.max.x||a.max.y<this.min.y||a.min.y>this.max.y||a.max.z<this.min.z||a.min.z>this.max.z?!1:!0},intersectsSphere:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new q);this.clampPoint(b.center,a);return a.distanceToSquared(b.center)<=b.radius*b.radius}}(),intersectsPlane:function(a){var b,
-c;0<a.normal.x?(b=a.normal.x*this.min.x,c=a.normal.x*this.max.x):(b=a.normal.x*this.max.x,c=a.normal.x*this.min.x);0<a.normal.y?(b+=a.normal.y*this.min.y,c+=a.normal.y*this.max.y):(b+=a.normal.y*this.max.y,c+=a.normal.y*this.min.y);0<a.normal.z?(b+=a.normal.z*this.min.z,c+=a.normal.z*this.max.z):(b+=a.normal.z*this.max.z,c+=a.normal.z*this.min.z);return b<=a.constant&&c>=a.constant},clampPoint:function(a,b){return(b||new q).copy(a).clamp(this.min,this.max)},distanceToPoint:function(){var a=new q;
-return function(b){return a.copy(b).clamp(this.min,this.max).sub(b).length()}}(),getBoundingSphere:function(){var a=new q;return function(b){b=b||new Na;this.getCenter(b.center);b.radius=.5*this.getSize(a).length();return b}}(),intersect:function(a){this.min.max(a.min);this.max.min(a.max);this.isEmpty()&&this.makeEmpty();return this},union:function(a){this.min.min(a.min);this.max.max(a.max);return this},applyMatrix4:function(){var a=[new q,new q,new q,new q,new q,new q,new q,new q];return function(b){if(this.isEmpty())return this;
-a[0].set(this.min.x,this.min.y,this.min.z).applyMatrix4(b);a[1].set(this.min.x,this.min.y,this.max.z).applyMatrix4(b);a[2].set(this.min.x,this.max.y,this.min.z).applyMatrix4(b);a[3].set(this.min.x,this.max.y,this.max.z).applyMatrix4(b);a[4].set(this.max.x,this.min.y,this.min.z).applyMatrix4(b);a[5].set(this.max.x,this.min.y,this.max.z).applyMatrix4(b);a[6].set(this.max.x,this.max.y,this.min.z).applyMatrix4(b);a[7].set(this.max.x,this.max.y,this.max.z).applyMatrix4(b);this.setFromPoints(a);return this}}(),
-translate:function(a){this.min.add(a);this.max.add(a);return this},equals:function(a){return a.min.equals(this.min)&&a.max.equals(this.max)}};Na.prototype={constructor:Na,set:function(a,b){this.center.copy(a);this.radius=b;return this},setFromPoints:function(){var a;return function(b,c){void 0===a&&(a=new Pa);var d=this.center;void 0!==c?d.copy(c):a.setFromPoints(b).getCenter(d);for(var e=0,f=0,g=b.length;f<g;f++)e=Math.max(e,d.distanceToSquared(b[f]));this.radius=Math.sqrt(e);return this}}(),clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},
-copy:function(a){this.center.copy(a.center);this.radius=a.radius;return this},empty:function(){return 0>=this.radius},containsPoint:function(a){return a.distanceToSquared(this.center)<=this.radius*this.radius},distanceToPoint:function(a){return a.distanceTo(this.center)-this.radius},intersectsSphere:function(a){var b=this.radius+a.radius;return a.center.distanceToSquared(this.center)<=b*b},intersectsBox:function(a){return a.intersectsSphere(this)},intersectsPlane:function(a){return Math.abs(this.center.dot(a.normal)-
-a.constant)<=this.radius},clampPoint:function(a,b){var c=this.center.distanceToSquared(a),d=b||new q;d.copy(a);c>this.radius*this.radius&&(d.sub(this.center).normalize(),d.multiplyScalar(this.radius).add(this.center));return d},getBoundingBox:function(a){a=a||new Pa;a.set(this.center,this.center);a.expandByScalar(this.radius);return a},applyMatrix4:function(a){this.center.applyMatrix4(a);this.radius*=a.getMaxScaleOnAxis();return this},translate:function(a){this.center.add(a);return this},equals:function(a){return a.center.equals(this.center)&&
-a.radius===this.radius}};ya.prototype={constructor:ya,isMatrix3:!0,set:function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,m){var k=this.elements;k[0]=a;k[1]=d;k[2]=g;k[3]=b;k[4]=e;k[5]=h;k[6]=c;k[7]=f;k[8]=m;return this},identity:function(){this.set(1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1);return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).fromArray(this.elements)},copy:function(a){a=a.elements;this.set(a[0],a[3],a[6],a[1],a[4],a[7],a[2],a[5],a[8]);return this},setFromMatrix4:function(a){a=a.elements;this.set(a[0],a[4],a[8],a[1],a[5],a[9],
-a[2],a[6],a[10]);return this},applyToBufferAttribute:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new q);for(var c=0,d=b.count;c<d;c++)a.x=b.getX(c),a.y=b.getY(c),a.z=b.getZ(c),a.applyMatrix3(this),b.setXYZ(c,a.x,a.y,a.z);return b}}(),multiplyScalar:function(a){var b=this.elements;b[0]*=a;b[3]*=a;b[6]*=a;b[1]*=a;b[4]*=a;b[7]*=a;b[2]*=a;b[5]*=a;b[8]*=a;return this},determinant:function(){var a=this.elements,b=a[0],c=a[1],d=a[2],e=a[3],f=a[4],g=a[5],h=a[6],m=a[7],a=a[8];return b*f*a-b*g*m-c*e*
-a+c*g*h+d*e*m-d*f*h},getInverse:function(a,b){a&&a.isMatrix4&&console.error("THREE.Matrix3.getInverse no longer takes a Matrix4 argument.");var c=a.elements,d=this.elements,e=c[0],f=c[1],g=c[2],h=c[3],m=c[4],k=c[5],l=c[6],p=c[7],c=c[8],n=c*m-k*p,u=k*l-c*h,q=p*h-m*l,r=e*n+f*u+g*q;if(0===r){if(!0===b)throw Error("THREE.Matrix3.getInverse(): can't invert matrix, determinant is 0");console.warn("THREE.Matrix3.getInverse(): can't invert matrix, determinant is 0");return this.identity()}r=1/r;d[0]=n*r;
-d[1]=(g*p-c*f)*r;d[2]=(k*f-g*m)*r;d[3]=u*r;d[4]=(c*e-g*l)*r;d[5]=(g*h-k*e)*r;d[6]=q*r;d[7]=(f*l-p*e)*r;d[8]=(m*e-f*h)*r;return this},transpose:function(){var a,b=this.elements;a=b[1];b[1]=b[3];b[3]=a;a=b[2];b[2]=b[6];b[6]=a;a=b[5];b[5]=b[7];b[7]=a;return this},getNormalMatrix:function(a){return this.setFromMatrix4(a).getInverse(this).transpose()},transposeIntoArray:function(a){var b=this.elements;a[0]=b[0];a[1]=b[3];a[2]=b[6];a[3]=b[1];a[4]=b[4];a[5]=b[7];a[6]=b[2];a[7]=b[5];a[8]=b[8];return this},
-fromArray:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);for(var c=0;9>c;c++)this.elements[c]=a[c+b];return this},toArray:function(a,b){void 0===a&&(a=[]);void 0===b&&(b=0);var c=this.elements;a[b]=c[0];a[b+1]=c[1];a[b+2]=c[2];a[b+3]=c[3];a[b+4]=c[4];a[b+5]=c[5];a[b+6]=c[6];a[b+7]=c[7];a[b+8]=c[8];return a}};la.prototype={constructor:la,set:function(a,b){this.normal.copy(a);this.constant=b;return this},setComponents:function(a,b,c,d){this.normal.set(a,b,c);this.constant=d;return this},setFromNormalAndCoplanarPoint:function(a,
-b){this.normal.copy(a);this.constant=-b.dot(this.normal);return this},setFromCoplanarPoints:function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(c,d,e){d=a.subVectors(e,d).cross(b.subVectors(c,d)).normalize();this.setFromNormalAndCoplanarPoint(d,c);return this}}(),clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.normal.copy(a.normal);this.constant=a.constant;return this},normalize:function(){var a=1/this.normal.length();this.normal.multiplyScalar(a);this.constant*=a;return this},
-negate:function(){this.constant*=-1;this.normal.negate();return this},distanceToPoint:function(a){return this.normal.dot(a)+this.constant},distanceToSphere:function(a){return this.distanceToPoint(a.center)-a.radius},projectPoint:function(a,b){return this.orthoPoint(a,b).sub(a).negate()},orthoPoint:function(a,b){var c=this.distanceToPoint(a);return(b||new q).copy(this.normal).multiplyScalar(c)},intersectLine:function(){var a=new q;return function(b,c){var d=c||new q,e=b.delta(a),f=this.normal.dot(e);
-if(0===f){if(0===this.distanceToPoint(b.start))return d.copy(b.start)}else return f=-(b.start.dot(this.normal)+this.constant)/f,0>f||1<f?void 0:d.copy(e).multiplyScalar(f).add(b.start)}}(),intersectsLine:function(a){var b=this.distanceToPoint(a.start);a=this.distanceToPoint(a.end);return 0>b&&0<a||0>a&&0<b},intersectsBox:function(a){return a.intersectsPlane(this)},intersectsSphere:function(a){return a.intersectsPlane(this)},coplanarPoint:function(a){return(a||new q).copy(this.normal).multiplyScalar(-this.constant)},
-applyMatrix4:function(){var a=new q,b=new ya;return function(c,d){var e=this.coplanarPoint(a).applyMatrix4(c),f=d||b.getNormalMatrix(c),f=this.normal.applyMatrix3(f).normalize();this.constant=-e.dot(f);return this}}(),translate:function(a){this.constant-=a.dot(this.normal);return this},equals:function(a){return a.normal.equals(this.normal)&&a.constant===this.constant}};tc.prototype={constructor:tc,set:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){var g=this.planes;g[0].copy(a);g[1].copy(b);g[2].copy(c);g[3].copy(d);g[4].copy(e);
-g[5].copy(f);return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){for(var b=this.planes,c=0;6>c;c++)b[c].copy(a.planes[c]);return this},setFromMatrix:function(a){var b=this.planes,c=a.elements;a=c[0];var d=c[1],e=c[2],f=c[3],g=c[4],h=c[5],m=c[6],k=c[7],l=c[8],p=c[9],n=c[10],u=c[11],q=c[12],r=c[13],A=c[14],c=c[15];b[0].setComponents(f-a,k-g,u-l,c-q).normalize();b[1].setComponents(f+a,k+g,u+l,c+q).normalize();b[2].setComponents(f+d,k+h,u+p,c+r).normalize();b[3].setComponents(f-
-d,k-h,u-p,c-r).normalize();b[4].setComponents(f-e,k-m,u-n,c-A).normalize();b[5].setComponents(f+e,k+m,u+n,c+A).normalize();return this},intersectsObject:function(){var a=new Na;return function(b){var c=b.geometry;null===c.boundingSphere&&c.computeBoundingSphere();a.copy(c.boundingSphere).applyMatrix4(b.matrixWorld);return this.intersectsSphere(a)}}(),intersectsSprite:function(){var a=new Na;return function(b){a.center.set(0,0,0);a.radius=.7071067811865476;a.applyMatrix4(b.matrixWorld);return this.intersectsSphere(a)}}(),
-intersectsSphere:function(a){var b=this.planes,c=a.center;a=-a.radius;for(var d=0;6>d;d++)if(b[d].distanceToPoint(c)<a)return!1;return!0},intersectsBox:function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(c){for(var d=this.planes,e=0;6>e;e++){var f=d[e];a.x=0<f.normal.x?c.min.x:c.max.x;b.x=0<f.normal.x?c.max.x:c.min.x;a.y=0<f.normal.y?c.min.y:c.max.y;b.y=0<f.normal.y?c.max.y:c.min.y;a.z=0<f.normal.z?c.min.z:c.max.z;b.z=0<f.normal.z?c.max.z:c.min.z;var g=f.distanceToPoint(a),f=f.distanceToPoint(b);if(0>
-g&&0>f)return!1}return!0}}(),containsPoint:function(a){for(var b=this.planes,c=0;6>c;c++)if(0>b[c].distanceToPoint(a))return!1;return!0}};cb.prototype={constructor:cb,set:function(a,b){this.origin.copy(a);this.direction.copy(b);return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.origin.copy(a.origin);this.direction.copy(a.direction);return this},at:function(a,b){return(b||new q).copy(this.direction).multiplyScalar(a).add(this.origin)},lookAt:function(a){this.direction.copy(a).sub(this.origin).normalize();
-return this},recast:function(){var a=new q;return function(b){this.origin.copy(this.at(b,a));return this}}(),closestPointToPoint:function(a,b){var c=b||new q;c.subVectors(a,this.origin);var d=c.dot(this.direction);return 0>d?c.copy(this.origin):c.copy(this.direction).multiplyScalar(d).add(this.origin)},distanceToPoint:function(a){return Math.sqrt(this.distanceSqToPoint(a))},distanceSqToPoint:function(){var a=new q;return function(b){var c=a.subVectors(b,this.origin).dot(this.direction);if(0>c)return this.origin.distanceToSquared(b);
-a.copy(this.direction).multiplyScalar(c).add(this.origin);return a.distanceToSquared(b)}}(),distanceSqToSegment:function(){var a=new q,b=new q,c=new q;return function(d,e,f,g){a.copy(d).add(e).multiplyScalar(.5);b.copy(e).sub(d).normalize();c.copy(this.origin).sub(a);var h=.5*d.distanceTo(e),m=-this.direction.dot(b),k=c.dot(this.direction),l=-c.dot(b),p=c.lengthSq(),n=Math.abs(1-m*m),u;0<n?(d=m*l-k,e=m*k-l,u=h*n,0<=d?e>=-u?e<=u?(h=1/n,d*=h,e*=h,m=d*(d+m*e+2*k)+e*(m*d+e+2*l)+p):(e=h,d=Math.max(0,-(m*
-e+k)),m=-d*d+e*(e+2*l)+p):(e=-h,d=Math.max(0,-(m*e+k)),m=-d*d+e*(e+2*l)+p):e<=-u?(d=Math.max(0,-(-m*h+k)),e=0<d?-h:Math.min(Math.max(-h,-l),h),m=-d*d+e*(e+2*l)+p):e<=u?(d=0,e=Math.min(Math.max(-h,-l),h),m=e*(e+2*l)+p):(d=Math.max(0,-(m*h+k)),e=0<d?h:Math.min(Math.max(-h,-l),h),m=-d*d+e*(e+2*l)+p)):(e=0<m?-h:h,d=Math.max(0,-(m*e+k)),m=-d*d+e*(e+2*l)+p);f&&f.copy(this.direction).multiplyScalar(d).add(this.origin);g&&g.copy(b).multiplyScalar(e).add(a);return m}}(),intersectSphere:function(){var a=new q;
-return function(b,c){a.subVectors(b.center,this.origin);var d=a.dot(this.direction),e=a.dot(a)-d*d,f=b.radius*b.radius;if(e>f)return null;f=Math.sqrt(f-e);e=d-f;d+=f;return 0>e&&0>d?null:0>e?this.at(d,c):this.at(e,c)}}(),intersectsSphere:function(a){return this.distanceToPoint(a.center)<=a.radius},distanceToPlane:function(a){var b=a.normal.dot(this.direction);if(0===b)return 0===a.distanceToPoint(this.origin)?0:null;a=-(this.origin.dot(a.normal)+a.constant)/b;return 0<=a?a:null},intersectPlane:function(a,
-b){var c=this.distanceToPlane(a);return null===c?null:this.at(c,b)},intersectsPlane:function(a){var b=a.distanceToPoint(this.origin);return 0===b||0>a.normal.dot(this.direction)*b?!0:!1},intersectBox:function(a,b){var c,d,e,f,g;d=1/this.direction.x;f=1/this.direction.y;g=1/this.direction.z;var h=this.origin;0<=d?(c=(a.min.x-h.x)*d,d*=a.max.x-h.x):(c=(a.max.x-h.x)*d,d*=a.min.x-h.x);0<=f?(e=(a.min.y-h.y)*f,f*=a.max.y-h.y):(e=(a.max.y-h.y)*f,f*=a.min.y-h.y);if(c>f||e>d)return null;if(e>c||c!==c)c=e;
-if(f<d||d!==d)d=f;0<=g?(e=(a.min.z-h.z)*g,g*=a.max.z-h.z):(e=(a.max.z-h.z)*g,g*=a.min.z-h.z);if(c>g||e>d)return null;if(e>c||c!==c)c=e;if(g<d||d!==d)d=g;return 0>d?null:this.at(0<=c?c:d,b)},intersectsBox:function(){var a=new q;return function(b){return null!==this.intersectBox(b,a)}}(),intersectTriangle:function(){var a=new q,b=new q,c=new q,d=new q;return function(e,f,g,h,m){b.subVectors(f,e);c.subVectors(g,e);d.crossVectors(b,c);f=this.direction.dot(d);if(0<f){if(h)return null;h=1}else if(0>f)h=
--1,f=-f;else return null;a.subVectors(this.origin,e);e=h*this.direction.dot(c.crossVectors(a,c));if(0>e)return null;g=h*this.direction.dot(b.cross(a));if(0>g||e+g>f)return null;e=-h*a.dot(d);return 0>e?null:this.at(e/f,m)}}(),applyMatrix4:function(a){this.direction.add(this.origin).applyMatrix4(a);this.origin.applyMatrix4(a);this.direction.sub(this.origin);this.direction.normalize();return this},equals:function(a){return a.origin.equals(this.origin)&&a.direction.equals(this.direction)}};db.RotationOrders=
-"XYZ YZX ZXY XZY YXZ ZYX".split(" ");db.DefaultOrder="XYZ";db.prototype={constructor:db,isEuler:!0,get x(){return this._x},set x(a){this._x=a;this.onChangeCallback()},get y(){return this._y},set y(a){this._y=a;this.onChangeCallback()},get z(){return this._z},set z(a){this._z=a;this.onChangeCallback()},get order(){return this._order},set order(a){this._order=a;this.onChangeCallback()},set:function(a,b,c,d){this._x=a;this._y=b;this._z=c;this._order=d||this._order;this.onChangeCallback();return this},
-clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this._x,this._y,this._z,this._order)},copy:function(a){this._x=a._x;this._y=a._y;this._z=a._z;this._order=a._order;this.onChangeCallback();return this},setFromRotationMatrix:function(a,b,c){var d=N.clamp,e=a.elements;a=e[0];var f=e[4],g=e[8],h=e[1],m=e[5],k=e[9],l=e[2],p=e[6],e=e[10];b=b||this._order;"XYZ"===b?(this._y=Math.asin(d(g,-1,1)),.99999>Math.abs(g)?(this._x=Math.atan2(-k,e),this._z=Math.atan2(-f,a)):(this._x=Math.atan2(p,m),this._z=0)):"YXZ"===
-b?(this._x=Math.asin(-d(k,-1,1)),.99999>Math.abs(k)?(this._y=Math.atan2(g,e),this._z=Math.atan2(h,m)):(this._y=Math.atan2(-l,a),this._z=0)):"ZXY"===b?(this._x=Math.asin(d(p,-1,1)),.99999>Math.abs(p)?(this._y=Math.atan2(-l,e),this._z=Math.atan2(-f,m)):(this._y=0,this._z=Math.atan2(h,a))):"ZYX"===b?(this._y=Math.asin(-d(l,-1,1)),.99999>Math.abs(l)?(this._x=Math.atan2(p,e),this._z=Math.atan2(h,a)):(this._x=0,this._z=Math.atan2(-f,m))):"YZX"===b?(this._z=Math.asin(d(h,-1,1)),.99999>Math.abs(h)?(this._x=
-Math.atan2(-k,m),this._y=Math.atan2(-l,a)):(this._x=0,this._y=Math.atan2(g,e))):"XZY"===b?(this._z=Math.asin(-d(f,-1,1)),.99999>Math.abs(f)?(this._x=Math.atan2(p,m),this._y=Math.atan2(g,a)):(this._x=Math.atan2(-k,e),this._y=0)):console.warn("THREE.Euler: .setFromRotationMatrix() given unsupported order: "+b);this._order=b;if(!1!==c)this.onChangeCallback();return this},setFromQuaternion:function(){var a;return function(b,c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeRotationFromQuaternion(b);return this.setFromRotationMatrix(a,
-c,d)}}(),setFromVector3:function(a,b){return this.set(a.x,a.y,a.z,b||this._order)},reorder:function(){var a=new ca;return function(b){a.setFromEuler(this);return this.setFromQuaternion(a,b)}}(),equals:function(a){return a._x===this._x&&a._y===this._y&&a._z===this._z&&a._order===this._order},fromArray:function(a){this._x=a[0];this._y=a[1];this._z=a[2];void 0!==a[3]&&(this._order=a[3]);this.onChangeCallback();return this},toArray:function(a,b){void 0===a&&(a=[]);void 0===b&&(b=0);a[b]=this._x;a[b+1]=
-this._y;a[b+2]=this._z;a[b+3]=this._order;return a},toVector3:function(a){return a?a.set(this._x,this._y,this._z):new q(this._x,this._y,this._z)},onChange:function(a){this.onChangeCallback=a;return this},onChangeCallback:function(){}};nd.prototype={constructor:nd,set:function(a){this.mask=1<<a},enable:function(a){this.mask|=1<<a},toggle:function(a){this.mask^=1<<a},disable:function(a){this.mask&=~(1<<a)},test:function(a){return 0!==(this.mask&a.mask)}};var Bf=0;x.DefaultUp=new q(0,1,0);x.DefaultMatrixAutoUpdate=
-!0;x.prototype={constructor:x,isObject3D:!0,applyMatrix:function(a){this.matrix.multiplyMatrices(a,this.matrix);this.matrix.decompose(this.position,this.quaternion,this.scale)},setRotationFromAxisAngle:function(a,b){this.quaternion.setFromAxisAngle(a,b)},setRotationFromEuler:function(a){this.quaternion.setFromEuler(a,!0)},setRotationFromMatrix:function(a){this.quaternion.setFromRotationMatrix(a)},setRotationFromQuaternion:function(a){this.quaternion.copy(a)},rotateOnAxis:function(){var a=new ca;return function(b,
-c){a.setFromAxisAngle(b,c);this.quaternion.multiply(a);return this}}(),rotateX:function(){var a=new q(1,0,0);return function(b){return this.rotateOnAxis(a,b)}}(),rotateY:function(){var a=new q(0,1,0);return function(b){return this.rotateOnAxis(a,b)}}(),rotateZ:function(){var a=new q(0,0,1);return function(b){return this.rotateOnAxis(a,b)}}(),translateOnAxis:function(){var a=new q;return function(b,c){a.copy(b).applyQuaternion(this.quaternion);this.position.add(a.multiplyScalar(c));return this}}(),
-translateX:function(){var a=new q(1,0,0);return function(b){return this.translateOnAxis(a,b)}}(),translateY:function(){var a=new q(0,1,0);return function(b){return this.translateOnAxis(a,b)}}(),translateZ:function(){var a=new q(0,0,1);return function(b){return this.translateOnAxis(a,b)}}(),localToWorld:function(a){return a.applyMatrix4(this.matrixWorld)},worldToLocal:function(){var a=new S;return function(b){return b.applyMatrix4(a.getInverse(this.matrixWorld))}}(),lookAt:function(){var a=new S;return function(b){a.lookAt(b,
-this.position,this.up);this.quaternion.setFromRotationMatrix(a)}}(),add:function(a){if(1<arguments.length){for(var b=0;b<arguments.length;b++)this.add(arguments[b]);return this}if(a===this)return console.error("THREE.Object3D.add: object can't be added as a child of itself.",a),this;a&&a.isObject3D?(null!==a.parent&&a.parent.remove(a),a.parent=this,a.dispatchEvent({type:"added"}),this.children.push(a)):console.error("THREE.Object3D.add: object not an instance of THREE.Object3D.",a);return this},remove:function(a){if(1<
-arguments.length)for(var b=0;b<arguments.length;b++)this.remove(arguments[b]);b=this.children.indexOf(a);-1!==b&&(a.parent=null,a.dispatchEvent({type:"removed"}),this.children.splice(b,1))},getObjectById:function(a){return this.getObjectByProperty("id",a)},getObjectByName:function(a){return this.getObjectByProperty("name",a)},getObjectByProperty:function(a,b){if(this[a]===b)return this;for(var c=0,d=this.children.length;c<d;c++){var e=this.children[c].getObjectByProperty(a,b);if(void 0!==e)return e}},
-getWorldPosition:function(a){a=a||new q;this.updateMatrixWorld(!0);return a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.matrixWorld)},getWorldQuaternion:function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(c){c=c||new ca;this.updateMatrixWorld(!0);this.matrixWorld.decompose(a,c,b);return c}}(),getWorldRotation:function(){var a=new ca;return function(b){b=b||new db;this.getWorldQuaternion(a);return b.setFromQuaternion(a,this.rotation.order,!1)}}(),getWorldScale:function(){var a=new q,b=new ca;return function(c){c=c||new q;
-this.updateMatrixWorld(!0);this.matrixWorld.decompose(a,b,c);return c}}(),getWorldDirection:function(){var a=new ca;return function(b){b=b||new q;this.getWorldQuaternion(a);return b.set(0,0,1).applyQuaternion(a)}}(),raycast:function(){},traverse:function(a){a(this);for(var b=this.children,c=0,d=b.length;c<d;c++)b[c].traverse(a)},traverseVisible:function(a){if(!1!==this.visible){a(this);for(var b=this.children,c=0,d=b.length;c<d;c++)b[c].traverseVisible(a)}},traverseAncestors:function(a){var b=this.parent;
-null!==b&&(a(b),b.traverseAncestors(a))},updateMatrix:function(){this.matrix.compose(this.position,this.quaternion,this.scale);this.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate=!0},updateMatrixWorld:function(a){!0===this.matrixAutoUpdate&&this.updateMatrix();if(!0===this.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate||!0===a)null===this.parent?this.matrixWorld.copy(this.matrix):this.matrixWorld.multiplyMatrices(this.parent.matrixWorld,this.matrix),this.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate=!1,a=!0;for(var b=this.children,c=0,d=b.length;c<d;c++)b[c].updateMatrixWorld(a)},
-toJSON:function(a){function b(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a){var d=a[c];delete d.metadata;b.push(d)}return b}var c=void 0===a||""===a,d={};c&&(a={geometries:{},materials:{},textures:{},images:{}},d.metadata={version:4.4,type:"Object",generator:"Object3D.toJSON"});var e={};e.uuid=this.uuid;e.type=this.type;""!==this.name&&(e.name=this.name);"{}"!==JSON.stringify(this.userData)&&(e.userData=this.userData);!0===this.castShadow&&(e.castShadow=!0);!0===this.receiveShadow&&(e.receiveShadow=!0);!1===this.visible&&
-(e.visible=!1);e.matrix=this.matrix.toArray();void 0!==this.geometry&&(void 0===a.geometries[this.geometry.uuid]&&(a.geometries[this.geometry.uuid]=this.geometry.toJSON(a)),e.geometry=this.geometry.uuid);void 0!==this.material&&(void 0===a.materials[this.material.uuid]&&(a.materials[this.material.uuid]=this.material.toJSON(a)),e.material=this.material.uuid);if(0<this.children.length){e.children=[];for(var f=0;f<this.children.length;f++)e.children.push(this.children[f].toJSON(a).object)}if(c){var c=
-b(a.geometries),f=b(a.materials),g=b(a.textures);a=b(a.images);0<c.length&&(d.geometries=c);0<f.length&&(d.materials=f);0<g.length&&(d.textures=g);0<a.length&&(d.images=a)}d.object=e;return d},clone:function(a){return(new this.constructor).copy(this,a)},copy:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=!0);this.name=a.name;this.up.copy(a.up);this.position.copy(a.position);this.quaternion.copy(a.quaternion);this.scale.copy(a.scale);this.matrix.copy(a.matrix);this.matrixWorld.copy(a.matrixWorld);this.matrixAutoUpdate=
-a.matrixAutoUpdate;this.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate=a.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate;this.layers.mask=a.layers.mask;this.visible=a.visible;this.castShadow=a.castShadow;this.receiveShadow=a.receiveShadow;this.frustumCulled=a.frustumCulled;this.renderOrder=a.renderOrder;this.userData=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(a.userData));if(!0===b)for(var c=0;c<a.children.length;c++)this.add(a.children[c].clone());return this}};Object.assign(x.prototype,pa.prototype);hb.prototype={constructor:hb,set:function(a,b){this.start.copy(a);
-this.end.copy(b);return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.start.copy(a.start);this.end.copy(a.end);return this},getCenter:function(a){return(a||new q).addVectors(this.start,this.end).multiplyScalar(.5)},delta:function(a){return(a||new q).subVectors(this.end,this.start)},distanceSq:function(){return this.start.distanceToSquared(this.end)},distance:function(){return this.start.distanceTo(this.end)},at:function(a,b){var c=b||new q;return this.delta(c).multiplyScalar(a).add(this.start)},
-closestPointToPointParameter:function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(c,d){a.subVectors(c,this.start);b.subVectors(this.end,this.start);var e=b.dot(b),e=b.dot(a)/e;d&&(e=N.clamp(e,0,1));return e}}(),closestPointToPoint:function(a,b,c){a=this.closestPointToPointParameter(a,b);c=c||new q;return this.delta(c).multiplyScalar(a).add(this.start)},applyMatrix4:function(a){this.start.applyMatrix4(a);this.end.applyMatrix4(a);return this},equals:function(a){return a.start.equals(this.start)&&a.end.equals(this.end)}};
-za.normal=function(){var a=new q;return function(b,c,d,e){e=e||new q;e.subVectors(d,c);a.subVectors(b,c);e.cross(a);b=e.lengthSq();return 0<b?e.multiplyScalar(1/Math.sqrt(b)):e.set(0,0,0)}}();za.barycoordFromPoint=function(){var a=new q,b=new q,c=new q;return function(d,e,f,g,h){a.subVectors(g,e);b.subVectors(f,e);c.subVectors(d,e);d=a.dot(a);e=a.dot(b);f=a.dot(c);var m=b.dot(b);g=b.dot(c);var k=d*m-e*e;h=h||new q;if(0===k)return h.set(-2,-1,-1);k=1/k;m=(m*f-e*g)*k;d=(d*g-e*f)*k;return h.set(1-m-
-d,d,m)}}();za.containsPoint=function(){var a=new q;return function(b,c,d,e){b=za.barycoordFromPoint(b,c,d,e,a);return 0<=b.x&&0<=b.y&&1>=b.x+b.y}}();za.prototype={constructor:za,set:function(a,b,c){this.a.copy(a);this.b.copy(b);this.c.copy(c);return this},setFromPointsAndIndices:function(a,b,c,d){this.a.copy(a[b]);this.b.copy(a[c]);this.c.copy(a[d]);return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.a.copy(a.a);this.b.copy(a.b);this.c.copy(a.c);return this},
-area:function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(){a.subVectors(this.c,this.b);b.subVectors(this.a,this.b);return.5*a.cross(b).length()}}(),midpoint:function(a){return(a||new q).addVectors(this.a,this.b).add(this.c).multiplyScalar(1/3)},normal:function(a){return za.normal(this.a,this.b,this.c,a)},plane:function(a){return(a||new la).setFromCoplanarPoints(this.a,this.b,this.c)},barycoordFromPoint:function(a,b){return za.barycoordFromPoint(a,this.a,this.b,this.c,b)},containsPoint:function(a){return za.containsPoint(a,
-this.a,this.b,this.c)},closestPointToPoint:function(){var a,b,c,d;return function(e,f){void 0===a&&(a=new la,b=[new hb,new hb,new hb],c=new q,d=new q);var g=f||new q,h=Infinity;a.setFromCoplanarPoints(this.a,this.b,this.c);a.projectPoint(e,c);if(!0===this.containsPoint(c))g.copy(c);else{b[0].set(this.a,this.b);b[1].set(this.b,this.c);b[2].set(this.c,this.a);for(var m=0;m<b.length;m++){b[m].closestPointToPoint(c,!0,d);var k=c.distanceToSquared(d);k<h&&(h=k,g.copy(d))}}return g}}(),equals:function(a){return a.a.equals(this.a)&&
-a.b.equals(this.b)&&a.c.equals(this.c)}};ha.prototype={constructor:ha,clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.a=a.a;this.b=a.b;this.c=a.c;this.normal.copy(a.normal);this.color.copy(a.color);this.materialIndex=a.materialIndex;for(var b=0,c=a.vertexNormals.length;b<c;b++)this.vertexNormals[b]=a.vertexNormals[b].clone();b=0;for(c=a.vertexColors.length;b<c;b++)this.vertexColors[b]=a.vertexColors[b].clone();return this}};Ka.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);Ka.prototype.constructor=
-Ka;Ka.prototype.isMeshBasicMaterial=!0;Ka.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.map=a.map;this.lightMap=a.lightMap;this.lightMapIntensity=a.lightMapIntensity;this.aoMap=a.aoMap;this.aoMapIntensity=a.aoMapIntensity;this.specularMap=a.specularMap;this.alphaMap=a.alphaMap;this.envMap=a.envMap;this.combine=a.combine;this.reflectivity=a.reflectivity;this.refractionRatio=a.refractionRatio;this.wireframe=a.wireframe;this.wireframeLinewidth=a.wireframeLinewidth;
-this.wireframeLinecap=a.wireframeLinecap;this.wireframeLinejoin=a.wireframeLinejoin;this.skinning=a.skinning;this.morphTargets=a.morphTargets;return this};U.prototype={constructor:U,isBufferAttribute:!0,set needsUpdate(a){!0===a&&this.version++},setArray:function(a){if(Array.isArray(a))throw new TypeError("THREE.BufferAttribute: array should be a Typed Array.");this.count=void 0!==a?a.length/this.itemSize:0;this.array=a},setDynamic:function(a){this.dynamic=a;return this},copy:function(a){this.array=
-new a.array.constructor(a.array);this.itemSize=a.itemSize;this.count=a.count;this.normalized=a.normalized;this.dynamic=a.dynamic;return this},copyAt:function(a,b,c){a*=this.itemSize;c*=b.itemSize;for(var d=0,e=this.itemSize;d<e;d++)this.array[a+d]=b.array[c+d];return this},copyArray:function(a){this.array.set(a);return this},copyColorsArray:function(a){for(var b=this.array,c=0,d=0,e=a.length;d<e;d++){var f=a[d];void 0===f&&(console.warn("THREE.BufferAttribute.copyColorsArray(): color is undefined",
-d),f=new J);b[c++]=f.r;b[c++]=f.g;b[c++]=f.b}return this},copyIndicesArray:function(a){for(var b=this.array,c=0,d=0,e=a.length;d<e;d++){var f=a[d];b[c++]=f.a;b[c++]=f.b;b[c++]=f.c}return this},copyVector2sArray:function(a){for(var b=this.array,c=0,d=0,e=a.length;d<e;d++){var f=a[d];void 0===f&&(console.warn("THREE.BufferAttribute.copyVector2sArray(): vector is undefined",d),f=new D);b[c++]=f.x;b[c++]=f.y}return this},copyVector3sArray:function(a){for(var b=this.array,c=0,d=0,e=a.length;d<e;d++){var f=
-a[d];void 0===f&&(console.warn("THREE.BufferAttribute.copyVector3sArray(): vector is undefined",d),f=new q);b[c++]=f.x;b[c++]=f.y;b[c++]=f.z}return this},copyVector4sArray:function(a){for(var b=this.array,c=0,d=0,e=a.length;d<e;d++){var f=a[d];void 0===f&&(console.warn("THREE.BufferAttribute.copyVector4sArray(): vector is undefined",d),f=new fa);b[c++]=f.x;b[c++]=f.y;b[c++]=f.z;b[c++]=f.w}return this},set:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);this.array.set(a,b);return this},getX:function(a){return this.array[a*
-this.itemSize]},setX:function(a,b){this.array[a*this.itemSize]=b;return this},getY:function(a){return this.array[a*this.itemSize+1]},setY:function(a,b){this.array[a*this.itemSize+1]=b;return this},getZ:function(a){return this.array[a*this.itemSize+2]},setZ:function(a,b){this.array[a*this.itemSize+2]=b;return this},getW:function(a){return this.array[a*this.itemSize+3]},setW:function(a,b){this.array[a*this.itemSize+3]=b;return this},setXY:function(a,b,c){a*=this.itemSize;this.array[a+0]=b;this.array[a+
-1]=c;return this},setXYZ:function(a,b,c,d){a*=this.itemSize;this.array[a+0]=b;this.array[a+1]=c;this.array[a+2]=d;return this},setXYZW:function(a,b,c,d,e){a*=this.itemSize;this.array[a+0]=b;this.array[a+1]=c;this.array[a+2]=d;this.array[a+3]=e;return this},onUpload:function(a){this.onUploadCallback=a;return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor(this.array,this.itemSize)).copy(this)}};uc.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);uc.prototype.constructor=uc;vc.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);
-vc.prototype.constructor=vc;wc.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);wc.prototype.constructor=wc;xc.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);xc.prototype.constructor=xc;ib.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);ib.prototype.constructor=ib;yc.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);yc.prototype.constructor=yc;jb.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);jb.prototype.constructor=jb;z.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);z.prototype.constructor=z;zc.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);zc.prototype.constructor=zc;
-Object.assign(Me.prototype,{computeGroups:function(a){var b,c=[],d=void 0;a=a.faces;for(var e=0;e<a.length;e++){var f=a[e];f.materialIndex!==d&&(d=f.materialIndex,void 0!==b&&(b.count=3*e-b.start,c.push(b)),b={start:3*e,materialIndex:d})}void 0!==b&&(b.count=3*e-b.start,c.push(b));this.groups=c},fromGeometry:function(a){var b=a.faces,c=a.vertices,d=a.faceVertexUvs,e=d[0]&&0<d[0].length,f=d[1]&&0<d[1].length,g=a.morphTargets,h=g.length,m;if(0<h){m=[];for(var k=0;k<h;k++)m[k]=[];this.morphTargets.position=
-m}var l=a.morphNormals,p=l.length,n;if(0<p){n=[];for(k=0;k<p;k++)n[k]=[];this.morphTargets.normal=n}for(var u=a.skinIndices,q=a.skinWeights,r=u.length===c.length,A=q.length===c.length,k=0;k<b.length;k++){var w=b[k];this.vertices.push(c[w.a],c[w.b],c[w.c]);var y=w.vertexNormals;3===y.length?this.normals.push(y[0],y[1],y[2]):(y=w.normal,this.normals.push(y,y,y));y=w.vertexColors;3===y.length?this.colors.push(y[0],y[1],y[2]):(y=w.color,this.colors.push(y,y,y));!0===e&&(y=d[0][k],void 0!==y?this.uvs.push(y[0],
-y[1],y[2]):(console.warn("THREE.DirectGeometry.fromGeometry(): Undefined vertexUv ",k),this.uvs.push(new D,new D,new D)));!0===f&&(y=d[1][k],void 0!==y?this.uvs2.push(y[0],y[1],y[2]):(console.warn("THREE.DirectGeometry.fromGeometry(): Undefined vertexUv2 ",k),this.uvs2.push(new D,new D,new D)));for(y=0;y<h;y++){var K=g[y].vertices;m[y].push(K[w.a],K[w.b],K[w.c])}for(y=0;y<p;y++)K=l[y].vertexNormals[k],n[y].push(K.a,K.b,K.c);r&&this.skinIndices.push(u[w.a],u[w.b],u[w.c]);A&&this.skinWeights.push(q[w.a],
-q[w.b],q[w.c])}this.computeGroups(a);this.verticesNeedUpdate=a.verticesNeedUpdate;this.normalsNeedUpdate=a.normalsNeedUpdate;this.colorsNeedUpdate=a.colorsNeedUpdate;this.uvsNeedUpdate=a.uvsNeedUpdate;this.groupsNeedUpdate=a.groupsNeedUpdate;return this}});var Vd=0;T.prototype={constructor:T,isGeometry:!0,applyMatrix:function(a){for(var b=(new ya).getNormalMatrix(a),c=0,d=this.vertices.length;c<d;c++)this.vertices[c].applyMatrix4(a);c=0;for(d=this.faces.length;c<d;c++){a=this.faces[c];a.normal.applyMatrix3(b).normalize();
-for(var e=0,f=a.vertexNormals.length;e<f;e++)a.vertexNormals[e].applyMatrix3(b).normalize()}null!==this.boundingBox&&this.computeBoundingBox();null!==this.boundingSphere&&this.computeBoundingSphere();this.normalsNeedUpdate=this.verticesNeedUpdate=!0;return this},rotateX:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeRotationX(b);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),rotateY:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeRotationY(b);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),
-rotateZ:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeRotationZ(b);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),translate:function(){var a;return function(b,c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeTranslation(b,c,d);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),scale:function(){var a;return function(b,c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeScale(b,c,d);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),lookAt:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new x);a.lookAt(b);a.updateMatrix();this.applyMatrix(a.matrix)}}(),
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-void 0,h=void 0!==e.color?e.color.array:void 0,m=void 0!==e.uv?e.uv.array:void 0,k=void 0!==e.uv2?e.uv2.array:void 0;void 0!==k&&(this.faceVertexUvs[1]=[]);for(var l=[],p=[],n=[],u=e=0;e<f.length;e+=3,u+=2)c.vertices.push(new q(f[e],f[e+1],f[e+2])),void 0!==g&&l.push(new q(g[e],g[e+1],g[e+2])),void 0!==h&&c.colors.push(new J(h[e],h[e+1],h[e+2])),void 0!==m&&p.push(new D(m[u],m[u+1])),void 0!==k&&n.push(new D(k[u],k[u+1]));if(void 0!==d)if(f=a.groups,0<f.length)for(e=0;e<f.length;e++)for(var G=f[e],
-r=G.start,A=G.count,u=r,r=r+A;u<r;u+=3)b(d[u],d[u+1],d[u+2],G.materialIndex);else for(e=0;e<d.length;e+=3)b(d[e],d[e+1],d[e+2]);else for(e=0;e<f.length/3;e+=3)b(e,e+1,e+2);this.computeFaceNormals();null!==a.boundingBox&&(this.boundingBox=a.boundingBox.clone());null!==a.boundingSphere&&(this.boundingSphere=a.boundingSphere.clone());return this},center:function(){this.computeBoundingBox();var a=this.boundingBox.getCenter().negate();this.translate(a.x,a.y,a.z);return a},normalize:function(){this.computeBoundingSphere();
-var a=this.boundingSphere.center,b=this.boundingSphere.radius,b=0===b?1:1/b,c=new S;c.set(b,0,0,-b*a.x,0,b,0,-b*a.y,0,0,b,-b*a.z,0,0,0,1);this.applyMatrix(c);return this},computeFaceNormals:function(){for(var a=new q,b=new q,c=0,d=this.faces.length;c<d;c++){var e=this.faces[c],f=this.vertices[e.a],g=this.vertices[e.b];a.subVectors(this.vertices[e.c],g);b.subVectors(f,g);a.cross(b);a.normalize();e.normal.copy(a)}},computeVertexNormals:function(a){void 0===a&&(a=!0);var b,c,d;d=Array(this.vertices.length);
-b=0;for(c=this.vertices.length;b<c;b++)d[b]=new q;if(a){var e,f,g,h=new q,m=new q;a=0;for(b=this.faces.length;a<b;a++)c=this.faces[a],e=this.vertices[c.a],f=this.vertices[c.b],g=this.vertices[c.c],h.subVectors(g,f),m.subVectors(e,f),h.cross(m),d[c.a].add(h),d[c.b].add(h),d[c.c].add(h)}else for(this.computeFaceNormals(),a=0,b=this.faces.length;a<b;a++)c=this.faces[a],d[c.a].add(c.normal),d[c.b].add(c.normal),d[c.c].add(c.normal);b=0;for(c=this.vertices.length;b<c;b++)d[b].normalize();a=0;for(b=this.faces.length;a<
-b;a++)c=this.faces[a],e=c.vertexNormals,3===e.length?(e[0].copy(d[c.a]),e[1].copy(d[c.b]),e[2].copy(d[c.c])):(e[0]=d[c.a].clone(),e[1]=d[c.b].clone(),e[2]=d[c.c].clone());0<this.faces.length&&(this.normalsNeedUpdate=!0)},computeFlatVertexNormals:function(){var a,b,c;this.computeFaceNormals();a=0;for(b=this.faces.length;a<b;a++){c=this.faces[a];var d=c.vertexNormals;3===d.length?(d[0].copy(c.normal),d[1].copy(c.normal),d[2].copy(c.normal)):(d[0]=c.normal.clone(),d[1]=c.normal.clone(),d[2]=c.normal.clone())}0<
-this.faces.length&&(this.normalsNeedUpdate=!0)},computeMorphNormals:function(){var a,b,c,d,e;c=0;for(d=this.faces.length;c<d;c++)for(e=this.faces[c],e.__originalFaceNormal?e.__originalFaceNormal.copy(e.normal):e.__originalFaceNormal=e.normal.clone(),e.__originalVertexNormals||(e.__originalVertexNormals=[]),a=0,b=e.vertexNormals.length;a<b;a++)e.__originalVertexNormals[a]?e.__originalVertexNormals[a].copy(e.vertexNormals[a]):e.__originalVertexNormals[a]=e.vertexNormals[a].clone();var f=new T;f.faces=
-this.faces;a=0;for(b=this.morphTargets.length;a<b;a++){if(!this.morphNormals[a]){this.morphNormals[a]={};this.morphNormals[a].faceNormals=[];this.morphNormals[a].vertexNormals=[];e=this.morphNormals[a].faceNormals;var g=this.morphNormals[a].vertexNormals,h,m;c=0;for(d=this.faces.length;c<d;c++)h=new q,m={a:new q,b:new q,c:new q},e.push(h),g.push(m)}g=this.morphNormals[a];f.vertices=this.morphTargets[a].vertices;f.computeFaceNormals();f.computeVertexNormals();c=0;for(d=this.faces.length;c<d;c++)e=
-this.faces[c],h=g.faceNormals[c],m=g.vertexNormals[c],h.copy(e.normal),m.a.copy(e.vertexNormals[0]),m.b.copy(e.vertexNormals[1]),m.c.copy(e.vertexNormals[2])}c=0;for(d=this.faces.length;c<d;c++)e=this.faces[c],e.normal=e.__originalFaceNormal,e.vertexNormals=e.__originalVertexNormals},computeLineDistances:function(){for(var a=0,b=this.vertices,c=0,d=b.length;c<d;c++)0<c&&(a+=b[c].distanceTo(b[c-1])),this.lineDistances[c]=a},computeBoundingBox:function(){null===this.boundingBox&&(this.boundingBox=new Pa);
-this.boundingBox.setFromPoints(this.vertices)},computeBoundingSphere:function(){null===this.boundingSphere&&(this.boundingSphere=new Na);this.boundingSphere.setFromPoints(this.vertices)},merge:function(a,b,c){if(!1===(a&&a.isGeometry))console.error("THREE.Geometry.merge(): geometry not an instance of THREE.Geometry.",a);else{var d,e=this.vertices.length,f=this.vertices,g=a.vertices,h=this.faces,m=a.faces,k=this.faceVertexUvs[0],l=a.faceVertexUvs[0],p=this.colors,n=a.colors;void 0===c&&(c=0);void 0!==
-b&&(d=(new ya).getNormalMatrix(b));a=0;for(var u=g.length;a<u;a++){var q=g[a].clone();void 0!==b&&q.applyMatrix4(b);f.push(q)}a=0;for(u=n.length;a<u;a++)p.push(n[a].clone());a=0;for(u=m.length;a<u;a++){var g=m[a],r=g.vertexNormals,n=g.vertexColors,p=new ha(g.a+e,g.b+e,g.c+e);p.normal.copy(g.normal);void 0!==d&&p.normal.applyMatrix3(d).normalize();b=0;for(f=r.length;b<f;b++)q=r[b].clone(),void 0!==d&&q.applyMatrix3(d).normalize(),p.vertexNormals.push(q);p.color.copy(g.color);b=0;for(f=n.length;b<f;b++)q=
-n[b],p.vertexColors.push(q.clone());p.materialIndex=g.materialIndex+c;h.push(p)}a=0;for(u=l.length;a<u;a++)if(c=l[a],d=[],void 0!==c){b=0;for(f=c.length;b<f;b++)d.push(c[b].clone());k.push(d)}}},mergeMesh:function(a){!1===(a&&a.isMesh)?console.error("THREE.Geometry.mergeMesh(): mesh not an instance of THREE.Mesh.",a):(a.matrixAutoUpdate&&a.updateMatrix(),this.merge(a.geometry,a.matrix))},mergeVertices:function(){var a={},b=[],c=[],d,e=Math.pow(10,4),f,g;f=0;for(g=this.vertices.length;f<g;f++)d=this.vertices[f],
-d=Math.round(d.x*e)+"_"+Math.round(d.y*e)+"_"+Math.round(d.z*e),void 0===a[d]?(a[d]=f,b.push(this.vertices[f]),c[f]=b.length-1):c[f]=c[a[d]];a=[];f=0;for(g=this.faces.length;f<g;f++)for(e=this.faces[f],e.a=c[e.a],e.b=c[e.b],e.c=c[e.c],e=[e.a,e.b,e.c],d=0;3>d;d++)if(e[d]===e[(d+1)%3]){a.push(f);break}for(f=a.length-1;0<=f;f--)for(e=a[f],this.faces.splice(e,1),c=0,g=this.faceVertexUvs.length;c<g;c++)this.faceVertexUvs[c].splice(e,1);f=this.vertices.length-b.length;this.vertices=b;return f},sortFacesByMaterialIndex:function(){for(var a=
-this.faces,b=a.length,c=0;c<b;c++)a[c]._id=c;a.sort(function(a,b){return a.materialIndex-b.materialIndex});var d=this.faceVertexUvs[0],e=this.faceVertexUvs[1],f,g;d&&d.length===b&&(f=[]);e&&e.length===b&&(g=[]);for(c=0;c<b;c++){var h=a[c]._id;f&&f.push(d[h]);g&&g.push(e[h])}f&&(this.faceVertexUvs[0]=f);g&&(this.faceVertexUvs[1]=g)},toJSON:function(){function a(a,b,c){return c?a|1<<b:a&~(1<<b)}function b(a){var b=a.x.toString()+a.y.toString()+a.z.toString();if(void 0!==k[b])return k[b];k[b]=m.length/
-3;m.push(a.x,a.y,a.z);return k[b]}function c(a){var b=a.r.toString()+a.g.toString()+a.b.toString();if(void 0!==p[b])return p[b];p[b]=l.length;l.push(a.getHex());return p[b]}function d(a){var b=a.x.toString()+a.y.toString();if(void 0!==u[b])return u[b];u[b]=n.length/2;n.push(a.x,a.y);return u[b]}var e={metadata:{version:4.4,type:"Geometry",generator:"Geometry.toJSON"}};e.uuid=this.uuid;e.type=this.type;""!==this.name&&(e.name=this.name);if(void 0!==this.parameters){var f=this.parameters,g;for(g in f)void 0!==
-f[g]&&(e[g]=f[g]);return e}f=[];for(g=0;g<this.vertices.length;g++){var h=this.vertices[g];f.push(h.x,h.y,h.z)}var h=[],m=[],k={},l=[],p={},n=[],u={};for(g=0;g<this.faces.length;g++){var q=this.faces[g],r=void 0!==this.faceVertexUvs[0][g],A=0<q.normal.length(),w=0<q.vertexNormals.length,y=1!==q.color.r||1!==q.color.g||1!==q.color.b,K=0<q.vertexColors.length,v=0,v=a(v,0,0),v=a(v,1,!0),v=a(v,2,!1),v=a(v,3,r),v=a(v,4,A),v=a(v,5,w),v=a(v,6,y),v=a(v,7,K);h.push(v);h.push(q.a,q.b,q.c);h.push(q.materialIndex);
-r&&(r=this.faceVertexUvs[0][g],h.push(d(r[0]),d(r[1]),d(r[2])));A&&h.push(b(q.normal));w&&(A=q.vertexNormals,h.push(b(A[0]),b(A[1]),b(A[2])));y&&h.push(c(q.color));K&&(q=q.vertexColors,h.push(c(q[0]),c(q[1]),c(q[2])))}e.data={};e.data.vertices=f;e.data.normals=m;0<l.length&&(e.data.colors=l);0<n.length&&(e.data.uvs=[n]);e.data.faces=h;return e},clone:function(){return(new T).copy(this)},copy:function(a){var b,c,d,e,f,g;this.vertices=[];this.colors=[];this.faces=[];this.faceVertexUvs=[[]];this.morphTargets=
-[];this.morphNormals=[];this.skinWeights=[];this.skinIndices=[];this.lineDistances=[];this.boundingSphere=this.boundingBox=null;this.name=a.name;d=a.vertices;b=0;for(c=d.length;b<c;b++)this.vertices.push(d[b].clone());d=a.colors;b=0;for(c=d.length;b<c;b++)this.colors.push(d[b].clone());d=a.faces;b=0;for(c=d.length;b<c;b++)this.faces.push(d[b].clone());b=0;for(c=a.faceVertexUvs.length;b<c;b++){var h=a.faceVertexUvs[b];void 0===this.faceVertexUvs[b]&&(this.faceVertexUvs[b]=[]);d=0;for(e=h.length;d<
-e;d++){var m=h[d],k=[];f=0;for(g=m.length;f<g;f++)k.push(m[f].clone());this.faceVertexUvs[b].push(k)}}f=a.morphTargets;b=0;for(c=f.length;b<c;b++){g={};g.name=f[b].name;if(void 0!==f[b].vertices)for(g.vertices=[],d=0,e=f[b].vertices.length;d<e;d++)g.vertices.push(f[b].vertices[d].clone());if(void 0!==f[b].normals)for(g.normals=[],d=0,e=f[b].normals.length;d<e;d++)g.normals.push(f[b].normals[d].clone());this.morphTargets.push(g)}f=a.morphNormals;b=0;for(c=f.length;b<c;b++){g={};if(void 0!==f[b].vertexNormals)for(g.vertexNormals=
-[],d=0,e=f[b].vertexNormals.length;d<e;d++)h=f[b].vertexNormals[d],m={},m.a=h.a.clone(),m.b=h.b.clone(),m.c=h.c.clone(),g.vertexNormals.push(m);if(void 0!==f[b].faceNormals)for(g.faceNormals=[],d=0,e=f[b].faceNormals.length;d<e;d++)g.faceNormals.push(f[b].faceNormals[d].clone());this.morphNormals.push(g)}d=a.skinWeights;b=0;for(c=d.length;b<c;b++)this.skinWeights.push(d[b].clone());d=a.skinIndices;b=0;for(c=d.length;b<c;b++)this.skinIndices.push(d[b].clone());d=a.lineDistances;b=0;for(c=d.length;b<
-c;b++)this.lineDistances.push(d[b]);b=a.boundingBox;null!==b&&(this.boundingBox=b.clone());b=a.boundingSphere;null!==b&&(this.boundingSphere=b.clone());this.elementsNeedUpdate=a.elementsNeedUpdate;this.verticesNeedUpdate=a.verticesNeedUpdate;this.uvsNeedUpdate=a.uvsNeedUpdate;this.normalsNeedUpdate=a.normalsNeedUpdate;this.colorsNeedUpdate=a.colorsNeedUpdate;this.lineDistancesNeedUpdate=a.lineDistancesNeedUpdate;this.groupsNeedUpdate=a.groupsNeedUpdate;return this},dispose:function(){this.dispatchEvent({type:"dispose"})}};
-Object.assign(T.prototype,pa.prototype);I.prototype={constructor:I,isBufferGeometry:!0,getIndex:function(){return this.index},setIndex:function(a){Array.isArray(a)?this.index=new (65535<Ud(a)?jb:ib)(a,1):this.index=a},addAttribute:function(a,b,c){if(!1===(b&&b.isBufferAttribute)&&!1===(b&&b.isInterleavedBufferAttribute))console.warn("THREE.BufferGeometry: .addAttribute() now expects ( name, attribute )."),this.addAttribute(a,new U(b,c));else if("index"===a)console.warn("THREE.BufferGeometry.addAttribute: Use .setIndex() for index attribute."),
-this.setIndex(b);else return this.attributes[a]=b,this},getAttribute:function(a){return this.attributes[a]},removeAttribute:function(a){delete this.attributes[a];return this},addGroup:function(a,b,c){this.groups.push({start:a,count:b,materialIndex:void 0!==c?c:0})},clearGroups:function(){this.groups=[]},setDrawRange:function(a,b){this.drawRange.start=a;this.drawRange.count=b},applyMatrix:function(a){var b=this.attributes.position;void 0!==b&&(a.applyToBufferAttribute(b),b.needsUpdate=!0);b=this.attributes.normal;
-void 0!==b&&((new ya).getNormalMatrix(a).applyToBufferAttribute(b),b.needsUpdate=!0);null!==this.boundingBox&&this.computeBoundingBox();null!==this.boundingSphere&&this.computeBoundingSphere();return this},rotateX:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeRotationX(b);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),rotateY:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeRotationY(b);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),rotateZ:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===
-a&&(a=new S);a.makeRotationZ(b);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),translate:function(){var a;return function(b,c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeTranslation(b,c,d);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),scale:function(){var a;return function(b,c,d){void 0===a&&(a=new S);a.makeScale(b,c,d);this.applyMatrix(a);return this}}(),lookAt:function(){var a;return function(b){void 0===a&&(a=new x);a.lookAt(b);a.updateMatrix();this.applyMatrix(a.matrix)}}(),center:function(){this.computeBoundingBox();var a=this.boundingBox.getCenter().negate();
-this.translate(a.x,a.y,a.z);return a},setFromObject:function(a){var b=a.geometry;if(a.isPoints||a.isLine){a=new z(3*b.vertices.length,3);var c=new z(3*b.colors.length,3);this.addAttribute("position",a.copyVector3sArray(b.vertices));this.addAttribute("color",c.copyColorsArray(b.colors));b.lineDistances&&b.lineDistances.length===b.vertices.length&&(a=new z(b.lineDistances.length,1),this.addAttribute("lineDistance",a.copyArray(b.lineDistances)));null!==b.boundingSphere&&(this.boundingSphere=b.boundingSphere.clone());
-null!==b.boundingBox&&(this.boundingBox=b.boundingBox.clone())}else a.isMesh&&b&&b.isGeometry&&this.fromGeometry(b);return this},updateFromObject:function(a){var b=a.geometry;if(a.isMesh){var c=b.__directGeometry;!0===b.elementsNeedUpdate&&(c=void 0,b.elementsNeedUpdate=!1);if(void 0===c)return this.fromGeometry(b);c.verticesNeedUpdate=b.verticesNeedUpdate;c.normalsNeedUpdate=b.normalsNeedUpdate;c.colorsNeedUpdate=b.colorsNeedUpdate;c.uvsNeedUpdate=b.uvsNeedUpdate;c.groupsNeedUpdate=b.groupsNeedUpdate;
-b.verticesNeedUpdate=!1;b.normalsNeedUpdate=!1;b.colorsNeedUpdate=!1;b.uvsNeedUpdate=!1;b.groupsNeedUpdate=!1;b=c}!0===b.verticesNeedUpdate&&(c=this.attributes.position,void 0!==c&&(c.copyVector3sArray(b.vertices),c.needsUpdate=!0),b.verticesNeedUpdate=!1);!0===b.normalsNeedUpdate&&(c=this.attributes.normal,void 0!==c&&(c.copyVector3sArray(b.normals),c.needsUpdate=!0),b.normalsNeedUpdate=!1);!0===b.colorsNeedUpdate&&(c=this.attributes.color,void 0!==c&&(c.copyColorsArray(b.colors),c.needsUpdate=!0),
-b.colorsNeedUpdate=!1);b.uvsNeedUpdate&&(c=this.attributes.uv,void 0!==c&&(c.copyVector2sArray(b.uvs),c.needsUpdate=!0),b.uvsNeedUpdate=!1);b.lineDistancesNeedUpdate&&(c=this.attributes.lineDistance,void 0!==c&&(c.copyArray(b.lineDistances),c.needsUpdate=!0),b.lineDistancesNeedUpdate=!1);b.groupsNeedUpdate&&(b.computeGroups(a.geometry),this.groups=b.groups,b.groupsNeedUpdate=!1);return this},fromGeometry:function(a){a.__directGeometry=(new Me).fromGeometry(a);return this.fromDirectGeometry(a.__directGeometry)},
-fromDirectGeometry:function(a){var b=new Float32Array(3*a.vertices.length);this.addAttribute("position",(new U(b,3)).copyVector3sArray(a.vertices));0<a.normals.length&&(b=new Float32Array(3*a.normals.length),this.addAttribute("normal",(new U(b,3)).copyVector3sArray(a.normals)));0<a.colors.length&&(b=new Float32Array(3*a.colors.length),this.addAttribute("color",(new U(b,3)).copyColorsArray(a.colors)));0<a.uvs.length&&(b=new Float32Array(2*a.uvs.length),this.addAttribute("uv",(new U(b,2)).copyVector2sArray(a.uvs)));
-0<a.uvs2.length&&(b=new Float32Array(2*a.uvs2.length),this.addAttribute("uv2",(new U(b,2)).copyVector2sArray(a.uvs2)));0<a.indices.length&&(b=new (65535<Ud(a.indices)?Uint32Array:Uint16Array)(3*a.indices.length),this.setIndex((new U(b,1)).copyIndicesArray(a.indices)));this.groups=a.groups;for(var c in a.morphTargets){for(var b=[],d=a.morphTargets[c],e=0,f=d.length;e<f;e++){var g=d[e],h=new z(3*g.length,3);b.push(h.copyVector3sArray(g))}this.morphAttributes[c]=b}0<a.skinIndices.length&&(c=new z(4*
-a.skinIndices.length,4),this.addAttribute("skinIndex",c.copyVector4sArray(a.skinIndices)));0<a.skinWeights.length&&(c=new z(4*a.skinWeights.length,4),this.addAttribute("skinWeight",c.copyVector4sArray(a.skinWeights)));null!==a.boundingSphere&&(this.boundingSphere=a.boundingSphere.clone());null!==a.boundingBox&&(this.boundingBox=a.boundingBox.clone());return this},computeBoundingBox:function(){null===this.boundingBox&&(this.boundingBox=new Pa);var a=this.attributes.position;void 0!==a?this.boundingBox.setFromBufferAttribute(a):
-this.boundingBox.makeEmpty();(isNaN(this.boundingBox.min.x)||isNaN(this.boundingBox.min.y)||isNaN(this.boundingBox.min.z))&&console.error('THREE.BufferGeometry.computeBoundingBox: Computed min/max have NaN values. The "position" attribute is likely to have NaN values.',this)},computeBoundingSphere:function(){var a=new Pa,b=new q;return function(){null===this.boundingSphere&&(this.boundingSphere=new Na);var c=this.attributes.position;if(c){var d=this.boundingSphere.center;a.setFromBufferAttribute(c);
-a.getCenter(d);for(var e=0,f=0,g=c.count;f<g;f++)b.x=c.getX(f),b.y=c.getY(f),b.z=c.getZ(f),e=Math.max(e,d.distanceToSquared(b));this.boundingSphere.radius=Math.sqrt(e);isNaN(this.boundingSphere.radius)&&console.error('THREE.BufferGeometry.computeBoundingSphere(): Computed radius is NaN. The "position" attribute is likely to have NaN values.',this)}}}(),computeFaceNormals:function(){},computeVertexNormals:function(){var a=this.index,b=this.attributes,c=this.groups;if(b.position){var d=b.position.array;
-if(void 0===b.normal)this.addAttribute("normal",new U(new Float32Array(d.length),3));else for(var e=b.normal.array,f=0,g=e.length;f<g;f++)e[f]=0;var e=b.normal.array,h,m,k,l=new q,p=new q,n=new q,u=new q,G=new q;if(a){a=a.array;0===c.length&&this.addGroup(0,a.length);for(var r=0,A=c.length;r<A;++r)for(f=c[r],g=f.start,h=f.count,f=g,g+=h;f<g;f+=3)h=3*a[f+0],m=3*a[f+1],k=3*a[f+2],l.fromArray(d,h),p.fromArray(d,m),n.fromArray(d,k),u.subVectors(n,p),G.subVectors(l,p),u.cross(G),e[h]+=u.x,e[h+1]+=u.y,
-e[h+2]+=u.z,e[m]+=u.x,e[m+1]+=u.y,e[m+2]+=u.z,e[k]+=u.x,e[k+1]+=u.y,e[k+2]+=u.z}else for(f=0,g=d.length;f<g;f+=9)l.fromArray(d,f),p.fromArray(d,f+3),n.fromArray(d,f+6),u.subVectors(n,p),G.subVectors(l,p),u.cross(G),e[f]=u.x,e[f+1]=u.y,e[f+2]=u.z,e[f+3]=u.x,e[f+4]=u.y,e[f+5]=u.z,e[f+6]=u.x,e[f+7]=u.y,e[f+8]=u.z;this.normalizeNormals();b.normal.needsUpdate=!0}},merge:function(a,b){if(!1===(a&&a.isBufferGeometry))console.error("THREE.BufferGeometry.merge(): geometry not an instance of THREE.BufferGeometry.",
-a);else{void 0===b&&(b=0);var c=this.attributes,d;for(d in c)if(void 0!==a.attributes[d])for(var e=c[d].array,f=a.attributes[d],g=f.array,h=0,f=f.itemSize*b;h<g.length;h++,f++)e[f]=g[h];return this}},normalizeNormals:function(){for(var a=this.attributes.normal.array,b,c,d,e=0,f=a.length;e<f;e+=3)b=a[e],c=a[e+1],d=a[e+2],b=1/Math.sqrt(b*b+c*c+d*d),a[e]*=b,a[e+1]*=b,a[e+2]*=b},toNonIndexed:function(){if(null===this.index)return console.warn("THREE.BufferGeometry.toNonIndexed(): Geometry is already non-indexed."),
-this;var a=new I,b=this.index.array,c=this.attributes,d;for(d in c){for(var e=c[d],f=e.array,e=e.itemSize,g=new f.constructor(b.length*e),h,m=0,k=0,l=b.length;k<l;k++){h=b[k]*e;for(var p=0;p<e;p++)g[m++]=f[h++]}a.addAttribute(d,new U(g,e))}return a},toJSON:function(){var a={metadata:{version:4.4,type:"BufferGeometry",generator:"BufferGeometry.toJSON"}};a.uuid=this.uuid;a.type=this.type;""!==this.name&&(a.name=this.name);if(void 0!==this.parameters){var b=this.parameters,c;for(c in b)void 0!==b[c]&&
-(a[c]=b[c]);return a}a.data={attributes:{}};var d=this.index;null!==d&&(b=Array.prototype.slice.call(d.array),a.data.index={type:d.array.constructor.name,array:b});d=this.attributes;for(c in d){var e=d[c],b=Array.prototype.slice.call(e.array);a.data.attributes[c]={itemSize:e.itemSize,type:e.array.constructor.name,array:b,normalized:e.normalized}}c=this.groups;0<c.length&&(a.data.groups=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(c)));c=this.boundingSphere;null!==c&&(a.data.boundingSphere={center:c.center.toArray(),
-radius:c.radius});return a},clone:function(){return(new I).copy(this)},copy:function(a){var b,c,d;this.index=null;this.attributes={};this.morphAttributes={};this.groups=[];this.boundingSphere=this.boundingBox=null;this.name=a.name;c=a.index;null!==c&&this.setIndex(c.clone());c=a.attributes;for(b in c)this.addAttribute(b,c[b].clone());var e=a.morphAttributes;for(b in e){var f=[],g=e[b];c=0;for(d=g.length;c<d;c++)f.push(g[c].clone());this.morphAttributes[b]=f}b=a.groups;c=0;for(d=b.length;c<d;c++)e=
-b[c],this.addGroup(e.start,e.count,e.materialIndex);b=a.boundingBox;null!==b&&(this.boundingBox=b.clone());b=a.boundingSphere;null!==b&&(this.boundingSphere=b.clone());this.drawRange.start=a.drawRange.start;this.drawRange.count=a.drawRange.count;return this},dispose:function(){this.dispatchEvent({type:"dispose"})}};I.MaxIndex=65535;Object.assign(I.prototype,pa.prototype);Aa.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:Aa,isMesh:!0,setDrawMode:function(a){this.drawMode=a},copy:function(a){x.prototype.copy.call(this,
-a);this.drawMode=a.drawMode;return this},updateMorphTargets:function(){var a=this.geometry.morphTargets;if(void 0!==a&&0<a.length){this.morphTargetInfluences=[];this.morphTargetDictionary={};for(var b=0,c=a.length;b<c;b++)this.morphTargetInfluences.push(0),this.morphTargetDictionary[a[b].name]=b}},raycast:function(){function a(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){za.barycoordFromPoint(a,b,c,d,r);e.multiplyScalar(r.x);f.multiplyScalar(r.y);g.multiplyScalar(r.z);e.add(f).add(g);return e.clone()}function b(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){var h=
-a.material;if(null===(1===h.side?c.intersectTriangle(f,e,d,!0,g):c.intersectTriangle(d,e,f,2!==h.side,g)))return null;w.copy(g);w.applyMatrix4(a.matrixWorld);c=b.ray.origin.distanceTo(w);return c<b.near||c>b.far?null:{distance:c,point:w.clone(),object:a}}function c(c,d,e,f,k,l,p,t){g.fromBufferAttribute(f,l);h.fromBufferAttribute(f,p);m.fromBufferAttribute(f,t);if(c=b(c,d,e,g,h,m,A))k&&(n.fromBufferAttribute(k,l),u.fromBufferAttribute(k,p),G.fromBufferAttribute(k,t),c.uv=a(A,g,h,m,n,u,G)),c.face=
-new ha(l,p,t,za.normal(g,h,m)),c.faceIndex=l;return c}var d=new S,e=new cb,f=new Na,g=new q,h=new q,m=new q,k=new q,l=new q,p=new q,n=new D,u=new D,G=new D,r=new q,A=new q,w=new q;return function(q,r){var v=this.geometry,w=this.material,L=this.matrixWorld;if(void 0!==w&&(null===v.boundingSphere&&v.computeBoundingSphere(),f.copy(v.boundingSphere),f.applyMatrix4(L),!1!==q.ray.intersectsSphere(f)&&(d.getInverse(L),e.copy(q.ray).applyMatrix4(d),null===v.boundingBox||!1!==e.intersectsBox(v.boundingBox)))){var C;
-if(v.isBufferGeometry){var F,x,w=v.index,H=v.attributes.position,L=v.attributes.uv,D,z;if(null!==w)for(D=0,z=w.count;D<z;D+=3){if(v=w.getX(D),F=w.getX(D+1),x=w.getX(D+2),C=c(this,q,e,H,L,v,F,x))C.faceIndex=Math.floor(D/3),r.push(C)}else for(D=0,z=H.count;D<z;D+=3)if(v=D,F=D+1,x=D+2,C=c(this,q,e,H,L,v,F,x))C.index=v,r.push(C)}else if(v.isGeometry){var J,I,L=w&&w.isMultiMaterial;D=!0===L?w.materials:null;z=v.vertices;F=v.faces;x=v.faceVertexUvs[0];0<x.length&&(H=x);for(var Q=0,M=F.length;Q<M;Q++){var O=
-F[Q];C=!0===L?D[O.materialIndex]:w;if(void 0!==C){x=z[O.a];J=z[O.b];I=z[O.c];if(!0===C.morphTargets){C=v.morphTargets;var P=this.morphTargetInfluences;g.set(0,0,0);h.set(0,0,0);m.set(0,0,0);for(var T=0,W=C.length;T<W;T++){var S=P[T];if(0!==S){var R=C[T].vertices;g.addScaledVector(k.subVectors(R[O.a],x),S);h.addScaledVector(l.subVectors(R[O.b],J),S);m.addScaledVector(p.subVectors(R[O.c],I),S)}}g.add(x);h.add(J);m.add(I);x=g;J=h;I=m}if(C=b(this,q,e,x,J,I,A))H&&(P=H[Q],n.copy(P[0]),u.copy(P[1]),G.copy(P[2]),
-C.uv=a(A,x,J,I,n,u,G)),C.face=O,C.faceIndex=Q,r.push(C)}}}}}}(),clone:function(){return(new this.constructor(this.geometry,this.material)).copy(this)}});Ib.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Ib.prototype.constructor=Ib;kb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);kb.prototype.constructor=kb;Ac.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Ac.prototype.constructor=Ac;lb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);lb.prototype.constructor=lb;ra.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);ra.prototype.constructor=ra;ra.prototype.isCamera=
-!0;ra.prototype.getWorldDirection=function(){var a=new ca;return function(b){b=b||new q;this.getWorldQuaternion(a);return b.set(0,0,-1).applyQuaternion(a)}}();ra.prototype.lookAt=function(){var a=new S;return function(b){a.lookAt(this.position,b,this.up);this.quaternion.setFromRotationMatrix(a)}}();ra.prototype.clone=function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)};ra.prototype.copy=function(a){x.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.matrixWorldInverse.copy(a.matrixWorldInverse);this.projectionMatrix.copy(a.projectionMatrix);
-return this};Fa.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ra.prototype),{constructor:Fa,isPerspectiveCamera:!0,copy:function(a){ra.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.fov=a.fov;this.zoom=a.zoom;this.near=a.near;this.far=a.far;this.focus=a.focus;this.aspect=a.aspect;this.view=null===a.view?null:Object.assign({},a.view);this.filmGauge=a.filmGauge;this.filmOffset=a.filmOffset;return this},setFocalLength:function(a){a=.5*this.getFilmHeight()/a;this.fov=2*N.RAD2DEG*Math.atan(a);this.updateProjectionMatrix()},
-getFocalLength:function(){var a=Math.tan(.5*N.DEG2RAD*this.fov);return.5*this.getFilmHeight()/a},getEffectiveFOV:function(){return 2*N.RAD2DEG*Math.atan(Math.tan(.5*N.DEG2RAD*this.fov)/this.zoom)},getFilmWidth:function(){return this.filmGauge*Math.min(this.aspect,1)},getFilmHeight:function(){return this.filmGauge/Math.max(this.aspect,1)},setViewOffset:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.aspect=a/b;this.view={fullWidth:a,fullHeight:b,offsetX:c,offsetY:d,width:e,height:f};this.updateProjectionMatrix()},clearViewOffset:function(){this.view=
-null;this.updateProjectionMatrix()},updateProjectionMatrix:function(){var a=this.near,b=a*Math.tan(.5*N.DEG2RAD*this.fov)/this.zoom,c=2*b,d=this.aspect*c,e=-.5*d,f=this.view;if(null!==f)var g=f.fullWidth,h=f.fullHeight,e=e+f.offsetX*d/g,b=b-f.offsetY*c/h,d=f.width/g*d,c=f.height/h*c;f=this.filmOffset;0!==f&&(e+=a*f/this.getFilmWidth());this.projectionMatrix.makePerspective(e,e+d,b,b-c,a,this.far)},toJSON:function(a){a=x.prototype.toJSON.call(this,a);a.object.fov=this.fov;a.object.zoom=this.zoom;a.object.near=
-this.near;a.object.far=this.far;a.object.focus=this.focus;a.object.aspect=this.aspect;null!==this.view&&(a.object.view=Object.assign({},this.view));a.object.filmGauge=this.filmGauge;a.object.filmOffset=this.filmOffset;return a}});Jb.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ra.prototype),{constructor:Jb,isOrthographicCamera:!0,copy:function(a){ra.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.left=a.left;this.right=a.right;this.top=a.top;this.bottom=a.bottom;this.near=a.near;this.far=a.far;this.zoom=a.zoom;this.view=
-null===a.view?null:Object.assign({},a.view);return this},setViewOffset:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.view={fullWidth:a,fullHeight:b,offsetX:c,offsetY:d,width:e,height:f};this.updateProjectionMatrix()},clearViewOffset:function(){this.view=null;this.updateProjectionMatrix()},updateProjectionMatrix:function(){var a=(this.right-this.left)/(2*this.zoom),b=(this.top-this.bottom)/(2*this.zoom),c=(this.right+this.left)/2,d=(this.top+this.bottom)/2,e=c-a,c=c+a,a=d+b,b=d-b;if(null!==this.view)var c=this.zoom/
-(this.view.width/this.view.fullWidth),b=this.zoom/(this.view.height/this.view.fullHeight),f=(this.right-this.left)/this.view.width,d=(this.top-this.bottom)/this.view.height,e=e+this.view.offsetX/c*f,c=e+this.view.width/c*f,a=a-this.view.offsetY/b*d,b=a-this.view.height/b*d;this.projectionMatrix.makeOrthographic(e,c,a,b,this.near,this.far)},toJSON:function(a){a=x.prototype.toJSON.call(this,a);a.object.zoom=this.zoom;a.object.left=this.left;a.object.right=this.right;a.object.top=this.top;a.object.bottom=
-this.bottom;a.object.near=this.near;a.object.far=this.far;null!==this.view&&(a.object.view=Object.assign({},this.view));return a}});var Lf=0;Kb.prototype.isFogExp2=!0;Kb.prototype.clone=function(){return new Kb(this.color.getHex(),this.density)};Kb.prototype.toJSON=function(a){return{type:"FogExp2",color:this.color.getHex(),density:this.density}};Lb.prototype.isFog=!0;Lb.prototype.clone=function(){return new Lb(this.color.getHex(),this.near,this.far)};Lb.prototype.toJSON=function(a){return{type:"Fog",
-color:this.color.getHex(),near:this.near,far:this.far}};mb.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);mb.prototype.constructor=mb;mb.prototype.copy=function(a,b){x.prototype.copy.call(this,a,b);null!==a.background&&(this.background=a.background.clone());null!==a.fog&&(this.fog=a.fog.clone());null!==a.overrideMaterial&&(this.overrideMaterial=a.overrideMaterial.clone());this.autoUpdate=a.autoUpdate;this.matrixAutoUpdate=a.matrixAutoUpdate;return this};mb.prototype.toJSON=function(a){var b=x.prototype.toJSON.call(this,
-a);null!==this.background&&(b.object.background=this.background.toJSON(a));null!==this.fog&&(b.object.fog=this.fog.toJSON());return b};Zd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:Zd,isLensFlare:!0,copy:function(a){x.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.positionScreen.copy(a.positionScreen);this.customUpdateCallback=a.customUpdateCallback;for(var b=0,c=a.lensFlares.length;b<c;b++)this.lensFlares.push(a.lensFlares[b]);return this},add:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){void 0===b&&(b=-1);void 0===
-c&&(c=0);void 0===f&&(f=1);void 0===e&&(e=new J(16777215));void 0===d&&(d=1);c=Math.min(c,Math.max(0,c));this.lensFlares.push({texture:a,size:b,distance:c,x:0,y:0,z:0,scale:1,rotation:0,opacity:f,color:e,blending:d})},updateLensFlares:function(){var a,b=this.lensFlares.length,c,d=2*-this.positionScreen.x,e=2*-this.positionScreen.y;for(a=0;a<b;a++)c=this.lensFlares[a],c.x=this.positionScreen.x+d*c.distance,c.y=this.positionScreen.y+e*c.distance,c.wantedRotation=c.x*Math.PI*.25,c.rotation+=.25*(c.wantedRotation-
-c.rotation)}});nb.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);nb.prototype.constructor=nb;nb.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.map=a.map;this.rotation=a.rotation;return this};Dc.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:Dc,isSprite:!0,raycast:function(){var a=new q;return function(b,c){a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.matrixWorld);var d=b.ray.distanceSqToPoint(a);d>this.scale.x*this.scale.y/4||c.push({distance:Math.sqrt(d),point:this.position,
-face:null,object:this})}}(),clone:function(){return(new this.constructor(this.material)).copy(this)}});Ec.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:Ec,copy:function(a){x.prototype.copy.call(this,a,!1);a=a.levels;for(var b=0,c=a.length;b<c;b++){var d=a[b];this.addLevel(d.object.clone(),d.distance)}return this},addLevel:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);b=Math.abs(b);for(var c=this.levels,d=0;d<c.length&&!(b<c[d].distance);d++);c.splice(d,0,{distance:b,object:a});this.add(a)},getObjectForDistance:function(a){for(var b=
-this.levels,c=1,d=b.length;c<d&&!(a<b[c].distance);c++);return b[c-1].object},raycast:function(){var a=new q;return function(b,c){a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.matrixWorld);var d=b.ray.origin.distanceTo(a);this.getObjectForDistance(d).raycast(b,c)}}(),update:function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(c){var d=this.levels;if(1<d.length){a.setFromMatrixPosition(c.matrixWorld);b.setFromMatrixPosition(this.matrixWorld);c=a.distanceTo(b);d[0].object.visible=!0;for(var e=1,f=d.length;e<f;e++)if(c>=d[e].distance)d[e-
-1].object.visible=!1,d[e].object.visible=!0;else break;for(;e<f;e++)d[e].object.visible=!1}}}(),toJSON:function(a){a=x.prototype.toJSON.call(this,a);a.object.levels=[];for(var b=this.levels,c=0,d=b.length;c<d;c++){var e=b[c];a.object.levels.push({object:e.object.uuid,distance:e.distance})}return a}});Object.assign(od.prototype,{calculateInverses:function(){this.boneInverses=[];for(var a=0,b=this.bones.length;a<b;a++){var c=new S;this.bones[a]&&c.getInverse(this.bones[a].matrixWorld);this.boneInverses.push(c)}},
-pose:function(){for(var a,b=0,c=this.bones.length;b<c;b++)(a=this.bones[b])&&a.matrixWorld.getInverse(this.boneInverses[b]);b=0;for(c=this.bones.length;b<c;b++)if(a=this.bones[b])a.parent&&a.parent.isBone?(a.matrix.getInverse(a.parent.matrixWorld),a.matrix.multiply(a.matrixWorld)):a.matrix.copy(a.matrixWorld),a.matrix.decompose(a.position,a.quaternion,a.scale)},update:function(){var a=new S;return function(){for(var b=0,c=this.bones.length;b<c;b++)a.multiplyMatrices(this.bones[b]?this.bones[b].matrixWorld:
-this.identityMatrix,this.boneInverses[b]),a.toArray(this.boneMatrices,16*b);this.useVertexTexture&&(this.boneTexture.needsUpdate=!0)}}(),clone:function(){return new od(this.bones,this.boneInverses,this.useVertexTexture)}});pd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:pd,isBone:!0});qd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Aa.prototype),{constructor:qd,isSkinnedMesh:!0,bind:function(a,b){this.skeleton=a;void 0===b&&(this.updateMatrixWorld(!0),this.skeleton.calculateInverses(),
-b=this.matrixWorld);this.bindMatrix.copy(b);this.bindMatrixInverse.getInverse(b)},pose:function(){this.skeleton.pose()},normalizeSkinWeights:function(){if(this.geometry&&this.geometry.isGeometry)for(var a=0;a<this.geometry.skinWeights.length;a++){var b=this.geometry.skinWeights[a],c=1/b.lengthManhattan();Infinity!==c?b.multiplyScalar(c):b.set(1,0,0,0)}else if(this.geometry&&this.geometry.isBufferGeometry)for(var b=new fa,d=this.geometry.attributes.skinWeight,a=0;a<d.count;a++)b.x=d.getX(a),b.y=d.getY(a),
-b.z=d.getZ(a),b.w=d.getW(a),c=1/b.lengthManhattan(),Infinity!==c?b.multiplyScalar(c):b.set(1,0,0,0),d.setXYZW(a,b.x,b.y,b.z,b.w)},updateMatrixWorld:function(a){Aa.prototype.updateMatrixWorld.call(this,!0);"attached"===this.bindMode?this.bindMatrixInverse.getInverse(this.matrixWorld):"detached"===this.bindMode?this.bindMatrixInverse.getInverse(this.bindMatrix):console.warn("THREE.SkinnedMesh unrecognized bindMode: "+this.bindMode)},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor(this.geometry,this.material,
-this.skeleton.useVertexTexture)).copy(this)}});ia.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);ia.prototype.constructor=ia;ia.prototype.isLineBasicMaterial=!0;ia.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.linewidth=a.linewidth;this.linecap=a.linecap;this.linejoin=a.linejoin;return this};Ua.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:Ua,isLine:!0,raycast:function(){var a=new S,b=new cb,c=new Na;return function(d,e){var f=d.linePrecision,f=f*f,
-g=this.geometry,h=this.matrixWorld;null===g.boundingSphere&&g.computeBoundingSphere();c.copy(g.boundingSphere);c.applyMatrix4(h);if(!1!==d.ray.intersectsSphere(c)){a.getInverse(h);b.copy(d.ray).applyMatrix4(a);var m=new q,k=new q,h=new q,l=new q,p=this&&this.isLineSegments?2:1;if(g.isBufferGeometry){var n=g.index,u=g.attributes.position.array;if(null!==n)for(var n=n.array,g=0,G=n.length-1;g<G;g+=p){var r=n[g+1];m.fromArray(u,3*n[g]);k.fromArray(u,3*r);r=b.distanceSqToSegment(m,k,l,h);r>f||(l.applyMatrix4(this.matrixWorld),
-r=d.ray.origin.distanceTo(l),r<d.near||r>d.far||e.push({distance:r,point:h.clone().applyMatrix4(this.matrixWorld),index:g,face:null,faceIndex:null,object:this}))}else for(g=0,G=u.length/3-1;g<G;g+=p)m.fromArray(u,3*g),k.fromArray(u,3*g+3),r=b.distanceSqToSegment(m,k,l,h),r>f||(l.applyMatrix4(this.matrixWorld),r=d.ray.origin.distanceTo(l),r<d.near||r>d.far||e.push({distance:r,point:h.clone().applyMatrix4(this.matrixWorld),index:g,face:null,faceIndex:null,object:this}))}else if(g.isGeometry)for(m=g.vertices,
-k=m.length,g=0;g<k-1;g+=p)r=b.distanceSqToSegment(m[g],m[g+1],l,h),r>f||(l.applyMatrix4(this.matrixWorld),r=d.ray.origin.distanceTo(l),r<d.near||r>d.far||e.push({distance:r,point:h.clone().applyMatrix4(this.matrixWorld),index:g,face:null,faceIndex:null,object:this}))}}}(),clone:function(){return(new this.constructor(this.geometry,this.material)).copy(this)}});ga.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Ua.prototype),{constructor:ga,isLineSegments:!0});Oa.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);Oa.prototype.constructor=
-Oa;Oa.prototype.isPointsMaterial=!0;Oa.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.map=a.map;this.size=a.size;this.sizeAttenuation=a.sizeAttenuation;return this};Mb.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:Mb,isPoints:!0,raycast:function(){var a=new S,b=new cb,c=new Na;return function(d,e){function f(a,c){var f=b.distanceSqToPoint(a);if(f<l){var h=b.closestPointToPoint(a);h.applyMatrix4(m);var k=d.ray.origin.distanceTo(h);k<d.near||
-k>d.far||e.push({distance:k,distanceToRay:Math.sqrt(f),point:h.clone(),index:c,face:null,object:g})}}var g=this,h=this.geometry,m=this.matrixWorld,k=d.params.Points.threshold;null===h.boundingSphere&&h.computeBoundingSphere();c.copy(h.boundingSphere);c.applyMatrix4(m);if(!1!==d.ray.intersectsSphere(c)){a.getInverse(m);b.copy(d.ray).applyMatrix4(a);var k=k/((this.scale.x+this.scale.y+this.scale.z)/3),l=k*k,k=new q;if(h.isBufferGeometry){var p=h.index,h=h.attributes.position.array;if(null!==p)for(var n=
-p.array,p=0,u=n.length;p<u;p++){var G=n[p];k.fromArray(h,3*G);f(k,G)}else for(p=0,n=h.length/3;p<n;p++)k.fromArray(h,3*p),f(k,p)}else for(k=h.vertices,p=0,n=k.length;p<n;p++)f(k[p],p)}}}(),clone:function(){return(new this.constructor(this.geometry,this.material)).copy(this)}});Fc.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:Fc});rd.prototype=Object.create(ea.prototype);rd.prototype.constructor=rd;Nb.prototype=Object.create(ea.prototype);Nb.prototype.constructor=Nb;Nb.prototype.isCompressedTexture=
-!0;sd.prototype=Object.create(ea.prototype);sd.prototype.constructor=sd;Gc.prototype=Object.create(ea.prototype);Gc.prototype.constructor=Gc;Gc.prototype.isDepthTexture=!0;Ob.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Ob.prototype.constructor=Ob;Hc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Hc.prototype.constructor=Hc;Pb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Pb.prototype.constructor=Pb;Ic.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Ic.prototype.constructor=Ic;Ba.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Ba.prototype.constructor=
-Ba;Jc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Jc.prototype.constructor=Jc;Qb.prototype=Object.create(Ba.prototype);Qb.prototype.constructor=Qb;Kc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Kc.prototype.constructor=Kc;ob.prototype=Object.create(Ba.prototype);ob.prototype.constructor=ob;Lc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Lc.prototype.constructor=Lc;Rb.prototype=Object.create(Ba.prototype);Rb.prototype.constructor=Rb;Mc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Mc.prototype.constructor=Mc;Sb.prototype=Object.create(Ba.prototype);
-Sb.prototype.constructor=Sb;Nc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Nc.prototype.constructor=Nc;Tb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Tb.prototype.constructor=Tb;Oc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Oc.prototype.constructor=Oc;Ub.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Ub.prototype.constructor=Ub;Pc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Pc.prototype.constructor=Pc;Vb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Vb.prototype.constructor=Vb;var Ia={area:function(a){for(var b=a.length,c=0,d=b-1,e=0;e<b;d=e++)c+=
-a[d].x*a[e].y-a[e].x*a[d].y;return.5*c},triangulate:function(){return function(a,b){var c=a.length;if(3>c)return null;var d=[],e=[],f=[],g,h,m;if(0<Ia.area(a))for(h=0;h<c;h++)e[h]=h;else for(h=0;h<c;h++)e[h]=c-1-h;var k=2*c;for(h=c-1;2<c;){if(0>=k--){console.warn("THREE.ShapeUtils: Unable to triangulate polygon! in triangulate()");break}g=h;c<=g&&(g=0);h=g+1;c<=h&&(h=0);m=h+1;c<=m&&(m=0);var l;a:{var p,n,q,G,r,A,w,y;p=a[e[g]].x;n=a[e[g]].y;q=a[e[h]].x;G=a[e[h]].y;r=a[e[m]].x;A=a[e[m]].y;if(0>=(q-
-p)*(A-n)-(G-n)*(r-p))l=!1;else{var K,v,E,x,C,F,D,H,z,J;K=r-q;v=A-G;E=p-r;x=n-A;C=q-p;F=G-n;for(l=0;l<c;l++)if(w=a[e[l]].x,y=a[e[l]].y,!(w===p&&y===n||w===q&&y===G||w===r&&y===A)&&(D=w-p,H=y-n,z=w-q,J=y-G,w-=r,y-=A,z=K*J-v*z,D=C*H-F*D,H=E*y-x*w,z>=-Number.EPSILON&&H>=-Number.EPSILON&&D>=-Number.EPSILON)){l=!1;break a}l=!0}}if(l){d.push([a[e[g]],a[e[h]],a[e[m]]]);f.push([e[g],e[h],e[m]]);g=h;for(m=h+1;m<c;g++,m++)e[g]=e[m];c--;k=2*c}}return b?f:d}}(),triangulateShape:function(a,b){function c(a){var b=
-a.length;2<b&&a[b-1].equals(a[0])&&a.pop()}function d(a,b,c){return a.x!==b.x?a.x<b.x?a.x<=c.x&&c.x<=b.x:b.x<=c.x&&c.x<=a.x:a.y<b.y?a.y<=c.y&&c.y<=b.y:b.y<=c.y&&c.y<=a.y}function e(a,b,c,e,f){var g=b.x-a.x,h=b.y-a.y,k=e.x-c.x,m=e.y-c.y,l=a.x-c.x,n=a.y-c.y,p=h*k-g*m,t=h*l-g*n;if(Math.abs(p)>Number.EPSILON){if(0<p){if(0>t||t>p)return[];k=m*l-k*n;if(0>k||k>p)return[]}else{if(0<t||t<p)return[];k=m*l-k*n;if(0<k||k<p)return[]}if(0===k)return!f||0!==t&&t!==p?[a]:[];if(k===p)return!f||0!==t&&t!==p?[b]:[];
-if(0===t)return[c];if(t===p)return[e];f=k/p;return[{x:a.x+f*g,y:a.y+f*h}]}if(0!==t||m*l!==k*n)return[];h=0===g&&0===h;k=0===k&&0===m;if(h&&k)return a.x!==c.x||a.y!==c.y?[]:[a];if(h)return d(c,e,a)?[a]:[];if(k)return d(a,b,c)?[c]:[];0!==g?(a.x<b.x?(g=a,k=a.x,h=b,a=b.x):(g=b,k=b.x,h=a,a=a.x),c.x<e.x?(b=c,p=c.x,m=e,c=e.x):(b=e,p=e.x,m=c,c=c.x)):(a.y<b.y?(g=a,k=a.y,h=b,a=b.y):(g=b,k=b.y,h=a,a=a.y),c.y<e.y?(b=c,p=c.y,m=e,c=e.y):(b=e,p=e.y,m=c,c=c.y));return k<=p?a<p?[]:a===p?f?[]:[b]:a<=c?[b,h]:[b,m]:
-k>c?[]:k===c?f?[]:[g]:a<=c?[g,h]:[g,m]}function f(a,b,c,d){var e=b.x-a.x,f=b.y-a.y;b=c.x-a.x;c=c.y-a.y;var g=d.x-a.x;d=d.y-a.y;a=e*c-f*b;e=e*d-f*g;return Math.abs(a)>Number.EPSILON?(b=g*c-d*b,0<a?0<=e&&0<=b:0<=e||0<=b):0<e}c(a);b.forEach(c);var g,h,m,k,l,p={};m=a.concat();g=0;for(h=b.length;g<h;g++)Array.prototype.push.apply(m,b[g]);g=0;for(h=m.length;g<h;g++)l=m[g].x+":"+m[g].y,void 0!==p[l]&&console.warn("THREE.ShapeUtils: Duplicate point",l,g),p[l]=g;g=function(a,b){function c(a,b){var d=h.length-
-1,e=a-1;0>e&&(e=d);var g=a+1;g>d&&(g=0);d=f(h[a],h[e],h[g],k[b]);if(!d)return!1;d=k.length-1;e=b-1;0>e&&(e=d);g=b+1;g>d&&(g=0);return(d=f(k[b],k[e],k[g],h[a]))?!0:!1}function d(a,b){var c,f;for(c=0;c<h.length;c++)if(f=c+1,f%=h.length,f=e(a,b,h[c],h[f],!0),0<f.length)return!0;return!1}function g(a,c){var d,f,h,k;for(d=0;d<m.length;d++)for(f=b[m[d]],h=0;h<f.length;h++)if(k=h+1,k%=f.length,k=e(a,c,f[h],f[k],!0),0<k.length)return!0;return!1}var h=a.concat(),k,m=[],l,n,p,t,q,x=[],D,z,J,I=0;for(l=b.length;I<
-l;I++)m.push(I);D=0;for(var Q=2*m.length;0<m.length;){Q--;if(0>Q){console.log("Infinite Loop! Holes left:"+m.length+", Probably Hole outside Shape!");break}for(n=D;n<h.length;n++){p=h[n];l=-1;for(I=0;I<m.length;I++)if(t=m[I],q=p.x+":"+p.y+":"+t,void 0===x[q]){k=b[t];for(z=0;z<k.length;z++)if(t=k[z],c(n,z)&&!d(p,t)&&!g(p,t)){l=z;m.splice(I,1);D=h.slice(0,n+1);t=h.slice(n);z=k.slice(l);J=k.slice(0,l+1);h=D.concat(z).concat(J).concat(t);D=n;break}if(0<=l)break;x[q]=!0}if(0<=l)break}}return h}(a,b);var n=
-Ia.triangulate(g,!1);g=0;for(h=n.length;g<h;g++)for(k=n[g],m=0;3>m;m++)l=k[m].x+":"+k[m].y,l=p[l],void 0!==l&&(k[m]=l);return n.concat()},isClockWise:function(a){return 0>Ia.area(a)}};La.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);La.prototype.constructor=La;La.prototype.addShapeList=function(a,b){for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++)this.addShape(a[d],b)};La.prototype.addShape=function(a,b){function c(a,b,c){b||console.error("THREE.ExtrudeGeometry: vec does not exist");return b.clone().multiplyScalar(c).add(a)}
-function d(a,b,c){var d,e,f;e=a.x-b.x;f=a.y-b.y;d=c.x-a.x;var g=c.y-a.y,h=e*e+f*f;if(Math.abs(e*g-f*d)>Number.EPSILON){var k=Math.sqrt(h),m=Math.sqrt(d*d+g*g),h=b.x-f/k;b=b.y+e/k;g=((c.x-g/m-h)*g-(c.y+d/m-b)*d)/(e*g-f*d);d=h+e*g-a.x;e=b+f*g-a.y;f=d*d+e*e;if(2>=f)return new D(d,e);f=Math.sqrt(f/2)}else a=!1,e>Number.EPSILON?d>Number.EPSILON&&(a=!0):e<-Number.EPSILON?d<-Number.EPSILON&&(a=!0):Math.sign(f)===Math.sign(g)&&(a=!0),a?(d=-f,f=Math.sqrt(h)):(d=e,e=f,f=Math.sqrt(h/2));return new D(d/f,e/f)}
-function e(a,b){var c,d;for(R=a.length;0<=--R;){c=R;d=R-1;0>d&&(d=a.length-1);var e,f=u+2*l;for(e=0;e<f;e++){var g=U*e,h=U*(e+1),k=b+c+g,g=b+d+g,m=b+d+h,h=b+c+h,k=k+H,g=g+H,m=m+H,h=h+H;J.faces.push(new ha(k,g,h,null,null,1));J.faces.push(new ha(g,m,h,null,null,1));k=w.generateSideWallUV(J,k,g,m,h);J.faceVertexUvs[0].push([k[0],k[1],k[3]]);J.faceVertexUvs[0].push([k[1],k[2],k[3]])}}}function f(a,b,c){J.vertices.push(new q(a,b,c))}function g(a,b,c){a+=H;b+=H;c+=H;J.faces.push(new ha(a,b,c,null,null,
-0));a=w.generateTopUV(J,a,b,c);J.faceVertexUvs[0].push(a)}var h=void 0!==b.amount?b.amount:100,m=void 0!==b.bevelThickness?b.bevelThickness:6,k=void 0!==b.bevelSize?b.bevelSize:m-2,l=void 0!==b.bevelSegments?b.bevelSegments:3,p=void 0!==b.bevelEnabled?b.bevelEnabled:!0,n=void 0!==b.curveSegments?b.curveSegments:12,u=void 0!==b.steps?b.steps:1,G=b.extrudePath,r,A=!1,w=void 0!==b.UVGenerator?b.UVGenerator:La.WorldUVGenerator,y,x,v,E;G&&(r=G.getSpacedPoints(u),A=!0,p=!1,y=void 0!==b.frames?b.frames:
-G.computeFrenetFrames(u,!1),x=new q,v=new q,E=new q);p||(k=m=l=0);var z,C,F,J=this,H=this.vertices.length,G=a.extractPoints(n),n=G.shape,I=G.holes;if(G=!Ia.isClockWise(n)){n=n.reverse();C=0;for(F=I.length;C<F;C++)z=I[C],Ia.isClockWise(z)&&(I[C]=z.reverse());G=!1}var T=Ia.triangulateShape(n,I),S=n;C=0;for(F=I.length;C<F;C++)z=I[C],n=n.concat(z);var N,Q,M,O,P,U=n.length,W,V=T.length,G=[],R=0;M=S.length;N=M-1;for(Q=R+1;R<M;R++,N++,Q++)N===M&&(N=0),Q===M&&(Q=0),G[R]=d(S[R],S[N],S[Q]);var X=[],Z,ca=G.concat();
-C=0;for(F=I.length;C<F;C++){z=I[C];Z=[];R=0;M=z.length;N=M-1;for(Q=R+1;R<M;R++,N++,Q++)N===M&&(N=0),Q===M&&(Q=0),Z[R]=d(z[R],z[N],z[Q]);X.push(Z);ca=ca.concat(Z)}for(N=0;N<l;N++){M=N/l;O=m*Math.cos(M*Math.PI/2);Q=k*Math.sin(M*Math.PI/2);R=0;for(M=S.length;R<M;R++)P=c(S[R],G[R],Q),f(P.x,P.y,-O);C=0;for(F=I.length;C<F;C++)for(z=I[C],Z=X[C],R=0,M=z.length;R<M;R++)P=c(z[R],Z[R],Q),f(P.x,P.y,-O)}Q=k;for(R=0;R<U;R++)P=p?c(n[R],ca[R],Q):n[R],A?(v.copy(y.normals[0]).multiplyScalar(P.x),x.copy(y.binormals[0]).multiplyScalar(P.y),
-E.copy(r[0]).add(v).add(x),f(E.x,E.y,E.z)):f(P.x,P.y,0);for(M=1;M<=u;M++)for(R=0;R<U;R++)P=p?c(n[R],ca[R],Q):n[R],A?(v.copy(y.normals[M]).multiplyScalar(P.x),x.copy(y.binormals[M]).multiplyScalar(P.y),E.copy(r[M]).add(v).add(x),f(E.x,E.y,E.z)):f(P.x,P.y,h/u*M);for(N=l-1;0<=N;N--){M=N/l;O=m*Math.cos(M*Math.PI/2);Q=k*Math.sin(M*Math.PI/2);R=0;for(M=S.length;R<M;R++)P=c(S[R],G[R],Q),f(P.x,P.y,h+O);C=0;for(F=I.length;C<F;C++)for(z=I[C],Z=X[C],R=0,M=z.length;R<M;R++)P=c(z[R],Z[R],Q),A?f(P.x,P.y+r[u-1].y,
-r[u-1].x+O):f(P.x,P.y,h+O)}(function(){if(p){var a=0*U;for(R=0;R<V;R++)W=T[R],g(W[2]+a,W[1]+a,W[0]+a);a=U*(u+2*l);for(R=0;R<V;R++)W=T[R],g(W[0]+a,W[1]+a,W[2]+a)}else{for(R=0;R<V;R++)W=T[R],g(W[2],W[1],W[0]);for(R=0;R<V;R++)W=T[R],g(W[0]+U*u,W[1]+U*u,W[2]+U*u)}})();(function(){var a=0;e(S,a);a+=S.length;C=0;for(F=I.length;C<F;C++)z=I[C],e(z,a),a+=z.length})()};La.WorldUVGenerator={generateTopUV:function(a,b,c,d){a=a.vertices;b=a[b];c=a[c];d=a[d];return[new D(b.x,b.y),new D(c.x,c.y),new D(d.x,d.y)]},
-generateSideWallUV:function(a,b,c,d,e){a=a.vertices;b=a[b];c=a[c];d=a[d];e=a[e];return.01>Math.abs(b.y-c.y)?[new D(b.x,1-b.z),new D(c.x,1-c.z),new D(d.x,1-d.z),new D(e.x,1-e.z)]:[new D(b.y,1-b.z),new D(c.y,1-c.z),new D(d.y,1-d.z),new D(e.y,1-e.z)]}};Qc.prototype=Object.create(La.prototype);Qc.prototype.constructor=Qc;Rc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Rc.prototype.constructor=Rc;pb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);pb.prototype.constructor=pb;Sc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Sc.prototype.constructor=
-Sc;Wb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Wb.prototype.constructor=Wb;Tc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Tc.prototype.constructor=Tc;Xb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Xb.prototype.constructor=Xb;Yb.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Yb.prototype.constructor=Yb;Zb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Zb.prototype.constructor=Zb;$b.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);$b.prototype.constructor=$b;qb.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);qb.prototype.constructor=qb;Va.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);
-Va.prototype.constructor=Va;Uc.prototype=Object.create(qb.prototype);Uc.prototype.constructor=Uc;Vc.prototype=Object.create(Va.prototype);Vc.prototype.constructor=Vc;Wc.prototype=Object.create(T.prototype);Wc.prototype.constructor=Wc;ac.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);ac.prototype.constructor=ac;var Ma=Object.freeze({WireframeGeometry:Ob,ParametricGeometry:Hc,ParametricBufferGeometry:Pb,TetrahedronGeometry:Jc,TetrahedronBufferGeometry:Qb,OctahedronGeometry:Kc,OctahedronBufferGeometry:ob,IcosahedronGeometry:Lc,
-IcosahedronBufferGeometry:Rb,DodecahedronGeometry:Mc,DodecahedronBufferGeometry:Sb,PolyhedronGeometry:Ic,PolyhedronBufferGeometry:Ba,TubeGeometry:Nc,TubeBufferGeometry:Tb,TorusKnotGeometry:Oc,TorusKnotBufferGeometry:Ub,TorusGeometry:Pc,TorusBufferGeometry:Vb,TextGeometry:Qc,SphereGeometry:Rc,SphereBufferGeometry:pb,RingGeometry:Sc,RingBufferGeometry:Wb,PlaneGeometry:Ac,PlaneBufferGeometry:lb,LatheGeometry:Tc,LatheBufferGeometry:Xb,ShapeGeometry:Yb,ShapeBufferGeometry:Zb,ExtrudeGeometry:La,EdgesGeometry:$b,
-ConeGeometry:Uc,ConeBufferGeometry:Vc,CylinderGeometry:qb,CylinderBufferGeometry:Va,CircleGeometry:Wc,CircleBufferGeometry:ac,BoxGeometry:Ib,BoxBufferGeometry:kb});bc.prototype=Object.create(Ha.prototype);bc.prototype.constructor=bc;bc.prototype.isShadowMaterial=!0;cc.prototype=Object.create(Ha.prototype);cc.prototype.constructor=cc;cc.prototype.isRawShaderMaterial=!0;Xc.prototype={constructor:Xc,isMultiMaterial:!0,toJSON:function(a){for(var b={metadata:{version:4.2,type:"material",generator:"MaterialExporter"},
-uuid:this.uuid,type:this.type,materials:[]},c=this.materials,d=0,e=c.length;d<e;d++){var f=c[d].toJSON(a);delete f.metadata;b.materials.push(f)}b.visible=this.visible;return b},clone:function(){for(var a=new this.constructor,b=0;b<this.materials.length;b++)a.materials.push(this.materials[b].clone());a.visible=this.visible;return a}};Qa.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);Qa.prototype.constructor=Qa;Qa.prototype.isMeshStandardMaterial=!0;Qa.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);
-this.defines={STANDARD:""};this.color.copy(a.color);this.roughness=a.roughness;this.metalness=a.metalness;this.map=a.map;this.lightMap=a.lightMap;this.lightMapIntensity=a.lightMapIntensity;this.aoMap=a.aoMap;this.aoMapIntensity=a.aoMapIntensity;this.emissive.copy(a.emissive);this.emissiveMap=a.emissiveMap;this.emissiveIntensity=a.emissiveIntensity;this.bumpMap=a.bumpMap;this.bumpScale=a.bumpScale;this.normalMap=a.normalMap;this.normalScale.copy(a.normalScale);this.displacementMap=a.displacementMap;
-this.displacementScale=a.displacementScale;this.displacementBias=a.displacementBias;this.roughnessMap=a.roughnessMap;this.metalnessMap=a.metalnessMap;this.alphaMap=a.alphaMap;this.envMap=a.envMap;this.envMapIntensity=a.envMapIntensity;this.refractionRatio=a.refractionRatio;this.wireframe=a.wireframe;this.wireframeLinewidth=a.wireframeLinewidth;this.wireframeLinecap=a.wireframeLinecap;this.wireframeLinejoin=a.wireframeLinejoin;this.skinning=a.skinning;this.morphTargets=a.morphTargets;this.morphNormals=
-a.morphNormals;return this};rb.prototype=Object.create(Qa.prototype);rb.prototype.constructor=rb;rb.prototype.isMeshPhysicalMaterial=!0;rb.prototype.copy=function(a){Qa.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.defines={PHYSICAL:""};this.reflectivity=a.reflectivity;this.clearCoat=a.clearCoat;this.clearCoatRoughness=a.clearCoatRoughness;return this};Ca.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);Ca.prototype.constructor=Ca;Ca.prototype.isMeshPhongMaterial=!0;Ca.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,
-a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.specular.copy(a.specular);this.shininess=a.shininess;this.map=a.map;this.lightMap=a.lightMap;this.lightMapIntensity=a.lightMapIntensity;this.aoMap=a.aoMap;this.aoMapIntensity=a.aoMapIntensity;this.emissive.copy(a.emissive);this.emissiveMap=a.emissiveMap;this.emissiveIntensity=a.emissiveIntensity;this.bumpMap=a.bumpMap;this.bumpScale=a.bumpScale;this.normalMap=a.normalMap;this.normalScale.copy(a.normalScale);this.displacementMap=a.displacementMap;this.displacementScale=
-a.displacementScale;this.displacementBias=a.displacementBias;this.specularMap=a.specularMap;this.alphaMap=a.alphaMap;this.envMap=a.envMap;this.combine=a.combine;this.reflectivity=a.reflectivity;this.refractionRatio=a.refractionRatio;this.wireframe=a.wireframe;this.wireframeLinewidth=a.wireframeLinewidth;this.wireframeLinecap=a.wireframeLinecap;this.wireframeLinejoin=a.wireframeLinejoin;this.skinning=a.skinning;this.morphTargets=a.morphTargets;this.morphNormals=a.morphNormals;return this};sb.prototype=
-Object.create(Ca.prototype);sb.prototype.constructor=sb;sb.prototype.isMeshToonMaterial=!0;sb.prototype.copy=function(a){Ca.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.gradientMap=a.gradientMap;return this};tb.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);tb.prototype.constructor=tb;tb.prototype.isMeshNormalMaterial=!0;tb.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.bumpMap=a.bumpMap;this.bumpScale=a.bumpScale;this.normalMap=a.normalMap;this.normalScale.copy(a.normalScale);this.displacementMap=a.displacementMap;
-this.displacementScale=a.displacementScale;this.displacementBias=a.displacementBias;this.wireframe=a.wireframe;this.wireframeLinewidth=a.wireframeLinewidth;this.skinning=a.skinning;this.morphTargets=a.morphTargets;this.morphNormals=a.morphNormals;return this};ub.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);ub.prototype.constructor=ub;ub.prototype.isMeshLambertMaterial=!0;ub.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.map=a.map;this.lightMap=a.lightMap;this.lightMapIntensity=
-a.lightMapIntensity;this.aoMap=a.aoMap;this.aoMapIntensity=a.aoMapIntensity;this.emissive.copy(a.emissive);this.emissiveMap=a.emissiveMap;this.emissiveIntensity=a.emissiveIntensity;this.specularMap=a.specularMap;this.alphaMap=a.alphaMap;this.envMap=a.envMap;this.combine=a.combine;this.reflectivity=a.reflectivity;this.refractionRatio=a.refractionRatio;this.wireframe=a.wireframe;this.wireframeLinewidth=a.wireframeLinewidth;this.wireframeLinecap=a.wireframeLinecap;this.wireframeLinejoin=a.wireframeLinejoin;
-this.skinning=a.skinning;this.morphTargets=a.morphTargets;this.morphNormals=a.morphNormals;return this};vb.prototype=Object.create(X.prototype);vb.prototype.constructor=vb;vb.prototype.isLineDashedMaterial=!0;vb.prototype.copy=function(a){X.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.linewidth=a.linewidth;this.scale=a.scale;this.dashSize=a.dashSize;this.gapSize=a.gapSize;return this};var Xf=Object.freeze({ShadowMaterial:bc,SpriteMaterial:nb,RawShaderMaterial:cc,ShaderMaterial:Ha,PointsMaterial:Oa,
-MultiMaterial:Xc,MeshPhysicalMaterial:rb,MeshStandardMaterial:Qa,MeshPhongMaterial:Ca,MeshToonMaterial:sb,MeshNormalMaterial:tb,MeshLambertMaterial:ub,MeshDepthMaterial:ab,MeshBasicMaterial:Ka,LineDashedMaterial:vb,LineBasicMaterial:ia,Material:X}),ld={enabled:!1,files:{},add:function(a,b){!1!==this.enabled&&(this.files[a]=b)},get:function(a){if(!1!==this.enabled)return this.files[a]},remove:function(a){delete this.files[a]},clear:function(){this.files={}}},ta=new $d;Object.assign(sa.prototype,{load:function(a,
-b,c,d){void 0===a&&(a="");void 0!==this.path&&(a=this.path+a);var e=this,f=ld.get(a);if(void 0!==f)return e.manager.itemStart(a),setTimeout(function(){b&&b(f);e.manager.itemEnd(a)},0),f;var g=a.match(/^data:(.*?)(;base64)?,(.*)$/);if(g){var h=g[1],m=!!g[2],g=g[3],g=window.decodeURIComponent(g);m&&(g=window.atob(g));try{var k,l=(this.responseType||"").toLowerCase();switch(l){case "arraybuffer":case "blob":k=new ArrayBuffer(g.length);for(var p=new Uint8Array(k),m=0;m<g.length;m++)p[m]=g.charCodeAt(m);
-"blob"===l&&(k=new Blob([k],{type:h}));break;case "document":k=(new DOMParser).parseFromString(g,h);break;case "json":k=JSON.parse(g);break;default:k=g}window.setTimeout(function(){b&&b(k);e.manager.itemEnd(a)},0)}catch(q){window.setTimeout(function(){d&&d(q);e.manager.itemError(a)},0)}}else{var n=new XMLHttpRequest;n.open("GET",a,!0);n.addEventListener("load",function(c){var f=c.target.response;ld.add(a,f);200===this.status?(b&&b(f),e.manager.itemEnd(a)):0===this.status?(console.warn("THREE.FileLoader: HTTP Status 0 received."),
-b&&b(f),e.manager.itemEnd(a)):(d&&d(c),e.manager.itemError(a))},!1);void 0!==c&&n.addEventListener("progress",function(a){c(a)},!1);n.addEventListener("error",function(b){d&&d(b);e.manager.itemError(a)},!1);void 0!==this.responseType&&(n.responseType=this.responseType);void 0!==this.withCredentials&&(n.withCredentials=this.withCredentials);n.overrideMimeType&&n.overrideMimeType(void 0!==this.mimeType?this.mimeType:"text/plain");n.send(null)}e.manager.itemStart(a);return n},setPath:function(a){this.path=
-a;return this},setResponseType:function(a){this.responseType=a;return this},setWithCredentials:function(a){this.withCredentials=a;return this},setMimeType:function(a){this.mimeType=a;return this}});Object.assign(Re.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){function e(e){m.load(a[e],function(a){a=f._parser(a,!0);g[e]={width:a.width,height:a.height,format:a.format,mipmaps:a.mipmaps};k+=1;6===k&&(1===a.mipmapCount&&(h.minFilter=1006),h.format=a.format,h.needsUpdate=!0,b&&b(h))},c,d)}var f=this,g=[],h=new Nb;
-h.image=g;var m=new sa(this.manager);m.setPath(this.path);m.setResponseType("arraybuffer");if(Array.isArray(a))for(var k=0,l=0,p=a.length;l<p;++l)e(l);else m.load(a,function(a){a=f._parser(a,!0);if(a.isCubemap)for(var c=a.mipmaps.length/a.mipmapCount,d=0;d<c;d++){g[d]={mipmaps:[]};for(var e=0;e<a.mipmapCount;e++)g[d].mipmaps.push(a.mipmaps[d*a.mipmapCount+e]),g[d].format=a.format,g[d].width=a.width,g[d].height=a.height}else h.image.width=a.width,h.image.height=a.height,h.mipmaps=a.mipmaps;1===a.mipmapCount&&
-(h.minFilter=1006);h.format=a.format;h.needsUpdate=!0;b&&b(h)},c,d);return h},setPath:function(a){this.path=a;return this}});Object.assign(ae.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this,f=new eb,g=new sa(this.manager);g.setResponseType("arraybuffer");g.load(a,function(a){if(a=e._parser(a))void 0!==a.image?f.image=a.image:void 0!==a.data&&(f.image.width=a.width,f.image.height=a.height,f.image.data=a.data),f.wrapS=void 0!==a.wrapS?a.wrapS:1001,f.wrapT=void 0!==a.wrapT?a.wrapT:1001,f.magFilter=void 0!==
-a.magFilter?a.magFilter:1006,f.minFilter=void 0!==a.minFilter?a.minFilter:1008,f.anisotropy=void 0!==a.anisotropy?a.anisotropy:1,void 0!==a.format&&(f.format=a.format),void 0!==a.type&&(f.type=a.type),void 0!==a.mipmaps&&(f.mipmaps=a.mipmaps),1===a.mipmapCount&&(f.minFilter=1006),f.needsUpdate=!0,b&&b(f,a)},c,d);return f}});Object.assign(Yc.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){void 0===a&&(a="");void 0!==this.path&&(a=this.path+a);var e=this,f=ld.get(a);if(void 0!==f)return e.manager.itemStart(a),setTimeout(function(){b&&
-b(f);e.manager.itemEnd(a)},0),f;c=document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml","img");c.addEventListener("load",function(){ld.add(a,this);b&&b(this);e.manager.itemEnd(a)},!1);c.addEventListener("error",function(b){d&&d(b);e.manager.itemError(a)},!1);void 0!==this.crossOrigin&&(c.crossOrigin=this.crossOrigin);e.manager.itemStart(a);c.src=a;return c},setCrossOrigin:function(a){this.crossOrigin=a;return this},setPath:function(a){this.path=a;return this}});Object.assign(be.prototype,{load:function(a,
-b,c,d){function e(c){g.load(a[c],function(a){f.images[c]=a;h++;6===h&&(f.needsUpdate=!0,b&&b(f))},void 0,d)}var f=new Za,g=new Yc(this.manager);g.setCrossOrigin(this.crossOrigin);g.setPath(this.path);var h=0;for(c=0;c<a.length;++c)e(c);return f},setCrossOrigin:function(a){this.crossOrigin=a;return this},setPath:function(a){this.path=a;return this}});Object.assign(td.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){var e=new ea,f=new Yc(this.manager);f.setCrossOrigin(this.crossOrigin);f.setPath(this.path);f.load(a,
-function(c){var d=0<a.search(/\.(jpg|jpeg)$/)||0===a.search(/^data\:image\/jpeg/);e.format=d?1022:1023;e.image=c;e.needsUpdate=!0;void 0!==b&&b(e)},c,d);return e},setCrossOrigin:function(a){this.crossOrigin=a;return this},setPath:function(a){this.path=a;return this}});ma.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:ma,isLight:!0,copy:function(a){x.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.color.copy(a.color);this.intensity=a.intensity;return this},toJSON:function(a){a=x.prototype.toJSON.call(this,
-a);a.object.color=this.color.getHex();a.object.intensity=this.intensity;void 0!==this.groundColor&&(a.object.groundColor=this.groundColor.getHex());void 0!==this.distance&&(a.object.distance=this.distance);void 0!==this.angle&&(a.object.angle=this.angle);void 0!==this.decay&&(a.object.decay=this.decay);void 0!==this.penumbra&&(a.object.penumbra=this.penumbra);void 0!==this.shadow&&(a.object.shadow=this.shadow.toJSON());return a}});ud.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ma.prototype),{constructor:ud,
-isHemisphereLight:!0,copy:function(a){ma.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.groundColor.copy(a.groundColor);return this}});Object.assign(wb.prototype,{copy:function(a){this.camera=a.camera.clone();this.bias=a.bias;this.radius=a.radius;this.mapSize.copy(a.mapSize);return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},toJSON:function(){var a={};0!==this.bias&&(a.bias=this.bias);1!==this.radius&&(a.radius=this.radius);if(512!==this.mapSize.x||512!==this.mapSize.y)a.mapSize=this.mapSize.toArray();
-a.camera=this.camera.toJSON(!1).object;delete a.camera.matrix;return a}});vd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(wb.prototype),{constructor:vd,isSpotLightShadow:!0,update:function(a){var b=2*N.RAD2DEG*a.angle,c=this.mapSize.width/this.mapSize.height;a=a.distance||500;var d=this.camera;if(b!==d.fov||c!==d.aspect||a!==d.far)d.fov=b,d.aspect=c,d.far=a,d.updateProjectionMatrix()}});wd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ma.prototype),{constructor:wd,isSpotLight:!0,copy:function(a){ma.prototype.copy.call(this,
-a);this.distance=a.distance;this.angle=a.angle;this.penumbra=a.penumbra;this.decay=a.decay;this.target=a.target.clone();this.shadow=a.shadow.clone();return this}});xd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ma.prototype),{constructor:xd,isPointLight:!0,copy:function(a){ma.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.distance=a.distance;this.decay=a.decay;this.shadow=a.shadow.clone();return this}});yd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(wb.prototype),{constructor:yd});zd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ma.prototype),
-{constructor:zd,isDirectionalLight:!0,copy:function(a){ma.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.target=a.target.clone();this.shadow=a.shadow.clone();return this}});Ad.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ma.prototype),{constructor:Ad,isAmbientLight:!0});var na={arraySlice:function(a,b,c){return na.isTypedArray(a)?new a.constructor(a.subarray(b,c)):a.slice(b,c)},convertArray:function(a,b,c){return!a||!c&&a.constructor===b?a:"number"===typeof b.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT?new b(a):Array.prototype.slice.call(a)},
-isTypedArray:function(a){return ArrayBuffer.isView(a)&&!(a instanceof DataView)},getKeyframeOrder:function(a){for(var b=a.length,c=Array(b),d=0;d!==b;++d)c[d]=d;c.sort(function(b,c){return a[b]-a[c]});return c},sortedArray:function(a,b,c){for(var d=a.length,e=new a.constructor(d),f=0,g=0;g!==d;++f)for(var h=c[f]*b,m=0;m!==b;++m)e[g++]=a[h+m];return e},flattenJSON:function(a,b,c,d){for(var e=1,f=a[0];void 0!==f&&void 0===f[d];)f=a[e++];if(void 0!==f){var g=f[d];if(void 0!==g)if(Array.isArray(g)){do g=
-f[d],void 0!==g&&(b.push(f.time),c.push.apply(c,g)),f=a[e++];while(void 0!==f)}else if(void 0!==g.toArray){do g=f[d],void 0!==g&&(b.push(f.time),g.toArray(c,c.length)),f=a[e++];while(void 0!==f)}else{do g=f[d],void 0!==g&&(b.push(f.time),c.push(g)),f=a[e++];while(void 0!==f)}}}};xa.prototype={constructor:xa,evaluate:function(a){var b=this.parameterPositions,c=this._cachedIndex,d=b[c],e=b[c-1];a:{b:{c:{d:if(!(a<d)){for(var f=c+2;;){if(void 0===d){if(a<e)break d;this._cachedIndex=c=b.length;return this.afterEnd_(c-
-1,a,e)}if(c===f)break;e=d;d=b[++c];if(a<d)break b}d=b.length;break c}if(a>=e)break a;else{f=b[1];a<f&&(c=2,e=f);for(f=c-2;;){if(void 0===e)return this._cachedIndex=0,this.beforeStart_(0,a,d);if(c===f)break;d=e;e=b[--c-1];if(a>=e)break b}d=c;c=0}}for(;c<d;)e=c+d>>>1,a<b[e]?d=e:c=e+1;d=b[c];e=b[c-1];if(void 0===e)return this._cachedIndex=0,this.beforeStart_(0,a,d);if(void 0===d)return this._cachedIndex=c=b.length,this.afterEnd_(c-1,e,a)}this._cachedIndex=c;this.intervalChanged_(c,e,d)}return this.interpolate_(c,
-e,a,d)},settings:null,DefaultSettings_:{},getSettings_:function(){return this.settings||this.DefaultSettings_},copySampleValue_:function(a){var b=this.resultBuffer,c=this.sampleValues,d=this.valueSize;a*=d;for(var e=0;e!==d;++e)b[e]=c[a+e];return b},interpolate_:function(a,b,c,d){throw Error("call to abstract method");},intervalChanged_:function(a,b,c){}};Object.assign(xa.prototype,{beforeStart_:xa.prototype.copySampleValue_,afterEnd_:xa.prototype.copySampleValue_});Bd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(xa.prototype),
-{constructor:Bd,DefaultSettings_:{endingStart:2400,endingEnd:2400},intervalChanged_:function(a,b,c){var d=this.parameterPositions,e=a-2,f=a+1,g=d[e],h=d[f];if(void 0===g)switch(this.getSettings_().endingStart){case 2401:e=a;g=2*b-c;break;case 2402:e=d.length-2;g=b+d[e]-d[e+1];break;default:e=a,g=c}if(void 0===h)switch(this.getSettings_().endingEnd){case 2401:f=a;h=2*c-b;break;case 2402:f=1;h=c+d[1]-d[0];break;default:f=a-1,h=b}a=.5*(c-b);d=this.valueSize;this._weightPrev=a/(b-g);this._weightNext=
-a/(h-c);this._offsetPrev=e*d;this._offsetNext=f*d},interpolate_:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this.resultBuffer,f=this.sampleValues,g=this.valueSize;a*=g;var h=a-g,m=this._offsetPrev,k=this._offsetNext,l=this._weightPrev,p=this._weightNext,n=(c-b)/(d-b);c=n*n;d=c*n;b=-l*d+2*l*c-l*n;l=(1+l)*d+(-1.5-2*l)*c+(-.5+l)*n+1;n=(-1-p)*d+(1.5+p)*c+.5*n;p=p*d-p*c;for(c=0;c!==g;++c)e[c]=b*f[m+c]+l*f[h+c]+n*f[a+c]+p*f[k+c];return e}});Zc.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(xa.prototype),{constructor:Zc,interpolate_:function(a,
-b,c,d){var e=this.resultBuffer,f=this.sampleValues,g=this.valueSize;a*=g;var h=a-g;b=(c-b)/(d-b);c=1-b;for(d=0;d!==g;++d)e[d]=f[h+d]*c+f[a+d]*b;return e}});Cd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(xa.prototype),{constructor:Cd,interpolate_:function(a,b,c,d){return this.copySampleValue_(a-1)}});var Xa;Xa={TimeBufferType:Float32Array,ValueBufferType:Float32Array,DefaultInterpolation:2301,InterpolantFactoryMethodDiscrete:function(a){return new Cd(this.times,this.values,this.getValueSize(),a)},InterpolantFactoryMethodLinear:function(a){return new Zc(this.times,
-this.values,this.getValueSize(),a)},InterpolantFactoryMethodSmooth:function(a){return new Bd(this.times,this.values,this.getValueSize(),a)},setInterpolation:function(a){var b;switch(a){case 2300:b=this.InterpolantFactoryMethodDiscrete;break;case 2301:b=this.InterpolantFactoryMethodLinear;break;case 2302:b=this.InterpolantFactoryMethodSmooth}if(void 0===b){b="unsupported interpolation for "+this.ValueTypeName+" keyframe track named "+this.name;if(void 0===this.createInterpolant)if(a!==this.DefaultInterpolation)this.setInterpolation(this.DefaultInterpolation);
-else throw Error(b);console.warn(b)}else this.createInterpolant=b},getInterpolation:function(){switch(this.createInterpolant){case this.InterpolantFactoryMethodDiscrete:return 2300;case this.InterpolantFactoryMethodLinear:return 2301;case this.InterpolantFactoryMethodSmooth:return 2302}},getValueSize:function(){return this.values.length/this.times.length},shift:function(a){if(0!==a)for(var b=this.times,c=0,d=b.length;c!==d;++c)b[c]+=a;return this},scale:function(a){if(1!==a)for(var b=this.times,c=
-0,d=b.length;c!==d;++c)b[c]*=a;return this},trim:function(a,b){for(var c=this.times,d=c.length,e=0,f=d-1;e!==d&&c[e]<a;)++e;for(;-1!==f&&c[f]>b;)--f;++f;if(0!==e||f!==d)e>=f&&(f=Math.max(f,1),e=f-1),d=this.getValueSize(),this.times=na.arraySlice(c,e,f),this.values=na.arraySlice(this.values,e*d,f*d);return this},validate:function(){var a=!0,b=this.getValueSize();0!==b-Math.floor(b)&&(console.error("invalid value size in track",this),a=!1);var c=this.times,b=this.values,d=c.length;0===d&&(console.error("track is empty",
-this),a=!1);for(var e=null,f=0;f!==d;f++){var g=c[f];if("number"===typeof g&&isNaN(g)){console.error("time is not a valid number",this,f,g);a=!1;break}if(null!==e&&e>g){console.error("out of order keys",this,f,g,e);a=!1;break}e=g}if(void 0!==b&&na.isTypedArray(b))for(f=0,c=b.length;f!==c;++f)if(d=b[f],isNaN(d)){console.error("value is not a valid number",this,f,d);a=!1;break}return a},optimize:function(){for(var a=this.times,b=this.values,c=this.getValueSize(),d=2302===this.getInterpolation(),e=1,
-f=a.length-1,g=1;g<f;++g){var h=!1,m=a[g];if(m!==a[g+1]&&(1!==g||m!==m[0]))if(d)h=!0;else for(var k=g*c,l=k-c,p=k+c,m=0;m!==c;++m){var n=b[k+m];if(n!==b[l+m]||n!==b[p+m]){h=!0;break}}if(h){if(g!==e)for(a[e]=a[g],h=g*c,k=e*c,m=0;m!==c;++m)b[k+m]=b[h+m];++e}}if(0<f){a[e]=a[f];h=f*c;k=e*c;for(m=0;m!==c;++m)b[k+m]=b[h+m];++e}e!==a.length&&(this.times=na.arraySlice(a,0,e),this.values=na.arraySlice(b,0,e*c));return this}};dc.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Xa),{constructor:dc,ValueTypeName:"vector"});
-Dd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(xa.prototype),{constructor:Dd,interpolate_:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this.resultBuffer,f=this.sampleValues,g=this.valueSize;a*=g;b=(c-b)/(d-b);for(c=a+g;a!==c;a+=4)ca.slerpFlat(e,0,f,a-g,f,a,b);return e}});$c.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Xa),{constructor:$c,ValueTypeName:"quaternion",DefaultInterpolation:2301,InterpolantFactoryMethodLinear:function(a){return new Dd(this.times,this.values,this.getValueSize(),a)},InterpolantFactoryMethodSmooth:void 0});
-ec.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Xa),{constructor:ec,ValueTypeName:"number"});Ed.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Xa),{constructor:Ed,ValueTypeName:"string",ValueBufferType:Array,DefaultInterpolation:2300,InterpolantFactoryMethodLinear:void 0,InterpolantFactoryMethodSmooth:void 0});Fd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Xa),{constructor:Fd,ValueTypeName:"bool",ValueBufferType:Array,DefaultInterpolation:2300,InterpolantFactoryMethodLinear:void 0,InterpolantFactoryMethodSmooth:void 0});
-Gd.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(Xa),{constructor:Gd,ValueTypeName:"color"});yb.prototype=Xa;Xa.constructor=yb;Object.assign(yb,{parse:function(a){if(void 0===a.type)throw Error("track type undefined, can not parse");var b=yb._getTrackTypeForValueTypeName(a.type);if(void 0===a.times){var c=[],d=[];na.flattenJSON(a.keys,c,d,"value");a.times=c;a.values=d}return void 0!==b.parse?b.parse(a):new b(a.name,a.times,a.values,a.interpolation)},toJSON:function(a){var b=a.constructor;if(void 0!==b.toJSON)b=
-b.toJSON(a);else{var b={name:a.name,times:na.convertArray(a.times,Array),values:na.convertArray(a.values,Array)},c=a.getInterpolation();c!==a.DefaultInterpolation&&(b.interpolation=c)}b.type=a.ValueTypeName;return b},_getTrackTypeForValueTypeName:function(a){switch(a.toLowerCase()){case "scalar":case "double":case "float":case "number":case "integer":return ec;case "vector":case "vector2":case "vector3":case "vector4":return dc;case "color":return Gd;case "quaternion":return $c;case "bool":case "boolean":return Fd;
-case "string":return Ed}throw Error("Unsupported typeName: "+a);}});qa.prototype={constructor:qa,resetDuration:function(){for(var a=0,b=0,c=this.tracks.length;b!==c;++b)var d=this.tracks[b],a=Math.max(a,d.times[d.times.length-1]);this.duration=a},trim:function(){for(var a=0;a<this.tracks.length;a++)this.tracks[a].trim(0,this.duration);return this},optimize:function(){for(var a=0;a<this.tracks.length;a++)this.tracks[a].optimize();return this}};Object.assign(qa,{parse:function(a){for(var b=[],c=a.tracks,
-d=1/(a.fps||1),e=0,f=c.length;e!==f;++e)b.push(yb.parse(c[e]).scale(d));return new qa(a.name,a.duration,b)},toJSON:function(a){var b=[],c=a.tracks;a={name:a.name,duration:a.duration,tracks:b};for(var d=0,e=c.length;d!==e;++d)b.push(yb.toJSON(c[d]));return a},CreateFromMorphTargetSequence:function(a,b,c,d){for(var e=b.length,f=[],g=0;g<e;g++){var h=[],m=[];h.push((g+e-1)%e,g,(g+1)%e);m.push(0,1,0);var k=na.getKeyframeOrder(h),h=na.sortedArray(h,1,k),m=na.sortedArray(m,1,k);d||0!==h[0]||(h.push(e),
-m.push(m[0]));f.push((new ec(".morphTargetInfluences["+b[g].name+"]",h,m)).scale(1/c))}return new qa(a,-1,f)},findByName:function(a,b){var c=a;Array.isArray(a)||(c=a.geometry&&a.geometry.animations||a.animations);for(var d=0;d<c.length;d++)if(c[d].name===b)return c[d];return null},CreateClipsFromMorphTargetSequences:function(a,b,c){for(var d={},e=/^([\w-]*?)([\d]+)$/,f=0,g=a.length;f<g;f++){var h=a[f],m=h.name.match(e);if(m&&1<m.length){var k=m[1];(m=d[k])||(d[k]=m=[]);m.push(h)}}a=[];for(k in d)a.push(qa.CreateFromMorphTargetSequence(k,
-d[k],b,c));return a},parseAnimation:function(a,b){if(!a)return console.error("  no animation in JSONLoader data"),null;for(var c=function(a,b,c,d,e){if(0!==c.length){var f=[],g=[];na.flattenJSON(c,f,g,d);0!==f.length&&e.push(new a(b,f,g))}},d=[],e=a.name||"default",f=a.length||-1,g=a.fps||30,h=a.hierarchy||[],m=0;m<h.length;m++){var k=h[m].keys;if(k&&0!==k.length)if(k[0].morphTargets){for(var f={},l=0;l<k.length;l++)if(k[l].morphTargets)for(var p=0;p<k[l].morphTargets.length;p++)f[k[l].morphTargets[p]]=
--1;for(var n in f){for(var q=[],G=[],p=0;p!==k[l].morphTargets.length;++p){var r=k[l];q.push(r.time);G.push(r.morphTarget===n?1:0)}d.push(new ec(".morphTargetInfluence["+n+"]",q,G))}f=f.length*(g||1)}else l=".bones["+b[m].name+"]",c(dc,l+".position",k,"pos",d),c($c,l+".quaternion",k,"rot",d),c(dc,l+".scale",k,"scl",d)}return 0===d.length?null:new qa(e,f,d)}});Object.assign(Hd.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this;(new sa(e.manager)).load(a,function(a){b(e.parse(JSON.parse(a)))},c,d)},setTextures:function(a){this.textures=
-a},parse:function(a){function b(a){void 0===c[a]&&console.warn("THREE.MaterialLoader: Undefined texture",a);return c[a]}var c=this.textures,d=new Xf[a.type];void 0!==a.uuid&&(d.uuid=a.uuid);void 0!==a.name&&(d.name=a.name);void 0!==a.color&&d.color.setHex(a.color);void 0!==a.roughness&&(d.roughness=a.roughness);void 0!==a.metalness&&(d.metalness=a.metalness);void 0!==a.emissive&&d.emissive.setHex(a.emissive);void 0!==a.specular&&d.specular.setHex(a.specular);void 0!==a.shininess&&(d.shininess=a.shininess);
-void 0!==a.clearCoat&&(d.clearCoat=a.clearCoat);void 0!==a.clearCoatRoughness&&(d.clearCoatRoughness=a.clearCoatRoughness);void 0!==a.uniforms&&(d.uniforms=a.uniforms);void 0!==a.vertexShader&&(d.vertexShader=a.vertexShader);void 0!==a.fragmentShader&&(d.fragmentShader=a.fragmentShader);void 0!==a.vertexColors&&(d.vertexColors=a.vertexColors);void 0!==a.fog&&(d.fog=a.fog);void 0!==a.shading&&(d.shading=a.shading);void 0!==a.blending&&(d.blending=a.blending);void 0!==a.side&&(d.side=a.side);void 0!==
-a.opacity&&(d.opacity=a.opacity);void 0!==a.transparent&&(d.transparent=a.transparent);void 0!==a.alphaTest&&(d.alphaTest=a.alphaTest);void 0!==a.depthTest&&(d.depthTest=a.depthTest);void 0!==a.depthWrite&&(d.depthWrite=a.depthWrite);void 0!==a.colorWrite&&(d.colorWrite=a.colorWrite);void 0!==a.wireframe&&(d.wireframe=a.wireframe);void 0!==a.wireframeLinewidth&&(d.wireframeLinewidth=a.wireframeLinewidth);void 0!==a.wireframeLinecap&&(d.wireframeLinecap=a.wireframeLinecap);void 0!==a.wireframeLinejoin&&
-(d.wireframeLinejoin=a.wireframeLinejoin);void 0!==a.skinning&&(d.skinning=a.skinning);void 0!==a.morphTargets&&(d.morphTargets=a.morphTargets);void 0!==a.size&&(d.size=a.size);void 0!==a.sizeAttenuation&&(d.sizeAttenuation=a.sizeAttenuation);void 0!==a.map&&(d.map=b(a.map));void 0!==a.alphaMap&&(d.alphaMap=b(a.alphaMap),d.transparent=!0);void 0!==a.bumpMap&&(d.bumpMap=b(a.bumpMap));void 0!==a.bumpScale&&(d.bumpScale=a.bumpScale);void 0!==a.normalMap&&(d.normalMap=b(a.normalMap));if(void 0!==a.normalScale){var e=
-a.normalScale;!1===Array.isArray(e)&&(e=[e,e]);d.normalScale=(new D).fromArray(e)}void 0!==a.displacementMap&&(d.displacementMap=b(a.displacementMap));void 0!==a.displacementScale&&(d.displacementScale=a.displacementScale);void 0!==a.displacementBias&&(d.displacementBias=a.displacementBias);void 0!==a.roughnessMap&&(d.roughnessMap=b(a.roughnessMap));void 0!==a.metalnessMap&&(d.metalnessMap=b(a.metalnessMap));void 0!==a.emissiveMap&&(d.emissiveMap=b(a.emissiveMap));void 0!==a.emissiveIntensity&&(d.emissiveIntensity=
-a.emissiveIntensity);void 0!==a.specularMap&&(d.specularMap=b(a.specularMap));void 0!==a.envMap&&(d.envMap=b(a.envMap));void 0!==a.reflectivity&&(d.reflectivity=a.reflectivity);void 0!==a.lightMap&&(d.lightMap=b(a.lightMap));void 0!==a.lightMapIntensity&&(d.lightMapIntensity=a.lightMapIntensity);void 0!==a.aoMap&&(d.aoMap=b(a.aoMap));void 0!==a.aoMapIntensity&&(d.aoMapIntensity=a.aoMapIntensity);void 0!==a.gradientMap&&(d.gradientMap=b(a.gradientMap));if(void 0!==a.materials)for(var e=0,f=a.materials.length;e<
-f;e++)d.materials.push(this.parse(a.materials[e]));return d}});Object.assign(ce.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this;(new sa(e.manager)).load(a,function(a){b(e.parse(JSON.parse(a)))},c,d)},parse:function(a){var b=new I,c=a.data.index,d={Int8Array:Int8Array,Uint8Array:Uint8Array,Uint8ClampedArray:Uint8ClampedArray,Int16Array:Int16Array,Uint16Array:Uint16Array,Int32Array:Int32Array,Uint32Array:Uint32Array,Float32Array:Float32Array,Float64Array:Float64Array};void 0!==c&&(c=new d[c.type](c.array),
-b.setIndex(new U(c,1)));var e=a.data.attributes,f;for(f in e){var g=e[f],c=new d[g.type](g.array);b.addAttribute(f,new U(c,g.itemSize,g.normalized))}d=a.data.groups||a.data.drawcalls||a.data.offsets;if(void 0!==d)for(f=0,c=d.length;f!==c;++f)e=d[f],b.addGroup(e.start,e.count,e.materialIndex);a=a.data.boundingSphere;void 0!==a&&(d=new q,void 0!==a.center&&d.fromArray(a.center),b.boundingSphere=new Na(d,a.radius));return b}});zb.prototype={constructor:zb,crossOrigin:void 0,extractUrlBase:function(a){a=
-a.split("/");if(1===a.length)return"./";a.pop();return a.join("/")+"/"},initMaterials:function(a,b,c){for(var d=[],e=0;e<a.length;++e)d[e]=this.createMaterial(a[e],b,c);return d},createMaterial:function(){var a={NoBlending:0,NormalBlending:1,AdditiveBlending:2,SubtractiveBlending:3,MultiplyBlending:4,CustomBlending:5},b,c,d;return function(e,f,g){function h(a,b,d,e,h){a=f+a;var k=zb.Handlers.get(a);null!==k?a=k.load(a):(c.setCrossOrigin(g),a=c.load(a));void 0!==b&&(a.repeat.fromArray(b),1!==b[0]&&
-(a.wrapS=1E3),1!==b[1]&&(a.wrapT=1E3));void 0!==d&&a.offset.fromArray(d);void 0!==e&&("repeat"===e[0]&&(a.wrapS=1E3),"mirror"===e[0]&&(a.wrapS=1002),"repeat"===e[1]&&(a.wrapT=1E3),"mirror"===e[1]&&(a.wrapT=1002));void 0!==h&&(a.anisotropy=h);b=N.generateUUID();m[b]=a;return b}void 0===b&&(b=new J);void 0===c&&(c=new td);void 0===d&&(d=new Hd);var m={},k={uuid:N.generateUUID(),type:"MeshLambertMaterial"},l;for(l in e){var p=e[l];switch(l){case "DbgColor":case "DbgIndex":case "opticalDensity":case "illumination":break;
-case "DbgName":k.name=p;break;case "blending":k.blending=a[p];break;case "colorAmbient":case "mapAmbient":console.warn("THREE.Loader.createMaterial:",l,"is no longer supported.");break;case "colorDiffuse":k.color=b.fromArray(p).getHex();break;case "colorSpecular":k.specular=b.fromArray(p).getHex();break;case "colorEmissive":k.emissive=b.fromArray(p).getHex();break;case "specularCoef":k.shininess=p;break;case "shading":"basic"===p.toLowerCase()&&(k.type="MeshBasicMaterial");"phong"===p.toLowerCase()&&
-(k.type="MeshPhongMaterial");"standard"===p.toLowerCase()&&(k.type="MeshStandardMaterial");break;case "mapDiffuse":k.map=h(p,e.mapDiffuseRepeat,e.mapDiffuseOffset,e.mapDiffuseWrap,e.mapDiffuseAnisotropy);break;case "mapDiffuseRepeat":case "mapDiffuseOffset":case "mapDiffuseWrap":case "mapDiffuseAnisotropy":break;case "mapEmissive":k.emissiveMap=h(p,e.mapEmissiveRepeat,e.mapEmissiveOffset,e.mapEmissiveWrap,e.mapEmissiveAnisotropy);break;case "mapEmissiveRepeat":case "mapEmissiveOffset":case "mapEmissiveWrap":case "mapEmissiveAnisotropy":break;
-case "mapLight":k.lightMap=h(p,e.mapLightRepeat,e.mapLightOffset,e.mapLightWrap,e.mapLightAnisotropy);break;case "mapLightRepeat":case "mapLightOffset":case "mapLightWrap":case "mapLightAnisotropy":break;case "mapAO":k.aoMap=h(p,e.mapAORepeat,e.mapAOOffset,e.mapAOWrap,e.mapAOAnisotropy);break;case "mapAORepeat":case "mapAOOffset":case "mapAOWrap":case "mapAOAnisotropy":break;case "mapBump":k.bumpMap=h(p,e.mapBumpRepeat,e.mapBumpOffset,e.mapBumpWrap,e.mapBumpAnisotropy);break;case "mapBumpScale":k.bumpScale=
-p;break;case "mapBumpRepeat":case "mapBumpOffset":case "mapBumpWrap":case "mapBumpAnisotropy":break;case "mapNormal":k.normalMap=h(p,e.mapNormalRepeat,e.mapNormalOffset,e.mapNormalWrap,e.mapNormalAnisotropy);break;case "mapNormalFactor":k.normalScale=[p,p];break;case "mapNormalRepeat":case "mapNormalOffset":case "mapNormalWrap":case "mapNormalAnisotropy":break;case "mapSpecular":k.specularMap=h(p,e.mapSpecularRepeat,e.mapSpecularOffset,e.mapSpecularWrap,e.mapSpecularAnisotropy);break;case "mapSpecularRepeat":case "mapSpecularOffset":case "mapSpecularWrap":case "mapSpecularAnisotropy":break;
-case "mapMetalness":k.metalnessMap=h(p,e.mapMetalnessRepeat,e.mapMetalnessOffset,e.mapMetalnessWrap,e.mapMetalnessAnisotropy);break;case "mapMetalnessRepeat":case "mapMetalnessOffset":case "mapMetalnessWrap":case "mapMetalnessAnisotropy":break;case "mapRoughness":k.roughnessMap=h(p,e.mapRoughnessRepeat,e.mapRoughnessOffset,e.mapRoughnessWrap,e.mapRoughnessAnisotropy);break;case "mapRoughnessRepeat":case "mapRoughnessOffset":case "mapRoughnessWrap":case "mapRoughnessAnisotropy":break;case "mapAlpha":k.alphaMap=
-h(p,e.mapAlphaRepeat,e.mapAlphaOffset,e.mapAlphaWrap,e.mapAlphaAnisotropy);break;case "mapAlphaRepeat":case "mapAlphaOffset":case "mapAlphaWrap":case "mapAlphaAnisotropy":break;case "flipSided":k.side=1;break;case "doubleSided":k.side=2;break;case "transparency":console.warn("THREE.Loader.createMaterial: transparency has been renamed to opacity");k.opacity=p;break;case "depthTest":case "depthWrite":case "colorWrite":case "opacity":case "reflectivity":case "transparent":case "visible":case "wireframe":k[l]=
-p;break;case "vertexColors":!0===p&&(k.vertexColors=2);"face"===p&&(k.vertexColors=1);break;default:console.error("THREE.Loader.createMaterial: Unsupported",l,p)}}"MeshBasicMaterial"===k.type&&delete k.emissive;"MeshPhongMaterial"!==k.type&&delete k.specular;1>k.opacity&&(k.transparent=!0);d.setTextures(m);return d.parse(k)}}()};zb.Handlers={handlers:[],add:function(a,b){this.handlers.push(a,b)},get:function(a){for(var b=this.handlers,c=0,d=b.length;c<d;c+=2){var e=b[c+1];if(b[c].test(a))return e}return null}};
-Object.assign(de.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this,f=this.texturePath&&"string"===typeof this.texturePath?this.texturePath:zb.prototype.extractUrlBase(a),g=new sa(this.manager);g.setWithCredentials(this.withCredentials);g.load(a,function(c){c=JSON.parse(c);var d=c.metadata;if(void 0!==d&&(d=d.type,void 0!==d)){if("object"===d.toLowerCase()){console.error("THREE.JSONLoader: "+a+" should be loaded with THREE.ObjectLoader instead.");return}if("scene"===d.toLowerCase()){console.error("THREE.JSONLoader: "+
-a+" should be loaded with THREE.SceneLoader instead.");return}}c=e.parse(c,f);b(c.geometry,c.materials)},c,d)},setTexturePath:function(a){this.texturePath=a},parse:function(a,b){var c=new T,d=void 0!==a.scale?1/a.scale:1;(function(b){var d,g,h,m,k,l,p,n,u,G,r,A,w,y=a.faces;l=a.vertices;var x=a.normals,v=a.colors,z=0;if(void 0!==a.uvs){for(d=0;d<a.uvs.length;d++)a.uvs[d].length&&z++;for(d=0;d<z;d++)c.faceVertexUvs[d]=[]}m=0;for(k=l.length;m<k;)d=new q,d.x=l[m++]*b,d.y=l[m++]*b,d.z=l[m++]*b,c.vertices.push(d);
-m=0;for(k=y.length;m<k;)if(b=y[m++],u=b&1,h=b&2,d=b&8,p=b&16,G=b&32,l=b&64,b&=128,u){u=new ha;u.a=y[m];u.b=y[m+1];u.c=y[m+3];r=new ha;r.a=y[m+1];r.b=y[m+2];r.c=y[m+3];m+=4;h&&(h=y[m++],u.materialIndex=h,r.materialIndex=h);h=c.faces.length;if(d)for(d=0;d<z;d++)for(A=a.uvs[d],c.faceVertexUvs[d][h]=[],c.faceVertexUvs[d][h+1]=[],g=0;4>g;g++)n=y[m++],w=A[2*n],n=A[2*n+1],w=new D(w,n),2!==g&&c.faceVertexUvs[d][h].push(w),0!==g&&c.faceVertexUvs[d][h+1].push(w);p&&(p=3*y[m++],u.normal.set(x[p++],x[p++],x[p]),
-r.normal.copy(u.normal));if(G)for(d=0;4>d;d++)p=3*y[m++],G=new q(x[p++],x[p++],x[p]),2!==d&&u.vertexNormals.push(G),0!==d&&r.vertexNormals.push(G);l&&(l=y[m++],l=v[l],u.color.setHex(l),r.color.setHex(l));if(b)for(d=0;4>d;d++)l=y[m++],l=v[l],2!==d&&u.vertexColors.push(new J(l)),0!==d&&r.vertexColors.push(new J(l));c.faces.push(u);c.faces.push(r)}else{u=new ha;u.a=y[m++];u.b=y[m++];u.c=y[m++];h&&(h=y[m++],u.materialIndex=h);h=c.faces.length;if(d)for(d=0;d<z;d++)for(A=a.uvs[d],c.faceVertexUvs[d][h]=
-[],g=0;3>g;g++)n=y[m++],w=A[2*n],n=A[2*n+1],w=new D(w,n),c.faceVertexUvs[d][h].push(w);p&&(p=3*y[m++],u.normal.set(x[p++],x[p++],x[p]));if(G)for(d=0;3>d;d++)p=3*y[m++],G=new q(x[p++],x[p++],x[p]),u.vertexNormals.push(G);l&&(l=y[m++],u.color.setHex(v[l]));if(b)for(d=0;3>d;d++)l=y[m++],u.vertexColors.push(new J(v[l]));c.faces.push(u)}})(d);(function(){var b=void 0!==a.influencesPerVertex?a.influencesPerVertex:2;if(a.skinWeights)for(var d=0,g=a.skinWeights.length;d<g;d+=b)c.skinWeights.push(new fa(a.skinWeights[d],
-1<b?a.skinWeights[d+1]:0,2<b?a.skinWeights[d+2]:0,3<b?a.skinWeights[d+3]:0));if(a.skinIndices)for(d=0,g=a.skinIndices.length;d<g;d+=b)c.skinIndices.push(new fa(a.skinIndices[d],1<b?a.skinIndices[d+1]:0,2<b?a.skinIndices[d+2]:0,3<b?a.skinIndices[d+3]:0));c.bones=a.bones;c.bones&&0<c.bones.length&&(c.skinWeights.length!==c.skinIndices.length||c.skinIndices.length!==c.vertices.length)&&console.warn("When skinning, number of vertices ("+c.vertices.length+"), skinIndices ("+c.skinIndices.length+"), and skinWeights ("+
-c.skinWeights.length+") should match.")})();(function(b){if(void 0!==a.morphTargets)for(var d=0,g=a.morphTargets.length;d<g;d++){c.morphTargets[d]={};c.morphTargets[d].name=a.morphTargets[d].name;c.morphTargets[d].vertices=[];for(var h=c.morphTargets[d].vertices,m=a.morphTargets[d].vertices,k=0,l=m.length;k<l;k+=3){var p=new q;p.x=m[k]*b;p.y=m[k+1]*b;p.z=m[k+2]*b;h.push(p)}}if(void 0!==a.morphColors&&0<a.morphColors.length)for(console.warn('THREE.JSONLoader: "morphColors" no longer supported. Using them as face colors.'),
-b=c.faces,h=a.morphColors[0].colors,d=0,g=b.length;d<g;d++)b[d].color.fromArray(h,3*d)})(d);(function(){var b=[],d=[];void 0!==a.animation&&d.push(a.animation);void 0!==a.animations&&(a.animations.length?d=d.concat(a.animations):d.push(a.animations));for(var g=0;g<d.length;g++){var h=qa.parseAnimation(d[g],c.bones);h&&b.push(h)}c.morphTargets&&(d=qa.CreateClipsFromMorphTargetSequences(c.morphTargets,10),b=b.concat(d));0<b.length&&(c.animations=b)})();c.computeFaceNormals();c.computeBoundingSphere();
-if(void 0===a.materials||0===a.materials.length)return{geometry:c};d=zb.prototype.initMaterials(a.materials,b,this.crossOrigin);return{geometry:c,materials:d}}});Object.assign(Se.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){""===this.texturePath&&(this.texturePath=a.substring(0,a.lastIndexOf("/")+1));var e=this;(new sa(e.manager)).load(a,function(c){var g=null;try{g=JSON.parse(c)}catch(h){void 0!==d&&d(h);console.error("THREE:ObjectLoader: Can't parse "+a+".",h.message);return}c=g.metadata;void 0===c||void 0===
-c.type||"geometry"===c.type.toLowerCase()?console.error("THREE.ObjectLoader: Can't load "+a+". Use THREE.JSONLoader instead."):e.parse(g,b)},c,d)},setTexturePath:function(a){this.texturePath=a},setCrossOrigin:function(a){this.crossOrigin=a},parse:function(a,b){var c=this.parseGeometries(a.geometries),d=this.parseImages(a.images,function(){void 0!==b&&b(e)}),d=this.parseTextures(a.textures,d),d=this.parseMaterials(a.materials,d),e=this.parseObject(a.object,c,d);a.animations&&(e.animations=this.parseAnimations(a.animations));
-void 0!==a.images&&0!==a.images.length||void 0===b||b(e);return e},parseGeometries:function(a){var b={};if(void 0!==a)for(var c=new de,d=new ce,e=0,f=a.length;e<f;e++){var g,h=a[e];switch(h.type){case "PlaneGeometry":case "PlaneBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.width,h.height,h.widthSegments,h.heightSegments);break;case "BoxGeometry":case "BoxBufferGeometry":case "CubeGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.width,h.height,h.depth,h.widthSegments,h.heightSegments,h.depthSegments);break;case "CircleGeometry":case "CircleBufferGeometry":g=
-new Ma[h.type](h.radius,h.segments,h.thetaStart,h.thetaLength);break;case "CylinderGeometry":case "CylinderBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.radiusTop,h.radiusBottom,h.height,h.radialSegments,h.heightSegments,h.openEnded,h.thetaStart,h.thetaLength);break;case "ConeGeometry":case "ConeBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.radius,h.height,h.radialSegments,h.heightSegments,h.openEnded,h.thetaStart,h.thetaLength);break;case "SphereGeometry":case "SphereBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.radius,h.widthSegments,
-h.heightSegments,h.phiStart,h.phiLength,h.thetaStart,h.thetaLength);break;case "DodecahedronGeometry":case "IcosahedronGeometry":case "OctahedronGeometry":case "TetrahedronGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.radius,h.detail);break;case "RingGeometry":case "RingBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.innerRadius,h.outerRadius,h.thetaSegments,h.phiSegments,h.thetaStart,h.thetaLength);break;case "TorusGeometry":case "TorusBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.radius,h.tube,h.radialSegments,h.tubularSegments,h.arc);
-break;case "TorusKnotGeometry":case "TorusKnotBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.radius,h.tube,h.tubularSegments,h.radialSegments,h.p,h.q);break;case "LatheGeometry":case "LatheBufferGeometry":g=new Ma[h.type](h.points,h.segments,h.phiStart,h.phiLength);break;case "BufferGeometry":g=d.parse(h);break;case "Geometry":g=c.parse(h.data,this.texturePath).geometry;break;default:console.warn('THREE.ObjectLoader: Unsupported geometry type "'+h.type+'"');continue}g.uuid=h.uuid;void 0!==h.name&&(g.name=h.name);
-b[h.uuid]=g}return b},parseMaterials:function(a,b){var c={};if(void 0!==a){var d=new Hd;d.setTextures(b);for(var e=0,f=a.length;e<f;e++){var g=d.parse(a[e]);c[g.uuid]=g}}return c},parseAnimations:function(a){for(var b=[],c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=qa.parse(a[c]);b.push(d)}return b},parseImages:function(a,b){function c(a){d.manager.itemStart(a);return g.load(a,function(){d.manager.itemEnd(a)},void 0,function(){d.manager.itemError(a)})}var d=this,e={};if(void 0!==a&&0<a.length){var f=new $d(b),g=new Yc(f);
-g.setCrossOrigin(this.crossOrigin);for(var f=0,h=a.length;f<h;f++){var m=a[f],k=/^(\/\/)|([a-z]+:(\/\/)?)/i.test(m.url)?m.url:d.texturePath+m.url;e[m.uuid]=c(k)}}return e},parseTextures:function(a,b){function c(a,b){if("number"===typeof a)return a;console.warn("THREE.ObjectLoader.parseTexture: Constant should be in numeric form.",a);return b[a]}var d={UVMapping:300,CubeReflectionMapping:301,CubeRefractionMapping:302,EquirectangularReflectionMapping:303,EquirectangularRefractionMapping:304,SphericalReflectionMapping:305,
-CubeUVReflectionMapping:306,CubeUVRefractionMapping:307},e={RepeatWrapping:1E3,ClampToEdgeWrapping:1001,MirroredRepeatWrapping:1002},f={NearestFilter:1003,NearestMipMapNearestFilter:1004,NearestMipMapLinearFilter:1005,LinearFilter:1006,LinearMipMapNearestFilter:1007,LinearMipMapLinearFilter:1008},g={};if(void 0!==a)for(var h=0,m=a.length;h<m;h++){var k=a[h];void 0===k.image&&console.warn('THREE.ObjectLoader: No "image" specified for',k.uuid);void 0===b[k.image]&&console.warn("THREE.ObjectLoader: Undefined image",
-k.image);var l=new ea(b[k.image]);l.needsUpdate=!0;l.uuid=k.uuid;void 0!==k.name&&(l.name=k.name);void 0!==k.mapping&&(l.mapping=c(k.mapping,d));void 0!==k.offset&&l.offset.fromArray(k.offset);void 0!==k.repeat&&l.repeat.fromArray(k.repeat);void 0!==k.wrap&&(l.wrapS=c(k.wrap[0],e),l.wrapT=c(k.wrap[1],e));void 0!==k.minFilter&&(l.minFilter=c(k.minFilter,f));void 0!==k.magFilter&&(l.magFilter=c(k.magFilter,f));void 0!==k.anisotropy&&(l.anisotropy=k.anisotropy);void 0!==k.flipY&&(l.flipY=k.flipY);g[k.uuid]=
-l}return g},parseObject:function(){var a=new S;return function(b,c,d){function e(a){void 0===c[a]&&console.warn("THREE.ObjectLoader: Undefined geometry",a);return c[a]}function f(a){if(void 0!==a)return void 0===d[a]&&console.warn("THREE.ObjectLoader: Undefined material",a),d[a]}var g;switch(b.type){case "Scene":g=new mb;void 0!==b.background&&Number.isInteger(b.background)&&(g.background=new J(b.background));void 0!==b.fog&&("Fog"===b.fog.type?g.fog=new Lb(b.fog.color,b.fog.near,b.fog.far):"FogExp2"===
-b.fog.type&&(g.fog=new Kb(b.fog.color,b.fog.density)));break;case "PerspectiveCamera":g=new Fa(b.fov,b.aspect,b.near,b.far);void 0!==b.focus&&(g.focus=b.focus);void 0!==b.zoom&&(g.zoom=b.zoom);void 0!==b.filmGauge&&(g.filmGauge=b.filmGauge);void 0!==b.filmOffset&&(g.filmOffset=b.filmOffset);void 0!==b.view&&(g.view=Object.assign({},b.view));break;case "OrthographicCamera":g=new Jb(b.left,b.right,b.top,b.bottom,b.near,b.far);break;case "AmbientLight":g=new Ad(b.color,b.intensity);break;case "DirectionalLight":g=
-new zd(b.color,b.intensity);break;case "PointLight":g=new xd(b.color,b.intensity,b.distance,b.decay);break;case "SpotLight":g=new wd(b.color,b.intensity,b.distance,b.angle,b.penumbra,b.decay);break;case "HemisphereLight":g=new ud(b.color,b.groundColor,b.intensity);break;case "Mesh":g=e(b.geometry);var h=f(b.material);g=g.bones&&0<g.bones.length?new qd(g,h):new Aa(g,h);break;case "LOD":g=new Ec;break;case "Line":g=new Ua(e(b.geometry),f(b.material),b.mode);break;case "LineSegments":g=new ga(e(b.geometry),
-f(b.material));break;case "PointCloud":case "Points":g=new Mb(e(b.geometry),f(b.material));break;case "Sprite":g=new Dc(f(b.material));break;case "Group":g=new Fc;break;case "SkinnedMesh":console.warn("THREE.ObjectLoader.parseObject() does not support SkinnedMesh type. Instantiates Object3D instead.");default:g=new x}g.uuid=b.uuid;void 0!==b.name&&(g.name=b.name);void 0!==b.matrix?(a.fromArray(b.matrix),a.decompose(g.position,g.quaternion,g.scale)):(void 0!==b.position&&g.position.fromArray(b.position),
-void 0!==b.rotation&&g.rotation.fromArray(b.rotation),void 0!==b.quaternion&&g.quaternion.fromArray(b.quaternion),void 0!==b.scale&&g.scale.fromArray(b.scale));void 0!==b.castShadow&&(g.castShadow=b.castShadow);void 0!==b.receiveShadow&&(g.receiveShadow=b.receiveShadow);b.shadow&&(void 0!==b.shadow.bias&&(g.shadow.bias=b.shadow.bias),void 0!==b.shadow.radius&&(g.shadow.radius=b.shadow.radius),void 0!==b.shadow.mapSize&&g.shadow.mapSize.fromArray(b.shadow.mapSize),void 0!==b.shadow.camera&&(g.shadow.camera=
-this.parseObject(b.shadow.camera)));void 0!==b.visible&&(g.visible=b.visible);void 0!==b.userData&&(g.userData=b.userData);if(void 0!==b.children)for(var m in b.children)g.add(this.parseObject(b.children[m],c,d));if("LOD"===b.type)for(b=b.levels,h=0;h<b.length;h++){var k=b[h];m=g.getObjectByProperty("uuid",k.object);void 0!==m&&g.addLevel(m,k.distance)}return g}}()});ua.prototype={constructor:ua,getPoint:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Curve: Warning, getPoint() not implemented!");return null},getPointAt:function(a){a=
-this.getUtoTmapping(a);return this.getPoint(a)},getPoints:function(a){isNaN(a)&&(a=5);for(var b=[],c=0;c<=a;c++)b.push(this.getPoint(c/a));return b},getSpacedPoints:function(a){isNaN(a)&&(a=5);for(var b=[],c=0;c<=a;c++)b.push(this.getPointAt(c/a));return b},getLength:function(){var a=this.getLengths();return a[a.length-1]},getLengths:function(a){isNaN(a)&&(a=this.__arcLengthDivisions?this.__arcLengthDivisions:200);if(this.cacheArcLengths&&this.cacheArcLengths.length===a+1&&!this.needsUpdate)return this.cacheArcLengths;
-this.needsUpdate=!1;var b=[],c,d=this.getPoint(0),e,f=0;b.push(0);for(e=1;e<=a;e++)c=this.getPoint(e/a),f+=c.distanceTo(d),b.push(f),d=c;return this.cacheArcLengths=b},updateArcLengths:function(){this.needsUpdate=!0;this.getLengths()},getUtoTmapping:function(a,b){var c=this.getLengths(),d,e=c.length,f;f=b?b:a*c[e-1];for(var g=0,h=e-1,m;g<=h;)if(d=Math.floor(g+(h-g)/2),m=c[d]-f,0>m)g=d+1;else if(0<m)h=d-1;else{h=d;break}d=h;if(c[d]===f)return d/(e-1);g=c[d];return(d+(f-g)/(c[d+1]-g))/(e-1)},getTangent:function(a){var b=
-a-1E-4;a+=1E-4;0>b&&(b=0);1<a&&(a=1);b=this.getPoint(b);return this.getPoint(a).clone().sub(b).normalize()},getTangentAt:function(a){a=this.getUtoTmapping(a);return this.getTangent(a)},computeFrenetFrames:function(a,b){var c=new q,d=[],e=[],f=[],g=new q,h=new S,m,k;for(m=0;m<=a;m++)k=m/a,d[m]=this.getTangentAt(k),d[m].normalize();e[0]=new q;f[0]=new q;m=Number.MAX_VALUE;k=Math.abs(d[0].x);var l=Math.abs(d[0].y),p=Math.abs(d[0].z);k<=m&&(m=k,c.set(1,0,0));l<=m&&(m=l,c.set(0,1,0));p<=m&&c.set(0,0,1);
-g.crossVectors(d[0],c).normalize();e[0].crossVectors(d[0],g);f[0].crossVectors(d[0],e[0]);for(m=1;m<=a;m++)e[m]=e[m-1].clone(),f[m]=f[m-1].clone(),g.crossVectors(d[m-1],d[m]),g.length()>Number.EPSILON&&(g.normalize(),c=Math.acos(N.clamp(d[m-1].dot(d[m]),-1,1)),e[m].applyMatrix4(h.makeRotationAxis(g,c))),f[m].crossVectors(d[m],e[m]);if(!0===b)for(c=Math.acos(N.clamp(e[0].dot(e[a]),-1,1)),c/=a,0<d[0].dot(g.crossVectors(e[0],e[a]))&&(c=-c),m=1;m<=a;m++)e[m].applyMatrix4(h.makeRotationAxis(d[m],c*m)),
-f[m].crossVectors(d[m],e[m]);return{tangents:d,normals:e,binormals:f}}};Ta.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);Ta.prototype.constructor=Ta;Ta.prototype.isLineCurve=!0;Ta.prototype.getPoint=function(a){if(1===a)return this.v2.clone();var b=this.v2.clone().sub(this.v1);b.multiplyScalar(a).add(this.v1);return b};Ta.prototype.getPointAt=function(a){return this.getPoint(a)};Ta.prototype.getTangent=function(a){return this.v2.clone().sub(this.v1).normalize()};ad.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ua.prototype),
-{constructor:ad,add:function(a){this.curves.push(a)},closePath:function(){var a=this.curves[0].getPoint(0),b=this.curves[this.curves.length-1].getPoint(1);a.equals(b)||this.curves.push(new Ta(b,a))},getPoint:function(a){var b=a*this.getLength(),c=this.getCurveLengths();for(a=0;a<c.length;){if(c[a]>=b)return b=c[a]-b,a=this.curves[a],c=a.getLength(),a.getPointAt(0===c?0:1-b/c);a++}return null},getLength:function(){var a=this.getCurveLengths();return a[a.length-1]},updateArcLengths:function(){this.needsUpdate=
-!0;this.cacheLengths=null;this.getLengths()},getCurveLengths:function(){if(this.cacheLengths&&this.cacheLengths.length===this.curves.length)return this.cacheLengths;for(var a=[],b=0,c=0,d=this.curves.length;c<d;c++)b+=this.curves[c].getLength(),a.push(b);return this.cacheLengths=a},getSpacedPoints:function(a){isNaN(a)&&(a=40);for(var b=[],c=0;c<=a;c++)b.push(this.getPoint(c/a));this.autoClose&&b.push(b[0]);return b},getPoints:function(a){a=a||12;for(var b=[],c,d=0,e=this.curves;d<e.length;d++)for(var f=
-e[d],f=f.getPoints(f&&f.isEllipseCurve?2*a:f&&f.isLineCurve?1:f&&f.isSplineCurve?a*f.points.length:a),g=0;g<f.length;g++){var h=f[g];c&&c.equals(h)||(b.push(h),c=h)}this.autoClose&&1<b.length&&!b[b.length-1].equals(b[0])&&b.push(b[0]);return b},createPointsGeometry:function(a){a=this.getPoints(a);return this.createGeometry(a)},createSpacedPointsGeometry:function(a){a=this.getSpacedPoints(a);return this.createGeometry(a)},createGeometry:function(a){for(var b=new T,c=0,d=a.length;c<d;c++){var e=a[c];
-b.vertices.push(new q(e.x,e.y,e.z||0))}return b}});Wa.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);Wa.prototype.constructor=Wa;Wa.prototype.isEllipseCurve=!0;Wa.prototype.getPoint=function(a){for(var b=2*Math.PI,c=this.aEndAngle-this.aStartAngle,d=Math.abs(c)<Number.EPSILON;0>c;)c+=b;for(;c>b;)c-=b;c<Number.EPSILON&&(c=d?0:b);!0!==this.aClockwise||d||(c=c===b?-b:c-b);b=this.aStartAngle+a*c;a=this.aX+this.xRadius*Math.cos(b);var e=this.aY+this.yRadius*Math.sin(b);0!==this.aRotation&&(b=Math.cos(this.aRotation),
-c=Math.sin(this.aRotation),d=a-this.aX,e-=this.aY,a=d*b-e*c+this.aX,e=d*c+e*b+this.aY);return new D(a,e)};Cb.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);Cb.prototype.constructor=Cb;Cb.prototype.isSplineCurve=!0;Cb.prototype.getPoint=function(a){var b=this.points,c=(b.length-1)*a;a=Math.floor(c);var c=c-a,d=b[0===a?a:a-1],e=b[a],f=b[a>b.length-2?b.length-1:a+1],b=b[a>b.length-3?b.length-1:a+2];return new D(Te(c,d.x,e.x,f.x,b.x),Te(c,d.y,e.y,f.y,b.y))};fc.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);fc.prototype.constructor=
-fc;fc.prototype.getPoint=function(a){var b=this.v0,c=this.v1,d=this.v2,e=this.v3;return new D(Bb(a,b.x,c.x,d.x,e.x),Bb(a,b.y,c.y,d.y,e.y))};gc.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);gc.prototype.constructor=gc;gc.prototype.getPoint=function(a){var b=this.v0,c=this.v1,d=this.v2;return new D(Ab(a,b.x,c.x,d.x),Ab(a,b.y,c.y,d.y))};var xe=Object.assign(Object.create(ad.prototype),{fromPoints:function(a){this.moveTo(a[0].x,a[0].y);for(var b=1,c=a.length;b<c;b++)this.lineTo(a[b].x,a[b].y)},moveTo:function(a,
-b){this.currentPoint.set(a,b)},lineTo:function(a,b){var c=new Ta(this.currentPoint.clone(),new D(a,b));this.curves.push(c);this.currentPoint.set(a,b)},quadraticCurveTo:function(a,b,c,d){a=new gc(this.currentPoint.clone(),new D(a,b),new D(c,d));this.curves.push(a);this.currentPoint.set(c,d)},bezierCurveTo:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){a=new fc(this.currentPoint.clone(),new D(a,b),new D(c,d),new D(e,f));this.curves.push(a);this.currentPoint.set(e,f)},splineThru:function(a){var b=[this.currentPoint.clone()].concat(a),
-b=new Cb(b);this.curves.push(b);this.currentPoint.copy(a[a.length-1])},arc:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.absarc(a+this.currentPoint.x,b+this.currentPoint.y,c,d,e,f)},absarc:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.absellipse(a,b,c,c,d,e,f)},ellipse:function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h){this.absellipse(a+this.currentPoint.x,b+this.currentPoint.y,c,d,e,f,g,h)},absellipse:function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h){a=new Wa(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h);0<this.curves.length&&(b=a.getPoint(0),b.equals(this.currentPoint)||this.lineTo(b.x,b.y));this.curves.push(a);
-a=a.getPoint(1);this.currentPoint.copy(a)}});bd.prototype=xe;xe.constructor=bd;Db.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(xe),{constructor:Db,getPointsHoles:function(a){for(var b=[],c=0,d=this.holes.length;c<d;c++)b[c]=this.holes[c].getPoints(a);return b},extractAllPoints:function(a){return{shape:this.getPoints(a),holes:this.getPointsHoles(a)}},extractPoints:function(a){return this.extractAllPoints(a)}});ee.prototype={moveTo:function(a,b){this.currentPath=new bd;this.subPaths.push(this.currentPath);
-this.currentPath.moveTo(a,b)},lineTo:function(a,b){this.currentPath.lineTo(a,b)},quadraticCurveTo:function(a,b,c,d){this.currentPath.quadraticCurveTo(a,b,c,d)},bezierCurveTo:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.currentPath.bezierCurveTo(a,b,c,d,e,f)},splineThru:function(a){this.currentPath.splineThru(a)},toShapes:function(a,b){function c(a){for(var b=[],c=0,d=a.length;c<d;c++){var e=a[c],f=new Db;f.curves=e.curves;b.push(f)}return b}function d(a,b){for(var c=b.length,d=!1,e=c-1,f=0;f<c;e=f++){var g=b[e],h=
-b[f],k=h.x-g.x,m=h.y-g.y;if(Math.abs(m)>Number.EPSILON){if(0>m&&(g=b[f],k=-k,h=b[e],m=-m),!(a.y<g.y||a.y>h.y))if(a.y===g.y){if(a.x===g.x)return!0}else{e=m*(a.x-g.x)-k*(a.y-g.y);if(0===e)return!0;0>e||(d=!d)}}else if(a.y===g.y&&(h.x<=a.x&&a.x<=g.x||g.x<=a.x&&a.x<=h.x))return!0}return d}var e=Ia.isClockWise,f=this.subPaths;if(0===f.length)return[];if(!0===b)return c(f);var g,h,m,k=[];if(1===f.length)return h=f[0],m=new Db,m.curves=h.curves,k.push(m),k;var l=!e(f[0].getPoints()),l=a?!l:l;m=[];var p=
-[],n=[],q=0,x;p[q]=void 0;n[q]=[];for(var r=0,A=f.length;r<A;r++)h=f[r],x=h.getPoints(),g=e(x),(g=a?!g:g)?(!l&&p[q]&&q++,p[q]={s:new Db,p:x},p[q].s.curves=h.curves,l&&q++,n[q]=[]):n[q].push({h:h,p:x[0]});if(!p[0])return c(f);if(1<p.length){r=!1;h=[];e=0;for(f=p.length;e<f;e++)m[e]=[];e=0;for(f=p.length;e<f;e++)for(g=n[e],l=0;l<g.length;l++){q=g[l];x=!0;for(A=0;A<p.length;A++)d(q.p,p[A].p)&&(e!==A&&h.push({froms:e,tos:A,hole:l}),x?(x=!1,m[A].push(q)):r=!0);x&&m[e].push(q)}0<h.length&&(r||(n=m))}r=
-0;for(e=p.length;r<e;r++)for(m=p[r].s,k.push(m),h=n[r],f=0,g=h.length;f<g;f++)m.holes.push(h[f].h);return k}};Object.assign(fe.prototype,{isFont:!0,generateShapes:function(a,b,c){void 0===b&&(b=100);void 0===c&&(c=4);var d=this.data;a=String(a).split("");var e=b/d.resolution,f=(d.boundingBox.yMax-d.boundingBox.yMin+d.underlineThickness)*e,g=0,h=0;b=[];for(var m=0;m<a.length;m++){var k=a[m];if("\n"===k)g=0,h-=f;else{var l;l=e;var p=g,n=h;if(k=d.glyphs[k]||d.glyphs["?"]){var q=new ee,x=[],r,A,w,y,z,
-v,D,I;if(k.o)for(var C=k._cachedOutline||(k._cachedOutline=k.o.split(" ")),F=0,J=C.length;F<J;)switch(C[F++]){case "m":r=C[F++]*l+p;A=C[F++]*l+n;q.moveTo(r,A);break;case "l":r=C[F++]*l+p;A=C[F++]*l+n;q.lineTo(r,A);break;case "q":r=C[F++]*l+p;A=C[F++]*l+n;z=C[F++]*l+p;v=C[F++]*l+n;q.quadraticCurveTo(z,v,r,A);if(y=x[x.length-1]){w=y.x;y=y.y;for(var H=1;H<=c;H++){var N=H/c;Ab(N,w,z,r);Ab(N,y,v,A)}}break;case "b":if(r=C[F++]*l+p,A=C[F++]*l+n,z=C[F++]*l+p,v=C[F++]*l+n,D=C[F++]*l+p,I=C[F++]*l+n,q.bezierCurveTo(z,
-v,D,I,r,A),y=x[x.length-1])for(w=y.x,y=y.y,H=1;H<=c;H++)N=H/c,Bb(N,w,z,D,r),Bb(N,y,v,I,A)}l={offsetX:k.ha*l,path:q}}else l=void 0;g+=l.offsetX;b.push(l.path)}}c=[];d=0;for(a=b.length;d<a;d++)Array.prototype.push.apply(c,b[d].toShapes());return c}});Object.assign(Ue.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this;(new sa(this.manager)).load(a,function(a){var c;try{c=JSON.parse(a)}catch(d){console.warn("THREE.FontLoader: typeface.js support is being deprecated. Use typeface.json instead."),c=JSON.parse(a.substring(65,
-a.length-2))}a=e.parse(c);b&&b(a)},c,d)},parse:function(a){return new fe(a)}});var Pd,je={getContext:function(){void 0===Pd&&(Pd=new (window.AudioContext||window.webkitAudioContext));return Pd},setContext:function(a){Pd=a}};Object.assign(ge.prototype,{load:function(a,b,c,d){var e=new sa(this.manager);e.setResponseType("arraybuffer");e.load(a,function(a){je.getContext().decodeAudioData(a,function(a){b(a)})},c,d)}});he.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(ma.prototype),{constructor:he,isRectAreaLight:!0,
-copy:function(a){ma.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.width=a.width;this.height=a.height;return this}});Object.assign(Ve.prototype,{update:function(){var a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h=new S,m=new S;return function(k){if(a!==this||b!==k.focus||c!==k.fov||d!==k.aspect*this.aspect||e!==k.near||f!==k.far||g!==k.zoom){a=this;b=k.focus;c=k.fov;d=k.aspect*this.aspect;e=k.near;f=k.far;g=k.zoom;var l=k.projectionMatrix.clone(),p=this.eyeSep/2,n=p*e/b,q=e*Math.tan(N.DEG2RAD*c*.5)/g,x;m.elements[12]=-p;h.elements[12]=p;p=
--q*d+n;x=q*d+n;l.elements[0]=2*e/(x-p);l.elements[8]=(x+p)/(x-p);this.cameraL.projectionMatrix.copy(l);p=-q*d-n;x=q*d-n;l.elements[0]=2*e/(x-p);l.elements[8]=(x+p)/(x-p);this.cameraR.projectionMatrix.copy(l)}this.cameraL.matrixWorld.copy(k.matrixWorld).multiply(m);this.cameraR.matrixWorld.copy(k.matrixWorld).multiply(h)}}()});Id.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);Id.prototype.constructor=Id;ie.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:ie,getInput:function(){return this.gain},
-removeFilter:function(){null!==this.filter&&(this.gain.disconnect(this.filter),this.filter.disconnect(this.context.destination),this.gain.connect(this.context.destination),this.filter=null)},getFilter:function(){return this.filter},setFilter:function(a){null!==this.filter?(this.gain.disconnect(this.filter),this.filter.disconnect(this.context.destination)):this.gain.disconnect(this.context.destination);this.filter=a;this.gain.connect(this.filter);this.filter.connect(this.context.destination)},getMasterVolume:function(){return this.gain.gain.value},
-setMasterVolume:function(a){this.gain.gain.value=a},updateMatrixWorld:function(){var a=new q,b=new ca,c=new q,d=new q;return function(e){x.prototype.updateMatrixWorld.call(this,e);e=this.context.listener;var f=this.up;this.matrixWorld.decompose(a,b,c);d.set(0,0,-1).applyQuaternion(b);e.positionX?(e.positionX.setValueAtTime(a.x,this.context.currentTime),e.positionY.setValueAtTime(a.y,this.context.currentTime),e.positionZ.setValueAtTime(a.z,this.context.currentTime),e.forwardX.setValueAtTime(d.x,this.context.currentTime),
-e.forwardY.setValueAtTime(d.y,this.context.currentTime),e.forwardZ.setValueAtTime(d.z,this.context.currentTime),e.upX.setValueAtTime(f.x,this.context.currentTime),e.upY.setValueAtTime(f.y,this.context.currentTime),e.upZ.setValueAtTime(f.z,this.context.currentTime)):(e.setPosition(a.x,a.y,a.z),e.setOrientation(d.x,d.y,d.z,f.x,f.y,f.z))}}()});hc.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(x.prototype),{constructor:hc,getOutput:function(){return this.gain},setNodeSource:function(a){this.hasPlaybackControl=
-!1;this.sourceType="audioNode";this.source=a;this.connect();return this},setBuffer:function(a){this.buffer=a;this.sourceType="buffer";this.autoplay&&this.play();return this},play:function(){if(!0===this.isPlaying)console.warn("THREE.Audio: Audio is already playing.");else if(!1===this.hasPlaybackControl)console.warn("THREE.Audio: this Audio has no playback control.");else{var a=this.context.createBufferSource();a.buffer=this.buffer;a.loop=this.loop;a.onended=this.onEnded.bind(this);a.playbackRate.setValueAtTime(this.playbackRate,
-this.startTime);a.start(0,this.startTime);this.isPlaying=!0;this.source=a;return this.connect()}},pause:function(){if(!1===this.hasPlaybackControl)console.warn("THREE.Audio: this Audio has no playback control.");else return this.source.stop(),this.startTime=this.context.currentTime,this.isPlaying=!1,this},stop:function(){if(!1===this.hasPlaybackControl)console.warn("THREE.Audio: this Audio has no playback control.");else return this.source.stop(),this.startTime=0,this.isPlaying=!1,this},connect:function(){if(0<
-this.filters.length){this.source.connect(this.filters[0]);for(var a=1,b=this.filters.length;a<b;a++)this.filters[a-1].connect(this.filters[a]);this.filters[this.filters.length-1].connect(this.getOutput())}else this.source.connect(this.getOutput());return this},disconnect:function(){if(0<this.filters.length){this.source.disconnect(this.filters[0]);for(var a=1,b=this.filters.length;a<b;a++)this.filters[a-1].disconnect(this.filters[a]);this.filters[this.filters.length-1].disconnect(this.getOutput())}else this.source.disconnect(this.getOutput());
-return this},getFilters:function(){return this.filters},setFilters:function(a){a||(a=[]);!0===this.isPlaying?(this.disconnect(),this.filters=a,this.connect()):this.filters=a;return this},getFilter:function(){return this.getFilters()[0]},setFilter:function(a){return this.setFilters(a?[a]:[])},setPlaybackRate:function(a){if(!1===this.hasPlaybackControl)console.warn("THREE.Audio: this Audio has no playback control.");else return this.playbackRate=a,!0===this.isPlaying&&this.source.playbackRate.setValueAtTime(this.playbackRate,
-this.context.currentTime),this},getPlaybackRate:function(){return this.playbackRate},onEnded:function(){this.isPlaying=!1},getLoop:function(){return!1===this.hasPlaybackControl?(console.warn("THREE.Audio: this Audio has no playback control."),!1):this.loop},setLoop:function(a){if(!1===this.hasPlaybackControl)console.warn("THREE.Audio: this Audio has no playback control.");else return this.loop=a,!0===this.isPlaying&&(this.source.loop=this.loop),this},getVolume:function(){return this.gain.gain.value},
-setVolume:function(a){this.gain.gain.value=a;return this}});ke.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(hc.prototype),{constructor:ke,getOutput:function(){return this.panner},getRefDistance:function(){return this.panner.refDistance},setRefDistance:function(a){this.panner.refDistance=a},getRolloffFactor:function(){return this.panner.rolloffFactor},setRolloffFactor:function(a){this.panner.rolloffFactor=a},getDistanceModel:function(){return this.panner.distanceModel},setDistanceModel:function(a){this.panner.distanceModel=
-a},getMaxDistance:function(){return this.panner.maxDistance},setMaxDistance:function(a){this.panner.maxDistance=a},updateMatrixWorld:function(){var a=new q;return function(b){x.prototype.updateMatrixWorld.call(this,b);a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.matrixWorld);this.panner.setPosition(a.x,a.y,a.z)}}()});Object.assign(le.prototype,{getFrequencyData:function(){this.analyser.getByteFrequencyData(this.data);return this.data},getAverageFrequency:function(){for(var a=0,b=this.getFrequencyData(),c=0;c<b.length;c++)a+=
-b[c];return a/b.length}});Jd.prototype={constructor:Jd,accumulate:function(a,b){var c=this.buffer,d=this.valueSize,e=a*d+d,f=this.cumulativeWeight;if(0===f){for(f=0;f!==d;++f)c[e+f]=c[f];f=b}else f+=b,this._mixBufferRegion(c,e,0,b/f,d);this.cumulativeWeight=f},apply:function(a){var b=this.valueSize,c=this.buffer;a=a*b+b;var d=this.cumulativeWeight,e=this.binding;this.cumulativeWeight=0;1>d&&this._mixBufferRegion(c,a,3*b,1-d,b);for(var d=b,f=b+b;d!==f;++d)if(c[d]!==c[d+b]){e.setValue(c,a);break}},
-saveOriginalState:function(){var a=this.buffer,b=this.valueSize,c=3*b;this.binding.getValue(a,c);for(var d=b;d!==c;++d)a[d]=a[c+d%b];this.cumulativeWeight=0},restoreOriginalState:function(){this.binding.setValue(this.buffer,3*this.valueSize)},_select:function(a,b,c,d,e){if(.5<=d)for(d=0;d!==e;++d)a[b+d]=a[c+d]},_slerp:function(a,b,c,d,e){ca.slerpFlat(a,b,a,b,a,c,d)},_lerp:function(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f=1-d,g=0;g!==e;++g){var h=b+g;a[h]=a[h]*f+a[c+g]*d}}};ka.prototype={constructor:ka,getValue:function(a,
-b){this.bind();this.getValue(a,b)},setValue:function(a,b){this.bind();this.setValue(a,b)},bind:function(){var a=this.node,b=this.parsedPath,c=b.objectName,d=b.propertyName,e=b.propertyIndex;a||(this.node=a=ka.findNode(this.rootNode,b.nodeName)||this.rootNode);this.getValue=this._getValue_unavailable;this.setValue=this._setValue_unavailable;if(a){if(c){var f=b.objectIndex;switch(c){case "materials":if(!a.material){console.error("  can not bind to material as node does not have a material",this);return}if(!a.material.materials){console.error("  can not bind to material.materials as node.material does not have a materials array",
-this);return}a=a.material.materials;break;case "bones":if(!a.skeleton){console.error("  can not bind to bones as node does not have a skeleton",this);return}a=a.skeleton.bones;for(c=0;c<a.length;c++)if(a[c].name===f){f=c;break}break;default:if(void 0===a[c]){console.error("  can not bind to objectName of node, undefined",this);return}a=a[c]}if(void 0!==f){if(void 0===a[f]){console.error("  trying to bind to objectIndex of objectName, but is undefined:",this,a);return}a=a[f]}}f=a[d];if(void 0===f)console.error("  trying to update property for track: "+
-b.nodeName+"."+d+" but it wasn't found.",a);else{b=this.Versioning.None;void 0!==a.needsUpdate?(b=this.Versioning.NeedsUpdate,this.targetObject=a):void 0!==a.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate&&(b=this.Versioning.MatrixWorldNeedsUpdate,this.targetObject=a);c=this.BindingType.Direct;if(void 0!==e){if("morphTargetInfluences"===d){if(!a.geometry){console.error("  can not bind to morphTargetInfluences becasuse node does not have a geometry",this);return}if(!a.geometry.morphTargets){console.error("  can not bind to morphTargetInfluences becasuse node does not have a geometry.morphTargets",
-this);return}for(c=0;c<this.node.geometry.morphTargets.length;c++)if(a.geometry.morphTargets[c].name===e){e=c;break}}c=this.BindingType.ArrayElement;this.resolvedProperty=f;this.propertyIndex=e}else void 0!==f.fromArray&&void 0!==f.toArray?(c=this.BindingType.HasFromToArray,this.resolvedProperty=f):void 0!==f.length?(c=this.BindingType.EntireArray,this.resolvedProperty=f):this.propertyName=d;this.getValue=this.GetterByBindingType[c];this.setValue=this.SetterByBindingTypeAndVersioning[c][b]}}else console.error("  trying to update node for track: "+
-this.path+" but it wasn't found.")},unbind:function(){this.node=null;this.getValue=this._getValue_unbound;this.setValue=this._setValue_unbound}};Object.assign(ka.prototype,{_getValue_unavailable:function(){},_setValue_unavailable:function(){},_getValue_unbound:ka.prototype.getValue,_setValue_unbound:ka.prototype.setValue,BindingType:{Direct:0,EntireArray:1,ArrayElement:2,HasFromToArray:3},Versioning:{None:0,NeedsUpdate:1,MatrixWorldNeedsUpdate:2},GetterByBindingType:[function(a,b){a[b]=this.node[this.propertyName]},
-function(a,b){for(var c=this.resolvedProperty,d=0,e=c.length;d!==e;++d)a[b++]=c[d]},function(a,b){a[b]=this.resolvedProperty[this.propertyIndex]},function(a,b){this.resolvedProperty.toArray(a,b)}],SetterByBindingTypeAndVersioning:[[function(a,b){this.node[this.propertyName]=a[b]},function(a,b){this.node[this.propertyName]=a[b];this.targetObject.needsUpdate=!0},function(a,b){this.node[this.propertyName]=a[b];this.targetObject.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate=!0}],[function(a,b){for(var c=this.resolvedProperty,
-d=0,e=c.length;d!==e;++d)c[d]=a[b++]},function(a,b){for(var c=this.resolvedProperty,d=0,e=c.length;d!==e;++d)c[d]=a[b++];this.targetObject.needsUpdate=!0},function(a,b){for(var c=this.resolvedProperty,d=0,e=c.length;d!==e;++d)c[d]=a[b++];this.targetObject.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate=!0}],[function(a,b){this.resolvedProperty[this.propertyIndex]=a[b]},function(a,b){this.resolvedProperty[this.propertyIndex]=a[b];this.targetObject.needsUpdate=!0},function(a,b){this.resolvedProperty[this.propertyIndex]=a[b];
-this.targetObject.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate=!0}],[function(a,b){this.resolvedProperty.fromArray(a,b)},function(a,b){this.resolvedProperty.fromArray(a,b);this.targetObject.needsUpdate=!0},function(a,b){this.resolvedProperty.fromArray(a,b);this.targetObject.matrixWorldNeedsUpdate=!0}]]});ka.Composite=function(a,b,c){c=c||ka.parseTrackName(b);this._targetGroup=a;this._bindings=a.subscribe_(b,c)};ka.Composite.prototype={constructor:ka.Composite,getValue:function(a,b){this.bind();var c=this._bindings[this._targetGroup.nCachedObjects_];
-void 0!==c&&c.getValue(a,b)},setValue:function(a,b){for(var c=this._bindings,d=this._targetGroup.nCachedObjects_,e=c.length;d!==e;++d)c[d].setValue(a,b)},bind:function(){for(var a=this._bindings,b=this._targetGroup.nCachedObjects_,c=a.length;b!==c;++b)a[b].bind()},unbind:function(){for(var a=this._bindings,b=this._targetGroup.nCachedObjects_,c=a.length;b!==c;++b)a[b].unbind()}};ka.create=function(a,b,c){return a&&a.isAnimationObjectGroup?new ka.Composite(a,b,c):new ka(a,b,c)};ka.parseTrackName=function(a){var b=
-/^((?:[\w-]+[\/:])*)([\w-]+)?(?:\.([\w-]+)(?:\[(.+)\])?)?\.([\w-]+)(?:\[(.+)\])?$/.exec(a);if(!b)throw Error("cannot parse trackName at all: "+a);b={nodeName:b[2],objectName:b[3],objectIndex:b[4],propertyName:b[5],propertyIndex:b[6]};if(null===b.propertyName||0===b.propertyName.length)throw Error("can not parse propertyName from trackName: "+a);return b};ka.findNode=function(a,b){if(!b||""===b||"root"===b||"."===b||-1===b||b===a.name||b===a.uuid)return a;if(a.skeleton){var c=function(a){for(var c=
-0;c<a.bones.length;c++){var d=a.bones[c];if(d.name===b)return d}return null}(a.skeleton);if(c)return c}if(a.children){var d=function(a){for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var g=a[c];if(g.name===b||g.uuid===b||(g=d(g.children)))return g}return null};if(c=d(a.children))return c}return null};me.prototype={constructor:me,isAnimationObjectGroup:!0,add:function(a){for(var b=this._objects,c=b.length,d=this.nCachedObjects_,e=this._indicesByUUID,f=this._paths,g=this._parsedPaths,h=this._bindings,m=h.length,k=0,l=
-arguments.length;k!==l;++k){var p=arguments[k],n=p.uuid,q=e[n];if(void 0===q){q=c++;e[n]=q;b.push(p);for(var n=0,x=m;n!==x;++n)h[n].push(new ka(p,f[n],g[n]))}else if(q<d){var r=--d,x=b[r];e[x.uuid]=q;b[q]=x;e[n]=r;b[r]=p;n=0;for(x=m;n!==x;++n){var z=h[n],w=z[q];z[q]=z[r];void 0===w&&(w=new ka(p,f[n],g[n]));z[r]=w}}else void 0!==b[q]&&console.error("Different objects with the same UUID detected. Clean the caches or recreate your infrastructure when reloading scenes...")}this.nCachedObjects_=d},remove:function(a){for(var b=
-this._objects,c=this.nCachedObjects_,d=this._indicesByUUID,e=this._bindings,f=e.length,g=0,h=arguments.length;g!==h;++g){var m=arguments[g],k=m.uuid,l=d[k];if(void 0!==l&&l>=c){var p=c++,n=b[p];d[n.uuid]=l;b[l]=n;d[k]=p;b[p]=m;m=0;for(k=f;m!==k;++m){var n=e[m],q=n[l];n[l]=n[p];n[p]=q}}}this.nCachedObjects_=c},uncache:function(a){for(var b=this._objects,c=b.length,d=this.nCachedObjects_,e=this._indicesByUUID,f=this._bindings,g=f.length,h=0,m=arguments.length;h!==m;++h){var k=arguments[h].uuid,l=e[k];
-if(void 0!==l)if(delete e[k],l<d){var k=--d,p=b[k],n=--c,q=b[n];e[p.uuid]=l;b[l]=p;e[q.uuid]=k;b[k]=q;b.pop();p=0;for(q=g;p!==q;++p){var x=f[p],r=x[n];x[l]=x[k];x[k]=r;x.pop()}}else for(n=--c,q=b[n],e[q.uuid]=l,b[l]=q,b.pop(),p=0,q=g;p!==q;++p)x=f[p],x[l]=x[n],x.pop()}this.nCachedObjects_=d},subscribe_:function(a,b){var c=this._bindingsIndicesByPath,d=c[a],e=this._bindings;if(void 0!==d)return e[d];var f=this._paths,g=this._parsedPaths,h=this._objects,l=this.nCachedObjects_,k=Array(h.length),d=e.length;
-c[a]=d;f.push(a);g.push(b);e.push(k);c=l;for(d=h.length;c!==d;++c)k[c]=new ka(h[c],a,b);return k},unsubscribe_:function(a){var b=this._bindingsIndicesByPath,c=b[a];if(void 0!==c){var d=this._paths,e=this._parsedPaths,f=this._bindings,g=f.length-1,h=f[g];b[a[g]]=c;f[c]=h;f.pop();e[c]=e[g];e.pop();d[c]=d[g];d.pop()}}};ne.prototype={constructor:ne,play:function(){this._mixer._activateAction(this);return this},stop:function(){this._mixer._deactivateAction(this);return this.reset()},reset:function(){this.paused=
-!1;this.enabled=!0;this.time=0;this._loopCount=-1;this._startTime=null;return this.stopFading().stopWarping()},isRunning:function(){return this.enabled&&!this.paused&&0!==this.timeScale&&null===this._startTime&&this._mixer._isActiveAction(this)},isScheduled:function(){return this._mixer._isActiveAction(this)},startAt:function(a){this._startTime=a;return this},setLoop:function(a,b){this.loop=a;this.repetitions=b;return this},setEffectiveWeight:function(a){this.weight=a;this._effectiveWeight=this.enabled?
-a:0;return this.stopFading()},getEffectiveWeight:function(){return this._effectiveWeight},fadeIn:function(a){return this._scheduleFading(a,0,1)},fadeOut:function(a){return this._scheduleFading(a,1,0)},crossFadeFrom:function(a,b,c){a.fadeOut(b);this.fadeIn(b);if(c){c=this._clip.duration;var d=a._clip.duration,e=c/d;a.warp(1,d/c,b);this.warp(e,1,b)}return this},crossFadeTo:function(a,b,c){return a.crossFadeFrom(this,b,c)},stopFading:function(){var a=this._weightInterpolant;null!==a&&(this._weightInterpolant=
-null,this._mixer._takeBackControlInterpolant(a));return this},setEffectiveTimeScale:function(a){this.timeScale=a;this._effectiveTimeScale=this.paused?0:a;return this.stopWarping()},getEffectiveTimeScale:function(){return this._effectiveTimeScale},setDuration:function(a){this.timeScale=this._clip.duration/a;return this.stopWarping()},syncWith:function(a){this.time=a.time;this.timeScale=a.timeScale;return this.stopWarping()},halt:function(a){return this.warp(this._effectiveTimeScale,0,a)},warp:function(a,
-b,c){var d=this._mixer,e=d.time,f=this._timeScaleInterpolant,g=this.timeScale;null===f&&(this._timeScaleInterpolant=f=d._lendControlInterpolant());d=f.parameterPositions;f=f.sampleValues;d[0]=e;d[1]=e+c;f[0]=a/g;f[1]=b/g;return this},stopWarping:function(){var a=this._timeScaleInterpolant;null!==a&&(this._timeScaleInterpolant=null,this._mixer._takeBackControlInterpolant(a));return this},getMixer:function(){return this._mixer},getClip:function(){return this._clip},getRoot:function(){return this._localRoot||
-this._mixer._root},_update:function(a,b,c,d){var e=this._startTime;if(null!==e){b=(a-e)*c;if(0>b||0===c)return;this._startTime=null;b*=c}b*=this._updateTimeScale(a);c=this._updateTime(b);a=this._updateWeight(a);if(0<a){b=this._interpolants;for(var e=this._propertyBindings,f=0,g=b.length;f!==g;++f)b[f].evaluate(c),e[f].accumulate(d,a)}},_updateWeight:function(a){var b=0;if(this.enabled){var b=this.weight,c=this._weightInterpolant;if(null!==c){var d=c.evaluate(a)[0],b=b*d;a>c.parameterPositions[1]&&
-(this.stopFading(),0===d&&(this.enabled=!1))}}return this._effectiveWeight=b},_updateTimeScale:function(a){var b=0;if(!this.paused){var b=this.timeScale,c=this._timeScaleInterpolant;if(null!==c){var d=c.evaluate(a)[0],b=b*d;a>c.parameterPositions[1]&&(this.stopWarping(),0===b?this.paused=!0:this.timeScale=b)}}return this._effectiveTimeScale=b},_updateTime:function(a){var b=this.time+a;if(0===a)return b;var c=this._clip.duration,d=this.loop,e=this._loopCount;if(2200===d)a:{if(-1===e&&(this._loopCount=
-0,this._setEndings(!0,!0,!1)),b>=c)b=c;else if(0>b)b=0;else break a;this.clampWhenFinished?this.paused=!0:this.enabled=!1;this._mixer.dispatchEvent({type:"finished",action:this,direction:0>a?-1:1})}else{d=2202===d;-1===e&&(0<=a?(e=0,this._setEndings(!0,0===this.repetitions,d)):this._setEndings(0===this.repetitions,!0,d));if(b>=c||0>b){var f=Math.floor(b/c),b=b-c*f,e=e+Math.abs(f),g=this.repetitions-e;0>g?(this.clampWhenFinished?this.paused=!0:this.enabled=!1,b=0<a?c:0,this._mixer.dispatchEvent({type:"finished",
-action:this,direction:0<a?1:-1})):(0===g?(a=0>a,this._setEndings(a,!a,d)):this._setEndings(!1,!1,d),this._loopCount=e,this._mixer.dispatchEvent({type:"loop",action:this,loopDelta:f}))}if(d&&1===(e&1))return this.time=b,c-b}return this.time=b},_setEndings:function(a,b,c){var d=this._interpolantSettings;c?(d.endingStart=2401,d.endingEnd=2401):(d.endingStart=a?this.zeroSlopeAtStart?2401:2400:2402,d.endingEnd=b?this.zeroSlopeAtEnd?2401:2400:2402)},_scheduleFading:function(a,b,c){var d=this._mixer,e=d.time,
-f=this._weightInterpolant;null===f&&(this._weightInterpolant=f=d._lendControlInterpolant());d=f.parameterPositions;f=f.sampleValues;d[0]=e;f[0]=b;d[1]=e+a;f[1]=c;return this}};cd.prototype={constructor:cd,clipAction:function(a,b){var c=b||this._root,d=c.uuid,e="string"===typeof a?qa.findByName(c,a):a,c=null!==e?e.uuid:a,f=this._actionsByClip[c],g=null;if(void 0!==f){g=f.actionByRoot[d];if(void 0!==g)return g;g=f.knownActions[0];null===e&&(e=g._clip)}if(null===e)return null;e=new ne(this,e,b);this._bindAction(e,
-g);this._addInactiveAction(e,c,d);return e},existingAction:function(a,b){var c=b||this._root,d=c.uuid,c="string"===typeof a?qa.findByName(c,a):a,c=this._actionsByClip[c?c.uuid:a];return void 0!==c?c.actionByRoot[d]||null:null},stopAllAction:function(){for(var a=this._actions,b=this._nActiveActions,c=this._bindings,d=this._nActiveBindings,e=this._nActiveBindings=this._nActiveActions=0;e!==b;++e)a[e].reset();for(e=0;e!==d;++e)c[e].useCount=0;return this},update:function(a){a*=this.timeScale;for(var b=
-this._actions,c=this._nActiveActions,d=this.time+=a,e=Math.sign(a),f=this._accuIndex^=1,g=0;g!==c;++g){var h=b[g];h.enabled&&h._update(d,a,e,f)}a=this._bindings;b=this._nActiveBindings;for(g=0;g!==b;++g)a[g].apply(f);return this},getRoot:function(){return this._root},uncacheClip:function(a){var b=this._actions;a=a.uuid;var c=this._actionsByClip,d=c[a];if(void 0!==d){for(var d=d.knownActions,e=0,f=d.length;e!==f;++e){var g=d[e];this._deactivateAction(g);var h=g._cacheIndex,l=b[b.length-1];g._cacheIndex=
-null;g._byClipCacheIndex=null;l._cacheIndex=h;b[h]=l;b.pop();this._removeInactiveBindingsForAction(g)}delete c[a]}},uncacheRoot:function(a){a=a.uuid;var b=this._actionsByClip,c;for(c in b){var d=b[c].actionByRoot[a];void 0!==d&&(this._deactivateAction(d),this._removeInactiveAction(d))}c=this._bindingsByRootAndName[a];if(void 0!==c)for(var e in c)a=c[e],a.restoreOriginalState(),this._removeInactiveBinding(a)},uncacheAction:function(a,b){var c=this.existingAction(a,b);null!==c&&(this._deactivateAction(c),
-this._removeInactiveAction(c))}};Object.assign(cd.prototype,{_bindAction:function(a,b){var c=a._localRoot||this._root,d=a._clip.tracks,e=d.length,f=a._propertyBindings,g=a._interpolants,h=c.uuid,l=this._bindingsByRootAndName,k=l[h];void 0===k&&(k={},l[h]=k);for(l=0;l!==e;++l){var q=d[l],p=q.name,n=k[p];if(void 0===n){n=f[l];if(void 0!==n){null===n._cacheIndex&&(++n.referenceCount,this._addInactiveBinding(n,h,p));continue}n=new Jd(ka.create(c,p,b&&b._propertyBindings[l].binding.parsedPath),q.ValueTypeName,
-q.getValueSize());++n.referenceCount;this._addInactiveBinding(n,h,p)}f[l]=n;g[l].resultBuffer=n.buffer}},_activateAction:function(a){if(!this._isActiveAction(a)){if(null===a._cacheIndex){var b=(a._localRoot||this._root).uuid,c=a._clip.uuid,d=this._actionsByClip[c];this._bindAction(a,d&&d.knownActions[0]);this._addInactiveAction(a,c,b)}b=a._propertyBindings;c=0;for(d=b.length;c!==d;++c){var e=b[c];0===e.useCount++&&(this._lendBinding(e),e.saveOriginalState())}this._lendAction(a)}},_deactivateAction:function(a){if(this._isActiveAction(a)){for(var b=
-a._propertyBindings,c=0,d=b.length;c!==d;++c){var e=b[c];0===--e.useCount&&(e.restoreOriginalState(),this._takeBackBinding(e))}this._takeBackAction(a)}},_initMemoryManager:function(){this._actions=[];this._nActiveActions=0;this._actionsByClip={};this._bindings=[];this._nActiveBindings=0;this._bindingsByRootAndName={};this._controlInterpolants=[];this._nActiveControlInterpolants=0;var a=this;this.stats={actions:{get total(){return a._actions.length},get inUse(){return a._nActiveActions}},bindings:{get total(){return a._bindings.length},
-get inUse(){return a._nActiveBindings}},controlInterpolants:{get total(){return a._controlInterpolants.length},get inUse(){return a._nActiveControlInterpolants}}}},_isActiveAction:function(a){a=a._cacheIndex;return null!==a&&a<this._nActiveActions},_addInactiveAction:function(a,b,c){var d=this._actions,e=this._actionsByClip,f=e[b];void 0===f?(f={knownActions:[a],actionByRoot:{}},a._byClipCacheIndex=0,e[b]=f):(b=f.knownActions,a._byClipCacheIndex=b.length,b.push(a));a._cacheIndex=d.length;d.push(a);
-f.actionByRoot[c]=a},_removeInactiveAction:function(a){var b=this._actions,c=b[b.length-1],d=a._cacheIndex;c._cacheIndex=d;b[d]=c;b.pop();a._cacheIndex=null;var c=a._clip.uuid,d=this._actionsByClip,e=d[c],f=e.knownActions,g=f[f.length-1],h=a._byClipCacheIndex;g._byClipCacheIndex=h;f[h]=g;f.pop();a._byClipCacheIndex=null;delete e.actionByRoot[(b._localRoot||this._root).uuid];0===f.length&&delete d[c];this._removeInactiveBindingsForAction(a)},_removeInactiveBindingsForAction:function(a){a=a._propertyBindings;
-for(var b=0,c=a.length;b!==c;++b){var d=a[b];0===--d.referenceCount&&this._removeInactiveBinding(d)}},_lendAction:function(a){var b=this._actions,c=a._cacheIndex,d=this._nActiveActions++,e=b[d];a._cacheIndex=d;b[d]=a;e._cacheIndex=c;b[c]=e},_takeBackAction:function(a){var b=this._actions,c=a._cacheIndex,d=--this._nActiveActions,e=b[d];a._cacheIndex=d;b[d]=a;e._cacheIndex=c;b[c]=e},_addInactiveBinding:function(a,b,c){var d=this._bindingsByRootAndName,e=d[b],f=this._bindings;void 0===e&&(e={},d[b]=
-e);e[c]=a;a._cacheIndex=f.length;f.push(a)},_removeInactiveBinding:function(a){var b=this._bindings,c=a.binding,d=c.rootNode.uuid,c=c.path,e=this._bindingsByRootAndName,f=e[d],g=b[b.length-1];a=a._cacheIndex;g._cacheIndex=a;b[a]=g;b.pop();delete f[c];a:{for(var h in f)break a;delete e[d]}},_lendBinding:function(a){var b=this._bindings,c=a._cacheIndex,d=this._nActiveBindings++,e=b[d];a._cacheIndex=d;b[d]=a;e._cacheIndex=c;b[c]=e},_takeBackBinding:function(a){var b=this._bindings,c=a._cacheIndex,d=
---this._nActiveBindings,e=b[d];a._cacheIndex=d;b[d]=a;e._cacheIndex=c;b[c]=e},_lendControlInterpolant:function(){var a=this._controlInterpolants,b=this._nActiveControlInterpolants++,c=a[b];void 0===c&&(c=new Zc(new Float32Array(2),new Float32Array(2),1,this._controlInterpolantsResultBuffer),c.__cacheIndex=b,a[b]=c);return c},_takeBackControlInterpolant:function(a){var b=this._controlInterpolants,c=a.__cacheIndex,d=--this._nActiveControlInterpolants,e=b[d];a.__cacheIndex=d;b[d]=a;e.__cacheIndex=c;
-b[c]=e},_controlInterpolantsResultBuffer:new Float32Array(1)});Object.assign(cd.prototype,pa.prototype);Kd.prototype.clone=function(){return new Kd(void 0===this.value.clone?this.value:this.value.clone())};Eb.prototype=Object.create(I.prototype);Eb.prototype.constructor=Eb;Eb.prototype.isInstancedBufferGeometry=!0;Eb.prototype.addGroup=function(a,b,c){this.groups.push({start:a,count:b,materialIndex:c})};Eb.prototype.copy=function(a){var b=a.index;null!==b&&this.setIndex(b.clone());var b=a.attributes,
-c;for(c in b)this.addAttribute(c,b[c].clone());a=a.groups;c=0;for(b=a.length;c<b;c++){var d=a[c];this.addGroup(d.start,d.count,d.materialIndex)}return this};oe.prototype={constructor:oe,isInterleavedBufferAttribute:!0,get count(){return this.data.count},get array(){return this.data.array},setX:function(a,b){this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+this.offset]=b;return this},setY:function(a,b){this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+this.offset+1]=b;return this},setZ:function(a,b){this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+
-this.offset+2]=b;return this},setW:function(a,b){this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+this.offset+3]=b;return this},getX:function(a){return this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+this.offset]},getY:function(a){return this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+this.offset+1]},getZ:function(a){return this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+this.offset+2]},getW:function(a){return this.data.array[a*this.data.stride+this.offset+3]},setXY:function(a,b,c){a=a*this.data.stride+this.offset;this.data.array[a+0]=b;this.data.array[a+
-1]=c;return this},setXYZ:function(a,b,c,d){a=a*this.data.stride+this.offset;this.data.array[a+0]=b;this.data.array[a+1]=c;this.data.array[a+2]=d;return this},setXYZW:function(a,b,c,d,e){a=a*this.data.stride+this.offset;this.data.array[a+0]=b;this.data.array[a+1]=c;this.data.array[a+2]=d;this.data.array[a+3]=e;return this}};ic.prototype={constructor:ic,isInterleavedBuffer:!0,set needsUpdate(a){!0===a&&this.version++},setArray:function(a){if(Array.isArray(a))throw new TypeError("THREE.BufferAttribute: array should be a Typed Array.");
-this.count=void 0!==a?a.length/this.stride:0;this.array=a},setDynamic:function(a){this.dynamic=a;return this},copy:function(a){this.array=new a.array.constructor(a.array);this.count=a.count;this.stride=a.stride;this.dynamic=a.dynamic;return this},copyAt:function(a,b,c){a*=this.stride;c*=b.stride;for(var d=0,e=this.stride;d<e;d++)this.array[a+d]=b.array[c+d];return this},set:function(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);this.array.set(a,b);return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},onUpload:function(a){this.onUploadCallback=
-a;return this}};jc.prototype=Object.create(ic.prototype);jc.prototype.constructor=jc;jc.prototype.isInstancedInterleavedBuffer=!0;jc.prototype.copy=function(a){ic.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.meshPerAttribute=a.meshPerAttribute;return this};kc.prototype=Object.create(U.prototype);kc.prototype.constructor=kc;kc.prototype.isInstancedBufferAttribute=!0;kc.prototype.copy=function(a){U.prototype.copy.call(this,a);this.meshPerAttribute=a.meshPerAttribute;return this};pe.prototype={constructor:pe,linePrecision:1,
-set:function(a,b){this.ray.set(a,b)},setFromCamera:function(a,b){b&&b.isPerspectiveCamera?(this.ray.origin.setFromMatrixPosition(b.matrixWorld),this.ray.direction.set(a.x,a.y,.5).unproject(b).sub(this.ray.origin).normalize()):b&&b.isOrthographicCamera?(this.ray.origin.set(a.x,a.y,(b.near+b.far)/(b.near-b.far)).unproject(b),this.ray.direction.set(0,0,-1).transformDirection(b.matrixWorld)):console.error("THREE.Raycaster: Unsupported camera type.")},intersectObject:function(a,b){var c=[];qe(a,this,c,
-b);c.sort(We);return c},intersectObjects:function(a,b){var c=[];if(!1===Array.isArray(a))return console.warn("THREE.Raycaster.intersectObjects: objects is not an Array."),c;for(var d=0,e=a.length;d<e;d++)qe(a[d],this,c,b);c.sort(We);return c}};re.prototype={constructor:re,start:function(){this.oldTime=this.startTime=(performance||Date).now();this.elapsedTime=0;this.running=!0},stop:function(){this.getElapsedTime();this.running=!1},getElapsedTime:function(){this.getDelta();return this.elapsedTime},
-getDelta:function(){var a=0;this.autoStart&&!this.running&&this.start();if(this.running){var b=(performance||Date).now(),a=(b-this.oldTime)/1E3;this.oldTime=b;this.elapsedTime+=a}return a}};se.prototype={constructor:se,set:function(a,b,c){this.radius=a;this.phi=b;this.theta=c;return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.radius=a.radius;this.phi=a.phi;this.theta=a.theta;return this},makeSafe:function(){this.phi=Math.max(1E-6,Math.min(Math.PI-1E-6,this.phi));
-return this},setFromVector3:function(a){this.radius=a.length();0===this.radius?this.phi=this.theta=0:(this.theta=Math.atan2(a.x,a.z),this.phi=Math.acos(N.clamp(a.y/this.radius,-1,1)));return this}};te.prototype={constructor:te,set:function(a,b,c){this.radius=a;this.theta=b;this.y=c;return this},clone:function(){return(new this.constructor).copy(this)},copy:function(a){this.radius=a.radius;this.theta=a.theta;this.y=a.y;return this},setFromVector3:function(a){this.radius=Math.sqrt(a.x*a.x+a.z*a.z);
-this.theta=Math.atan2(a.x,a.z);this.y=a.y;return this}};oa.prototype=Object.create(Aa.prototype);oa.prototype.constructor=oa;oa.prototype.createAnimation=function(a,b,c,d){b={start:b,end:c,length:c-b+1,fps:d,duration:(c-b)/d,lastFrame:0,currentFrame:0,active:!1,time:0,direction:1,weight:1,directionBackwards:!1,mirroredLoop:!1};this.animationsMap[a]=b;this.animationsList.push(b)};oa.prototype.autoCreateAnimations=function(a){for(var b=/([a-z]+)_?(\d+)/i,c,d={},e=this.geometry,f=0,g=e.morphTargets.length;f<
-g;f++){var h=e.morphTargets[f].name.match(b);if(h&&1<h.length){var l=h[1];d[l]||(d[l]={start:Infinity,end:-Infinity});h=d[l];f<h.start&&(h.start=f);f>h.end&&(h.end=f);c||(c=l)}}for(l in d)h=d[l],this.createAnimation(l,h.start,h.end,a);this.firstAnimation=c};oa.prototype.setAnimationDirectionForward=function(a){if(a=this.animationsMap[a])a.direction=1,a.directionBackwards=!1};oa.prototype.setAnimationDirectionBackward=function(a){if(a=this.animationsMap[a])a.direction=-1,a.directionBackwards=!0};oa.prototype.setAnimationFPS=
-function(a,b){var c=this.animationsMap[a];c&&(c.fps=b,c.duration=(c.end-c.start)/c.fps)};oa.prototype.setAnimationDuration=function(a,b){var c=this.animationsMap[a];c&&(c.duration=b,c.fps=(c.end-c.start)/c.duration)};oa.prototype.setAnimationWeight=function(a,b){var c=this.animationsMap[a];c&&(c.weight=b)};oa.prototype.setAnimationTime=function(a,b){var c=this.animationsMap[a];c&&(c.time=b)};oa.prototype.getAnimationTime=function(a){var b=0;if(a=this.animationsMap[a])b=a.time;return b};oa.prototype.getAnimationDuration=
-function(a){var b=-1;if(a=this.animationsMap[a])b=a.duration;return b};oa.prototype.playAnimation=function(a){var b=this.animationsMap[a];b?(b.time=0,b.active=!0):console.warn("THREE.MorphBlendMesh: animation["+a+"] undefined in .playAnimation()")};oa.prototype.stopAnimation=function(a){if(a=this.animationsMap[a])a.active=!1};oa.prototype.update=function(a){for(var b=0,c=this.animationsList.length;b<c;b++){var d=this.animationsList[b];if(d.active){var e=d.duration/d.length;d.time+=d.direction*a;if(d.mirroredLoop){if(d.time>
-d.duration||0>d.time)d.direction*=-1,d.time>d.duration&&(d.time=d.duration,d.directionBackwards=!0),0>d.time&&(d.time=0,d.directionBackwards=!1)}else d.time%=d.duration,0>d.time&&(d.time+=d.duration);var f=d.start+N.clamp(Math.floor(d.time/e),0,d.length-1),g=d.weight;f!==d.currentFrame&&(this.morphTargetInfluences[d.lastFrame]=0,this.morphTargetInfluences[d.currentFrame]=1*g,this.morphTargetInfluences[f]=0,d.lastFrame=d.currentFrame,d.currentFrame=f);e=d.time%e/e;d.directionBackwards&&(e=1-e);d.currentFrame!==
-d.lastFrame?(this.morphTargetInfluences[d.currentFrame]=e*g,this.morphTargetInfluences[d.lastFrame]=(1-e)*g):this.morphTargetInfluences[d.currentFrame]=g}}};dd.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);dd.prototype.constructor=dd;dd.prototype.isImmediateRenderObject=!0;ed.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);ed.prototype.constructor=ed;ed.prototype.update=function(){var a=new q,b=new q,c=new ya;return function(){var d=["a","b","c"];this.object.updateMatrixWorld(!0);c.getNormalMatrix(this.object.matrixWorld);
-var e=this.object.matrixWorld,f=this.geometry.attributes.position,g=this.object.geometry;if(g&&g.isGeometry)for(var h=g.vertices,l=g.faces,k=g=0,q=l.length;k<q;k++)for(var p=l[k],n=0,u=p.vertexNormals.length;n<u;n++){var x=p.vertexNormals[n];a.copy(h[p[d[n]]]).applyMatrix4(e);b.copy(x).applyMatrix3(c).normalize().multiplyScalar(this.size).add(a);f.setXYZ(g,a.x,a.y,a.z);g+=1;f.setXYZ(g,b.x,b.y,b.z);g+=1}else if(g&&g.isBufferGeometry)for(d=g.attributes.position,h=g.attributes.normal,n=g=0,u=d.count;n<
-u;n++)a.set(d.getX(n),d.getY(n),d.getZ(n)).applyMatrix4(e),b.set(h.getX(n),h.getY(n),h.getZ(n)),b.applyMatrix3(c).normalize().multiplyScalar(this.size).add(a),f.setXYZ(g,a.x,a.y,a.z),g+=1,f.setXYZ(g,b.x,b.y,b.z),g+=1;f.needsUpdate=!0;return this}}();lc.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);lc.prototype.constructor=lc;lc.prototype.dispose=function(){this.cone.geometry.dispose();this.cone.material.dispose()};lc.prototype.update=function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(){var c=this.light.distance?
-this.light.distance:1E3,d=c*Math.tan(this.light.angle);this.cone.scale.set(d,d,c);a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.light.matrixWorld);b.setFromMatrixPosition(this.light.target.matrixWorld);this.cone.lookAt(b.sub(a));this.cone.material.color.copy(this.light.color).multiplyScalar(this.light.intensity)}}();mc.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);mc.prototype.constructor=mc;mc.prototype.getBoneList=function(a){var b=[];a&&a.isBone&&b.push(a);for(var c=0;c<a.children.length;c++)b.push.apply(b,this.getBoneList(a.children[c]));
-return b};mc.prototype.update=function(){var a=new q,b=new S,c=new S;return function(){var d=this.geometry,e=d.getAttribute("position");c.getInverse(this.root.matrixWorld);for(var f=0,g=0;f<this.bones.length;f++){var h=this.bones[f];h.parent&&h.parent.isBone&&(b.multiplyMatrices(c,h.matrixWorld),a.setFromMatrixPosition(b),e.setXYZ(g,a.x,a.y,a.z),b.multiplyMatrices(c,h.parent.matrixWorld),a.setFromMatrixPosition(b),e.setXYZ(g+1,a.x,a.y,a.z),g+=2)}d.getAttribute("position").needsUpdate=!0}}();nc.prototype=
-Object.create(Aa.prototype);nc.prototype.constructor=nc;nc.prototype.dispose=function(){this.geometry.dispose();this.material.dispose()};nc.prototype.update=function(){this.material.color.copy(this.light.color).multiplyScalar(this.light.intensity)};oc.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);oc.prototype.constructor=oc;oc.prototype.dispose=function(){this.children[0].geometry.dispose();this.children[0].material.dispose();this.children[1].geometry.dispose();this.children[1].material.dispose()};oc.prototype.update=
-function(){var a=new q,b=new q;return function(){var c=this.children[0],d=this.children[1];if(this.light.target){a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.light.matrixWorld);b.setFromMatrixPosition(this.light.target.matrixWorld);var e=b.clone().sub(a);c.lookAt(e);d.lookAt(e)}c.material.color.copy(this.light.color).multiplyScalar(this.light.intensity);d.material.color.copy(this.light.color).multiplyScalar(this.light.intensity);var d=.5*this.light.width,e=.5*this.light.height,c=c.geometry.getAttribute("position"),
-f=c.array;f[0]=d;f[1]=-e;f[2]=0;f[3]=d;f[4]=e;f[5]=0;f[6]=-d;f[7]=e;f[8]=0;f[9]=-d;f[10]=e;f[11]=0;f[12]=-d;f[13]=-e;f[14]=0;f[15]=d;f[16]=-e;f[17]=0;c.needsUpdate=!0}}();pc.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);pc.prototype.constructor=pc;pc.prototype.dispose=function(){this.children[0].geometry.dispose();this.children[0].material.dispose()};pc.prototype.update=function(){var a=new q,b=new J,c=new J;return function(){var d=this.children[0],e=d.geometry.getAttribute("color");b.copy(this.light.color).multiplyScalar(this.light.intensity);
-c.copy(this.light.groundColor).multiplyScalar(this.light.intensity);for(var f=0,g=e.count;f<g;f++){var h=f<g/2?b:c;e.setXYZ(f,h.r,h.g,h.b)}d.lookAt(a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.light.matrixWorld).negate());e.needsUpdate=!0}}();fd.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);fd.prototype.constructor=fd;Ld.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);Ld.prototype.constructor=Ld;gd.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);gd.prototype.constructor=gd;gd.prototype.update=function(){var a=new q,b=new q,c=new ya;return function(){this.object.updateMatrixWorld(!0);
-c.getNormalMatrix(this.object.matrixWorld);for(var d=this.object.matrixWorld,e=this.geometry.attributes.position,f=this.object.geometry,g=f.vertices,f=f.faces,h=0,l=0,k=f.length;l<k;l++){var q=f[l],p=q.normal;a.copy(g[q.a]).add(g[q.b]).add(g[q.c]).divideScalar(3).applyMatrix4(d);b.copy(p).applyMatrix3(c).normalize().multiplyScalar(this.size).add(a);e.setXYZ(h,a.x,a.y,a.z);h+=1;e.setXYZ(h,b.x,b.y,b.z);h+=1}e.needsUpdate=!0;return this}}();qc.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);qc.prototype.constructor=
-qc;qc.prototype.dispose=function(){var a=this.children[0],b=this.children[1];a.geometry.dispose();a.material.dispose();b.geometry.dispose();b.material.dispose()};qc.prototype.update=function(){var a=new q,b=new q,c=new q;return function(){a.setFromMatrixPosition(this.light.matrixWorld);b.setFromMatrixPosition(this.light.target.matrixWorld);c.subVectors(b,a);var d=this.children[0],e=this.children[1];d.lookAt(c);d.material.color.copy(this.light.color).multiplyScalar(this.light.intensity);e.lookAt(c);
-e.scale.z=c.length()}}();hd.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);hd.prototype.constructor=hd;hd.prototype.update=function(){function a(a,g,h,l){d.set(g,h,l).unproject(e);a=c[a];if(void 0!==a)for(g=b.getAttribute("position"),h=0,l=a.length;h<l;h++)g.setXYZ(a[h],d.x,d.y,d.z)}var b,c,d=new q,e=new ra;return function(){b=this.geometry;c=this.pointMap;e.projectionMatrix.copy(this.camera.projectionMatrix);a("c",0,0,-1);a("t",0,0,1);a("n1",-1,-1,-1);a("n2",1,-1,-1);a("n3",-1,1,-1);a("n4",1,1,-1);a("f1",
--1,-1,1);a("f2",1,-1,1);a("f3",-1,1,1);a("f4",1,1,1);a("u1",.7,1.1,-1);a("u2",-.7,1.1,-1);a("u3",0,2,-1);a("cf1",-1,0,1);a("cf2",1,0,1);a("cf3",0,-1,1);a("cf4",0,1,1);a("cn1",-1,0,-1);a("cn2",1,0,-1);a("cn3",0,-1,-1);a("cn4",0,1,-1);b.getAttribute("position").needsUpdate=!0}}();rc.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);rc.prototype.constructor=rc;rc.prototype.update=function(){var a=new Pa;return function(b){b&&b.isBox3?a.copy(b):a.setFromObject(b);if(!a.isEmpty()){b=a.min;var c=a.max,d=this.geometry.attributes.position,
-e=d.array;e[0]=c.x;e[1]=c.y;e[2]=c.z;e[3]=b.x;e[4]=c.y;e[5]=c.z;e[6]=b.x;e[7]=b.y;e[8]=c.z;e[9]=c.x;e[10]=b.y;e[11]=c.z;e[12]=c.x;e[13]=c.y;e[14]=b.z;e[15]=b.x;e[16]=c.y;e[17]=b.z;e[18]=b.x;e[19]=b.y;e[20]=b.z;e[21]=c.x;e[22]=b.y;e[23]=b.z;d.needsUpdate=!0;this.geometry.computeBoundingSphere()}}}();var Md,ue;Fb.prototype=Object.create(x.prototype);Fb.prototype.constructor=Fb;Fb.prototype.setDirection=function(){var a=new q,b;return function(c){.99999<c.y?this.quaternion.set(0,0,0,1):-.99999>c.y?this.quaternion.set(1,
-0,0,0):(a.set(c.z,0,-c.x).normalize(),b=Math.acos(c.y),this.quaternion.setFromAxisAngle(a,b))}}();Fb.prototype.setLength=function(a,b,c){void 0===b&&(b=.2*a);void 0===c&&(c=.2*b);this.line.scale.set(1,Math.max(0,a-b),1);this.line.updateMatrix();this.cone.scale.set(c,b,c);this.cone.position.y=a;this.cone.updateMatrix()};Fb.prototype.setColor=function(a){this.line.material.color.copy(a);this.cone.material.color.copy(a)};Nd.prototype=Object.create(ga.prototype);Nd.prototype.constructor=Nd;var Qd=new q,
-ye=new ve,ze=new ve,Ae=new ve;va.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);va.prototype.constructor=va;va.prototype.getPoint=function(a){var b=this.points,c=b.length;2>c&&console.log("duh, you need at least 2 points");a*=c-(this.closed?0:1);var d=Math.floor(a);a-=d;this.closed?d+=0<d?0:(Math.floor(Math.abs(d)/b.length)+1)*b.length:0===a&&d===c-1&&(d=c-2,a=1);var e,f,g;this.closed||0<d?e=b[(d-1)%c]:(Qd.subVectors(b[0],b[1]).add(b[0]),e=Qd);f=b[d%c];g=b[(d+1)%c];this.closed||d+2<c?b=b[(d+2)%c]:(Qd.subVectors(b[c-
-1],b[c-2]).add(b[c-1]),b=Qd);if(void 0===this.type||"centripetal"===this.type||"chordal"===this.type){var h="chordal"===this.type?.5:.25,c=Math.pow(e.distanceToSquared(f),h),d=Math.pow(f.distanceToSquared(g),h),h=Math.pow(g.distanceToSquared(b),h);1E-4>d&&(d=1);1E-4>c&&(c=d);1E-4>h&&(h=d);ye.initNonuniformCatmullRom(e.x,f.x,g.x,b.x,c,d,h);ze.initNonuniformCatmullRom(e.y,f.y,g.y,b.y,c,d,h);Ae.initNonuniformCatmullRom(e.z,f.z,g.z,b.z,c,d,h)}else"catmullrom"===this.type&&(c=void 0!==this.tension?this.tension:
-.5,ye.initCatmullRom(e.x,f.x,g.x,b.x,c),ze.initCatmullRom(e.y,f.y,g.y,b.y,c),Ae.initCatmullRom(e.z,f.z,g.z,b.z,c));return new q(ye.calc(a),ze.calc(a),Ae.calc(a))};id.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);id.prototype.constructor=id;id.prototype.getPoint=function(a){var b=this.v0,c=this.v1,d=this.v2,e=this.v3;return new q(Bb(a,b.x,c.x,d.x,e.x),Bb(a,b.y,c.y,d.y,e.y),Bb(a,b.z,c.z,d.z,e.z))};jd.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);jd.prototype.constructor=jd;jd.prototype.getPoint=function(a){var b=this.v0,
-c=this.v1,d=this.v2;return new q(Ab(a,b.x,c.x,d.x),Ab(a,b.y,c.y,d.y),Ab(a,b.z,c.z,d.z))};kd.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);kd.prototype.constructor=kd;kd.prototype.getPoint=function(a){if(1===a)return this.v2.clone();var b=new q;b.subVectors(this.v2,this.v1);b.multiplyScalar(a);b.add(this.v1);return b};Od.prototype=Object.create(Wa.prototype);Od.prototype.constructor=Od;ua.create=function(a,b){console.log("THREE.Curve.create() has been deprecated");a.prototype=Object.create(ua.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=
-a;a.prototype.getPoint=b;return a};Xe.prototype=Object.create(va.prototype);Ye.prototype=Object.create(va.prototype);we.prototype=Object.create(va.prototype);Object.assign(we.prototype,{initFromArray:function(a){console.error("THREE.Spline: .initFromArray() has been removed.")},getControlPointsArray:function(a){console.error("THREE.Spline: .getControlPointsArray() has been removed.")},reparametrizeByArcLength:function(a){console.error("THREE.Spline: .reparametrizeByArcLength() has been removed.")}});
-fd.prototype.setColors=function(){console.error("THREE.GridHelper: setColors() has been deprecated, pass them in the constructor instead.")};Object.assign(sc.prototype,{center:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Box2: .center() has been renamed to .getCenter().");return this.getCenter(a)},empty:function(){console.warn("THREE.Box2: .empty() has been renamed to .isEmpty().");return this.isEmpty()},isIntersectionBox:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Box2: .isIntersectionBox() has been renamed to .intersectsBox().");
-return this.intersectsBox(a)},size:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Box2: .size() has been renamed to .getSize().");return this.getSize(a)}});Object.assign(Pa.prototype,{center:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Box3: .center() has been renamed to .getCenter().");return this.getCenter(a)},empty:function(){console.warn("THREE.Box3: .empty() has been renamed to .isEmpty().");return this.isEmpty()},isIntersectionBox:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Box3: .isIntersectionBox() has been renamed to .intersectsBox().");
-return this.intersectsBox(a)},isIntersectionSphere:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Box3: .isIntersectionSphere() has been renamed to .intersectsSphere().");return this.intersectsSphere(a)},size:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Box3: .size() has been renamed to .getSize().");return this.getSize(a)}});hb.prototype.center=function(a){console.warn("THREE.Line3: .center() has been renamed to .getCenter().");return this.getCenter(a)};N.random16=function(){console.warn("THREE.Math.random16() has been deprecated. Use Math.random() instead.");
-return Math.random()};Object.assign(ya.prototype,{flattenToArrayOffset:function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Matrix3: .flattenToArrayOffset() has been deprecated. Use .toArray() instead.");return this.toArray(a,b)},multiplyVector3:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix3: .multiplyVector3() has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix3( matrix ) instead.");return a.applyMatrix3(this)},multiplyVector3Array:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix3: .multiplyVector3Array() has been renamed. Use matrix.applyToVector3Array( array ) instead.");
-return this.applyToVector3Array(a)},applyToBuffer:function(a,b,c){console.warn("THREE.Matrix3: .applyToBuffer() has been removed. Use matrix.applyToBufferAttribute( attribute ) instead.");return this.applyToBufferAttribute(a)},applyToVector3Array:function(a,b,c){console.error("THREE.Matrix3: .applyToVector3Array() has been removed.")}});Object.assign(S.prototype,{extractPosition:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .extractPosition() has been renamed to .copyPosition().");return this.copyPosition(a)},
-flattenToArrayOffset:function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .flattenToArrayOffset() has been deprecated. Use .toArray() instead.");return this.toArray(a,b)},getPosition:function(){var a;return function(){void 0===a&&(a=new q);console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .getPosition() has been removed. Use Vector3.setFromMatrixPosition( matrix ) instead.");return a.setFromMatrixColumn(this,3)}}(),setRotationFromQuaternion:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .setRotationFromQuaternion() has been renamed to .makeRotationFromQuaternion().");
-return this.makeRotationFromQuaternion(a)},multiplyVector3:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .multiplyVector3() has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix4( matrix ) instead.");return a.applyMatrix4(this)},multiplyVector4:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .multiplyVector4() has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix4( matrix ) instead.");return a.applyMatrix4(this)},multiplyVector3Array:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .multiplyVector3Array() has been renamed. Use matrix.applyToVector3Array( array ) instead.");
-return this.applyToVector3Array(a)},rotateAxis:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .rotateAxis() has been removed. Use Vector3.transformDirection( matrix ) instead.");a.transformDirection(this)},crossVector:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .crossVector() has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix4( matrix ) instead.");return a.applyMatrix4(this)},translate:function(){console.error("THREE.Matrix4: .translate() has been removed.")},rotateX:function(){console.error("THREE.Matrix4: .rotateX() has been removed.")},
-rotateY:function(){console.error("THREE.Matrix4: .rotateY() has been removed.")},rotateZ:function(){console.error("THREE.Matrix4: .rotateZ() has been removed.")},rotateByAxis:function(){console.error("THREE.Matrix4: .rotateByAxis() has been removed.")},applyToBuffer:function(a,b,c){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .applyToBuffer() has been removed. Use matrix.applyToBufferAttribute( attribute ) instead.");return this.applyToBufferAttribute(a)},applyToVector3Array:function(a,b,c){console.error("THREE.Matrix4: .applyToVector3Array() has been removed.")},
-makeFrustum:function(a,b,c,d,e,f){console.warn("THREE.Matrix4: .makeFrustum() has been removed. Use .makePerspective( left, right, top, bottom, near, far ) instead.");return this.makePerspective(a,b,d,c,e,f)}});la.prototype.isIntersectionLine=function(a){console.warn("THREE.Plane: .isIntersectionLine() has been renamed to .intersectsLine().");return this.intersectsLine(a)};ca.prototype.multiplyVector3=function(a){console.warn("THREE.Quaternion: .multiplyVector3() has been removed. Use is now vector.applyQuaternion( quaternion ) instead.");
-return a.applyQuaternion(this)};Object.assign(cb.prototype,{isIntersectionBox:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Ray: .isIntersectionBox() has been renamed to .intersectsBox().");return this.intersectsBox(a)},isIntersectionPlane:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Ray: .isIntersectionPlane() has been renamed to .intersectsPlane().");return this.intersectsPlane(a)},isIntersectionSphere:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Ray: .isIntersectionSphere() has been renamed to .intersectsSphere().");return this.intersectsSphere(a)}});
-Object.assign(Db.prototype,{extrude:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Shape: .extrude() has been removed. Use ExtrudeGeometry() instead.");return new La(this,a)},makeGeometry:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Shape: .makeGeometry() has been removed. Use ShapeGeometry() instead.");return new Yb(this,a)}});Object.assign(D.prototype,{fromAttribute:function(a,b,c){console.error("THREE.Vector2: .fromAttribute() has been renamed to .fromBufferAttribute().");return this.fromBufferAttribute(a,b,c)}});Object.assign(q.prototype,
-{setEulerFromRotationMatrix:function(){console.error("THREE.Vector3: .setEulerFromRotationMatrix() has been removed. Use Euler.setFromRotationMatrix() instead.")},setEulerFromQuaternion:function(){console.error("THREE.Vector3: .setEulerFromQuaternion() has been removed. Use Euler.setFromQuaternion() instead.")},getPositionFromMatrix:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .getPositionFromMatrix() has been renamed to .setFromMatrixPosition().");return this.setFromMatrixPosition(a)},getScaleFromMatrix:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .getScaleFromMatrix() has been renamed to .setFromMatrixScale().");
-return this.setFromMatrixScale(a)},getColumnFromMatrix:function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .getColumnFromMatrix() has been renamed to .setFromMatrixColumn().");return this.setFromMatrixColumn(b,a)},applyProjection:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Vector3: .applyProjection() has been removed. Use .applyMatrix4( m ) instead.");return this.applyMatrix4(a)},fromAttribute:function(a,b,c){console.error("THREE.Vector3: .fromAttribute() has been renamed to .fromBufferAttribute().");return this.fromBufferAttribute(a,
-b,c)}});Object.assign(fa.prototype,{fromAttribute:function(a,b,c){console.error("THREE.Vector4: .fromAttribute() has been renamed to .fromBufferAttribute().");return this.fromBufferAttribute(a,b,c)}});T.prototype.computeTangents=function(){console.warn("THREE.Geometry: .computeTangents() has been removed.")};Object.assign(x.prototype,{getChildByName:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Object3D: .getChildByName() has been renamed to .getObjectByName().");return this.getObjectByName(a)},renderDepth:function(){console.warn("THREE.Object3D: .renderDepth has been removed. Use .renderOrder, instead.")},
-translate:function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Object3D: .translate() has been removed. Use .translateOnAxis( axis, distance ) instead.");return this.translateOnAxis(b,a)}});Object.defineProperties(x.prototype,{eulerOrder:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.Object3D: .eulerOrder is now .rotation.order.");return this.rotation.order},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Object3D: .eulerOrder is now .rotation.order.");this.rotation.order=a}},useQuaternion:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.Object3D: .useQuaternion has been removed. The library now uses quaternions by default.")},
-set:function(){console.warn("THREE.Object3D: .useQuaternion has been removed. The library now uses quaternions by default.")}}});Object.defineProperties(Ec.prototype,{objects:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.LOD: .objects has been renamed to .levels.");return this.levels}}});Fa.prototype.setLens=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.PerspectiveCamera.setLens is deprecated. Use .setFocalLength and .filmGauge for a photographic setup.");void 0!==b&&(this.filmGauge=b);this.setFocalLength(a)};Object.defineProperties(ma.prototype,
-{onlyShadow:{set:function(){console.warn("THREE.Light: .onlyShadow has been removed.")}},shadowCameraFov:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraFov is now .shadow.camera.fov.");this.shadow.camera.fov=a}},shadowCameraLeft:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraLeft is now .shadow.camera.left.");this.shadow.camera.left=a}},shadowCameraRight:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraRight is now .shadow.camera.right.");this.shadow.camera.right=a}},shadowCameraTop:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraTop is now .shadow.camera.top.");
-this.shadow.camera.top=a}},shadowCameraBottom:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraBottom is now .shadow.camera.bottom.");this.shadow.camera.bottom=a}},shadowCameraNear:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraNear is now .shadow.camera.near.");this.shadow.camera.near=a}},shadowCameraFar:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraFar is now .shadow.camera.far.");this.shadow.camera.far=a}},shadowCameraVisible:{set:function(){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowCameraVisible has been removed. Use new THREE.CameraHelper( light.shadow.camera ) instead.")}},
-shadowBias:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowBias is now .shadow.bias.");this.shadow.bias=a}},shadowDarkness:{set:function(){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowDarkness has been removed.")}},shadowMapWidth:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowMapWidth is now .shadow.mapSize.width.");this.shadow.mapSize.width=a}},shadowMapHeight:{set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.Light: .shadowMapHeight is now .shadow.mapSize.height.");this.shadow.mapSize.height=a}}});Object.defineProperties(U.prototype,
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-b)},clearDrawCalls:function(){console.warn("THREE.BufferGeometry: .clearDrawCalls() is now .clearGroups().");this.clearGroups()},computeTangents:function(){console.warn("THREE.BufferGeometry: .computeTangents() has been removed.")},computeOffsets:function(){console.warn("THREE.BufferGeometry: .computeOffsets() has been removed.")}});Object.defineProperties(I.prototype,{drawcalls:{get:function(){console.error("THREE.BufferGeometry: .drawcalls has been renamed to .groups.");return this.groups}},offsets:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.BufferGeometry: .offsets has been renamed to .groups.");
-return this.groups}}});Object.defineProperties(Kd.prototype,{dynamic:{set:function(){console.warn("THREE.Uniform: .dynamic has been removed. Use object.onBeforeRender() instead.")}},onUpdate:{value:function(){console.warn("THREE.Uniform: .onUpdate() has been removed. Use object.onBeforeRender() instead.");return this}}});Object.defineProperties(X.prototype,{wrapAround:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE."+this.type+": .wrapAround has been removed.")},set:function(){console.warn("THREE."+this.type+
-": .wrapAround has been removed.")}},wrapRGB:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE."+this.type+": .wrapRGB has been removed.");return new J}}});Object.defineProperties(Ca.prototype,{metal:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.MeshPhongMaterial: .metal has been removed. Use THREE.MeshStandardMaterial instead.");return!1},set:function(){console.warn("THREE.MeshPhongMaterial: .metal has been removed. Use THREE.MeshStandardMaterial instead")}}});Object.defineProperties(Ha.prototype,{derivatives:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.ShaderMaterial: .derivatives has been moved to .extensions.derivatives.");
-return this.extensions.derivatives},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE. ShaderMaterial: .derivatives has been moved to .extensions.derivatives.");this.extensions.derivatives=a}}});Object.assign(Yd.prototype,{supportsFloatTextures:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsFloatTextures() is now .extensions.get( 'OES_texture_float' ).");return this.extensions.get("OES_texture_float")},supportsHalfFloatTextures:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsHalfFloatTextures() is now .extensions.get( 'OES_texture_half_float' ).");
-return this.extensions.get("OES_texture_half_float")},supportsStandardDerivatives:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsStandardDerivatives() is now .extensions.get( 'OES_standard_derivatives' ).");return this.extensions.get("OES_standard_derivatives")},supportsCompressedTextureS3TC:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsCompressedTextureS3TC() is now .extensions.get( 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc' ).");return this.extensions.get("WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc")},
-supportsCompressedTexturePVRTC:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsCompressedTexturePVRTC() is now .extensions.get( 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc' ).");return this.extensions.get("WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc")},supportsBlendMinMax:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsBlendMinMax() is now .extensions.get( 'EXT_blend_minmax' ).");return this.extensions.get("EXT_blend_minmax")},supportsVertexTextures:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsVertexTextures() is now .capabilities.vertexTextures.");
-return this.capabilities.vertexTextures},supportsInstancedArrays:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .supportsInstancedArrays() is now .extensions.get( 'ANGLE_instanced_arrays' ).");return this.extensions.get("ANGLE_instanced_arrays")},enableScissorTest:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .enableScissorTest() is now .setScissorTest().");this.setScissorTest(a)},initMaterial:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .initMaterial() has been removed.")},addPrePlugin:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .addPrePlugin() has been removed.")},
-addPostPlugin:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .addPostPlugin() has been removed.")},updateShadowMap:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .updateShadowMap() has been removed.")}});Object.defineProperties(Yd.prototype,{shadowMapEnabled:{get:function(){return this.shadowMap.enabled},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .shadowMapEnabled is now .shadowMap.enabled.");this.shadowMap.enabled=a}},shadowMapType:{get:function(){return this.shadowMap.type},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .shadowMapType is now .shadowMap.type.");
-this.shadowMap.type=a}},shadowMapCullFace:{get:function(){return this.shadowMap.cullFace},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderer: .shadowMapCullFace is now .shadowMap.cullFace.");this.shadowMap.cullFace=a}}});Object.defineProperties(Ke.prototype,{cullFace:{get:function(){return this.renderReverseSided?2:1},set:function(a){a=1!==a;console.warn("WebGLRenderer: .shadowMap.cullFace is deprecated. Set .shadowMap.renderReverseSided to "+a+".");this.renderReverseSided=a}}});Object.defineProperties(Ya.prototype,
-{wrapS:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .wrapS is now .texture.wrapS.");return this.texture.wrapS},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .wrapS is now .texture.wrapS.");this.texture.wrapS=a}},wrapT:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .wrapT is now .texture.wrapT.");return this.texture.wrapT},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .wrapT is now .texture.wrapT.");this.texture.wrapT=a}},magFilter:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .magFilter is now .texture.magFilter.");
-return this.texture.magFilter},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .magFilter is now .texture.magFilter.");this.texture.magFilter=a}},minFilter:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .minFilter is now .texture.minFilter.");return this.texture.minFilter},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .minFilter is now .texture.minFilter.");this.texture.minFilter=a}},anisotropy:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .anisotropy is now .texture.anisotropy.");
-return this.texture.anisotropy},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .anisotropy is now .texture.anisotropy.");this.texture.anisotropy=a}},offset:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .offset is now .texture.offset.");return this.texture.offset},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .offset is now .texture.offset.");this.texture.offset=a}},repeat:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .repeat is now .texture.repeat.");return this.texture.repeat},
-set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .repeat is now .texture.repeat.");this.texture.repeat=a}},format:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .format is now .texture.format.");return this.texture.format},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .format is now .texture.format.");this.texture.format=a}},type:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .type is now .texture.type.");return this.texture.type},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .type is now .texture.type.");
-this.texture.type=a}},generateMipmaps:{get:function(){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .generateMipmaps is now .texture.generateMipmaps.");return this.texture.generateMipmaps},set:function(a){console.warn("THREE.WebGLRenderTarget: .generateMipmaps is now .texture.generateMipmaps.");this.texture.generateMipmaps=a}}});hc.prototype.load=function(a){console.warn("THREE.Audio: .load has been deprecated. Use THREE.AudioLoader instead.");var b=this;(new ge).load(a,function(a){b.setBuffer(a)});return this};
-le.prototype.getData=function(){console.warn("THREE.AudioAnalyser: .getData() is now .getFrequencyData().");return this.getFrequencyData()};l.WebGLRenderTargetCube=Gb;l.WebGLRenderTarget=Ya;l.WebGLRenderer=Yd;l.ShaderLib=bb;l.UniformsLib=V;l.UniformsUtils=Ja;l.ShaderChunk=Z;l.FogExp2=Kb;l.Fog=Lb;l.Scene=mb;l.LensFlare=Zd;l.Sprite=Dc;l.LOD=Ec;l.SkinnedMesh=qd;l.Skeleton=od;l.Bone=pd;l.Mesh=Aa;l.LineSegments=ga;l.Line=Ua;l.Points=Mb;l.Group=Fc;l.VideoTexture=rd;l.DataTexture=eb;l.CompressedTexture=
-Nb;l.CubeTexture=Za;l.CanvasTexture=sd;l.DepthTexture=Gc;l.Texture=ea;l.CompressedTextureLoader=Re;l.DataTextureLoader=ae;l.CubeTextureLoader=be;l.TextureLoader=td;l.ObjectLoader=Se;l.MaterialLoader=Hd;l.BufferGeometryLoader=ce;l.DefaultLoadingManager=ta;l.LoadingManager=$d;l.JSONLoader=de;l.ImageLoader=Yc;l.FontLoader=Ue;l.FileLoader=sa;l.Loader=zb;l.Cache=ld;l.AudioLoader=ge;l.SpotLightShadow=vd;l.SpotLight=wd;l.PointLight=xd;l.RectAreaLight=he;l.HemisphereLight=ud;l.DirectionalLightShadow=yd;l.DirectionalLight=
-zd;l.AmbientLight=Ad;l.LightShadow=wb;l.Light=ma;l.StereoCamera=Ve;l.PerspectiveCamera=Fa;l.OrthographicCamera=Jb;l.CubeCamera=Id;l.Camera=ra;l.AudioListener=ie;l.PositionalAudio=ke;l.AudioContext=je;l.AudioAnalyser=le;l.Audio=hc;l.VectorKeyframeTrack=dc;l.StringKeyframeTrack=Ed;l.QuaternionKeyframeTrack=$c;l.NumberKeyframeTrack=ec;l.ColorKeyframeTrack=Gd;l.BooleanKeyframeTrack=Fd;l.PropertyMixer=Jd;l.PropertyBinding=ka;l.KeyframeTrack=yb;l.AnimationUtils=na;l.AnimationObjectGroup=me;l.AnimationMixer=
-cd;l.AnimationClip=qa;l.Uniform=Kd;l.InstancedBufferGeometry=Eb;l.BufferGeometry=I;l.GeometryIdCount=function(){return Vd++};l.Geometry=T;l.InterleavedBufferAttribute=oe;l.InstancedInterleavedBuffer=jc;l.InterleavedBuffer=ic;l.InstancedBufferAttribute=kc;l.Face3=ha;l.Object3D=x;l.Raycaster=pe;l.Layers=nd;l.EventDispatcher=pa;l.Clock=re;l.QuaternionLinearInterpolant=Dd;l.LinearInterpolant=Zc;l.DiscreteInterpolant=Cd;l.CubicInterpolant=Bd;l.Interpolant=xa;l.Triangle=za;l.Math=N;l.Spherical=se;l.Cylindrical=
-te;l.Plane=la;l.Frustum=tc;l.Sphere=Na;l.Ray=cb;l.Matrix4=S;l.Matrix3=ya;l.Box3=Pa;l.Box2=sc;l.Line3=hb;l.Euler=db;l.Vector4=fa;l.Vector3=q;l.Vector2=D;l.Quaternion=ca;l.Color=J;l.MorphBlendMesh=oa;l.ImmediateRenderObject=dd;l.VertexNormalsHelper=ed;l.SpotLightHelper=lc;l.SkeletonHelper=mc;l.PointLightHelper=nc;l.RectAreaLightHelper=oc;l.HemisphereLightHelper=pc;l.GridHelper=fd;l.PolarGridHelper=Ld;l.FaceNormalsHelper=gd;l.DirectionalLightHelper=qc;l.CameraHelper=hd;l.BoxHelper=rc;l.ArrowHelper=Fb;
-l.AxisHelper=Nd;l.CatmullRomCurve3=va;l.CubicBezierCurve3=id;l.QuadraticBezierCurve3=jd;l.LineCurve3=kd;l.ArcCurve=Od;l.EllipseCurve=Wa;l.SplineCurve=Cb;l.CubicBezierCurve=fc;l.QuadraticBezierCurve=gc;l.LineCurve=Ta;l.Shape=Db;l.Path=bd;l.ShapePath=ee;l.Font=fe;l.CurvePath=ad;l.Curve=ua;l.ShapeUtils=Ia;l.SceneUtils={createMultiMaterialObject:function(a,b){for(var c=new Fc,d=0,e=b.length;d<e;d++)c.add(new Aa(a,b[d]));return c},detach:function(a,b,c){a.applyMatrix(b.matrixWorld);b.remove(a);c.add(a)},
-attach:function(a,b,c){var d=new S;d.getInverse(c.matrixWorld);a.applyMatrix(d);b.remove(a);c.add(a)}};l.WireframeGeometry=Ob;l.ParametricGeometry=Hc;l.ParametricBufferGeometry=Pb;l.TetrahedronGeometry=Jc;l.TetrahedronBufferGeometry=Qb;l.OctahedronGeometry=Kc;l.OctahedronBufferGeometry=ob;l.IcosahedronGeometry=Lc;l.IcosahedronBufferGeometry=Rb;l.DodecahedronGeometry=Mc;l.DodecahedronBufferGeometry=Sb;l.PolyhedronGeometry=Ic;l.PolyhedronBufferGeometry=Ba;l.TubeGeometry=Nc;l.TubeBufferGeometry=Tb;l.TorusKnotGeometry=
-Oc;l.TorusKnotBufferGeometry=Ub;l.TorusGeometry=Pc;l.TorusBufferGeometry=Vb;l.TextGeometry=Qc;l.SphereGeometry=Rc;l.SphereBufferGeometry=pb;l.RingGeometry=Sc;l.RingBufferGeometry=Wb;l.PlaneGeometry=Ac;l.PlaneBufferGeometry=lb;l.LatheGeometry=Tc;l.LatheBufferGeometry=Xb;l.ShapeGeometry=Yb;l.ShapeBufferGeometry=Zb;l.ExtrudeGeometry=La;l.EdgesGeometry=$b;l.ConeGeometry=Uc;l.ConeBufferGeometry=Vc;l.CylinderGeometry=qb;l.CylinderBufferGeometry=Va;l.CircleGeometry=Wc;l.CircleBufferGeometry=ac;l.BoxGeometry=
-Ib;l.BoxBufferGeometry=kb;l.ShadowMaterial=bc;l.SpriteMaterial=nb;l.RawShaderMaterial=cc;l.ShaderMaterial=Ha;l.PointsMaterial=Oa;l.MultiMaterial=Xc;l.MeshPhysicalMaterial=rb;l.MeshStandardMaterial=Qa;l.MeshPhongMaterial=Ca;l.MeshToonMaterial=sb;l.MeshNormalMaterial=tb;l.MeshLambertMaterial=ub;l.MeshDepthMaterial=ab;l.MeshBasicMaterial=Ka;l.LineDashedMaterial=vb;l.LineBasicMaterial=ia;l.Material=X;l.Float64BufferAttribute=zc;l.Float32BufferAttribute=z;l.Uint32BufferAttribute=jb;l.Int32BufferAttribute=
-yc;l.Uint16BufferAttribute=ib;l.Int16BufferAttribute=xc;l.Uint8ClampedBufferAttribute=wc;l.Uint8BufferAttribute=vc;l.Int8BufferAttribute=uc;l.BufferAttribute=U;l.REVISION="84";l.MOUSE={LEFT:0,MIDDLE:1,RIGHT:2};l.CullFaceNone=0;l.CullFaceBack=1;l.CullFaceFront=2;l.CullFaceFrontBack=3;l.FrontFaceDirectionCW=0;l.FrontFaceDirectionCCW=1;l.BasicShadowMap=0;l.PCFShadowMap=1;l.PCFSoftShadowMap=2;l.FrontSide=0;l.BackSide=1;l.DoubleSide=2;l.FlatShading=1;l.SmoothShading=2;l.NoColors=0;l.FaceColors=1;l.VertexColors=
-2;l.NoBlending=0;l.NormalBlending=1;l.AdditiveBlending=2;l.SubtractiveBlending=3;l.MultiplyBlending=4;l.CustomBlending=5;l.AddEquation=100;l.SubtractEquation=101;l.ReverseSubtractEquation=102;l.MinEquation=103;l.MaxEquation=104;l.ZeroFactor=200;l.OneFactor=201;l.SrcColorFactor=202;l.OneMinusSrcColorFactor=203;l.SrcAlphaFactor=204;l.OneMinusSrcAlphaFactor=205;l.DstAlphaFactor=206;l.OneMinusDstAlphaFactor=207;l.DstColorFactor=208;l.OneMinusDstColorFactor=209;l.SrcAlphaSaturateFactor=210;l.NeverDepth=
-0;l.AlwaysDepth=1;l.LessDepth=2;l.LessEqualDepth=3;l.EqualDepth=4;l.GreaterEqualDepth=5;l.GreaterDepth=6;l.NotEqualDepth=7;l.MultiplyOperation=0;l.MixOperation=1;l.AddOperation=2;l.NoToneMapping=0;l.LinearToneMapping=1;l.ReinhardToneMapping=2;l.Uncharted2ToneMapping=3;l.CineonToneMapping=4;l.UVMapping=300;l.CubeReflectionMapping=301;l.CubeRefractionMapping=302;l.EquirectangularReflectionMapping=303;l.EquirectangularRefractionMapping=304;l.SphericalReflectionMapping=305;l.CubeUVReflectionMapping=306;
-l.CubeUVRefractionMapping=307;l.RepeatWrapping=1E3;l.ClampToEdgeWrapping=1001;l.MirroredRepeatWrapping=1002;l.NearestFilter=1003;l.NearestMipMapNearestFilter=1004;l.NearestMipMapLinearFilter=1005;l.LinearFilter=1006;l.LinearMipMapNearestFilter=1007;l.LinearMipMapLinearFilter=1008;l.UnsignedByteType=1009;l.ByteType=1010;l.ShortType=1011;l.UnsignedShortType=1012;l.IntType=1013;l.UnsignedIntType=1014;l.FloatType=1015;l.HalfFloatType=1016;l.UnsignedShort4444Type=1017;l.UnsignedShort5551Type=1018;l.UnsignedShort565Type=
-1019;l.UnsignedInt248Type=1020;l.AlphaFormat=1021;l.RGBFormat=1022;l.RGBAFormat=1023;l.LuminanceFormat=1024;l.LuminanceAlphaFormat=1025;l.RGBEFormat=1023;l.DepthFormat=1026;l.DepthStencilFormat=1027;l.RGB_S3TC_DXT1_Format=2001;l.RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_Format=2002;l.RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_Format=2003;l.RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_Format=2004;l.RGB_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format=2100;l.RGB_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format=2101;l.RGBA_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format=2102;l.RGBA_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format=2103;l.RGB_ETC1_Format=2151;l.LoopOnce=2200;l.LoopRepeat=2201;l.LoopPingPong=
-2202;l.InterpolateDiscrete=2300;l.InterpolateLinear=2301;l.InterpolateSmooth=2302;l.ZeroCurvatureEnding=2400;l.ZeroSlopeEnding=2401;l.WrapAroundEnding=2402;l.TrianglesDrawMode=0;l.TriangleStripDrawMode=1;l.TriangleFanDrawMode=2;l.LinearEncoding=3E3;l.sRGBEncoding=3001;l.GammaEncoding=3007;l.RGBEEncoding=3002;l.LogLuvEncoding=3003;l.RGBM7Encoding=3004;l.RGBM16Encoding=3005;l.RGBDEncoding=3006;l.BasicDepthPacking=3200;l.RGBADepthPacking=3201;l.CubeGeometry=Ib;l.Face4=function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){console.warn("THREE.Face4 has been removed. A THREE.Face3 will be created instead.");
-return new ha(a,b,c,e,f,g)};l.LineStrip=0;l.LinePieces=1;l.MeshFaceMaterial=function(a){console.warn("THREE.MeshFaceMaterial has been renamed to THREE.MultiMaterial.");return new Xc(a)};l.PointCloud=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.PointCloud has been renamed to THREE.Points.");return new Mb(a,b)};l.Particle=function(a){console.warn("THREE.Particle has been renamed to THREE.Sprite.");return new Dc(a)};l.ParticleSystem=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.ParticleSystem has been renamed to THREE.Points.");
-return new Mb(a,b)};l.PointCloudMaterial=function(a){console.warn("THREE.PointCloudMaterial has been renamed to THREE.PointsMaterial.");return new Oa(a)};l.ParticleBasicMaterial=function(a){console.warn("THREE.ParticleBasicMaterial has been renamed to THREE.PointsMaterial.");return new Oa(a)};l.ParticleSystemMaterial=function(a){console.warn("THREE.ParticleSystemMaterial has been renamed to THREE.PointsMaterial.");return new Oa(a)};l.Vertex=function(a,b,c){console.warn("THREE.Vertex has been removed. Use THREE.Vector3 instead.");
-return new q(a,b,c)};l.DynamicBufferAttribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.DynamicBufferAttribute has been removed. Use new THREE.BufferAttribute().setDynamic( true ) instead.");return(new U(a,b)).setDynamic(!0)};l.Int8Attribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Int8Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Int8BufferAttribute() instead.");return new uc(a,b)};l.Uint8Attribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Uint8Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Uint8BufferAttribute() instead.");return new vc(a,
-b)};l.Uint8ClampedAttribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Uint8ClampedAttribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Uint8ClampedBufferAttribute() instead.");return new wc(a,b)};l.Int16Attribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Int16Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Int16BufferAttribute() instead.");return new xc(a,b)};l.Uint16Attribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Uint16Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Uint16BufferAttribute() instead.");return new ib(a,b)};l.Int32Attribute=
-function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Int32Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Int32BufferAttribute() instead.");return new yc(a,b)};l.Uint32Attribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Uint32Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Uint32BufferAttribute() instead.");return new jb(a,b)};l.Float32Attribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Float32Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute() instead.");return new z(a,b)};l.Float64Attribute=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Float64Attribute has been removed. Use new THREE.Float64BufferAttribute() instead.");
-return new zc(a,b)};l.ClosedSplineCurve3=Xe;l.SplineCurve3=Ye;l.Spline=we;l.BoundingBoxHelper=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.BoundingBoxHelper has been deprecated. Creating a THREE.BoxHelper instead.");return new rc(a,b)};l.EdgesHelper=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.EdgesHelper has been removed. Use THREE.EdgesGeometry instead.");return new ga(new $b(a.geometry),new ia({color:void 0!==b?b:16777215}))};l.WireframeHelper=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.WireframeHelper has been removed. Use THREE.WireframeGeometry instead.");
-return new ga(new Ob(a.geometry),new ia({color:void 0!==b?b:16777215}))};l.XHRLoader=function(a){console.warn("THREE.XHRLoader has been renamed to THREE.FileLoader.");return new sa(a)};l.BinaryTextureLoader=function(a){console.warn("THREE.BinaryTextureLoader has been renamed to THREE.DataTextureLoader.");return new ae(a)};l.GeometryUtils={merge:function(a,b,c){console.warn("THREE.GeometryUtils: .merge() has been moved to Geometry. Use geometry.merge( geometry2, matrix, materialIndexOffset ) instead.");
-var d;b.isMesh&&(b.matrixAutoUpdate&&b.updateMatrix(),d=b.matrix,b=b.geometry);a.merge(b,d,c)},center:function(a){console.warn("THREE.GeometryUtils: .center() has been moved to Geometry. Use geometry.center() instead.");return a.center()}};l.ImageUtils={crossOrigin:void 0,loadTexture:function(a,b,c,d){console.warn("THREE.ImageUtils.loadTexture has been deprecated. Use THREE.TextureLoader() instead.");var e=new td;e.setCrossOrigin(this.crossOrigin);a=e.load(a,c,void 0,d);b&&(a.mapping=b);return a},
-loadTextureCube:function(a,b,c,d){console.warn("THREE.ImageUtils.loadTextureCube has been deprecated. Use THREE.CubeTextureLoader() instead.");var e=new be;e.setCrossOrigin(this.crossOrigin);a=e.load(a,c,void 0,d);b&&(a.mapping=b);return a},loadCompressedTexture:function(){console.error("THREE.ImageUtils.loadCompressedTexture has been removed. Use THREE.DDSLoader instead.")},loadCompressedTextureCube:function(){console.error("THREE.ImageUtils.loadCompressedTextureCube has been removed. Use THREE.DDSLoader instead.")}};
-l.Projector=function(){console.error("THREE.Projector has been moved to /examples/js/renderers/Projector.js.");this.projectVector=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .projectVector() is now vector.project().");a.project(b)};this.unprojectVector=function(a,b){console.warn("THREE.Projector: .unprojectVector() is now vector.unproject().");a.unproject(b)};this.pickingRay=function(){console.error("THREE.Projector: .pickingRay() is now raycaster.setFromCamera().")}};l.CanvasRenderer=function(){console.error("THREE.CanvasRenderer has been moved to /examples/js/renderers/CanvasRenderer.js");
-this.domElement=document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml","canvas");this.clear=function(){};this.render=function(){};this.setClearColor=function(){};this.setSize=function(){}};Object.defineProperty(l,"__esModule",{value:!0})});
diff --git a/lib/ua-parser-js/dist/ua-parser.min.js b/lib/ua-parser-js/dist/ua-parser.min.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 31db8801..00000000
--- a/lib/ua-parser-js/dist/ua-parser.min.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * UAParser.js v0.7.9
- * Lightweight JavaScript-based User-Agent string parser
- * https://github.com/faisalman/ua-parser-js
- *
- * Copyright © 2012-2015 Faisal Salman <fyzlman@gmail.com>
- * Dual licensed under GPLv2 & MIT
- */
-(function(window,undefined){"use strict";var LIBVERSION="0.7.9",EMPTY="",UNKNOWN="?",FUNC_TYPE="function",UNDEF_TYPE="undefined",OBJ_TYPE="object",STR_TYPE="string",MAJOR="major",MODEL="model",NAME="name",TYPE="type",VENDOR="vendor",VERSION="version",ARCHITECTURE="architecture",CONSOLE="console",MOBILE="mobile",TABLET="tablet",SMARTTV="smarttv",WEARABLE="wearable",EMBEDDED="embedded";var util={extend:function(regexes,extensions){for(var i in extensions){if("browser cpu device engine os".indexOf(i)!==-1&&extensions[i].length%2===0){regexes[i]=extensions[i].concat(regexes[i])}}return regexes},has:function(str1,str2){if(typeof str1==="string"){return str2.toLowerCase().indexOf(str1.toLowerCase())!==-1}else{return false}},lowerize:function(str){return str.toLowerCase()},major:function(version){return typeof version===STR_TYPE?version.split(".")[0]:undefined}};var mapper={rgx:function(){var result,i=0,j,k,p,q,matches,match,args=arguments;while(i<args.length&&!matches){var regex=args[i],props=args[i+1];if(typeof result===UNDEF_TYPE){result={};for(p in props){q=props[p];if(typeof q===OBJ_TYPE){result[q[0]]=undefined}else{result[q]=undefined}}}j=k=0;while(j<regex.length&&!matches){matches=regex[j++].exec(this.getUA());if(!!matches){for(p=0;p<props.length;p++){match=matches[++k];q=props[p];if(typeof q===OBJ_TYPE&&q.length>0){if(q.length==2){if(typeof q[1]==FUNC_TYPE){result[q[0]]=q[1].call(this,match)}else{result[q[0]]=q[1]}}else if(q.length==3){if(typeof q[1]===FUNC_TYPE&&!(q[1].exec&&q[1].test)){result[q[0]]=match?q[1].call(this,match,q[2]):undefined}else{result[q[0]]=match?match.replace(q[1],q[2]):undefined}}else if(q.length==4){result[q[0]]=match?q[3].call(this,match.replace(q[1],q[2])):undefined}}else{result[q]=match?match:undefined}}}}i+=2}return result},str:function(str,map){for(var i in map){if(typeof map[i]===OBJ_TYPE&&map[i].length>0){for(var j=0;j<map[i].length;j++){if(util.has(map[i][j],str)){return i===UNKNOWN?undefined:i}}}else if(util.has(map[i],str)){return i===UNKNOWN?undefined:i}}return str}};var maps={browser:{oldsafari:{version:{"1.0":"/8",1.2:"/1",1.3:"/3","2.0":"/412","2.0.2":"/416","2.0.3":"/417","2.0.4":"/419","?":"/"}}},device:{amazon:{model:{"Fire Phone":["SD","KF"]}},sprint:{model:{"Evo Shift 4G":"7373KT"},vendor:{HTC:"APA",Sprint:"Sprint"}}},os:{windows:{version:{ME:"4.90","NT 3.11":"NT3.51","NT 4.0":"NT4.0",2000:"NT 5.0",XP:["NT 5.1","NT 5.2"],Vista:"NT 6.0",7:"NT 6.1",8:"NT 6.2",8.1:"NT 6.3",10:["NT 6.4","NT 10.0"],RT:"ARM"}}}};var regexes={browser:[[/(opera\smini)\/([\w\.-]+)/i,/(opera\s[mobiletab]+).+version\/([\w\.-]+)/i,/(opera).+version\/([\w\.]+)/i,/(opera)[\/\s]+([\w\.]+)/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/\s(opr)\/([\w\.]+)/i],[[NAME,"Opera"],VERSION],[/(kindle)\/([\w\.]+)/i,/(lunascape|maxthon|netfront|jasmine|blazer)[\/\s]?([\w\.]+)*/i,/(avant\s|iemobile|slim|baidu)(?:browser)?[\/\s]?([\w\.]*)/i,/(?:ms|\()(ie)\s([\w\.]+)/i,/(rekonq)\/([\w\.]+)*/i,/(chromium|flock|rockmelt|midori|epiphany|silk|skyfire|ovibrowser|bolt|iron|vivaldi|iridium)\/([\w\.-]+)/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/(trident).+rv[:\s]([\w\.]+).+like\sgecko/i],[[NAME,"IE"],VERSION],[/(edge)\/((\d+)?[\w\.]+)/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/(yabrowser)\/([\w\.]+)/i],[[NAME,"Yandex"],VERSION],[/(comodo_dragon)\/([\w\.]+)/i],[[NAME,/_/g," "],VERSION],[/(chrome|omniweb|arora|[tizenoka]{5}\s?browser)\/v?([\w\.]+)/i,/(uc\s?browser|qqbrowser)[\/\s]?([\w\.]+)/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/(dolfin)\/([\w\.]+)/i],[[NAME,"Dolphin"],VERSION],[/((?:android.+)crmo|crios)\/([\w\.]+)/i],[[NAME,"Chrome"],VERSION],[/XiaoMi\/MiuiBrowser\/([\w\.]+)/i],[VERSION,[NAME,"MIUI Browser"]],[/android.+version\/([\w\.]+)\s+(?:mobile\s?safari|safari)/i],[VERSION,[NAME,"Android Browser"]],[/FBAV\/([\w\.]+);/i],[VERSION,[NAME,"Facebook"]],[/version\/([\w\.]+).+?mobile\/\w+\s(safari)/i],[VERSION,[NAME,"Mobile 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"],[VENDOR,"Xiaomi"],[TYPE,MOBILE]],[/(mobile|tablet);.+rv\:.+gecko\//i],[[TYPE,util.lowerize],VENDOR,MODEL]],engine:[[/windows.+\sedge\/([\w\.]+)/i],[VERSION,[NAME,"EdgeHTML"]],[/(presto)\/([\w\.]+)/i,/(webkit|trident|netfront|netsurf|amaya|lynx|w3m)\/([\w\.]+)/i,/(khtml|tasman|links)[\/\s]\(?([\w\.]+)/i,/(icab)[\/\s]([23]\.[\d\.]+)/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/rv\:([\w\.]+).*(gecko)/i],[VERSION,NAME]],os:[[/microsoft\s(windows)\s(vista|xp)/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/(windows)\snt\s6\.2;\s(arm)/i,/(windows\sphone(?:\sos)*|windows\smobile|windows)[\s\/]?([ntce\d\.\s]+\w)/i],[NAME,[VERSION,mapper.str,maps.os.windows.version]],[/(win(?=3|9|n)|win\s9x\s)([nt\d\.]+)/i],[[NAME,"Windows"],[VERSION,mapper.str,maps.os.windows.version]],[/\((bb)(10);/i],[[NAME,"BlackBerry"],VERSION],[/(blackberry)\w*\/?([\w\.]+)*/i,/(tizen)[\/\s]([\w\.]+)/i,/(android|webos|palm\sos|qnx|bada|rim\stablet\sos|meego|contiki)[\/\s-]?([\w\.]+)*/i,/linux;.+(sailfish);/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/(symbian\s?os|symbos|s60(?=;))[\/\s-]?([\w\.]+)*/i],[[NAME,"Symbian"],VERSION],[/\((series40);/i],[NAME],[/mozilla.+\(mobile;.+gecko.+firefox/i],[[NAME,"Firefox OS"],VERSION],[/(nintendo|playstation)\s([wids3portablevu]+)/i,/(mint)[\/\s\(]?(\w+)*/i,/(mageia|vectorlinux)[;\s]/i,/(joli|[kxln]?ubuntu|debian|[open]*suse|gentoo|arch|slackware|fedora|mandriva|centos|pclinuxos|redhat|zenwalk|linpus)[\/\s-]?([\w\.-]+)*/i,/(hurd|linux)\s?([\w\.]+)*/i,/(gnu)\s?([\w\.]+)*/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/(cros)\s[\w]+\s([\w\.]+\w)/i],[[NAME,"Chromium OS"],VERSION],[/(sunos)\s?([\w\.]+\d)*/i],[[NAME,"Solaris"],VERSION],[/\s([frentopc-]{0,4}bsd|dragonfly)\s?([\w\.]+)*/i],[NAME,VERSION],[/(ip[honead]+)(?:.*os\s*([\w]+)*\slike\smac|;\sopera)/i],[[NAME,"iOS"],[VERSION,/_/g,"."]],[/(mac\sos\sx)\s?([\w\s\.]+\w)*/i,/(macintosh|mac(?=_powerpc)\s)/i],[[NAME,"Mac OS"],[VERSION,/_/g,"."]],[/((?:open)?solaris)[\/\s-]?([\w\.]+)*/i,/(haiku)\s(\w+)/i,/(aix)\s((\d)(?=\.|\)|\s)[\w\.]*)*/i,/(plan\s9|minix|beos|os\/2|amigaos|morphos|risc\sos|openvms)/i,/(unix)\s?([\w\.]+)*/i],[NAME,VERSION]]};var UAParser=function(uastring,extensions){if(!(this instanceof UAParser)){return new UAParser(uastring,extensions).getResult()}var ua=uastring||(window&&window.navigator&&window.navigator.userAgent?window.navigator.userAgent:EMPTY);var rgxmap=extensions?util.extend(regexes,extensions):regexes;this.getBrowser=function(){var browser=mapper.rgx.apply(this,rgxmap.browser);browser.major=util.major(browser.version);return browser};this.getCPU=function(){return mapper.rgx.apply(this,rgxmap.cpu)};this.getDevice=function(){return mapper.rgx.apply(this,rgxmap.device)};this.getEngine=function(){return mapper.rgx.apply(this,rgxmap.engine)};this.getOS=function(){return mapper.rgx.apply(this,rgxmap.os)};this.getResult=function(){return{ua:this.getUA(),browser:this.getBrowser(),engine:this.getEngine(),os:this.getOS(),device:this.getDevice(),cpu:this.getCPU()}};this.getUA=function(){return ua};this.setUA=function(uastring){ua=uastring;return this};this.setUA(ua);return this};UAParser.VERSION=LIBVERSION;UAParser.BROWSER={NAME:NAME,MAJOR:MAJOR,VERSION:VERSION};UAParser.CPU={ARCHITECTURE:ARCHITECTURE};UAParser.DEVICE={MODEL:MODEL,VENDOR:VENDOR,TYPE:TYPE,CONSOLE:CONSOLE,MOBILE:MOBILE,SMARTTV:SMARTTV,TABLET:TABLET,WEARABLE:WEARABLE,EMBEDDED:EMBEDDED};UAParser.ENGINE={NAME:NAME,VERSION:VERSION};UAParser.OS={NAME:NAME,VERSION:VERSION};if(typeof exports!==UNDEF_TYPE){if(typeof module!==UNDEF_TYPE&&module.exports){exports=module.exports=UAParser}exports.UAParser=UAParser}else{if(typeof define===FUNC_TYPE&&define.amd){define(function(){return UAParser})}else{window.UAParser=UAParser}}var $=window.jQuery||window.Zepto;if(typeof $!==UNDEF_TYPE){var parser=new UAParser;$.ua=parser.getResult();$.ua.get=function(){return parser.getUA()};$.ua.set=function(uastring){parser.setUA(uastring);var result=parser.getResult();for(var prop in result){$.ua[prop]=result[prop]}}}})(typeof window==="object"?window:this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/ua-parser-js/dist/ua-parser.pack.js b/lib/ua-parser-js/dist/ua-parser.pack.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 4828216f..00000000
--- a/lib/ua-parser-js/dist/ua-parser.pack.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * UAParser.js v0.7.9
- * Lightweight JavaScript-based User-Agent string parser
- * https://github.com/faisalman/ua-parser-js
- *
- * Copyright © 2012-2015 Faisal Salman <fyzlman@gmail.com>
- * Dual licensed under GPLv2 & MIT
- */
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diff --git a/lib/velocity/bower.json b/lib/velocity/bower.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bf66fe8d..00000000
--- a/lib/velocity/bower.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/page/10/index.html b/page/10/index.html
index 62d143d7..ff4e91f7 100644
--- a/page/10/index.html
+++ b/page/10/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/10/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/10/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/10/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/10/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left 
   page-home">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +292,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
   <section id="posts" class="posts-expand">
@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/" itemprop="url">shell的选择语句分支</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00">
-                2015-08-09
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-27 15:01:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-27T15:01:23+08:00">2015-10-27</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-11-19 19:07:17" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-11-19T19:07:17+08:00">2019-11-19</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  357
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -382,24 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          面向过程的语句结构：
-
-顺序结构：逐条运行
-选择结构：两个或以上的,满足条件时只会执行其中一个满足条件的分支    
-循环结构：某循环体需要执行多次
-
-If语句分支if单分支12345if [[ condition1 ]] ; then    # statements1    # statement
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在新版的 systemd 的管理机制中，默认的 rescue 模式无法直接取得 root 权限。而且还需要使用 root 的密码才能够进入 rescure 环境。 在忘记了 root 密码的情况下，可以在开机过程中给内核传入 rd.break  来处理。
+需要注意的是， rd.break 是在 Ra
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -407,6 +472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -438,20 +506,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader之Grub2/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -462,32 +532,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/" itemprop="url">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader之Grub2/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">BootLoader之Grub2</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-06T21:21:03+08:00">
-                2015-08-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-26 19:01:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-26T19:01:47+08:00">2015-10-26</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-11-19 17:03:31" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-11-19T17:03:31+08:00">2019-11-19</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -495,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,741
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -545,25 +612,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          条件测试语句
-语法格式
-
-格式1     test expression
-格式2    [ expression ]
-格式3     [[ expression ]]
-
-[ 是一条命令，它与 test 是等价的。在其中的表达式应是它的命令行参数，所以字符串比较操作符  &gt; 与 &lt; 必须转
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在开机过程中 boot loader 是载入内核的重要工具，如果没有 boot loader ，那么 kernel 就无法被系统加载。
+目前新版的 CentOS 7.x 已经将沿用多年的 grub 换成了 grub2，并且 grub2 版本在设定与安装上跟先前的 grub 有一定的差异。
+boot 
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader之Grub2/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -571,6 +640,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -602,20 +674,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/25/194107-内核与内核模块/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -626,32 +700,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/" itemprop="url">shell命令间的逻辑关系</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/25/194107-内核与内核模块/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">内核与内核模块</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-03T21:21:27+08:00">
-                2015-08-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-25 19:41:07" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-25T19:41:07+08:00">2015-10-25</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-11-06 18:31:26" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-11-06T18:31:26+08:00">2019-11-06</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -659,37 +758,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  339
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -709,26 +780,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          无逻辑关系
-用 ; 间隔的各命令按顺序依次执行
-1COMMAND1;COMMAND2;COMMAND3...
-逻辑关系
-
-逻辑与： &amp;&amp;
-第一个条件为假时，第二条件不用再判断，最终结果已确定；
-第一个条件为真时，第二条件必须得判断
-&amp;&amp; 前面的命令执行成功则执行 &a
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在整个开机的过程当中，是否能够成功驱动主机的硬件设备， 是内核 (kernel) 的工作，而内核一般都是压缩文件，因此在使用内核之前，需要将它解压缩后，才能加载到内存当中。
+为了应对不断更新迭代的硬件，目前的内核都是具有 可读取模块化驱动程序 的功能， 也就是所说的 modules (模块化) 的功
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/25/194107-内核与内核模块/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -736,6 +807,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -767,20 +841,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -791,32 +867,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/" itemprop="url">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">认识并管理systemd服务和单元</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-30T21:41:35+08:00">
-                2015-07-30
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-24 13:21:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-24T13:21:43+08:00">2015-10-24</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-11-08 20:12:28" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-11-08T20:12:28+08:00">2019-11-08</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -824,37 +925,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,478
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  12
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -874,29 +947,35 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          登录提示符常用参数及含义
-在 /etc/bashrc 文件中会设定 PS1 变量，这个变量设置的就是登录之后的提示符信息
-12[root@localhost ~]$ echo $PS1[\u@\h \W]\$
-不同的参数代表的含义不同
-
-\d ：代表日期，格式为 weekday month date
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Systemd 简介Systemd 是一系列工具的集合，其作用也远远不仅是启动操作系统，它还接管了后台服务、结束、状态查询，以及日志归档、设备管理、电源管理、定时任务等许多职责，并支持通过特定事件（如插入特定 USB 设备）和特定端口数据触发的 On-demand（按需）任务。
+根据 Linux 惯
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
     
+
     
     
+    
+
+    
 
     
-
+      
+    
     
 
     
@@ -929,20 +1008,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -953,32 +1034,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/" itemprop="url">shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-27T21:01:35+08:00">
-                2015-07-27
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-23 17:01:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-23T17:01:27+08:00">2015-10-23</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-10-24 16:11:39" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-10-24T16:11:39+08:00">2019-10-24</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -986,37 +1092,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,751
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  7
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1036,19 +1114,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          四种模式登录式Shell（login shell）取得 bash 时需要完整的登入流程，就称为 login shell
-正常通过某终端登录的 shell，当系统启动时或开启一个新的终端登录系统时，系统通过调用 /bin/login 程序处理登录并在一个 shell 中显示命令行提示符，这个 shel
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在开机的过程中，要用到开机管理程序（Bootl Loader）。目前各大主流的 Linux 发行版使用的是 grub2，但是在早期 Linux 预设的是 grub1 或者 LILO。以 Linux 主机为例，按下电源后计算机的硬件会主动读取 BIOS 或 UEFI BIOS 来加载硬件信息以及进行硬
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1056,6 +1140,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1087,20 +1174,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1111,32 +1200,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" itemprop="url">shell中对变量的操作</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux的1号PID和systemd</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00">
-                2015-07-24
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-22 19:21:15" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-22T19:21:15+08:00">2015-10-22</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-10-23 15:55:59" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-10-23T15:55:59+08:00">2019-10-23</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1144,37 +1258,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,610
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  7
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1194,20 +1280,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          声明变量声明变量通常使用 declare 命令来操作
-123456$ declare [OPTIONS] VARIABLES-i   # 整型-a   # 数值-x   # 环境变量-r   # 只读变量，不能撤销，不能修改，相当于readonly-f   # 声明函数
-不使用 declare ，直
-          ...
+            <p>
+              要说清 Systemd，得先从Linux操作系统的启动说起。Linux 操作系统的启动首先从 BIOS 开始，然后由 Boot Loader 载入内核，并初始化内核。内核初始化的最后一步就是启动 init 进程。这个进程是系统的第一个进程，PID 为 1，又叫超级进程，也叫根进程。它负责产生其他所有
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/22/192115-Linux的1号PID和systemd/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1215,6 +1306,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1246,20 +1340,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1270,32 +1366,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/" itemprop="url">shell的变量和分类</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的学习建议</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00">
-                2015-07-21
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-06 11:41:07" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-06T11:41:07+08:00">2015-10-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 14:01:47" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T14:01:47+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1303,37 +1424,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,751
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  11
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1353,20 +1446,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          什么是变量变量，就是一个容器用来存储数据也是一段内存空间（内存是编制的存储单元）；通过变量赋值在变量中存储数据，然后可以通过变量名访问到的存储信息的内存空间地址。
-变量是脚本语言的核心，shell 脚本又是无类型的，所以要使用变量就需要引用。
-数据类型数据类型是指用来事先定义数据的存储格式和存储长度
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在做 Linux 系统相关的运维工作中，经常会编写shell脚本来完成服务的一键配置，定时维护等任务。shell 脚本严格意义上讲并不是编程语言。很多人在写脚本的时候，想到哪里就写到哪里，多人协作的时候代码很难得到规范和统一。为了更高效地写 shell 脚本，结合自己的经验，查阅了一些资料，罗列了一
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1374,6 +1472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1405,20 +1506,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1429,32 +1532,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00">
-                2015-07-20
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-03 18:43:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-03T18:43:10+08:00">2015-10-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-28 21:34:57" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-28T21:34:57+08:00">2019-04-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1462,37 +1590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,489
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  7
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1512,20 +1612,34 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Here DocumentsHere Documents 作为重定向的一种方式，指的是 shell 从源文件的当前位置开始读取输出，直到遇到只包含一个单词的文本行时结束。在该过程中读到的所有文本行都将作为某一个命令的标准输入而使用。
-Here Documents 的使用形式：
-123command 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              
+dialog是一个可以创建对话框的工具，需要手动安装，yum源安装即可。
+系统默认自带whiptail也可实现对话框的创建
+每个对话框提供的输出有两种形式：
+将所有输出到stderr，不显示到屏幕；
+使用退出状态码，OK为0，NO为1，ESC为255。
+
+
+
+语法说明Usage: dialog -
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1533,6 +1647,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1564,20 +1681,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1588,32 +1707,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-19T17:21:47+08:00">
-                2015-07-19
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-10-01 17:21:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-01T17:21:35+08:00">2015-10-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-28 21:31:47" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-28T21:31:47+08:00">2019-04-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1621,37 +1765,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  551
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1671,24 +1787,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          说是命令行编辑，其实说白了就是一堆快捷键，实现了 shell 命令行上字符串的剪切拷贝等多种功能。
-先来看看常用到的快捷键：
+            <p>
+              在终端环境下安装新的软件时，经常会看到信息对话框弹出，需要你的输入。对话框的类型有密码箱，检查表，菜单，等等。他们可以引导你以一种直观的方式输入必要的信息，使用这样的用户友好的对话框的好处是显而易见的。如下图所示：
 
-Ctrl + a    光标跳转到命令行行首
-Ctrl + e    光标跳转到命令行行尾
-Ctrl + l    清屏，等同于 clear 命令
-Ctrl + u    
-          ...
+
+当你想要写一个交互式shell脚本时，你可以使用这样的对话框来接受用户的输入。w
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1696,6 +1816,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1727,20 +1850,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1751,32 +1876,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell用法整理</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-18T21:41:47+08:00">
-                2015-07-18
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-21 09:41:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00">2015-09-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-06 18:01:59" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-06T18:01:59+08:00">2019-05-06</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1784,37 +1934,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,691
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1834,19 +1956,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          输入输出重定向输入重定向指的是将原来从标准输入读取数据的位置重新定向为从其他位置读取数据，输出重定向指的是把原来要输出到标准输出的内容，重新定向输出到指定的其他位置。
-输入输出重定向通常与文件描述符 FD 有关，shell 的 FD 通常为10个，即 0～9，最常用的有 3 个，即 0（stdin）
-          ...
+            <p>
+              使用 set 和 eval 取当前的运行级别源码出自 CentOS6.X系统 sshd 服务脚本：/etc/init.d/sshd
+[user1@study ~]$ runlevel=$(set -- $(runlevel); eval "echo \$$#" )[user1@study ~]$ e
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1854,6 +1983,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1881,7 +2013,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/9/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/9/">9</a><span class="page-number current">10</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/11/">11</a><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/9/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/9/">9</a><span class="page-number current">10</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/11/">11</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1889,9 +2021,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1905,63 +2034,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1972,122 +2163,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2095,9 +2297,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2105,6 +2310,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2113,24 +2319,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2146,14 +2387,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -2167,10 +2415,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -2182,81 +2428,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -2305,6 +2527,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2338,8 +2562,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -2508,9 +2733,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -2580,25 +2805,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/page/11/index.html b/page/11/index.html
index 5374247d..4a54ae65 100644
--- a/page/11/index.html
+++ b/page/11/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/11/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/11/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/11/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/11/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left 
   page-home">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +292,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
   <section id="posts" class="posts-expand">
@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-15T19:21:27+08:00">
-                2015-07-15
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-20 11:41:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00">2015-09-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-27 16:54:01" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-27T16:54:01+08:00">2019-05-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  556
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -382,19 +445,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          管道是 Unix 中最古老的进程之间的通信形式。把数据流从一个进程连接到另一个进程就叫做 “管道”。
-管道的操作符是 |，仅能处理经由前面一个命令传出的正确输出信息，即标准输出（standard output） 的信息，而对于错误的输出信息，即标准错误输出（stdandard error） 信息没有
-          ...
+            <p>
+              口算法netmask转CIDR例如：255.255.192.0
+
+255.0.0.0、255.255.0.0、255.255.255.0、255.255.255.255 这四种分别对应 8、16、24、32
+去掉所有255.的字符和.及其后面的字符，得到了 192。用 256 减去 192，得到了 
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -402,6 +474,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -433,20 +508,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -457,32 +534,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">通过受限bash创建只读用户</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-13T19:21:31+08:00">
-                2015-07-13
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-16 11:41:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00">2015-09-16</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 14:30:02" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T14:30:02+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -490,37 +592,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  893
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -540,19 +614,32 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          标准输入(stdin)标准输入（standard input）指的是输入给要执行命令的数据，通常是键盘的输入，或者是文件中的数据。命令程序要求以读(read)的方式来传输数据。
-123456[user1@study ~]$ read -p 'Please input a number: ' user
-          ...
+            <p>
+              受限bash
+bash本身也有一定的限制功能，就是通过其(受限shell) restricted shell 功能。
+如果bash是以rbash为名启动，或者使用-r选项运行，它就称为受限shell。
+受限bash所做的限制包括：
+阻止用户改变目录和环境变量
+重定向输出
+使用绝对路径运行命令
+使用e
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -560,6 +647,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -591,20 +681,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -615,32 +707,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell中脚本路径的获取</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-12T21:41:27+08:00">
-                2015-07-12
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-08 21:41:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00">2015-09-08</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 13:27:07" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T13:27:07+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -648,37 +765,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  375
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -698,30 +787,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          文件名通配属于 Bash 的一大特性，通配符只会出现在命令的参数中。当参数中出现了通配符时，shell 将会把他当做路径或文件名去文件系统做匹配，如果符合要求的匹配存在则进行替换，否则这个通配符就只是当做普通字符传递给命令，然后交给命令处理。
-常见的文件名通配符
-
-
-
-字符
-含义
-
-
-
-
-*
-任意长
-          ...
+            <p>
+              很多情况下，我们会先获取当前脚本的路径，然后一这个路径为基准，去找其他的路径。通常我们是直接用 pwd 以期获得脚本的路径。实际上这样是不严谨的，pwd 获得的是当前 shell 的执行路径，而不是当前脚本的执行路径。
+使用 dirname 命令再结合 pwd 可以准确地得到脚本的实际路径
+[use
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -729,6 +815,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -760,20 +849,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -784,32 +875,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-09T21:41:35+08:00">
-                2015-07-09
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-09-03 13:21:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-03T13:21:23+08:00">2015-09-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-25 18:15:32" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-25T18:15:32+08:00">2019-05-25</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -817,37 +933,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  367
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -867,27 +955,34 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          命令替换命令替换，就是把某个子命令替换为其执行结果的过程。命令替换符有两种 :
-1$(command) 或 `command`
-在一些命令中如果出现命令替换符，Kernel 会首先执行子命令，然后在执行外部命令
-12345[user1@study ~]$ echo "$(date +'%F %T')
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在生产环境中，很多情况下在脚本中会使用一些临时的普通文件，比如 1.txt，test.txt。为了简单，可能 A 员工在维护时脚本中使用了一个 1.txt，B员工在维护的时候也使用了 1.txt，这时候就造成了文件使用上的冲突。为了尽可能的避免这类情况的发生，我们就可以使用 mktemp 命令创建属
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
     
+
     
     
+    
+
+    
 
     
-
+      
+    
     
 
     
@@ -920,20 +1015,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -944,32 +1041,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的进程替换</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00">
-                2015-07-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-30 13:41:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-30T13:41:35+08:00">2015-08-30</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 13:09:23" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T13:09:23+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -977,37 +1099,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,319
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  6
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1027,20 +1121,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          对于 Linux 的运维人员来说，免不了经常敲一大堆命令，有些命令很长或者选项要经常被用到，重复性的输入很长的命令或选项显得效率十分低下，这时候我们使用命令别名来代替复杂的命令就非常有用了。
-如何设置一个别名我们可以在命令行使用如下格式定义一个别名
-1alias CMDALIAS='COMMAND 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              进程替换与命令替换很相似，命令替换把一个命令的结果赋给一个变量，例如 dir_contents=$(ls -al) 。进程替换则是把一个进程的输出回馈给另一个进程 (换句话说，它把一个命令的结果发送给另一个命令)。
+命令替换的形式是由圆括号括起的命令
+&gt;(command)&lt;(comman
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1048,6 +1149,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1079,20 +1183,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1103,32 +1209,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的语法调试</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00">
-                2015-07-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-27 13:41:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T13:41:19+08:00">2015-08-27</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 12:20:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T12:20:34+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1136,37 +1267,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,132
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1186,27 +1289,30 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在 Linux 系统中，默认情况下 Bash 就提供了下面这几个可以供用户在命令行使用的标准补全：
-
-变量名补全
-用户名补全
-可执行命令补全
-文件名和目录补全
-主机名补全
-
-变量名补全在终端输入 $ 后，敲两次 Tab 键就会列出所有可用的 shell 变量
-12345678910111213141
-          ...
+            <p>
+              使用bash选项-n 检查脚本语法格式是否有错
+bash -n script.sh
+-v 选项将跟踪脚本中每个命令的执行
+bash -v script.sh
+-x 选项会使脚本单步执行，将整个脚本每一步解释和执行过程显示出来
+[user1@study ~]$ cat script.sh #!/bin
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1214,6 +1320,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1245,20 +1354,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1269,32 +1380,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell中信号捕捉</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-01T10:21:10+08:00">
-                2015-07-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-24 17:41:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-24T17:41:11+08:00">2015-08-24</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 12:09:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T12:09:34+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1302,37 +1438,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,869
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1352,21 +1460,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          history 命令用于显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史被保存在内存中的，当退出 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history ，当登录 shell 时则从中读取以前的命令
-常用选项
-history n     列出最近执行过的n条命令 
-history  -c    
-          ...
+            <p>
+              信号捕捉信号是一种进程间的通信机制，它给应用程序提供一种异步的软件中断，使应用程序有机会接受其他程序活终端发送的命令(即信号)。
+应用程序收到信号后，有三种处理方式：忽略，默认，捕捉。进程收到一个信号后，会检查对该信号的处理机制。如果是 SIG_IGN，就忽略该信号；如果是 SIG_DFT，则会采用
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1374,6 +1487,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1405,20 +1521,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1429,32 +1547,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/" itemprop="url">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的数组</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00">
-                2015-06-28
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-21 17:21:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00">2015-08-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 11:43:52" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T11:43:52+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1462,37 +1605,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  858
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1512,20 +1627,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          echoshell 中有个内置的命令 echo 用来输出信息，在默认情况下输出位置是屏幕。
-123[user1@study ~]$ echo "Hello World"Hello World[user1@study ~]$
-此外 echo 命令还可以改变样式，以输出不同颜色的文本，但是必须有 -e 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              什么是数组
+存储多个元素的连续的内存空间。数组只有一个名字，索引号从0开始。
+关联数组的索引号可以自定义，bash4及以后版本支持关联数组。
+Bash 支持一维数组（不支持多维数组），并且没有限定数组的大小。
+获取数组中的元素要利用下标，下标可以是整数或算术表达式，其值应大于或等于0。
+
+如何定义一
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1533,6 +1659,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1564,20 +1693,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1588,32 +1719,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/" itemprop="url">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的函数</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00">
-                2015-06-27
-              </time>
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-18 09:21:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-18T09:21:43+08:00">2015-08-18</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 20:09:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T20:09:34+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
             
-          </span>
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1621,37 +1777,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  435
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1671,20 +1799,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          read 命令从标准输入中读取一行，并把输入行的每个字段的值指定给 shell 变量
-用法格式
-123read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd
-          ...
+            <p>
+              函数函数可将一个复杂功能划分成若干模块，让程序结构更加清晰，代码重复利用率更高。
+在 shell 中必须先定义函数，然后使用，而且不能独立运行，需要调用执行。函数可出现在任何位置，在代码执行时，都会被自动替换为函数代码。函数命名不应该为命令名，否则会发生冲突。
+函数的定义方式定义方式一
+functi
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1692,6 +1828,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1723,20 +1862,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1747,32 +1888,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">认识Shell</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的状态返回值</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00">
-                2015-06-26
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-15 19:41:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-15T19:41:39+08:00">2015-08-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 23:45:59" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T23:45:59+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1780,37 +1946,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  787
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1830,19 +1968,29 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          什么是 ShellShell 也可称为“壳”，充当人与内核（硬件）的翻译官，用户将一些命令 “告诉” Shell，它就会调用相应的程序服务执行工作。因此 Shell 的最简单的定义就是—命令解释器(Command Interpreter)
-Shell 将使用者的命令翻译给核心处理，同时将核心处理结果
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在 shell 中，每个命令都会返回一个状态返回值。成功的命令返回 0，而不成功的命令返回非零值。非零值通常都被解释成一个错误码。
+在 shell 中$? 是一个特殊变量，它所引用的值就是上一条命令的执行状态返回值。
+
+在 shell 的函数执行后，$? 返回的是函数执行的最后一条命令的状态返回值
+
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1850,6 +1998,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1877,7 +2028,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/10/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/10/">10</a><span class="page-number current">11</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/12/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/10/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/10/">10</a><span class="page-number current">11</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/12/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1885,9 +2036,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
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-          
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         </div>
         
           
@@ -1901,63 +2049,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
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+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1968,122 +2178,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2091,9 +2312,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2101,6 +2325,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2109,24 +2334,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2142,14 +2402,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -2163,10 +2430,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -2178,81 +2443,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -2301,6 +2542,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2334,8 +2577,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -2504,9 +2748,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -2576,25 +2820,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/page/12/index.html b/page/12/index.html
index a43268cf..7021c74b 100644
--- a/page/12/index.html
+++ b/page/12/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/12/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/12/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/12/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/12/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left 
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     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
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   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,80 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +292,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
   <section id="posts" class="posts-expand">
@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/" itemprop="url">Linux下软件包的管理</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-28T11:21:23+08:00">
-                2015-05-28
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-12 13:01:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00">2015-08-12</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 10:49:02" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T10:49:02+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,178 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              while(当型)循环结构 标准用法，当 condition 条件满足时执行循环体，否则退出循环
+while [[ condition ]] ; do    # statements1    # statements2    # ...........done
+死循环,当触发某条件时退出循环
+whi
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
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+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
                 
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,822
-                </span>
+                <a href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的选择语句分支</a>
               
+            
+          </h1>
+        
 
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
               
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
 
               
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-09 19:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-09T19:01:19+08:00">2015-08-09</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
                 <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
                 </span>
                 
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
                 
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  15
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 22:26:09" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T22:26:09+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
           
 
           
@@ -382,18 +614,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          RPM什么是rpmRPM是RedHat Package Manager（RedHat软件包管理工具）。它工作于R e d Hat Linux以及其它Linux系统，成为了Linux中公认的软件包管理标准。红帽子软件公司鼓励其他厂商来了解R PM并在自己的产品中使用它。R PM的发布基于GPL协议。随
-          ...
+            <p>
+              面向过程的语句结构：
+
+顺序结构：逐条运行
+选择结构：两个或以上的,满足条件时只会执行其中一个满足条件的分支    
+循环结构：某循环体需要执行多次
+
+If语句分支if单分支if [[ condition1 ]] ; then    # statements1    # statements2   
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/28/112123-Linux下软件包的管理/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/09/190119-shell的选择语句分支/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -401,6 +646,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -432,20 +680,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -456,32 +706,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/" itemprop="url">Linux中netstat命令的使用</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的条件测试语句和运算符</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-27T13:41:15+08:00">
-                2015-05-27
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-06 21:21:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-06T21:21:03+08:00">2015-08-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 22:01:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T22:01:34+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -489,37 +764,182 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              条件测试语句
+语法格式
+
+格式1     test expression
+格式2    [ expression ]
+格式3     [[ expression ]]
+
+[ 是一条命令，它与 test 是等价的。在其中的表达式应是它的命令行参数，所以字符串比较操作符  &gt; 与 &lt; 必须转
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/06/212103-shell的条件测试语句和运算符/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
                 
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  702
-                </span>
+                <a href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell命令间的逻辑关系</a>
               
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
 
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
               
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
 
               
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-08-03 21:21:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-03T21:21:27+08:00">2015-08-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
                 <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
                 </span>
                 
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
                 
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 21:02:40" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T21:02:40+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
           
 
           
@@ -539,21 +959,33 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Netstat 是一款命令行工具，可用于列出系统上所有的网络套接字连接情况，包括 tcp, udp 以及 unix 套接字，另外它还能列出处于监听状态（即等待接入请求）的套接字
-常见参数
--a, --all 列出所有连接，netstat 默认不显示 LISTEN 相关
--t, --tcp 只列出 T
-          ...
+            <p>
+              无逻辑关系
+用 ; 间隔的各命令按顺序依次执行
+COMMAND1;COMMAND2;COMMAND3...
+逻辑关系
+
+逻辑与： &amp;&amp;
+第一个条件为假时，第二条件不用再判断，最终结果已确定；
+第一个条件为真时，第二条件必须得判断
+&amp;&amp; 前面的命令执行成功则执行 &am
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/27/134115-Linux中netstat命令的使用/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/03/212127-shell命令间的逻辑关系/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -561,6 +993,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -616,32 +1053,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/" itemprop="url">Linux中date命令的使用</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell登录提示符与登录提示信息</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00">
-                2015-05-26
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-30 21:41:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-30T21:41:35+08:00">2015-07-30</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-13 15:00:19" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-13T15:00:19+08:00">2019-08-13</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -649,37 +1111,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,240
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  6
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -699,23 +1133,30 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          date
-print or set the system date and time，打印或设置系统日期和时间
-Rtc：real time clock，硬件时间
-Ntp：Network time Protocol，网络时间协议
+            <p>
+              登录提示符常用参数及含义
+在 /etc/bashrc 文件中会设定 PS1 变量，这个变量设置的就是登录之后的提示符信息
+[root@localhost ~]$ echo $PS1[\u@\h \W]\$
+不同的参数代表的含义不同
 
-常用选项12345678910111213141516-d, --da
-          ...
+\d ：代表日期，格式为 weekday month date，例
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -723,6 +1164,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -754,20 +1198,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -778,32 +1224,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/" itemprop="url">Linux下命令路径搜索</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-14T15:01:23+08:00">
-                2015-05-14
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-27 21:01:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-27T21:01:35+08:00">2015-07-27</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 19:37:32" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T19:37:32+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -811,37 +1282,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,060
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -861,19 +1304,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          which概述用于查找并显示给定命令的绝对路径，环境变量PATH中保存了查找命令时需要遍历的目录。which指令会在环境变量$PATH设置的目录里查找符合条件的文件。也就是说，使用which命令，就可以看到某个系统命令是否存在，以及执行的到底是哪一个位置的命令。
-语法1Usage: which [o
-          ...
+            <p>
+              四种模式登录式Shell（login shell）取得 bash 时需要完整的登入流程，就称为 login shell
+正常通过某终端登录的 shell，当系统启动时或开启一个新的终端登录系统时，系统通过调用 /bin/login 程序处理登录并在一个 shell 中显示命令行提示符，这个 shel
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -881,6 +1331,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -912,20 +1365,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -936,32 +1391,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/" itemprop="url">Linux下如何获取命令的帮助</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell中对变量的操作</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-13T21:01:27+08:00">
-                2015-05-13
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-24 09:41:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00">2015-07-24</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 17:24:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T17:24:42+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -969,37 +1449,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  626
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1019,33 +1471,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          获得命令的帮助
-内建命令
-
-12help  command command -h
-
-外部命令
-
-123command --helpman commandinfo command
-命令手册 manual
-whatis 查看命令的章节
-
-1whatis command
-
-章节分类
-
-Standard c
-          ...
+            <p>
+              声明变量声明变量通常使用 declare 命令来操作
+$ declare [OPTIONS] VARIABLES-i   # 整型-a   # 数值-x   # 环境变量-r   # 只读变量，不能撤销，不能修改，相当于readonly-f   # 声明函数
+不使用 declare ，直接使用等号也
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1053,6 +1499,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1084,20 +1533,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1108,32 +1559,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" itemprop="url">Linux的whereis命令</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell的变量和分类</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00">
-                2015-05-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-21 15:21:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00">2015-07-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 20:08:03" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T20:08:03+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1141,37 +1617,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  858
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1191,18 +1639,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          whereis 可以查找指定命令的二进制文件、源文件和帮助文件。 被找到的文件在显示时，会去掉主路径名，然后再去掉文件的（单个）尾部扩展名 (如: .cc)，来源于源代码控制的 s. 前缀也会被去掉。接下来，whereis 会尝试在标准的 Linux 位置里寻找具体程序，也会在由 $PATH 和 $
-          ...
+            <p>
+              什么是变量变量，就是一个容器用来存储数据也是一段内存空间（内存是编制的存储单元）；通过变量赋值在变量中存储数据，然后可以通过变量名访问到的存储信息的内存空间地址。
+变量是脚本语言的核心，shell 脚本又是无类型的，所以要使用变量就需要引用。
+数据类型数据类型是指用来事先定义数据的存储格式和存储长度
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1210,6 +1667,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1241,20 +1701,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1265,32 +1727,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/" itemprop="url">Linux系统目录结构</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00">
-                2015-05-04
-              </time>
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-20 19:41:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00">2015-07-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-25 17:41:16" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-25T17:41:16+08:00">2019-05-25</time>
+              </span>
             
-          </span>
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1298,37 +1785,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,176
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  11
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1348,23 +1807,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          
-.  ：当前目录，也可以用 ./ 表示；
-.. ：上一级目录，也可以用 ../ 表示；
-~ ： 用户自己的宿主目录；
-/ ：根目录
-Linux文件系统树形结构的最顶端，称为 Linux 文件系统的 root，它是 Linux 文件系统的入口。所有的目录、文件、设备都在 / 之下，它是 Linux 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Here DocumentsHere Documents 作为重定向的一种方式，指的是 shell 从源文件的当前位置开始读取输出，直到遇到只包含一个单词的文本行时结束。在该过程中读到的所有文本行都将作为某一个命令的标准输入而使用。
+Here Documents 的使用形式：
+command &lt
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1372,6 +1835,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1403,20 +1869,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1427,32 +1895,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/" itemprop="url">Hello World</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00">
-                2015-03-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-19 17:21:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-19T17:21:47+08:00">2015-07-19</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-01 16:45:06" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-01T16:45:06+08:00">2019-05-01</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1460,37 +1953,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  78
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1510,18 +1975,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Welcome to Hexo! This is your very first post. Check documentation for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              说是命令行编辑，其实说白了就是一堆快捷键，实现了 shell 命令行上字符串的剪切拷贝等多种功能。
+先来看看常用到的快捷键：
+
+Ctrl + a    光标跳转到命令行行首
+Ctrl + e    光标跳转到命令行行尾
+Ctrl + l    清屏，等同于 clear 命令
+Ctrl + u    
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1529,6 +2007,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1556,7 +2037,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/11/">11</a><span class="page-number current">12</span>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/11/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/11/">11</a><span class="page-number current">12</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/13/">13</a><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/13/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1564,9 +2045,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1580,63 +2058,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1647,122 +2187,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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+            
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+      </div>
 
       
 
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+  
 
 
         
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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new file mode 100644
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
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+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+        <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
+        <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
+      </a>
+    </div>
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+  <div class="site-nav-toggle">
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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+        
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+      
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+    
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+          
+            <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
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+    <span class="popup-btn-close">
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+
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+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
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+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-18 21:41:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-18T21:41:47+08:00">2015-07-18</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-02 17:09:48" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-02T17:09:48+08:00">2019-05-02</time>
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+          
+            <p>
+              输入输出重定向输入重定向指的是将原来从标准输入读取数据的位置重新定向为从其他位置读取数据，输出重定向指的是把原来要输出到标准输出的内容，重新定向输出到指定的其他位置。
+输入输出重定向通常与文件描述符 FD 有关，shell 的 FD 通常为10个，即 0～9，最常用的有 3 个，即 0（stdin）
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
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+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
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+
+      
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+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-15 19:21:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-15T19:21:27+08:00">2015-07-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-08 14:53:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-08T14:53:53+08:00">2019-07-08</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              管道是 Unix 中最古老的进程之间的通信形式。把数据流从一个进程连接到另一个进程就叫做 “管道”。
+管道的操作符是 |，仅能处理经由前面一个命令传出的正确输出信息，即标准输出（standard output） 的信息，而对于错误的输出信息，即标准错误输出（stdandard error） 信息没有
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-13 19:21:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-13T19:21:31+08:00">2015-07-13</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-01 23:14:04" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-01T23:14:04+08:00">2019-05-01</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              标准输入(stdin)标准输入（standard input）指的是输入给要执行命令的数据，通常是键盘的输入，或者是文件中的数据。命令程序要求以读(read)的方式来传输数据。
+[user1@study ~]$ read -p 'Please input a number: ' user_numbe
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/13/192131-Bash的基本特性之标准输入输出和文件描述符/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-12 21:41:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-12T21:41:27+08:00">2015-07-12</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-30 14:44:43" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-30T14:44:43+08:00">2019-04-30</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              文件名通配属于 Bash 的一大特性，通配符只会出现在命令的参数中。当参数中出现了通配符时，shell 将会把他当做路径或文件名去文件系统做匹配，如果符合要求的匹配存在则进行替换，否则这个通配符就只是当做普通字符传递给命令，然后交给命令处理。
+常见的文件名通配符
+
+
+
+字符
+含义
+
+
+
+
+*
+任意长
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/12/214127-Bash的基本特性之文件名通配globbing/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-09 21:41:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-09T21:41:35+08:00">2015-07-09</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-30 14:20:36" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-30T14:20:36+08:00">2019-04-30</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              命令替换命令替换，就是把某个子命令替换为其执行结果的过程。命令替换符有两种 :
+$(command) 或 `command`
+在一些命令中如果出现命令替换符，Kernel 会首先执行子命令，然后在执行外部命令
+[user1@study ~]$ echo "$(date +'%F %T') [ INF
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-06 21:01:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-06T21:01:43+08:00">2015-07-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-05 20:47:31" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-05T20:47:31+08:00">2019-08-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              对于 Linux 的运维人员来说，免不了经常敲一大堆命令，有些命令很长或者选项要经常被用到，重复性的输入很长的命令或选项显得效率十分低下，这时候我们使用命令别名来代替复杂的命令就非常有用了。
+如何设置一个别名我们可以在命令行使用如下格式定义一个别名
+alias CMDALIAS='COMMAND [
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/06/210143-Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-03 11:21:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00">2015-07-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-31 14:56:05" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-31T14:56:05+08:00">2019-12-31</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              在 Linux 系统中，默认情况下 Bash 就提供了下面这几个可以供用户在命令行使用的标准补全：
+
+变量名补全
+用户名补全
+可执行命令补全
+文件名和目录补全
+主机名补全
+
+变量名补全在终端输入 $ 后，敲两次 Tab 键就会列出所有可用的 shell 变量。
+[root@study ~]# ech
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
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+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
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+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-07-01 10:21:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-07-01T10:21:10+08:00">2015-07-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-31 13:01:04" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-31T13:01:04+08:00">2019-12-31</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              history 命令使用 history 可以显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史是被保存在内存中的，当退出当前的 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history 当中 ，当登录 shell 时则从这个文件中读取以前的命令到命令历史。
+常用的选项：
+
+history n   
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
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+    
+
+    
+
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+      
+    
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+      
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+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-06-28 15:41:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00">2015-06-28</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-11-22 19:41:56" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-11-22T19:41:56+08:00">2019-11-22</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              echoshell 中有个内置的命令 echo 用来输出信息，在默认情况下输出位置是屏幕。
+[user1@study ~]$ echo "Hello World"Hello World[user1@study ~]$
+此外 echo 命令还可以改变样式，以输出不同颜色的文本，但是必须有 -e 选项(
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
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+
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+
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+      
+    
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+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
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+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
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+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-06-27 21:41:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00">2015-06-27</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-05 12:38:00" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-05T12:38:00+08:00">2019-05-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              read 命令从标准输入中读取一行，并把输入行的每个字段的值指定给 shell 变量
+用法格式
+read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
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+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
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+  </aside>
+  
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+      </div>
+    </main>
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+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+      <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+  </div>
+
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+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
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+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
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+  
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
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+    // Popup Window;
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+    // monitor main search box;
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+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
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+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
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+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
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+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
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+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
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+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
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+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
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+              content: $("content",this).text(),
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+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
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+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
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+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
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+                var indexOfContent = [];
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+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
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+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
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+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
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+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
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+                // show search results
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+                if (isMatch) {
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+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
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+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
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+                  // merge hits into slices
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+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
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+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
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+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
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+                      // move to next position of hit
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+                      index.pop();
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+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
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+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
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+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
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+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/page/14/index.html b/page/14/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..263ff553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/page/14/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2721 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
+
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
+
+
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
+
+
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
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+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/14/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/14/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
+  <title>Just Do It</title>
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
+</head>
+
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
+
+  
+  
+    
+  
+
+  <div class="container sidebar-position-left 
+  page-home">
+    <div class="headband"></div>
+
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+      <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
+  <div class="site-meta">
+    
+
+    <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+              什么是 ShellShell 也可称为“壳”，充当人与内核（硬件）的翻译官，用户将一些命令 “告诉” Shell，它就会调用相应的程序服务执行工作。因此 Shell 的最简单的定义就是—命令解释器(Command Interpreter)
+Shell 将使用者的命令翻译给核心处理，同时将核心处理结果
+              ...
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+                
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+              RPM什么是rpmRPM是RedHat Package Manager（RedHat软件包管理工具）。它工作于R e d Hat Linux以及其它Linux系统，成为了Linux中公认的软件包管理标准。红帽子软件公司鼓励其他厂商来了解R PM并在自己的产品中使用它。R PM的发布基于GPL协议。随
+              ...
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+            <p>
+              Netstat 是一款命令行工具，可用于列出系统上所有的网络套接字连接情况，包括 tcp, udp 以及 unix 套接字，另外它还能列出处于监听状态（即等待接入请求）的套接字
+常见参数
+-a, --all 列出所有连接，netstat 默认不显示 LISTEN 相关
+-t, --tcp 只列出 T
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
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+            <p>
+              date
+print or set the system date and time，打印或设置系统日期和时间
+Rtc：real time clock，硬件时间
+Ntp：Network time Protocol，网络时间协议
+
+常用选项-d, --date=STRING    显示由 STRING
+              ...
+            </p>
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+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              which概述用于查找并显示给定命令的绝对路径，环境变量PATH中保存了查找命令时需要遍历的目录。which指令会在环境变量$PATH设置的目录里查找符合条件的文件。也就是说，使用which命令，就可以看到某个系统命令是否存在，以及执行的到底是哪一个位置的命令。
+语法Usage: which [op
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/14/150123-Linux下命令路径搜索/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux下如何获取命令的帮助</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-05-13 21:01:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-13T21:01:27+08:00">2015-05-13</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-26 21:29:24" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-26T21:29:24+08:00">2019-04-26</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              获得命令的帮助
+内建命令
+
+help  command command -h
+
+外部命令
+
+command --helpman commandinfo command
+命令手册 manual
+whatis 查看命令的章节
+
+whatis command
+
+章节分类
+
+Standard command
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/13/210127-Linux下如何获取命令的帮助/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux的whereis命令</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-05-05 15:01:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00">2015-05-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 21:27:26" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T21:27:26+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              whereis 可以查找指定命令的二进制文件、源文件和帮助文件。 被找到的文件在显示时，会去掉主路径名，然后再去掉文件的（单个）尾部扩展名 (如: .cc)，来源于源代码控制的 s. 前缀也会被去掉。接下来，whereis 会尝试在标准的 Linux 位置里寻找具体程序，也会在由 $PATH 和 $
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+      
+    
+    
+
+    
+
+    <footer class="post-footer">
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+
+      
+      
+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
+    </span>
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux系统目录结构</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-05-04 19:21:07" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-05-04T19:21:07+08:00">2015-05-04</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-26 21:25:01" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-26T21:25:01+08:00">2019-04-26</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              
+.  ：当前目录，也可以用 ./ 表示；
+.. ：上一级目录，也可以用 ../ 表示；
+~ ： 用户自己的宿主目录；
+/ ：根目录
+Linux文件系统树形结构的最顶端，称为 Linux 文件系统的 root，它是 Linux 文件系统的入口。所有的目录、文件、设备都在 / 之下，它是 Linux 
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/05/04/192107-Linux系统目录结构/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
+
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+      
+    
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+        <div class="post-eof"></div>
+      
+    </footer>
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+  </article>
+
+
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/">
+
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+      <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
+    </span>
+
+    
+      <header class="post-header">
+
+        
+        
+          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
+                
+                
+                <a href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Hello World</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
+        
+
+        <div class="post-meta">
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
+              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
+              </span>
+              
+                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
+              
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-03-01 16:26:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-03-01T16:26:10+08:00">2015-03-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
+            
+
+            
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2018-06-13 15:51:44" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2018-06-13T15:51:44+08:00">2018-06-13</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            
+            
+          
+
+          
+          
+
+          
+
+          <br>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </header>
+    
+
+    
+    
+    
+    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
+
+      
+      
+
+      
+        
+          
+            <p>
+              Welcome to Hexo! This is your very first post. Check documentation for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in 
+              ...
+            </p>
+          <!--noindex-->
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/03/01/162610-Hello World/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+          <!--/noindex-->
+        
+      
+    </div>
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+  </section>
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/13/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/13/">13</a><span class="page-number current">14</span>
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+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+
+      
+
+    </div>
+  </aside>
+  
+
+
+        
+      </div>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
+  
+
+  
+</div>
+
+
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
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+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
+
+
+
+        
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
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+
+        
+      </div>
+    </footer>
+
+    
+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
+        
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
+      </div>
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+  </div>
+
+  
+
+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/page/2/index.html b/page/2/index.html
index 54abd136..e5d81bdd 100644
--- a/page/2/index.html
+++ b/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
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-    version: '5.1.3',
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+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+  
 
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/2/">
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+
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+
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+
+
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+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -177,59 +207,80 @@
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+        
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+
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+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
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+
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+  
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@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
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+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/19/150131-Python的re模块与正则表达式/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/19/150131-Python的re模块与正则表达式/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的re模块与正则表达式</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-08T16:46:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-08
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-19 15:01:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-19T15:01:31+08:00">2019-03-19</time>
+            </span>
+          
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+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-08 14:56:08" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-08T14:56:08+08:00">2019-07-08</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,037
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-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
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@@ -382,24 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          需求说明
-打印省、市、县三级菜单
-可返回上一级
-可随时退出程序
-参考的字典样例：
-
-1234567891011121314151617181920province_city = &#123;    '河北': &#123;        '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新
-          ...
+            <p>
+              正则表达式即 regular expression ，描述了一种字符串匹配的模式（pattern），可以用来检查一个字符串是否含有某种子串，也可以将匹配的子串替换，还可以从某个字符串中取出符合某个条件的子串等。
+模式和被搜索的字符串既可以是 Unicode 字符串 (str) ，也可以是 8 位字节
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
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+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/19/150131-Python的re模块与正则表达式/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
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@@ -407,6 +472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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@@ -462,32 +532,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-字典</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/19/130127-Python的异常处理/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的异常处理</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-08
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-19 13:01:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-19T13:01:27+08:00">2019-03-19</time>
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+          
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-12 16:54:10" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-12T16:54:10+08:00">2019-07-12</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -495,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,624
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  7
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -545,18 +612,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          字典字典 ( dictionary ) 采用 0 个或多个键值对（key-value）的形式存储数据。Python 对 key 进行哈希函数运算，根据计算的结果决定 value 的存储地址，所以是无序组合数据类型，且 key 必须是可哈希的。可哈希的 key 必须是不可变类型，如：数字、字符串、元组
-          ...
+            <p>
+              错误和异常错误错误分为两种，一种是代码的语法错误，这类错误会被 Python 解释器的语法检测识别到，必须在程序执行前就进行修正。
+# 语法错误一ifdef test:  # 语法错误二    print(hello  # 语法错误三
+另一种属于程序的逻辑上的错误。比如数据类型的转换：
+# 比如输入
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/19/130127-Python的异常处理/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
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+            </div>
+          
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     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -564,6 +641,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-元组</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/18/154107-Python的包及其导入/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的包及其导入</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-07
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-18 15:41:07" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-18T15:41:07+08:00">2019-03-18</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-12 13:21:35" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-12T13:21:35+08:00">2019-07-12</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -652,37 +759,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  900
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -702,19 +781,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          元组元组是有序序列，其中包含0个或多个对象引用。元组被称为只读列表，即数据可以被查询但不能被修改，所以列表的切片操作同样适用于元组。如果需要修改有序序列应该使用列表而非元组。如果有一个元组需要对其进行修改，则可以使用 list() 转换函数将其转换为列表之后在产生的列表之上进行适当修改。
-tuple
-          ...
+            <p>
+              包包是一种通过用 .模块名 来构造 Python 模块命名空间的方法。 例如，模块名 A.B 表示 A 包中名为 B 的子模块。正如模块的使用使得不同模块的作者不必担心彼此的全局变量名称一样，包 A 和包 B 下有同名模块也不会冲突，如 A.a 与 B.a 来自两个命名空间。
+注意事项1、包是目录级
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/18/154107-Python的包及其导入/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -722,6 +808,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -753,20 +842,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/18/094127-Python的模块和使用/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -777,32 +868,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">Python的列表生成式</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/18/094127-Python的模块和使用/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的模块和使用</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T19:19:25+08:00">
-                2019-03-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-18 09:41:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-18T09:41:27+08:00">2019-03-18</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-12 16:31:19" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-12T16:31:19+08:00">2019-07-12</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -810,37 +926,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,166
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -860,18 +948,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在 Python 中小列表通常可以使用列表字面值直接创建，但长一些的列表通常则需要使用程序进行创建。对一系列整数我们可以使用  list(range(n))  创建，或者如果只需要一个整数迭代子则使用 range() 就足以完成任务，但对更复杂一些的列表，使用 for...in 循环创建是一种更常见
-          ...
+            <p>
+              什么是模块在计算机程序的开发过程中，随着程序代码越写越多，在一个文件里代码就会越来越长，越来越不容易维护。为了编写可维护的代码，我们把很多函数分组，分别放到不同的文件里，这样，每个文件包含的代码就相对较少，很多编程语言都采用这种组织代码的方式。在 Python 中，常规情况下一个模块就是一个包含了 
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/18/094127-Python的模块和使用/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -879,6 +974,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -910,20 +1008,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -934,32 +1034,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">Python的列表练习-购物车</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的内置函数</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T16:23:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-17 14:53:14" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00">2019-03-17</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-01 17:20:01" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-01T17:20:01+08:00">2019-07-01</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -967,37 +1092,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  612
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1017,23 +1114,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          需求说明
-启动程序后让用户输入工资，如果输错工资的次数超过三次则退出
-1234请输入您的工资：fda您的输入有误，请重新输入：fdas您的输入有误，请重新输入：fsd错误输入超过三次，程序自动退出
+            <p>
+              Python 解释器内置了很多函数和类型，我们可以在任何时候使用它们。根据官网以及自己所学知识进行了梳理，做了下面的思维导图，供自己学习和查阅。
 
-输入正确后打印商品清单，允许用户根据商品编号购买商品，参考格式如下
-1234567请输入您的工资：1
-          ...
+官方文档链接：https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.7/library/functions.html#func-set
+下面是
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1041,6 +1143,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1072,20 +1177,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1096,32 +1203,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-列表</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的生成器和迭代器</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T08:45:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-16 08:15:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-16T08:15:10+08:00">2019-03-16</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-28 12:57:46" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-28T12:57:46+08:00">2019-06-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1129,37 +1261,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,338
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1179,19 +1283,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          列表列表是有序的序列而且是可变对象，它包含了0个或多个对象引用。因为可变，我们可以对列表中的元素进行删除或替换操作，还可以插入、替换或删除列表中的分片。
-list 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用， list() ——不指定参数将返回一个空列表；带一个 list 类型的参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝：对任意其
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1199,6 +1309,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1230,20 +1343,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1254,32 +1369,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/" itemprop="url">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T21:38:39+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-15 20:47:14" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00">2019-03-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-09 17:16:48" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-09T17:16:48+08:00">2019-12-09</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1287,37 +1427,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  126
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1337,25 +1449,29 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          需求说明
-已知变量和值如下
-
-1aline = '&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'
-
-取出 &lt;title&gt; 和 &lt;/title&gt; 之间的内容
-
-示例代码1234567891011121314151617181
-          ...
+            <p>
+              匿名函数 lambda匿名函数的命名规则，用 lamdba 关键字标识，冒号 : 左侧表示函数接收的参数（a,b） , 冒号 : 右侧表示函数的返回值（a+b）。
+因为 lamdba 在创建时不需要命名，不需要显式地指定函数 ，所以叫匿名函数。
+普通函数与匿名函数的对比：
+普通函数
+def add(
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1363,6 +1479,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1394,20 +1513,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1418,32 +1539,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/" itemprop="url">Python中字符串的format方法</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python中的闭包和装饰器</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T20:49:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-15 17:55:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-15T17:55:27+08:00">2019-03-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-05 17:16:14" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-05T17:16:14+08:00">2019-12-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1451,37 +1597,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  578
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1501,19 +1619,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          字符串的格式化字符串的 s.format() 方法会返回一个新字符串，在新字符串中原字符串的替换字段被适当格式化后的参数所替代
-12&gt;&gt;&gt; "The novel '&#123;0&#125;' was published in &#123;1&#125;".format("Hard
-          ...
+            <p>
+              基本要点函数即对象函数名的本质就是一个变量，保存了函数所在的内存地址。
+#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'):    with open(fpath, 'rt',
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1521,6 +1646,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1552,20 +1680,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1576,32 +1706,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的高阶函数</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T20:19:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-14 16:38:16" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-14T16:38:16+08:00">2019-03-14</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-05 16:58:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-05T16:58:53+08:00">2019-12-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1609,37 +1764,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  5,148
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  22
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1659,21 +1786,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          字符串Python 字符串不可以被更改，它们是不可变的 。因此，赋值给字符串索引的位置会导致错误。字符串是使用固定不变的 str 数据类型表示的，其中存放 Unicode 字符序列。 str 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用，用于创建字符串对象：
-
-参数为空时返回一个空字符串
-参数为非字符串类型时返回该
-          ...
+            <p>
+              函数式编程函数是 Python 内建支持的一种封装，把大段代码拆成函数，通过一层一层的函数调用，就可以把复杂任务分解成简单的任务，这种分解可以称之为面向过程的程序设计。函数就是面向过程的程序设计的基本单元。
+函数式编程中的函数这个术语不是指计算机中的函数，而是指数学中的函数，即自变量的映射。也就是说
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1681,6 +1813,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1712,20 +1847,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1736,32 +1873,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/" itemprop="url">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的函数</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-13 11:08:51" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-13T11:08:51+08:00">2019-03-13</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-05 16:58:03" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-05T16:58:03+08:00">2019-12-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1769,37 +1931,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,347
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1819,18 +1953,32 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Python提供了两种内置的 Integral 类型，即 int 与 bool 。整数与布尔型值都是固定的，但由于Python提供了增强的赋值操作符，使得这一约束极少导致实际问题。在布尔表达式中， 0 与 False 表示 False ，其他任意整数与 true 都表示 true 。在数字表达式中，
-          ...
+            <p>
+              函数及特性函数是指将一组语句的集合通过一个名字(函数名)封装起来，要想执行这个函数，只需调用其函数名即可。
+函数的特性：
+
+减少重复代码，提高应用的模块性和代码的重复利用率，用来实现单一，或相关联功能。
+
+可扩展性：方便修改，更容易扩展代码的功能。
+
+保持代码的一致性，修改函数功能之后所有调用函数的
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1838,6 +1986,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1865,7 +2016,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/3/">3</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/3/">3</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1873,9 +2024,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1889,63 +2037,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
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+                    
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1956,122 +2166,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+                  
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2079,9 +2300,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2089,6 +2313,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2097,24 +2322,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2130,14 +2390,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -2151,10 +2418,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
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@@ -2166,81 +2431,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -2289,6 +2530,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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         url: path,
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@@ -2322,8 +2565,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -2492,9 +2736,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -2564,25 +2808,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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diff --git a/page/3/index.html b/page/3/index.html
index 5535e7b1..c911e931 100644
--- a/page/3/index.html
+++ b/page/3/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
-
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-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
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+
 
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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+        
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+
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@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
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@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
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+  
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-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" itemprop="url">Python的流程控制</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python对文件的操作</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-11 12:41:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-11T12:41:10+08:00">2019-03-11</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-04 18:52:04" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-04T18:52:04+08:00">2019-12-04</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,769
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -382,19 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          说明.py 文件中的每条语句都是顺序执行的，从第一条语句开始逐行执行。实际上函数、方法调用或控制结构都可以使控制流转向，比如条件分支或循环语句。有意外产生时控制流也会被转向
-布尔表达式实际上就是对某对象进行布尔运算，并可以产生一个布尔值结果( True 或 False )。在 Python 中，预定
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Python的文件操作什么是IO在计算机中 I/O 是指 Input/Output，即 Stream (流)的输入和输出，输入和输出是相对于内存来说的。程序运行时数据都驻留在在内存当中，由 CPU 这个超快的计算机核心来执行，涉及到数据交换的地方，通常是磁盘、网络操作就需要 IO 接口。
+在 IO 
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
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-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
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+
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@@ -402,6 +472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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@@ -457,32 +532,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" itemprop="url">Python中的input和print方法</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-10 08:42:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00">2019-03-10</time>
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-04 17:29:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-04T17:29:50+08:00">2019-12-04</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -490,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,876
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -540,19 +612,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          input很多情况下运行的 Python 程序并没有和用户交互，程序运行后就等待结果的输出。而有些程序是需要用户输入才能继续向下执行。Python 中使用 input() 函数可以很便捷地获取用户的输入
-12name = input("What's your name ? ")print("Your
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在平常运维工作中，难免会有一些修改服务配置文件的操作，为了安全和可以回滚起见，我们习惯性的会将源配置文件做一个拷贝，这样以来即便配置文件参数被修改错了也没事，可以快速从备份的副本还原回来。
+同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -560,6 +639,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">Python的运算符</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-集合</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-04
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-09 08:21:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-09T08:21:10+08:00">2019-03-09</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-04 11:33:06" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-04T11:33:06+08:00">2019-12-04</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -648,37 +757,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,099
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -698,19 +779,32 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          运算符和表达式表达式就是由操作数和运算符组成的一句代码或语句，表达式可以求值，可以放在 = 的右边，用来给变量赋值
-举个例子：1+2*3 就是一个表达式，+ 和 * 称为操作符，也叫做运算符，1、2、3 叫做操作数。1+2*3 经过计算后得到的结果是 7 。我们可以将计算结果赋值给变量，result
-          ...
+            <p>
+              集合Python 提供了两种内置的集合类型：可变的 set 类型，固定的 frozenset 类型。
+
+可变集合(set)：可添加和删除元素，非可哈希的，不能用作字典的键，也不能做其他集合的元素。
+
+不可变集合(frozenset)：与上面恰恰相反。
+
+
+只有可哈希运算的对象可以添加到集合中，所有内
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -718,6 +812,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -749,20 +846,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -773,32 +872,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" itemprop="url">Python的标识符与关键字</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-04
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-08 16:46:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-08T16:46:10+08:00">2019-03-08</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-13 16:58:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-13T16:58:42+08:00">2019-07-13</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -806,37 +930,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  971
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -856,18 +952,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          标识符(变量)Variables are used to store information to be referenced and manipulated in a computer program. They also provide a way of labeling data with a
-          ...
+            <p>
+              需求说明
+打印省、市、县三级菜单
+可返回上一级
+可随时退出程序
+参考的字典样例：
+
+province_city = &#123;    '河北': &#123;        '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新华区', '井陉矿区', '裕华区', '井陉县', '正定县
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -875,6 +984,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -906,20 +1018,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -930,32 +1044,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/" itemprop="url">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-字典</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T21:55:21+08:00">
-                2019-03-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-08 12:38:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00">2019-03-08</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 22:39:36" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T22:39:36+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -963,37 +1102,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  464
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1013,22 +1124,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          警告信息使用 Pycharm 写的代码尽可能要符合 PEP8 代码规范，养成一个良好的习惯，在编写过程中会报出很多警告，以下做了个汇总方便自己查阅
-1Indent expected
-期望有缩进，也就是说我们写的代码少了缩进，添加缩进即可
-1Unexpected inden
-不期望的缩进，这时修改成符
-          ...
+            <p>
+              字典字典 ( dictionary ) 采用 0 个或多个键值对（key-value）的形式存储数据。Python 对 key 进行哈希函数运算，根据计算的结果决定 value 的存储地址，所以是无序组合数据类型，且 key 必须是可哈希的。可哈希的 key 必须是不可变类型，如：数字、字符串、元组
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1036,6 +1150,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1067,20 +1184,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1091,32 +1210,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/" itemprop="url">Python代码规范总结</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-元组</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00">
-                2019-03-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-07 08:55:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00">2019-03-07</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 19:31:31" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T19:31:31+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1124,37 +1268,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  294
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1174,24 +1290,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          规范总结
-每个缩进层级使用4个空格
-使用UTF-8编码  
-使用行末反斜杠折叠长行，限制每行最大79字符 
-每行只写一条语句 
-导入包：每条 import 导入一个模块，导入放在代码顶端，导入顺序是先标准库，第三方库，本地库，每组导入之间放置1行空行，所有导入使用包的绝对路径。 
-类内方法空1行分隔
-          ...
+            <p>
+              元组元组是有序序列，其中包含0个或多个对象引用。元组被称为只读列表，即数据可以被查询但不能被修改，所以列表的切片操作同样适用于元组。如果需要修改有序序列应该使用列表而非元组。如果有一个元组需要对其进行修改，则可以使用 list() 转换函数将其转换为列表之后在产生的列表之上进行适当修改。
+tuple
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1199,6 +1317,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1230,20 +1351,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1254,32 +1377,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/" itemprop="url">Python的注释方法</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的列表生成式</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-06 19:19:25" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T19:19:25+08:00">2019-03-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 17:27:02" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T17:27:02+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1287,37 +1435,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  416
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1337,21 +1457,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          程序代码中的注释并不是必须要写的，但是添加注释可以更方便的理解该行代码的意义。在 Python 中注释方式有两种，即 单行注释 和 多行注释
-单行注释单行注释以 # 开头，例如:
-12# 使用 print() 打印字符print("Hello, World!")
-多行注释多行注释用三个单引号 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在 Python 中小列表通常可以使用列表字面值直接创建，但长一些的列表通常则需要使用程序进行创建。对一系列整数我们可以使用  list(range(n))  创建，或者如果只需要一个整数迭代子则使用 range() 就足以完成任务，但对更复杂一些的列表，使用 for...in 循环创建是一种更常见
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1359,6 +1483,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1390,20 +1517,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1414,32 +1543,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/" itemprop="url">第一个Python程序</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的列表练习-购物车</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-06 16:23:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T16:23:10+08:00">2019-03-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1447,37 +1601,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  901
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1497,19 +1623,30 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Python程序的文件结构Python的源程序文件通常以 .py 结尾，第一行为 shellbang，即执行脚本时通知文件内容要使用哪个解释器来解释，Python 当中一切皆对象。
-Python程序可以分解成模块、语句、表达式和对象。程序由模块组成，模块包含语句，语句包含表达式，表达式建立并处理对象
-          ...
+            <p>
+              需求说明
+启动程序后让用户输入工资，如果输错工资的次数超过三次则退出
+请输入您的工资：fda您的输入有误，请重新输入：fdas您的输入有误，请重新输入：fsd错误输入超过三次，程序自动退出
+
+输入正确后打印商品清单，允许用户根据商品编号购买商品，参考格式如下
+请输入您的工资：1234351  Iph
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1517,6 +1654,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1548,20 +1688,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1572,32 +1714,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/" itemprop="url">Python的字符编码</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-列表</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-02
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-06 08:45:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-06T08:45:10+08:00">2019-03-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 17:23:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T17:23:42+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1605,37 +1772,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  4,198
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  16
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1655,18 +1794,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          二进制与数字通过烽火戏诸侯的历史典故，我们能知道在古代的曾经使用的通信方式是使用烽火台，如果出现战事有敌人来了则会点燃烽火用烟来传递信息。光信号的传递速度很快，所以古代的这种信息传递方式是非常高效的。 假设长城足够长的话，通过烽火依次传递消息，能很快的传递信息给盟友。点火代就表敌人来了，不点火则代表
-          ...
+            <p>
+              列表列表是有序的序列而且是可变对象，它包含了0个或多个对象引用。因为可变，我们可以对列表中的元素进行删除或替换操作，还可以插入、替换或删除列表中的分片。
+list 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用， list() ——不指定参数将返回一个空列表；带一个 list 类型的参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝：对任意其
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1674,6 +1821,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1705,20 +1855,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1729,32 +1881,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/" itemprop="url">Python初识</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-01T10:51:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 21:38:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T21:38:39+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 17:06:25" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T17:06:25+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1762,37 +1939,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,455
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1812,19 +1961,30 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Python介绍Python的创始人为吉多·范罗苏姆（Guido van Rossum）。1989年荷兰的圣诞节期间，吉多·范罗苏姆为了在阿姆斯特丹打发时间，决心开发一个新的脚本解释程序，作为ABC语言的一种继承。  
-最新的 TIOBE排行榜，Python 赶超 PHP 占据第三， Python 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              已知变量和值如下：
+aline = '&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'
+要求取出 &lt;title&gt; 和 &lt;/title&gt; 之间的内容。
+Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容
+以下是示例代码：
+#!/us
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1832,6 +1992,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1859,7 +2022,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/4/">4</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/4/">4</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1867,9 +2030,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1883,63 +2043,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
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+                  <a href="/archives/">
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1950,122 +2172,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+                  
+                  
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+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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+                  
+                  
+                    
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+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2073,9 +2306,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2083,6 +2319,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2091,24 +2328,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
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+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2124,14 +2396,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -2145,10 +2424,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
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@@ -2160,81 +2437,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -2283,6 +2536,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
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@@ -2316,8 +2571,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -2486,9 +2742,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -2558,25 +2814,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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diff --git a/page/4/index.html b/page/4/index.html
index 2eebad6a..2a4d8403 100644
--- a/page/4/index.html
+++ b/page/4/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
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@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" itemprop="url">编程语言简介</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python中字符串的format方法</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00">
-                2019-03-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 20:49:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T20:49:10+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
+            </span>
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+
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-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 16:58:31" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T16:58:31+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,841
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-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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-
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-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                  10
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@@ -382,20 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          编程语言编程语言（programming language），是用来定义计算机程序的形式语言。它是一种被标准化的交流技巧，用来向计算机发出指令。一种计算机语言让程序员能够准确地定义计算机所需要使用的数据，并精确地定义在不同情况下所应当采取的行动
-编程语言的分类编程语言主要从以下几个角度为进行分类
-编
-          ...
+            <p>
+              字符串的格式化字符串的 s.format() 方法会返回一个新字符串，在新字符串中原字符串的替换字段被适当格式化后的参数所替代：
+&gt;&gt;&gt; "The novel '&#123;0&#125;' was published in &#123;1&#125;".format("Hard 
+              ...
+            </p>
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+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/#more" rel="contents">
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">Zabbix3.4入门教程</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
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               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00">
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-            
 
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 16:54:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T16:54:50+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
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-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
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-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  40
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@@ -541,19 +612,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Linux下常用的系统监控软件有 Nagios、Cacti、Zabbix、Monit 等，这些开源的软件可以帮助我们更好的管理机器，在第一时间内发现问题，并及时发送告警，通知系统维护人员
-Zabbix简介Alexei Vladishev创建了Zabbix项目，当前处于活跃开发状态，Zabbix SI
-          ...
+            <p>
+              字符串Python 字符串不可以被更改，它们是不可变的 。因此，赋值给字符串索引的位置会导致错误。字符串是使用固定不变的 str 数据类型表示的，其中存放 Unicode 字符序列。 str 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用，用于创建字符串对象：
+
+参数为空时返回一个空字符串，例如 x = str() 
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/#more" rel="contents">
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+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
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+          
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     </div>
+
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+
     
     
     
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">Haproxy的应用</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+          
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+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00">
-                2018-03-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 16:46:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 16:30:11" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T16:30:11+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -649,37 +758,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,585
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -699,19 +780,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          多次代理
-如上图所示，在 192.168.1.0/24 这个网段的客户端想要访问在 172.20.0.0/20 网段内的服务器，所有的通信又不想暴露在互联网上，因此可以在这两个网段内分别都放一台 Haproxy 服务器，并将两台 Haproxy 直连，10.94.0.73 到 10.94.0.72 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Python提供了两种内置的 Integral 类型，即 int 与 bool 。整数与布尔型值都是固定的，但由于Python提供了增强的赋值操作符，使得这一约束极少导致实际问题。在布尔表达式中， 0 与 False 表示 False ，其他任意整数与 true 都表示 true 。在数字表达式中，
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -719,6 +806,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -750,20 +840,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -774,32 +866,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的流程控制</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00">
-                2018-03-02
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 12:09:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -807,37 +924,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  9,187
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  35
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -857,24 +946,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Haproxy 的配置处理 3 类来主要参数来源：
-
-最优先处理的命令行参数；
-global 配置段，用于设定全局配置参数；
-proxy相关配置段，如defaults、listen、frontend和backend；
-
-时间格式一些包含了值的参数表示时间，如超时时长。这些值一般以毫秒为单位，但也可以
-          ...
+            <p>
+              说明.py 文件中的每条语句都是顺序执行的，从第一条语句开始逐行执行。实际上函数、方法调用或控制结构都可以使控制流转向，比如条件分支或循环语句。有意外产生时控制流也会被转向
+布尔表达式实际上就是对某对象进行布尔运算，并可以产生一个布尔值结果( True 或 False )。在 Python 中，预定
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -882,6 +973,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -913,20 +1007,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -937,32 +1033,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">Haproxy及安装配置</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python中的input和print方法</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00">
-                2018-03-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-05 08:39:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00">2019-03-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 15:49:11" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T15:49:11+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -970,37 +1091,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,358
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  16
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1020,19 +1113,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          简介
-HAProxy  提供高可用性、负载均衡以及基于 TCP 和 HTTP 应用的代理，支持 http 的虚拟主机，它是免费、快速并且可靠的一种解决方案。HAProxy 特别适用于那些负载特大的 web 站点，这些站点通常又需要会话保持或七层处理 HAProxy 运行在时下的硬件上，完全可以支持数
-          ...
+            <p>
+              input很多情况下运行的 Python 程序并没有和用户交互，程序运行后就等待结果的输出。而有些程序是需要用户输入才能继续向下执行。Python 中使用 input() 函数可以很便捷地获取用户的输入：
+name = input("What's your name ? ")print("Your 
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1040,6 +1140,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1071,20 +1174,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1095,32 +1200,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的运算符</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00">
-                2018-01-23
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-04 16:16:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00">2019-03-04</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1128,37 +1258,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  5,759
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  28
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1178,18 +1280,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          简介Cobbler 是一个 Linux 服务器快速网络安装的服务，而且在经过调整也可以支持网络安装 windows。该工具使用 Python 开发，小巧轻便（才15k行 Python 代码），可以通过网络启动（PXE ）的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理 DHCP，DNS，TF
-          ...
+            <p>
+              运算符和表达式表达式就是由操作数和运算符组成的一句代码或语句，表达式可以求值，可以放在 = 的右边，用来给变量赋值
+举个例子：1+2*3 就是一个表达式，+ 和 * 称为操作符，也叫做运算符，1、2、3 叫做操作数。1+2*3 经过计算后得到的结果是 7 。我们可以将计算结果赋值给变量，result
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1197,6 +1307,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1228,20 +1341,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1252,32 +1367,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的标识符与关键字</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00">
-                2018-01-22
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-04 08:12:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00">2019-03-04</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-01 18:55:31" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-01T18:55:31+08:00">2019-04-01</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1285,37 +1425,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  5,348
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  22
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1335,19 +1447,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。
-Kickstart是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安
-          ...
+            <p>
+              标识符(变量)Variables are used to store information to be referenced and manipulated in a computer program. They also provide a way of labeling data with a
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1355,6 +1473,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1386,20 +1507,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1410,32 +1533,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" itemprop="url">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00">
-                2018-01-20
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-03 21:55:21" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T21:55:21+08:00">2019-03-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1443,37 +1591,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  219
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1493,22 +1613,29 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          使用库文件的管理程序 ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 调用 chmod
-1/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /bin/chmod 755 /bin/chmod
-使用 busybox 的 chmod 授权
-1busybox chmod 755 /bin/chmod
-使用
-          ...
+            <p>
+              警告信息使用 Pycharm 写的代码尽可能要符合 PEP8 代码规范，养成一个良好的习惯，在编写过程中会报出很多警告，以下做了个汇总方便自己查阅
+Indent expected
+期望有缩进，也就是说我们写的代码少了缩进，添加缩进即可
+Unexpected inden
+不期望的缩进，这时修改成符合规
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1516,6 +1643,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1547,20 +1677,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1571,32 +1703,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/" itemprop="url">CentOS的lib库误操作和修复</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python代码规范总结</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-20T16:41:57+08:00">
-                2018-01-20
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-03 21:50:59" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00">2019-03-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1604,37 +1761,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  667
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1654,21 +1783,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Linux 系统的 lib目录下的库对系统的正常运行起着非常关键的作用，一旦误操作将导致系统瘫痪。
-问题表现
-由于操作失误，把 /usr/lib64 重命名成了 /usr/lib64.bak，结果发现执行命令的时候报错了。
-1234567891011# mv命令无法使用-bash: /bin/mv:
-          ...
+            <p>
+              规范总结
+每个缩进层级使用4个空格
+使用UTF-8编码  
+使用行末反斜杠折叠长行，限制每行最大79字符 
+每行只写一条语句 
+导入包：每条 import 导入一个模块，导入放在代码顶端，导入顺序是先标准库，第三方库，本地库，每组导入之间放置1行空行，所有导入使用包的绝对路径。 
+类内方法空1行分隔
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1676,6 +1815,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1707,20 +1849,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1731,32 +1875,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/" itemprop="url">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的注释方法</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00">
-                2018-01-19
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-03 20:32:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00">2019-03-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-03-27 22:20:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-03-27T22:20:53+08:00">2019-03-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1764,37 +1933,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,245
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  6
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1814,19 +1955,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Linux系统中一般自带curl命令，大部分选项和参数基本能满足日常工作需要。对于一些新的功能就需要是用编译安装的版本。本文编译安装的目的主要是让 curl 支持 --dns-servers，实现 DNS 解析。
-Man Page：https://curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.
-          ...
+            <p>
+              程序代码中的注释并不是必须要写的，但是添加注释可以更方便的理解该行代码的意义。在 Python 中注释方式有两种，即 单行注释 和 多行注释
+单行注释单行注释以 # 开头，例如:
+# 使用 print() 打印字符print("Hello, World!")
+多行注释多行注释用三个单引号 &#39;
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1834,6 +1984,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1861,7 +2014,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/5/">5</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/5/">5</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1869,9 +2022,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1885,63 +2035,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1952,122 +2164,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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+                  
+                  
                     
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2075,9 +2298,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2085,6 +2311,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2093,24 +2320,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2126,14 +2388,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -2147,10 +2416,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
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@@ -2162,81 +2429,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -2285,6 +2528,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2318,8 +2563,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
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@@ -2488,9 +2734,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -2560,25 +2806,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+      
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/page/5/index.html b/page/5/index.html
index 3c607612..9a06bbd7 100644
--- a/page/5/index.html
+++ b/page/5/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/5/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
 
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
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+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
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@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">第一个Python程序</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00">
-                2017-12-25
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-03 08:08:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00">2019-03-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-07 17:14:48" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-07T17:14:48+08:00">2019-07-07</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  662
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -382,19 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          使用 dig 命令可以很方便地解析域名，有些域名的 A 记录中 IP 地址比较固定，而有些域名的 A 记录会不定时的变动，要想收集这类域名的 A 记录就需要实时更新。因此我写了一个定时解析的 Shell 脚本，配合 Linux 的计划任务去定时解析。
-要使用 dig 命令，需要确认提供该命令的软件包
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Python程序的文件结构Python的源程序文件通常以 .py 结尾，第一行为 shellbang，即执行脚本时通知文件内容要使用哪个解释器来解释，Python 当中一切皆对象。
+Python程序可以分解成模块、语句、表达式和对象。程序由模块组成，模块包含语句，语句包含表达式，表达式建立并处理对象
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
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-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
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+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
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+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -402,6 +472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python的字符编码</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00">
-                2017-12-24
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-02 20:04:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00">2019-03-02</time>
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+          
+
+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-12-03 13:37:38" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-12-03T13:37:38+08:00">2019-12-03</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -490,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,506
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -540,21 +612,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          BBR简述Google 开源了其 TCP BBR 拥塞控制算法，并提交到了 Linux 内核，从 4.9 开始，Linux 内核已经用上了该算法。 BBR 算法的目的是要尽量跑满带宽，并且尽量不要有排队的情况。它可以起到单边加速 TCP 连接的效果。
-TCP BBR 致力于解决两个问题
-
-在有一定丢
-          ...
+            <p>
+              二进制与数字在古代，曾经使用的通信方式是使用烽火台，一旦出现战事，有敌人发起攻击，则会点燃烽火用烟来传递信息。因为光信号的传递速度很快，所以古代的这种信息传递方式是非常高效的。假设长城足够长的话，通过烽火依次传递消息，能很快的传递信息给盟友。点火代就表敌人来了，不点火则代表没有敌人。但是这种信息传递
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -562,6 +638,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -617,32 +698,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/" itemprop="url">Linux内核参数rp_filter</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/02/132127-在Linux上编译安装Python3/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">在Linux上编译安装Python3</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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+          
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00">
-                2017-03-20
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-02 13:21:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-02T13:21:27+08:00">2019-03-02</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-09-28 17:10:31" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-09-28T17:10:31+08:00">2019-09-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
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+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
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-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
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-                  973
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-                
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-                  4
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@@ -700,19 +778,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          说明内核的 rp_filter 参数用于控制系统是否开启对数据包源地址的校验，Linux  内核文档 中的描述：
-1234567891011121314151617rp_filter - INTEGER0 - No source validation.1 - Strict mode as defin
-          ...
+            <p>
+              目前在 Redhat 系列系统上，默认装的是 python2，在 RHEL8 及以上系统可以使用 yum 命令直接进行 rpm 包的安装。为了能够在 CentOS 上进行 Python 解释器多版本共存，就需要编译安装了。这里我结合了自身的经验，总结了一下 Python3 的编译安装。
+首先要解决依
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/02/132127-在Linux上编译安装Python3/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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+
+    
+
     
     
     
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+      
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+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -775,32 +865,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/" itemprop="url">Linux的策略路由</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Python初识</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
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+          
+          
+          
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+          
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               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00">
-                2017-03-17
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-01 10:51:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-01T10:51:10+08:00">2019-03-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-09-28 16:59:56" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-09-28T16:59:56+08:00">2019-09-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -808,37 +923,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
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-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
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-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
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-                  5,164
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-                  25
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@@ -858,18 +945,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          刚开始学习 Linux 系统的网络时，基本都使用 ifconfig 及 route 之类的命令，工作之后发现功能更强大的 ip 命令，这个命令是由 iproute 这个软件在 RedHat 系列的 Linux 系统中是默认安装的。使用 ip -V 命令即可看到版本信息，如果由于某些原因找不到这个软件
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Python 的创始人为吉多·范罗苏姆（Guido van Rossum），在 1989 年荷兰的圣诞节期间，吉多·范罗苏姆为了在阿姆斯特丹打发时间，决心开发一个新的脚本解释程序，作为 ABC 语言的一种继承。  
+最新的 TIOBE排行榜，Python 赶超 PHP 占据第三， Python 崇尚
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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+
+    
+
     
     
     
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">编程语言简介</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00">
-                2017-03-15
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2019-03-01 08:32:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00">2019-03-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-09-27 12:15:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-09-27T12:15:53+08:00">2019-09-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
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-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
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-                  1,179
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-          想要从内网直接去访问外网的服务器肯定是不可能的，因为互联网中的机器都是公网通信，它看到内网来源后不知道该响应给谁，这就要用到源地址转换。源地址转换实质上就是把要出去的数据包中的源地址做了修改。
-Linux 上基于 iptables 可实现源地址转换，即 SNAT。一般情况下一台主机配置一个公网 IP
-          ...
+            <p>
+              编程语言编程语言（programming language），是用来定义计算机程序的形式语言。它是一种被标准化的交流技巧，用来向计算机发出指令。一种计算机语言让程序员能够准确地定义计算机所需要使用的数据，并精确地定义在不同情况下所应当采取的行动
+编程语言的分类编程语言主要从以下几个角度为进行分类
+编
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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+
+    
+
     
     
     
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -1090,32 +1200,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/" itemprop="url">学习使用iptables</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Zabbix3.4入门教程</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-          <span class="post-time">
-            
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+          
+          
+          
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+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00">
-                2017-03-10
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-05-16 08:22:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00">2018-05-16</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-04 18:38:03" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-04T18:38:03+08:00">2019-06-04</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
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+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
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-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
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-                
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-          基础知识防火墙
-工作于主机或网络边缘，对于进出的报文根据事先定义的规则做检查，对被匹配到的报文作出相应处理的组件
-iptables
-linux 的包过滤功能，即 linux 防火墙，它由 netfilter 和 iptables 两个组件组成。真正实现防火墙功能的是 netfilter，它是一个 L
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Linux下常用的系统监控软件有 Nagios、Cacti、Zabbix、Monit 等，这些开源的软件可以帮助我们更好的管理机器，在第一时间内发现问题，并及时发送告警，通知系统维护人员
+Zabbix简介Alexei Vladishev创建了Zabbix项目，当前处于活跃开发状态，Zabbix SI
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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+
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+
     
     
     
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1250,32 +1367,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">初识SElinux</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Haproxy的应用</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
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-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
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+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00">
-                2016-05-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-03-03 11:21:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00">2018-03-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-13 17:38:16" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-13T17:38:16+08:00">2019-06-13</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1283,37 +1425,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  481
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1333,19 +1447,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          SELinux(Security-Enhanced Linux) 是美国国家安全局（NSA）对于强制访问控制的实现，是 Linux 历史上最杰出的新安全子系统。NSA 是在 Linux 社区的帮助下开发了一种访问控制体系，在这种访问控制体系的限制下，进程只能访问那些在他的任务中所需要文件。
-SEli
-          ...
+            <p>
+              多次代理
+如上图所示，在 192.168.1.0/24 这个网段的客户端想要访问在 172.20.0.0/20 网段内的服务器，所有的通信又不想暴露在互联网上，因此可以在这两个网段内分别都放一台 Haproxy 服务器，并将两台 Haproxy 直连，10.94.0.73 到 10.94.0.72 
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1353,6 +1474,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1384,20 +1508,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1408,32 +1534,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">基础邮件服务器</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00">
-                2016-04-27
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-03-02 15:21:15" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00">2018-03-02</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-27 21:57:41" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-27T21:57:41+08:00">2019-05-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1441,37 +1592,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  6,306
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  27
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1491,21 +1614,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          概述
-MUA（Mail User Agent）邮件用户代理：接收邮件所使用的邮件客户端程序，使用IMAP或POP3协议与服务器通信，它提供了阅读、发送和接收电子邮件的用户接口。常见的客户端：outlook、foxmail等
+            <p>
+              Haproxy 的配置处理 3 类来主要参数来源：
 
-MTA（Mail Transfer Agent）邮件传送代理：通过SMTP
-          ...
+最优先处理的命令行参数；
+global 配置段，用于设定全局配置参数；
+proxy相关配置段，如defaults、listen、frontend和backend；
+
+时间格式一些包含了值的参数表示时间，如超时时长。这些值一般以毫秒为单位，但也可以
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1513,6 +1646,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1544,20 +1680,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1568,32 +1706,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">Samba服务</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Haproxy及安装配置</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00">
-                2016-04-23
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-03-01 13:01:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00">2018-03-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-28 21:37:27" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-28T21:37:27+08:00">2019-05-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1601,37 +1764,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  721
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1651,19 +1786,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          SambaSamba 是 SMB/CIFS 网络协议的重新实现, 它作为 NFS 的补充使得在 Linux 和 Windows 系统中进行文件共享、打印机共享更容易实现。它是在 Linux 和 UNIX 系统上实现 SMB 协议的一个免费软件，由服务器及客户端程序构成。
-Samba 服务器的工作原理
-          ...
+            <p>
+              简介
+HAProxy  提供高可用性、负载均衡以及基于 TCP 和 HTTP 应用的代理，支持 http 的虚拟主机，它是免费、快速并且可靠的一种解决方案。HAProxy 特别适用于那些负载特大的 web 站点，这些站点通常又需要会话保持或七层处理 HAProxy 运行在时下的硬件上，完全可以支持数
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1671,6 +1813,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1702,20 +1847,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1726,32 +1873,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">FTP服务</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00">
-                2016-04-19
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-23 20:52:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00">2018-01-23</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-11-20 18:20:51" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-11-20T18:20:51+08:00">2019-11-20</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1759,37 +1931,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,529
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  14
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1809,19 +1953,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          FTPFTP 是File Transfer Protocol（文件传输协议）的英文简称，用于Internet上的控制文件的双向传输。基于不同的操作系统有不同的FTP应用程序，而所有这些应用程序都遵守同一种协议以传输文件。
-在FTP的使用当中，用户经常遇到两个概念：”下载”（Download）和”上传
-          ...
+            <p>
+              简介Cobbler 是一个 Linux 服务器快速网络安装的服务，而且在经过调整也可以支持网络安装 windows。该工具使用 Python 开发，小巧轻便（才 15k 行 Python 代码），可以通过网络启动（PXE ）的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理 DHCP，DNS，
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1829,6 +1979,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1856,7 +2009,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/4/">4</a><span class="page-number current">5</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/6/">6</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/4/">4</a><span class="page-number current">5</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/6/">6</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1864,9 +2017,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1880,63 +2030,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1947,122 +2159,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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+                  
+                  
                     
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+                  
+                  
+                    
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+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2070,9 +2293,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2080,6 +2306,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2088,24 +2315,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2121,14 +2383,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -2142,10 +2411,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
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@@ -2157,81 +2424,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -2280,6 +2523,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2313,8 +2558,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
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@@ -2483,9 +2729,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -2555,25 +2801,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/page/6/index.html b/page/6/index.html
index 9eea6bc6..c658a219 100644
--- a/page/6/index.html
+++ b/page/6/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/6/index.html">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
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+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -177,59 +207,80 @@
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 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
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+
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
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+    
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+
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
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+        
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+
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+    
       
+    
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+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
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@@ -241,9 +292,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
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         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
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   <section id="posts" class="posts-expand">
@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">DHCP 服务</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00">
-                2016-04-15
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-22 16:23:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00">2018-01-22</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-10-23 13:03:33" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-10-23T13:03:33+08:00">2019-10-23</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,177
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -382,19 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          DHCPDHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机配置协议）是一个局域网的网络协议，使用UDP协议工作。主要有两个用途：给内部网络或网络服务供应商自动分配IP地址。
-DHCP有3个端口，其中 UDP 67 和 UDP 68 为正常的DHCP服务端口，分
-          ...
+            <p>
+              要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。
+Kickstart 是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -402,6 +472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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+    
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@@ -433,20 +506,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
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+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -457,32 +532,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00">
-                2016-04-11
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-20 17:26:08" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00">2018-01-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-28 16:41:24" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-28T16:41:24+08:00">2019-05-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -490,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  13,115
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  70
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -540,23 +612,29 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          通常情况下，在 Linux 中可以用来配置 DNS 地址的文件有两个：
-
-解析配置文件 /etc/resolv.conf，文件中的注释行可以采用 # 或者 ; 开头
-网卡 ifcfg 配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*
-
-resolv.con
-          ...
+            <p>
+              使用库文件的管理程序 ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 调用 chmod
+/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /bin/chmod 755 /bin/chmod
+使用 busybox 的 chmod 授权
+busybox chmod 755 /bin/chmod
+使用 d
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -564,6 +642,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -595,20 +676,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
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-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -619,32 +702,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">CentOS的lib库误操作和修复</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00">
-                2016-04-07
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-20 16:41:57" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-20T16:41:57+08:00">2018-01-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-28 16:35:35" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-28T16:35:35+08:00">2019-05-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
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+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
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-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  7,450
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-              
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-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
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-                
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-                  32
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -702,18 +782,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          Dnsmasq 提供 DNS 缓存和 DHCP服务、Tftp服务功能。作为域名解析服务器(DNS)，dnsmasq可以通过缓存 DNS 请求来提高对访问过的网址的连接速度。作为DHCP 服务器，Dnsmasq 可以用于为局域网电脑分配内网ip地址和提供路由。DNS和DHCP两个功能可以同时或分别单独
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Linux 系统的 lib目录下的库对系统的正常运行起着非常关键的作用，一旦误操作将导致系统瘫痪。
+问题表现
+由于操作失误，把 /usr/lib64 重命名成了 /usr/lib64.bak，结果发现执行命令的时候报错了。
+# mv命令无法使用-bash: /bin/mv: /lib64/ld-li
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -721,6 +811,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -776,32 +871,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">NegativeCaching的简单理解</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00">
-                2016-04-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2018-01-19 21:48:58" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00">2018-01-19</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-12 14:59:54" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-12T14:59:54+08:00">2019-07-12</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -809,37 +929,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  716
-                </span>
-              
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-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -859,19 +951,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          首先简单说一下DNS解析的相关流程。客户端在访问某个域名，例如 ”www.xieyidian.com” 的时候，浏览器首先会将这个域名提交到客户端配置的 DNS 服务器上，由 DNS 服务器将其解析为可识别的 IP 地址，并返回客户端，随后客户端会使用解析到的IP地址访问。
-一般情况下，在成功解析一
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Linux系统中一般自带curl命令，大部分选项和参数基本能满足日常工作需要。对于一些新的功能就需要是用编译安装的版本。本文编译安装的目的主要是让 curl 支持 --dns-servers，实现 DNS 解析。
+Man Page：https://curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -879,6 +978,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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+    
+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -934,32 +1038,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">基于UDP协议搭建隧道</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00">
-                2016-03-29
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2017-12-26 21:01:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-12-26T21:01:27+08:00">2017-12-26</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-07-05 11:51:25" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-07-05T11:51:25+08:00">2019-07-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -967,37 +1096,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  535
-                </span>
-              
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-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1017,19 +1118,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          使用 Bind 提供的 DNS 服务器，要想配置和管理，默认情况下需要求以 root 身份进行。如果是多人维护的情况，root 用户权限过高，这导致如果有人做了误操作将会产生十分严重的后果。并且一旦 DNS 服务器被入侵，黑客将有可能直接获取到 root 用户权限，安全代价太高。
-Linux 系统规
-          ...
+            <p>
+              摘要隧道技术在现代网络应用中变得越来越重要，通过把不同的网络连接在一起，隧道技术可以创建虚拟私有网络，访问被防火墙拦住的端口。
+隧道技术可以在网络堆栈的不同层实现；SSH 隧道在 TCP 层，而 GRE 和 IPIP 这种隧道协议则直接在 IP 层上。不但如此，还有越来越多的关注集中在 UDP 协议
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1037,6 +1145,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1092,32 +1205,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">DNS服务</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00">
-                2016-03-25
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2017-12-25 12:12:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00">2017-12-25</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-27 17:50:14" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-27T17:50:14+08:00">2019-05-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1125,37 +1263,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  9,460
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  43
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1175,19 +1285,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          DNS基础DNS（Domain Name System，域名系统），在Internet上作为域名与IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库，能够使用户更方便的使用域名访问互联网，而不用去记住只能被机器识别的IP地址。域名(FQDN)和IP地址之间的转换工作称为域名解析（或主机名解析）。
-ICANN，全称I
-          ...
+            <p>
+              使用 dig 命令可以很方便地解析域名，有些域名的 A 记录中 IP 地址比较固定，而有些域名的 A 记录会不定时的变动，要想收集这类域名的 A 记录就需要实时更新。因此我写了一个定时解析的 Shell 脚本，配合 Linux 的计划任务去定时解析。
+要使用 dig 命令，需要确认提供该命令的软件包
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1195,6 +1312,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1226,20 +1346,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1250,32 +1372,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">OpenSSH</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00">
-                2016-03-21
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2017-12-24 11:01:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00">2017-12-24</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-10 20:14:20" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-10T20:14:20+08:00">2019-06-10</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1283,37 +1430,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,186
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1333,19 +1452,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          SSHSSH (Secure Shell Protocol)，由 IETF 网络工作小组（Network working Group）指定；在进行数据传输之前，SSH先对联机数据包通过加密技术进行加密处理，加密后在进行数据传输。确保了传递的数据安全。
-SSH 是专为远程登录会话和其他网络服务提供的安
-          ...
+            <p>
+              BBR简述Google 开源了其 TCP BBR 拥塞控制算法，并提交到了 Linux 内核，从 4.9 开始，Linux 内核已经用上了该算法。 BBR 算法的目的是要尽量跑满带宽，并且尽量不要有排队的情况。它可以起到单边加速 TCP 连接的效果。
+TCP BBR 致力于解决两个问题
+
+在有一定丢
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1353,6 +1481,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1384,20 +1515,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1408,32 +1541,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">什么是数字签名</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00">
-                2016-03-17
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2017-03-21 17:41:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-21T17:41:03+08:00">2017-03-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-26 18:02:25" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-26T18:02:25+08:00">2019-08-26</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1441,37 +1599,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,288
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1491,20 +1621,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          什么是数字签名有时候我们在访问网页时，浏览器会提示 “此网站的数字证书不可靠” 等类似的信息，究竟什么是数字签名和数字证书呢？
-
-鲍勃有两把钥匙，一把是公钥，另一把是私钥。公钥是公之于众的，所有需要的人都可以获得公钥，但是他的私钥是自己私有的。如果用公钥对数据进行加密，只有用对应的私钥才能解密；如果
-          ...
+            <p>
+              说明内核的 arp_ignore 和 arp_announce 参数都和 ARP 协议相关，主要用于控制系统返回 ARP 响应和发送 ARP 请求时的动作。这两个参数很重要，特别是在 LVS 的 DR 场景下，它们的配置直接影响到 DR 转发是否正常。Linux  内核文档 中的描述：
+arp_ig
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1512,6 +1648,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1543,20 +1682,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1567,32 +1708,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">私有CA及https</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux内核参数rp_filter</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00">
-                2016-03-13
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2017-03-20 21:21:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00">2017-03-20</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-26 16:15:43" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-26T16:15:43+08:00">2019-08-26</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1600,37 +1766,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  775
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1650,38 +1788,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          说明x509.3证书格式
-
-证书格式的版本号
-证书序列号
-证书签名算法
-证书颁发者
-有效期
-持有者的名称
-持有者的公钥
-CA的ID
-持有者的ID
-其他扩展信息
-基本约束
-证书策略
-密钥的使用限制
-
-
-CA签名
-
-SSL握手要完成的工作
-SSL会话基于 IP 地址进行，不支持在基于主机名的虚拟主机上实
-          ...
+            <p>
+              说明内核的 rp_filter 参数用于控制系统是否开启对数据包源地址的校验，Linux  内核文档 中的描述：
+rp_filter - INTEGER0 - No source validation.1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3704 Strict Reve
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1689,6 +1815,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1720,20 +1849,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1744,32 +1875,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux的策略路由</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00">
-                2016-03-09
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2017-03-17 17:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00">2017-03-17</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-13 17:33:43" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-13T17:33:43+08:00">2019-06-13</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1777,37 +1933,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,029
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  10
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1827,23 +1955,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          出处：转载自微信公众号：Hollis（ID：hollischuang）
-
-HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。
-
-
-为什么需要 HTTPS使
-          ...
+            <p>
+              刚开始学习 Linux 系统的网络时，基本都使用 ifconfig 及 route 之类的命令，工作之后发现功能更强大的 ip 命令，这个命令是由 iproute 这个软件在 RedHat 系列的 Linux 系统中是默认安装的。使用 ip -V 命令即可看到版本信息，如果由于某些原因找不到这个软件
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1851,6 +1981,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1878,7 +2011,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/5/">5</a><span class="page-number current">6</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/7/">7</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/5/">5</a><span class="page-number current">6</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/7/">7</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1886,9 +2019,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
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-          
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@@ -1902,63 +2032,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              </div>
-            
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-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1969,122 +2161,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2092,9 +2295,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2102,6 +2308,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2110,24 +2317,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2143,14 +2385,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -2164,10 +2413,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -2179,81 +2426,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -2302,6 +2525,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2335,8 +2560,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -2505,9 +2731,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -2577,25 +2803,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
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+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/page/7/index.html b/page/7/index.html
index c8be1e4e..49743345 100644
--- a/page/7/index.html
+++ b/page/7/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
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+
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+
 
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
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+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/">
 
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+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">OpenSSL</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00">
-                2016-03-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2017-03-15 13:01:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00">2017-03-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 20:52:33" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T20:52:33+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  802
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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-                  3
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@@ -382,21 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          SSLSecure Sockets Layer 安全套接层，及其继任者传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。TLS与SSL在传输层对网络连接进行加密
-服务功能
-认证用户和服务器，确保数据发送到正确的客户机和服务器
-保证数
-          ...
+            <p>
+              想要从内网直接去访问外网的服务器肯定是不可能的，因为互联网中的机器都是公网通信，它看到内网来源后不知道该响应给谁，这就要用到源地址转换。源地址转换实质上就是把要出去的数据包中的源地址做了修改。
+Linux 上基于 iptables 可实现源地址转换，即 SNAT。一般情况下一台主机配置一个公网 IP
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
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+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/#more" rel="contents">
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-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">加密技术和算法</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">学习使用iptables</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00">
-                2016-03-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
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+          
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+          
             
 
             
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2020-01-17 14:56:39" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2020-01-17T14:56:39+08:00">2020-01-17</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
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@@ -492,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
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-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
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-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,644
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-              
 
-              
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-
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-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  13
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-              
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@@ -542,26 +612,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          TCP/IP 安全因素
-数据机密性
-保证数据密文传输，不能被中间人破解数据读取到真实内容
-常见的不机密通信：ftp、http、smtp、telnet。这些协议的通信过程中都是明文传输，无法保证数据的机密性。
-
-
-数据完整性
-数据是否被篡改：不能让入侵者使用假数据代替合法数据，否则数据将丧失完整性。
-
-          ...
+            <p>
+              基础知识防火墙
+工作于主机或网络边缘，对于进出的报文根据事先定义的规则做检查，对被匹配到的报文作出相应处理的组件
+iptables
+linux 的包过滤功能，即 linux 防火墙，它由 netfilter 和 iptables 两个组件组成。真正实现防火墙功能的是 netfilter，它是一个 L
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
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+            </div>
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+
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+
     
     
     
@@ -569,6 +641,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -624,32 +701,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">初识SElinux</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00">
-                2015-11-27
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-05-01 09:21:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00">2016-05-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:58:36" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:58:36+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -657,37 +759,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,118
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -707,21 +781,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          通过内部系统变量 $RANDOM 
-123[user1@study ~]$ echo $RANDOM12489[user1@study ~]$
-如果超过 5 位可以加个固定 10 位整数，然后进行求余。生成 400000~500000 的随机数：
-12345678910111213141516#!/
-          ...
+            <p>
+              SELinux(Security-Enhanced Linux) 是美国国家安全局（NSA）对于强制访问控制的实现，是 Linux 历史上最杰出的新安全子系统。NSA 是在 Linux 社区的帮助下开发了一种访问控制体系，在这种访问控制体系的限制下，进程只能访问那些在他的任务中所需要文件。
+SEli
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -729,6 +808,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -760,20 +842,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -784,32 +868,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" itemprop="url">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">基础邮件服务器</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00">
-                2015-11-26
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-27 19:41:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00">2016-04-27</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:53:57" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:53:57+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -817,37 +926,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  177
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -867,21 +948,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          getconf 命令
-123[user1@study ~]$  getconf LONG_BIT64[user1@study ~]$
-内置系统环境变量 HOSTTYPE
-123[user1@study ~]$ echo $&#123;HOSTTYPE&#125; x86_64[user1@study
-          ...
+            <p>
+              概述
+MUA（Mail User Agent）邮件用户代理：接收邮件所使用的邮件客户端程序，使用IMAP或POP3协议与服务器通信，它提供了阅读、发送和接收电子邮件的用户接口。常见的客户端：outlook、foxmail等
+
+MTA（Mail Transfer Agent）邮件传送代理：通过SMTP
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -889,6 +977,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -920,20 +1011,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -944,32 +1037,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Samba服务</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00">
-                2015-11-25
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-23 21:41:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00">2016-04-23</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:37:30" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:37:30+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -977,37 +1095,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,055
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1027,19 +1117,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          前言在Linux系统下，超级用户如果使用 rm -rf / ，那就相当于系统自杀，会造成业务灾难。
-根据最新的POSIX.1-2008标准，rm -fr / 命令是不会被执行的，而是应该打印错误信息。但是老的POSIX.1-2004标准则无此定义，那么这个有什么意义呢？在Linux中，我们所使用的 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              SambaSamba 是 SMB/CIFS 网络协议的重新实现, 它作为 NFS 的补充使得在 Linux 和 Windows 系统中进行文件共享、打印机共享更容易实现。它是在 Linux 和 UNIX 系统上实现 SMB 协议的一个免费软件，由服务器及客户端程序构成。
+Samba 服务器的工作原理
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1047,6 +1144,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1078,20 +1178,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1102,32 +1204,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">FTP服务</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00">
-                2015-11-24
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-19 09:41:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00">2016-04-19</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:37:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:37:50+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1135,37 +1262,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  965
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1185,20 +1284,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          socks介绍
-SOCKS：防火墙安全会话转换协议 （Socks: Protocol for sessions traversal across firewall securely）
-SOCKS 协议提供一个框架，为在 TCP 和 UDP 域中的客户机/服务器应用程序能更方便安全地使用网络防火墙所提
-          ...
+            <p>
+              FTPFTP 是File Transfer Protocol（文件传输协议）的英文简称，用于Internet上的控制文件的双向传输。基于不同的操作系统有不同的FTP应用程序，而所有这些应用程序都遵守同一种协议以传输文件。
+在FTP的使用当中，用户经常遇到两个概念：”下载”（Download）和”上传
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1206,6 +1311,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1237,20 +1345,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1261,32 +1371,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" itemprop="url">iftop流量监控工具</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">DHCP 服务</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00">
-                2015-11-15
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-15 09:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00">2016-04-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:31:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:31:53+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1294,37 +1429,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  937
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1344,19 +1451,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          简介iftop 是一款类似于 top 命令的实时流量监控工具，监控 TCP/IP 连接等，缺点就是无报表功能。可以用来监控网卡的实时流量（可以指定网段）、反向解析IP、显示端口信息等。必须以 root 身份才能运行。
-安装方法源码包编译安装下载最新的源码包。建议使用网络 yum 源(最好是自带的)，
-          ...
+            <p>
+              DHCPDHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机配置协议）是一个局域网的网络协议，使用UDP协议工作。主要有两个用途：给内部网络或网络服务供应商自动分配IP地址。
+DHCP有3个端口，其中 UDP 67 和 UDP 68 为正常的DHCP服务端口，分
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1364,6 +1478,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1395,20 +1512,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1419,32 +1538,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" itemprop="url">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00">
-                2015-11-09
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-11 11:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00">2016-04-11</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:29:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:29:50+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1452,37 +1596,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  199
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1502,18 +1618,30 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          简述lrzsz 是一款在 linux 里可代替 ftp 上传和下载的程序，它是一种 unix 通信套件提供的X，Y，和 ZModem 文件传输协议。之前我们基本上都用的 FTP 或 SFTP 来进行 Windows 和 Linux 之间的文件传输，在 Linux 上安装 lrzsz 之后结合 Sec
-          ...
+            <p>
+              通常情况下，在 Linux 中可以用来配置 DNS 地址的文件有两个：
+
+解析配置文件 /etc/resolv.conf，文件中的注释行可以采用 # 或者 ; 开头
+网卡 ifcfg 配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*
+
+resolv.con
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1521,6 +1649,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1552,20 +1683,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1576,32 +1709,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">网段扫描fping命令</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00">
-                2015-11-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-07 21:41:47" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00">2016-04-07</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-08-05 15:31:20" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-08-05T15:31:20+08:00">2019-08-05</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1609,37 +1767,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  723
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1659,19 +1789,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          fping 类似于ping。它可以在命令行中指定要 ping 的主机数量范围，也可以指定含有要 ping 的主机列表文件。
-与 ping 要等待某一主机连接超时或发回反馈信息不同，fping 给一个主机发送完数据包后，马上给下一个主机发送数据包，实现多主机同时 ping。如果某一主机 ping通，则
-          ...
+            <p>
+              Dnsmasq 提供 DNS 缓存和 DHCP服务、Tftp服务功能。作为域名解析服务器(DNS)，dnsmasq可以通过缓存 DNS 请求来提高对访问过的网址的连接速度。作为DHCP 服务器，Dnsmasq 可以用于为局域网电脑分配内网ip地址和提供路由。DNS和DHCP两个功能可以同时或分别单独
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1679,6 +1815,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1710,20 +1849,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1734,32 +1875,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">NegativeCaching的简单理解</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00">
-                2015-11-05
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-04-03 13:01:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00">2016-04-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:25:35" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:25:35+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1767,37 +1933,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,323
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1817,20 +1955,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在 CentOS7 中有三种定义的主机名：
-
-静态的（static）：静态主机名也称为内核主机名，是系统在启动时从 /etc/hostname 设置内核的主机名，你可以理解为是永久性的主机名。仅可包含 -，a-z，0-9 字符，且最大不超过 64 个字符长度。 例如 hbwh3x-01。此种主机名就
-          ...
+            <p>
+              首先简单说一下DNS解析的相关流程。客户端在访问某个域名，例如 ”www.xieyidian.com” 的时候，浏览器首先会将这个域名提交到客户端配置的 DNS 服务器上，由 DNS 服务器将其解析为可识别的 IP 地址，并返回客户端，随后客户端会使用解析到的IP地址访问。
+一般情况下，在成功解析一
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1838,6 +1982,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1865,7 +2012,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/6/">6</a><span class="page-number current">7</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/8/">8</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/6/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/6/">6</a><span class="page-number current">7</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/8/">8</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1873,9 +2020,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
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-          
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   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              </div>
-            
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-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1956,122 +2162,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2079,9 +2296,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2089,6 +2309,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2097,24 +2318,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2130,14 +2386,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -2151,10 +2414,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -2166,81 +2427,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -2289,6 +2526,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2322,8 +2561,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -2492,9 +2732,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -2564,25 +2804,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/page/8/index.html b/page/8/index.html
index 20355b90..e4fc08f7 100644
--- a/page/8/index.html
+++ b/page/8/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/8/"/>
 
 
 
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/page/8/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
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+
+
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    
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+    
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+
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         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
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+    
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+  
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   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
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     </header>
 
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+  
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@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
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-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00">
-                2015-11-04
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-29 19:21:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00">2016-03-29</time>
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+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
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+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:24:03" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:24:03+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,451
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-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
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-              
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@@ -382,18 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          修改udev的rules文件生产环境中，托管于机房的服务器经常会进行割接操作，为了能让网卡更容易让运维人员和机房识别，避免因为弄错网线或找错网卡导致业务中断，在服务器上架前就应该对所有网卡按照 eth0、eth1 的方式来命名，并按照网卡的物理位置贴上标签。在 CentOS7 系统中，默认的网卡命名
-          ...
+            <p>
+              使用 Bind 提供的 DNS 服务器，要想配置和管理，默认情况下需要求以 root 身份进行。如果是多人维护的情况，root 用户权限过高，这导致如果有人做了误操作将会产生十分严重的后果。并且一旦 DNS 服务器被入侵，黑客将有可能直接获取到 root 用户权限，安全代价太高。
+Linux 系统规
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
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+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/#more" rel="contents">
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@@ -401,6 +472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" itemprop="url">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">DNS服务</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
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                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00">
-                2015-11-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-25 21:21:31" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00">2016-03-25</time>
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+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:22:52" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:22:52+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -489,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,023
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  8
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -539,19 +612,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          一致性网络设备命名，即 Consistent Network Device Naming 。
-服务器通常有多块网卡，有板载集成（集成网卡主板（Lan-on-Motherboard），或 LOM）的，同时也有插在 PCIe 插槽的。Linux 系统的命名原来是 eth0，eth1 这样的形式，但是这个
-          ...
+            <p>
+              DNS基础DNS（Domain Name System，域名系统），在Internet上作为域名与IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库，能够使用户更方便的使用域名访问互联网，而不用去记住只能被机器识别的IP地址。域名(FQDN)和IP地址之间的转换工作称为域名解析（或主机名解析）。
+ICANN，全称I
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
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     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -559,6 +639,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -614,32 +699,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" itemprop="url">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">OpenSSH</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00">
-                2015-11-02
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-21 19:01:39" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00">2016-03-21</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:20:17" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:20:17+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -647,37 +757,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  599
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -697,19 +779,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-           Redhat Linux 的网络配置，基本上是通过修改几个配置文件来实现的，虽然也可以用 ifconfig 来设置 IP，用 route 来配置默认网关，用 hostname 来配置主机名，但是重启后会丢失。
- 在 RedHat 中，系统网络设备的配置文件保存在 /etc/sysconfig/ne
-          ...
+            <p>
+              SSHSSH (Secure Shell Protocol)，由 IETF 网络工作小组（Network working Group）指定；在进行数据传输之前，SSH先对联机数据包通过加密技术进行加密处理，加密后在进行数据传输。确保了传递的数据安全。
+SSH 是专为远程登录会话和其他网络服务提供的安
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/02/0154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -717,6 +806,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -748,20 +840,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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     </span>
 
@@ -772,32 +866,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" itemprop="url">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">什么是数字签名</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00">
-                2015-11-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-17 11:01:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00">2016-03-17</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:17:02" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:17:02+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -805,37 +924,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  508
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -855,20 +946,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          安装1yum install rp-pppoe.x86_64
-配置PPPOE客户端软件安装完软件包后，必须配置pppoe的配置文件/etc/ppp/pppoe.conf，从而让ADSL拨号时使用配置文件中的用户名、密码等参数。使用adsl-setup进行配置：
-1234567891011121314
-          ...
+            <p>
+              什么是数字签名有时候我们在访问网页时，浏览器会提示 “此网站的数字证书不可靠” 等类似的信息，究竟什么是数字签名和数字证书呢？
+
+鲍勃有两把钥匙，一把是公钥，另一把是私钥。公钥是公之于众的，所有需要的人都可以获得公钥，但是他的私钥是自己私有的。如果用公钥对数据进行加密，只有用对应的私钥才能解密；如果
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -876,6 +974,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -907,20 +1008,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -931,32 +1034,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/" itemprop="url">shell相关的面试题</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">私有CA及https</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-17T17:41:03+08:00">
-                2015-10-17
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-13 19:41:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00">2016-03-13</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:15:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:15:50+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -964,37 +1092,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  88
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1014,20 +1114,45 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          CentOS Linux系统默认的shell是（）
-
-解答：bash查看方法：12345&gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# echo $SHELL&gt; /bin/bash&gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# awk -F &apos;:&apos; &apos;/^
-          ...
+            <p>
+              说明x509.3证书格式
+
+证书格式的版本号
+证书序列号
+证书签名算法
+证书颁发者
+有效期
+持有者的名称
+持有者的公钥
+CA的ID
+持有者的ID
+其他扩展信息
+基本约束
+证书策略
+密钥的使用限制
+
+
+CA签名
+
+SSL握手要完成的工作
+SSL会话基于 IP 地址进行，不支持在基于主机名的虚拟主机上实
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1035,6 +1160,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1066,20 +1194,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1090,32 +1220,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" itemprop="url">shell的学习建议</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-06T11:41:07+08:00">
-                2015-10-06
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-09 21:21:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00">2016-03-09</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-10-15 19:12:28" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-10-15T19:12:28+08:00">2019-10-15</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1123,37 +1278,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  3,463
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  13
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1173,18 +1300,31 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在做 Linux 系统相关的运维工作中，经常会编写shell脚本来完成服务的一键配置，定时维护等任务。shell 脚本严格意义上讲并不是编程语言。很多人在写脚本的时候，想到哪里就写到哪里，多人协作的时候代码很难得到规范和统一。为了更高效地写 shell 脚本，结合自己的经验，查阅了一些资料，罗列了一
-          ...
+            <p>
+              
+HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。
+
+
+为什么需要 HTTPS使用 HTPPS 的原因其实很简单，就是因为 HTTP 的不安全。
+
+当我
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1192,6 +1332,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1223,20 +1366,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1247,32 +1392,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">OpenSSL</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-03T18:43:10+08:00">
-                2015-10-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-05 17:01:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00">2016-03-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-29 19:09:41" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-29T19:09:41+08:00">2019-05-29</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1280,37 +1450,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,005
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1330,27 +1472,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          
-dialog是一个可以创建对话框的工具，需要手动安装，yum源安装即可。
-系统默认自带whiptail也可实现对话框的创建
-每个对话框提供的输出有两种形式：
-将所有输出到stderr，不显示到屏幕；
-使用退出状态码，OK为0，NO为1，ESC为255。
-
-
-
-语法说明1Usage: dialog 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              SSLSecure Sockets Layer 安全套接层，及其继任者传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。TLS与SSL在传输层对网络连接进行加密
+服务功能
+认证用户和服务器，确保数据发送到正确的客户机和服务器
+保证数
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1358,6 +1501,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1389,20 +1535,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1413,32 +1561,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">加密技术和算法</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-10-01T17:21:35+08:00">
-                2015-10-01
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2016-03-01 11:21:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00">2016-03-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-27 16:20:44" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-27T16:20:44+08:00">2019-05-27</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1446,37 +1619,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,006
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  5
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1496,21 +1641,33 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在终端环境下安装新的软件时，经常会看到信息对话框弹出，需要你的输入。对话框的类型有密码箱，检查表，菜单，等等。他们可以引导你以一种直观的方式输入必要的信息，使用这样的用户友好的对话框的好处是显而易见的。如下图所示：
+            <p>
+              TCP/IP 安全因素
+数据机密性
+保证数据密文传输，不能被中间人破解数据读取到真实内容
+常见的不机密通信：ftp、http、smtp、telnet。这些协议的通信过程中都是明文传输，无法保证数据的机密性。
+
 
+数据完整性
+数据是否被篡改：不能让入侵者使用假数据代替合法数据，否则数据将丧失完整性。
 
-当你想要写一个交互式shell脚本时，你可以使用这样的对话框来接受用户的输入。w
-          ...
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/10/01/172135-使用whiptail创建交互式shell对话框/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1518,6 +1675,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1549,20 +1709,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1573,32 +1735,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/" itemprop="url">shell用法整理</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-21T09:41:19+08:00">
-                2015-09-21
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-27 11:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00">2015-11-27</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-06 17:38:46" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-06T17:38:46+08:00">2019-05-06</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1606,37 +1793,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,096
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  6
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1656,19 +1815,28 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          使用 set 和 eval 取当前的运行级别源码出自 CentOS6.X系统 sshd 服务脚本：/etc/init.d/sshd
-1234[user1@study ~]$ runlevel=$(set -- $(runlevel); eval "echo \$$#" )[user1@study ~
-          ...
+            <p>
+              通过内部系统变量 $RANDOM 
+[user1@study ~]$ echo $RANDOM12489[user1@study ~]$
+如果超过 5 位可以加个固定 10 位整数，然后进行求余。生成 400000~500000 的随机数：
+#!/bin/bash        function r
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/21/094119-shell用法整理/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1676,6 +1844,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1707,20 +1878,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1731,32 +1904,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00">
-                2015-09-20
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-26 21:01:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00">2015-11-26</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-06 16:46:21" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-06T16:46:21+08:00">2019-05-06</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1764,37 +1962,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  2,238
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  11
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1814,21 +1984,29 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          口算法netmask转CIDR例如：255.255.192.0
-
-255.0.0.0、255.255.0.0、255.255.255.0、255.255.255.255 这四种分别对应 8、16、24、32
-去掉所有255.的字符和.及其后面的字符，得到了 192。用 256 减去 192，得到了 
-          ...
+            <p>
+              getconf 命令
+[user1@study ~]$  getconf LONG_BIT64[user1@study ~]$
+内置系统环境变量 HOSTTYPE
+[user1@study ~]$ echo $&#123;HOSTTYPE&#125; x86_64[user1@study ~]$
+x
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/26/210111-Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1836,6 +2014,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1863,7 +2044,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/7/">7</a><span class="page-number current">8</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/9/">9</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/9/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/7/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/7/">7</a><span class="page-number current">8</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/9/">9</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/9/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
@@ -1871,9 +2052,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1887,63 +2065,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -1954,122 +2194,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -2077,9 +2328,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2087,6 +2341,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2095,24 +2350,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2128,14 +2418,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -2149,10 +2446,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -2164,81 +2459,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
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-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -2287,6 +2558,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -2320,8 +2593,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -2490,9 +2764,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -2562,25 +2836,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
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+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/page/9/index.html b/page/9/index.html
index cdbc743f..9a72ace2 100644
--- a/page/9/index.html
+++ b/page/9/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
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+
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+
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+    
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -257,12 +306,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
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+          
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@@ -275,20 +339,22 @@
   
   
 
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+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
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@@ -299,32 +365,57 @@
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" itemprop="url">通过受限bash创建只读用户</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-16T11:41:47+08:00">
-                2015-09-16
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-25 17:21:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00">2015-11-25</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-06 15:54:05" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-06T15:54:05+08:00">2019-05-06</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -332,37 +423,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  510
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
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-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
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@@ -382,25 +445,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          受限bash
-bash本身也有一定的限制功能，就是通过其(受限shell) restricted shell 功能。
-如果bash是以rbash为名启动，或者使用-r选项运行，它就称为受限shell。
-受限bash所做的限制包括：
-阻止用户改变目录和环境变量
-重定向输出
-使用绝对路径运行命令
-使用e
-          ...
+            <p>
+              前言在Linux系统下，超级用户如果使用 rm -rf / ，那就相当于系统自杀，会造成业务灾难。
+根据最新的POSIX.1-2008标准，rm -fr / 命令是不会被执行的，而是应该打印错误信息。但是老的POSIX.1-2004标准则无此定义，那么这个有什么意义呢？在Linux中，我们所使用的 
+              ...
+            </p>
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-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/#more" rel="contents">
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+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
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+          
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@@ -408,6 +472,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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@@ -463,32 +532,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" itemprop="url">shell中脚本路径的获取</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-08T21:41:03+08:00">
-                2015-09-08
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-24 21:01:43" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00">2015-11-24</time>
+            </span>
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+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-28 21:43:26" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-28T21:43:26+08:00">2019-04-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -496,37 +590,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
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-            <div class="post-wordcount">
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-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  312
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -546,20 +612,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          很多情况下，我们会先获取当前脚本的路径，然后一这个路径为基准，去找其他的路径。通常我们是直接用 pwd 以期获得脚本的路径。实际上这样是不严谨的，pwd 获得的是当前 shell 的执行路径，而不是当前脚本的执行路径。
-使用 dirname 命令再结合 pwd 可以准确地得到脚本的实际路径
-1234
-          ...
+            <p>
+              socks介绍
+SOCKS：防火墙安全会话转换协议 （Socks: Protocol for sessions traversal across firewall securely）
+SOCKS 协议提供一个框架，为在 TCP 和 UDP 域中的客户机/服务器应用程序能更方便安全地使用网络防火墙所提
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
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-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
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+          
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     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -567,6 +640,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
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       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -622,32 +700,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/" itemprop="url">shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">iftop流量监控工具</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-09-03T13:21:23+08:00">
-                2015-09-03
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-15 21:05:10" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-15T21:05:10+08:00">2015-11-15</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-28 21:45:16" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-28T21:45:16+08:00">2019-04-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -655,37 +758,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  341
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -705,18 +780,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在生产环境中，很多情况下在脚本中会使用一些临时的普通文件，比如 1.txt，test.txt。为了简单，可能 A 员工在维护时脚本中使用了一个 1.txt，B员工在维护的时候也使用了 1.txt，这时候就造成了文件使用上的冲突。为了尽可能的避免这类情况的发生，我们就可以使用 mktemp 命令创建属
-          ...
+            <p>
+              简介iftop 是一款类似于 top 命令的实时流量监控工具，监控 TCP/IP 连接等，缺点就是无报表功能。可以用来监控网卡的实时流量（可以指定网段）、反向解析IP、显示端口信息等。必须以 root 身份才能运行。
+安装方法源码包编译安装下载最新的源码包。建议使用网络 yum 源(最好是自带的)，
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/09/03/132123-shell使用mktemp命令创建临时文件/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/15/210510-iftop流量监控工具/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -724,6 +807,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -755,20 +841,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -779,32 +867,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">shell的进程替换</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传/下载</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-30T13:41:35+08:00">
-                2015-08-30
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-09 09:01:35" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-09T09:01:35+08:00">2015-11-09</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-04-28 21:46:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-04-28T21:46:42+08:00">2019-04-28</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -812,37 +925,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  274
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  1
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -862,26 +947,34 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          进程替换与命令替换很相似，命令替换把一个命令的结果赋给一个变量，例如 dir_contents=$(ls -al) 。进程替换则是把一个进程的输出回馈给另一个进程 (换句话说，它把一个命令的结果发送给另一个命令)。
-命令替换的形式是由圆括号括起的命令
-12&gt;(command)&lt;(comm
-          ...
+            <p>
+              简述lrzsz 是一款在 linux 里可代替 ftp 上传和下载的程序，它是一种 unix 通信套件提供的X，Y，和 ZModem 文件传输协议。之前我们基本上都用的 FTP 或 SFTP 来进行 Windows 和 Linux 之间的文件传输，在 Linux 上安装 lrzsz 之后结合 Sec
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/09/090135-使用lrzsz进行Windows与Linux间文件的上传-下载/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
 
     
-
+
+    
+      
+    
     
 
     
@@ -914,20 +1007,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -938,32 +1033,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/" itemprop="url">shell的语法调试</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">网段扫描fping命令</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-27T13:41:19+08:00">
-                2015-08-27
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-06 21:01:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00">2015-11-06</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-10 17:55:50" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-10T17:55:50+08:00">2019-06-10</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -971,37 +1091,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  689
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
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-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  3
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1021,23 +1113,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          使用bash选项-n 检查脚本语法格式是否有错
-1bash -n script.sh
--v 选项将跟踪脚本中每个命令的执行
-1bash -v script.sh
--x 选项会使脚本单步执行，将整个脚本每一步解释和执行过程显示出来
-1234567891011121314151617181920[use
-          ...
+            <p>
+              fping 类似于ping。它可以在命令行中指定要 ping 的主机数量范围，也可以指定含有要 ping 的主机列表文件。
+与 ping 要等待某一主机连接超时或发回反馈信息不同，fping 给一个主机发送完数据包后，马上给下一个主机发送数据包，实现多主机同时 ping。如果某一主机 ping通，则
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/27/134119-shell的语法调试/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1045,6 +1140,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1076,20 +1174,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1100,32 +1200,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">shell中信号捕捉</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-24T17:41:11+08:00">
-                2015-08-24
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-05 09:01:23" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00">2015-11-05</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-06-10 17:47:24" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-06-10T17:47:24+08:00">2019-06-10</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1133,37 +1258,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,502
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  7
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1183,19 +1280,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          信号捕捉信号是一种进程间的通信机制，它给应用程序提供一种异步的软件中断，使应用程序有机会接受其他程序活终端发送的命令(即信号)。
-应用程序收到信号后，有三种处理方式：忽略，默认，捕捉。进程收到一个信号后，会检查对该信号的处理机制。如果是 SIG_IGN，就忽略该信号；如果是 SIG_DFT，则会采用
-          ...
+            <p>
+              在 CentOS7 中有三种定义的主机名：
+
+静态的（static）：静态主机名也称为内核主机名，是系统在启动时从 /etc/hostname 设置内核的主机名，你可以理解为是永久性的主机名。仅可包含 -，a-z，0-9 字符，且最大不超过 64 个字符长度。 例如 hbwh3x-01。此种主机名就
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1203,6 +1308,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1234,20 +1342,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1258,32 +1368,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">shell的数组</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00">
-                2015-08-21
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-04 09:41:27" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00">2015-11-04</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2020-01-15 14:17:34" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2020-01-15T14:17:34+08:00">2020-01-15</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1291,37 +1426,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  1,736
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  9
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1341,24 +1448,25 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          什么是数组
-存储多个元素的连续的内存空间。数组只有一个名字，索引号从0开始。
-关联数组的索引号可以自定义，bash4及以后版本支持关联数组。
-Bash 支持一维数组（不支持多维数组），并且没有限定数组的大小。
-获取数组中的元素要利用下标，下标可以是整数或算术表达式，其值应大于或等于0。
-
-如何定义一
-          ...
+            <p>
+              生产环境中，托管于机房的服务器经常会进行割接操作，为了能让网卡更容易让运维人员和机房识别，避免因为弄错网线或找错网卡导致业务中断，在服务器上架前就应该对所有网卡按照 eth0、eth1 的方式来命名，并按照网卡的物理位置贴上标签。从 CentOS7 开始，系统中的默认的网卡命名方式已经不再是 eth
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1366,6 +1474,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1397,20 +1508,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1421,32 +1534,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">shell的函数</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-18T09:21:43+08:00">
-                2015-08-18
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-03 10:50:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-03T10:50:11+08:00">2015-11-03</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-24 16:33:51" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-24T16:33:51+08:00">2019-05-24</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1454,37 +1592,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  896
-                </span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1504,21 +1614,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          函数函数可将一个复杂功能划分成若干模块，让程序结构更加清晰，代码重复利用率更高。
-在 shell 中必须先定义函数，然后使用，而且不能独立运行，需要调用执行。函数可出现在任何位置，在代码执行时，都会被自动替换为函数代码。函数命名不应该为命令名，否则会发生冲突。
-函数的定义方式定义方式一
-1234fu
-          ...
+            <p>
+              一致性网络设备命名，即 Consistent Network Device Naming 。
+服务器通常有多块网卡，有板载集成（集成网卡主板（Lan-on-Motherboard），或 LOM）的，同时也有插在 PCIe 插槽的。Linux 系统的命名原来是 eth0，eth1 这样的形式，但是这个
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/03/105011-CentOS7网卡一致性命名规则/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1526,6 +1641,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1557,20 +1675,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1581,32 +1701,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/" itemprop="url">shell的状态返回值</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-15T19:41:39+08:00">
-                2015-08-15
-              </time>
+
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-02 15:41:38" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-02T15:41:38+08:00">2015-11-02</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-24 15:50:54" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-24T15:50:54+08:00">2019-05-24</time>
+              </span>
             
-          </span>
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1614,37 +1759,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  496
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  2
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1664,22 +1781,26 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          在 shell 中，每个命令都会返回一个状态返回值。成功的命令返回 0，而不成功的命令返回非零值。非零值通常都被解释成一个错误码。
-在 shell 中$? 是一个特殊变量，它所引用的值就是上一条命令的执行状态返回值。
-
-在 shell 的函数执行后，$? 返回的是函数执行的最后一条命令的状态返回值
-
-          ...
+            <p>
+               Redhat Linux 的网络配置，基本上是通过修改几个配置文件来实现的，虽然也可以用 ifconfig 来设置 IP，用 route 来配置默认网关，用 hostname 来配置主机名，但是重启后会丢失。
+ 在 RedHat 中，系统网络设备的配置文件保存在 /etc/sysconfig/ne
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/15/194139-shell的状态返回值/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/02/154138-CentOS网卡配置文件说明/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1687,6 +1808,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1718,20 +1842,22 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
   
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
   
   
   
   <div class="post-block">
-    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/">
+    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/">
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Silence">
-      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
+      <meta itemprop="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
       <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.jpg">
     </span>
 
-    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
+    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
       <meta itemprop="name" content="Just Do It">
     </span>
 
@@ -1742,32 +1868,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         
           <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 
-                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/" itemprop="url">shell的循环结构及其流程控制</a></h1>
+                
+                <a href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Linux配置ADSL拨号上网</a>
+              
+            
+          </h1>
         
 
         <div class="post-meta">
-          <span class="post-time">
-            
+
+          
+          
+          
+
+          
+            <span class="post-meta-item">
               <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                 <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
               </span>
               
                 <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
               
-              <time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-08-12T13:01:11+08:00">
-                2015-08-12
-              </time>
-            
 
+              
+                
+              
+
+              <time title="创建时间：2015-11-01 13:01:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2015-11-01T13:01:19+08:00">2015-11-01</time>
+            </span>
+          
+
+          
             
 
             
-          </span>
+              <span class="post-meta-item">
+                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+                  <i class="fa fa-calendar-check-o"></i>
+                </span>
+                
+                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
+                
+                <time title="修改时间：2019-05-24 15:40:42" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2019-05-24T15:40:42+08:00">2019-05-24</time>
+              </span>
+            
+          
 
           
 
           
             
+            
           
 
           
@@ -1775,37 +1926,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
           
 
+          <br>
           
-            <div class="post-wordcount">
-              
-                
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计&#58;</span>
-                
-                <span title="字数统计">
-                  737
-                </span>
-              
 
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
-              
-
-              
-                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
-                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
-                </span>
-                
-                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
-                
-                <span title="阅读时长">
-                  4
-                </span>
-              
-            </div>
           
 
           
@@ -1825,20 +1948,27 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       
         
           
-          while(当型)循环结构 标准用法，当 condition 条件满足时执行循环体，否则退出循环
-12345while [[ condition ]] ; do    # statements1    # statements2    # ...........done
-死循环,当触发某条件时退出循
-          ...
+            <p>
+              安装yum install rp-pppoe.x86_64
+配置PPPOE客户端软件安装完软件包后，必须配置pppoe的配置文件/etc/ppp/pppoe.conf，从而让ADSL拨号时使用配置文件中的用户名、密码等参数。使用adsl-setup进行配置：
+/usr/sbin/adsl-setup
+              ...
+            </p>
           <!--noindex-->
-          <div class="post-button text-center">
-            <a class="btn" href="/2015/08/12/130111-shell的循环结构及其流程控制/#more" rel="contents">
-              阅读全文 &raquo;
-            </a>
-          </div>
+          
+            <div class="post-button text-center">
+              <a class="btn" href="/2015/11/01/130119-Linux配置ADSL拨号上网/#more" rel="contents">
+                阅读全文 &raquo;
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
           <!--/noindex-->
         
       
     </div>
+
+    
+
     
     
     
@@ -1846,6 +1976,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
     
 
     
+      
+    
+    
 
     
 
@@ -1873,7 +2006,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/8/">8</a><span class="page-number current">9</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/10/">10</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/12/">12</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/10/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/page/8/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/8/">8</a><span class="page-number current">9</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/10/">10</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/page/14/">14</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/page/10/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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@@ -1881,9 +2014,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           </div>
           
 
-
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-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -1897,63 +2027,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
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@@ -1964,122 +2156,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
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+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
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@@ -2087,9 +2290,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -2097,6 +2303,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -2105,24 +2312,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -2138,14 +2380,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+
+    
+
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@@ -2159,10 +2408,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
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@@ -2174,81 +2421,57 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
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-
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+  
 
 
 
   
-
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+  <script>
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@@ -2297,6 +2520,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
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@@ -2330,8 +2555,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -2500,9 +2726,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
               })
             };
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -2572,25 +2798,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">
   
 
   
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+  
+
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+
+  
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+  
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
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+
 
   
 
diff --git a/search.xml b/search.xml
index caa1a07e..c3949874 100644
--- a/search.xml
+++ b/search.xml
@@ -1,17 +1,135 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <search>
   <entry>
-    <title><![CDATA[做练习题理解Python中的对象]]></title>
-    <url>%2F2019%2F06%2F18%2F190143-%E5%81%9A%E7%BB%83%E4%B9%A0%E9%A2%98%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3Python%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[练习112345678910111213141516#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def extendList(val, list=[]): list.append(val) return listlist1 = extendList(10)list2 = extendList(123, [])list3 = extendList('a')print("list1 = %s" % list1)print("list2 = %s" % list2)print("list3 = %s" % list3) 上面代码输出结果将是： 123list1 = [10, &apos;a&apos;]list2 = [123]list3 = [10, &apos;a&apos;] 很多人都会误认为 list1=[10]，list3=[&#39;a&#39;]，因为他们以为每次 extendList 被调用时，列表参数的默认值都将被设置为 []，但实际上并不是这样，新的默认列表在函数被定义的那一刻只会创建一次。 当 extendList 被调用时，如果没有指定特定参数，默认的 list 的值随后将被使用。这是因为默认值参数会在函数被定义的时候被创建和计算，而不是在被调用的时候被创建和计算。因此 list1 和 list3 指向的是同一个对象，也就是默认列表。而 list2 是函数被调用时另外指定了一个对象，而不是使用默认的。 我们可以在函数中使用 id() 方法获取函数操作的 list 的内存地址来验证操作的是否是同一个对象： 1234567891011121314151617#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def extendList(val, list=[]): list.append(val) print(id(list)) return listlist1 = extendList(10)list2 = extendList(123, [])list3 = extendList('a')print("list1 = %s" % list1)print("list2 = %s" % list2)print("list3 = %s" % list3) 执行结果： 123456140494594992264140494594992328140494594992264list1 = [10, 'a']list2 = [123]list3 = [10, 'a'] 练习21234567#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for ls[-2] in ls: print(ls[-2]) 乍一看，你能猜到执行的结果么？ 1234512335 这个是因为什么呢？画个图来理解一下： 那么到底是不是这样呢？我们打印每个元素的内存地址来验证一下： 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for i in ls: print(id(i))for ls[-2] in ls: print("\033[0;33m ls[-2] is \033[0m", ls[-2], end=' ; ') print("\033[0;32m ls is \033[0m", ls, end=' ; ') print("\033[0;31m id ls[-2] is \033[0m", id(ls[-2])) 执行结果： 12345678910139930381165920139930381165952139930381165984139930381166016139930381166048 ls[-2] is 1 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 1, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165920 ls[-2] is 2 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 2, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165952 ls[-2] is 3 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165984 ls[-2] is 3 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165984 ls[-2] is 5 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 5, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381166048]]></content>
+    <title><![CDATA[Docker入坑指南]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F12%2F02%2F152139-Docker%E5%85%A5%E5%9D%91%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[产生背景： 开发人员将测试并运行正常的代码，交给运维人员部署后，部署失败，这就导致了开发人员和运维人员之间因为环境的不同出现很多矛盾，因此慢慢地出现了 DevOps 的概念。所谓的环境不同，指的是不同的操作系统、软件环境、组件版本、应用配置等。 在集群环境下，每台服务器都需要配置相同的环境，配置起来十分麻烦。 解决开发人员常说的 “我不管，在我的机器上是可以正常工作的” 的问题。 Docker 简介什么是 Docker ？Docker 是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们开发的应用程序以及程序的依赖包到一个可移植的容器中，然后发布到任何流行的 Linux 机器上，也可以实现虚拟化。 Docker 使用 Google 公司推出的 Go 语言进行开发实现，基于 Linux 内核的 cgroup，namespace，以及 AUFS 类的 Union FS 等技术，对进程进行封装隔离，属于操作系统层面的虚拟化技术。由于隔离的进程独立于宿主机和其它的隔离的进程，因此也称其为容器。 Docker 在容器的基础上，进行了进一步的封装，从文件系统、网络互联到进程隔离等等，极大的简化了容器的创建和维护。使得 Docker 技术比虚拟机技术更为轻便、快捷。 容器和虚拟机下面的图片比较了 Docker 容器技术和传统虚拟机技术的不同之处： 虚拟机（VM）是虚拟出一套硬件（CPU、Memory 等）后，在其上运行一个完整操作系统，它是将一台服务器转变为多台服务器的物理硬件的抽象。系统管理程序允许多个VM在单台计算机上运行。每个VM包含操作系统，应用程序，必要的二进制文件和库的完整副本，这种方式占用大量资源（数十GB），并且VM也可能启动缓慢。 容器将代码和依赖项打包在一起，容器内的应用进程直接运行于宿主的内核，容器内没有自己的内核，而且也没有进行硬件虚拟。 多个容器可以在同一台计算机上运行，并与其他容器共享宿主机的内核，每个容器在用户空间中作为隔离的进程运行。容器占用的空间少于VM（容器镜像的大小通常为几十MB），可以处理更多的应用程序，启动速度更快，并且需要的 VM 和操作系统数量更少。 为什么要使用 Docker ？作为一种新兴的虚拟化方式，Docker 跟传统的虚拟化方式相比具有众多的优势。 更高效的利用系统资源 容器不需要进行硬件虚拟以及运行完整操作系统等额外开销，Docker 对系统资源的利用率更高。无论是应用执行速度、内存损耗或者文件存储速度，都要比传统虚拟机技术更高效。因此，相比虚拟机技术，一个相同配置的物理主机，能运行的容器远大于虚拟机的数量，但是容器不能拿来当作虚拟机给客户使用。 更快速的启动时间 传统的虚拟机技术启动应用服务往往需要数分钟(实际上 OpenStack 虚拟化技术也能达到秒级启动)，而 Docker 容器应用，由于直接运行于宿主内核，无需启动完整的操作系统，因此可以做到秒级、甚至毫秒级的启动时间。大大的节约了开发、测试、部署的时间。 一致的运行环境 开发过程中一个常见的问题是环境一致性问题。由于开发环境、测试环境、生产环境不一致，导致有些 bug 并未在开发过程中被发现。而 Docker 的镜像提供了除内核外完整的运行时环境，确保了应用运行环境一致性，从而不会再出现 “这段代码在我机器上没问题啊” 这类问题。 持续交付和部署 对开发和运维（DevOps）人员来说，最希望的就是一次创建或配置，可以在任意地方正常运行。使用 Docker 可以通过定制应用镜像来实现持续集成、持续交付、部署。开发人员可以通过 Dockerfile 来进行镜像构建，并结合 持续集成(Continuous Integration) 系统进行集成测试，而运维人员则可以直接在生产环境中快速部署该镜像，甚至结合 持续部署(Continuous Delivery/Deployment) 系统进行自动部署。而且使用 Dockerfile 使镜像构建透明化，不仅仅开发团队可以理解应用运行环境，也方便运维团队理解应用运行所需条件，帮助更好的生产环境中部署该镜像。 更轻松的迁移 由于 Docker 确保了执行环境的一致性，使得应用的迁移更加容易。Docker 可以在很多平台上运行，无论是物理机、虚拟机、公有云、私有云，甚至是笔记本，其运行结果是一致的。因此用户可以很轻易的将在一个平台上运行的应用，迁移到另一个平台上，而不用担心运行环境的变化导致应用无法正常运行的情况。 更轻松的维护和扩展 Docker 使用的分层存储以及镜像的技术，使得应用重复部分的复用更为容易，也使得应用的维护更新更加简单，基于基础镜像进一步扩展镜像也变得非常简单。此外，Docker 团队同各个开源项目团队一起维护了一大批高质量的 官方镜像，既可以直接在生产环境使用，又可以作为基础进一步定制，大大的降低了应用服务的镜像制作成本。 容器技术对比传统虚拟机总结 特性 容器 虚拟机 启动 秒级 分钟级 硬盘 使用一般为 MB 一般为 GB 性能 接近原生 弱于原生 系统 支持量单机支持上千个容器 一般几十个 容器技术属于进程之间的隔离，虚拟机技术可以实现系统级别隔离。物理机没有快照的概念，虚拟机的快照功能极大的提高了容灾性、数据备份等功能。我们可以授权给容器来操作宿主机，而虚拟机是无法操作宿主机的。 总而言之，容器技术虽然比虚拟机技术有着更多的优点，但是容器和虚拟机一起使用，在部署和管理应用程序时提供了很大的灵活性。 基本概念Docker Host：安装了 Docker 程序的主机，运行 Docker 守护进程 Docker Image：镜像，将软件环境打包好的模板，用来创建容器的，一个镜像可以创建多个容器。 Docker Container：容器，运行镜像后生成的实例称为容器，每运行一次镜像就会产生一个容器，容器可以启动、停止或删除。容器使用是沙箱机制，互相隔离，是独立是安全的。可以把容器看作是一个简易版的 Linux 环境，包括用户权限、文件系统和运行的应用等。 Docker Repository：仓库，用来保存镜像，仓库中包含许多镜像，每个镜像都有不同的标签 Tag，在 官方仓库 中可以搜索出很多镜像。 安装 DockerDocker 划分为 CE 和 EE。CE 即社区版（免费，支持周期三个月），EE 即企业版，强调安全，付费使用。在官方网站上有各种环境下的 安装指南 。 由于各项新技术（Systemd、Cgroup 等）的出现，以及容器技术的优势和不断成熟，进一步促进了内核更新，为了对容器技术有着更好的支持。建议使用较新版本的 Linux 系统，这里以 Docker CE 在 CentOS7 上的安装为例。 Docker CE 支持 64 位版本 CentOS 7，并且要求内核版本不低于 3.10。 CentOS 7 满足最低内核的要求，但由于内核版本比较低，部分功能（如 overlay2 存储层驱动）无法使用，并且部分功能可能不太稳定。 系统环境的配置运行环境配置时区，selinux、系统运行级别等的配置。 123456789101112131415# Set timezonetimedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai# Maintain the RTC in universal time. Use RTC in UTC by callingtimedatectl set-local-rtc 0# Sync system time to hwclockhwclock --systohc --localtime# Set runlevelsystemctl set-default multi-user.target# Turn off selinuxsetenforce 0sed -ri 's/(^SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/' /etc/sysconfig/selinux /etc/selinux/config 系统服务配置firewalld 功能更强大，但是生成的防火墙规则和链比较繁琐，使用 iptables 命令完全够用，这里将其停止并禁止开机自启： 1systemctl disable --now firewalld.service NetworkManager 服务早期一直用来管理图形化界面 Linux 的网络，从 CentOS8 开始，它已经完全取代了 network 服务，并且使用 nmcli 命令来管理非图形化界面 Linux 的网络。因此不建议对 NetworkManager 做操作，如果对 NetworkManager 比较了解，你也可以选择在 CentOS7 上将其关停： 1systemctl disable --now NetworkManager.service 在图形界面 Linux 上默认会安装 Dnsmasq 来配置本地自有 DNS 服务器，这有可能会导致 nameserver 被设置为 127.0.0.1，从而导致容器无法解析域名。因此将其关停： 1systemctl disable --now dnsmasq.service 资源使用限定默认的 limit 数值较小，手动改 /etc/security/limits.conf 或在 /etc/security/limits.d/ 创建自定义配置文件，来修改资源的限定： 1234567891011# Modify shell resource limitscat &gt; /etc/security/limits.d/my-limits.conf &lt;&lt; EOF* soft nproc 131072* hard nproc 131072* soft nofile 131072* hard nofile 131072root soft nproc 131072root hard nproc 131072root soft nofile 131072root hard nofile 131072EOF 对 Systemd 的资源使用做设置： 123456789101112# Modify systemd resource limitssed -ri '/^DefaultLimit(NOFILE|NPROC)/d' /etc/systemd/&#123;system,user&#125;.confcat &gt;&gt; /etc/systemd/system.conf &lt;&lt; 'EOF'DefaultLimitNOFILE=131072DefaultLimitNPROC=131072EOFcat &gt;&gt; /etc/systemd/user.conf &lt;&lt; 'EOF'DefaultLimitNOFILE=131072DefaultLimitNPROC=131072EOF 内核参数设置设置 iptables 不对 bridge 的数据进行处理： 1234567cat &lt;&lt; EOF &gt; /etc/sysctl.d/docker.confnet.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 1EOFsysctl -p 修改内核的环境变量配置文件 /etc/default/grub，在 GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX= 中启用内核的 user_namespaces ： 123cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.old&#125;;sed -ri '/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX/s#('"'"'|")$# user_namespace.enable=1 \1#' /etc/default/grubgrub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 使用 grubby 命令也可以直接修改 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 中的 grub 策略： 1grubby --args="user_namespace.enable=1" --update-kernel="$(grubby --default-kernel)" 注意： 这并不会更新 /etc/default/grub ，所以最稳妥的办法还是修改 /etc/default/grub 然后重新生成配置。 配置完成后需要重启系统才能让参数生效： 1systemctl reboot 安装 Docker官方提供了配置检查脚本，用来检查环境是否符合要求： 12curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/docker/docker/master/contrib/check-config.sh -o check-config.shbash ./check-config.sh 使用官方脚本安装，为了有更快的速度，可以将镜像下载源指定为 Aliyun ： 1curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh &amp;&amp; sh get-docker.sh --mirror Aliyun 安装完成后查看版本，验证安装是否成功： 1docker version 后续配置安装 bash 补全包，安装后可以为 systemd 、ip 、 docker 等命令做子命令的补全，当然还可以自定义。 1yum -y install bash-completion 安装完成后重新登录机器即可生效，如果未生效则可以拷贝 Docker 自己生成的补全脚本到系统的 bash 补全配置目录下： 1cp -a /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/docker $&#123;BASH_COMPLETION_COMPAT_DIR&#125;/ 配置 Docker 守护进程官方文档： 配置并运行Docker 守护进程的命令行选项 常用配置： 网络： 默认情况下 docker0 网卡分配的 IP 地址是 172.17.0.1，所在的地址段是 172.17.0.0/16 ， 如果有冲突可以自行定义。 DNS：如果不想让 Docker 使用主机的 nameserver ，可以使用 dns 来指定自定义的 DNS 服务器。 存储驱动： 默认存储引擎和受支持的存储引擎列表取决于主机的 Linux 发行版和可用的内核驱动程序，建议使用 overlay2，详情请看 官方扫盲。 允许覆盖 overlay2 的 Linux 内核版本检查：在 4.0.0 版本内核中，添加了对 overlay2 所需的多个较低目录的支持。但是，可能会修补某些较旧的内核版本，以添加对 OverlayFS 的多个较低目录支持。仅在验证内核中存在此支持后，才应使用此选项。在没有此支持的情况下在内核上应用此选项将导致安装失败。 日志驱动： Docker 提供了通过一系列日志记录驱动程序，用来收集和查看主机上运行的所有容器的日志数据。默认的日志记录驱动程序 json-file 将日志数据写入主机文件系统上的 JSON 格式的文件。 日志轮转：随着时间的推移，这些日志文件的大小会扩大，从而可能导致磁盘资源耗尽。要缓解此类问题，请配置备用日志记录驱动程序（例如 Splunk 或 Syslog ），或为默认驱动程序设置日志轮转。 runtime：使用 --exec-opt 标志指定的选项来配置 runtime。所有标志的选项都有 native 前缀，有一个 native.cgroupdriver 选项可用。该选项指定用什么来进行容器的 cgroup 管理。只能指定 cgroupfs 或 systemd 。如果指定 systemd 并且不可用，则系统会出错。如果没有配置 native.cgroupdriver 选项，则使用 cgroupfs 进行管理。 12345678910111213141516171819202122mkdir -pv /etc/docker/cat &gt;| /etc/docker/daemon.json &lt;&lt; EOF&#123; "bip": "172.17.0.1/16", "dns": [ "8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4" ], "storage-driver": "overlay2", "storage-opts": [ "overlay2.override_kernel_check=true" ], "log-driver": "json-file", "log-opts": &#123; "max-size": "10m", "max-file": "5" &#125;, "exec-opts": [ "native.cgroupdriver=systemd" ]&#125;EOF 配置 Docker 镜像加速器国内访问 Docker Hub 下载镜像有时候会比较慢，此时可以配置镜像加速器。国内一些云服务商提供了容器镜像加速服务，例如： 阿里云加速器 DaoCloud 加速器 如果网络质量较好，这一步可以忽略不做。以阿里云为例，以下是配置步骤： 1、注册并登录 “阿里云的容器镜像服务控制台” https://cr.console.aliyun.com/ 2、查看专属的加速器地址。 3、配置自己的 Docker 加速器，注意一定要保证该文件符合 json 规范，否则 Docker 将不能启动。 12345678vim /etc/docker/daemon.json&#123; "registry-mirrors": [ "https://sswv6yx0.mirror.aliyuncs.com" ]&#125;systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart docker.service 检查加速器是否生效：配置加速器之后，如果拉取镜像仍然十分缓慢，请手动检查加速器配置是否生效，在命令行执行 docker info ，如果从结果中看到了如下内容，说明配置成功： 12Registry Mirrors: https://sswv6yx0.mirror.aliyuncs.com/ 使用 Systemd 控制 Docker将 docker 设置为开机自启，并启动该服务程序： 1systemctl enable --now docker.service 查看服务的运行状态： 1systemctl status docker.service 使用镜像Docker 运行容器前需要本地存在对应的镜像，如果本地不存在该镜像，Docker 会从镜像仓库下载该镜像。 查找镜像Docker 提供了一个官方专业存放镜像的地方，即镜像仓库 Docker Hub，在这上面有大量的高质量的镜像可以使用。打开 Docker Hub 后点击 “Explore” 即可进入仓库列表页面。 在搜索框可以输入相关的镜像名称进行搜索，以 Nginx 为例，在搜索到的镜像中会有 “Tags” 按钮，这就是镜像的标签列表，标签表示了不同的版本。 为什么要有标签呢？镜像 = &lt;仓库&gt;:[Tag]。一个 Docker Registry 中可以包含多个仓库 （Repository）；每个仓库可以包含多个标签 （Tag）；每个标签对应一个镜像 （Image）。 在命令行可以使用 docker search 进行搜索，命令基本语法为： 1docker search [选项] &lt;镜像ID/镜像名称&gt;[:标签] 其中 [] 表示可选，&lt;&gt; 表示必选。镜像名称一般为 “&lt;用户名&gt;/&lt;软件名&gt;”，只有软件名的一般是官方镜像。 123456[root@bogon ~]# docker search nginxNAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATEDnginx Official build of Nginx. 12311 [OK] jwilder/nginx-proxy Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con… 1698 [OK]richarvey/nginx-php-fpm Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of… 746 [OK]linuxserver/nginx An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS… 83 从上面的命令执行的结果中，并不能看到镜像的标签，所以要下载特定镜像还需要在网页上搜索查找。 获取镜像从 Docker 镜像仓库获取镜像的命令是 docker pull 。其命令格式为： 1docker pull [选项] [Docker Registry 地址[:端口号]/]仓库名[:标签] 镜像名称的格式： Docker 镜像仓库地址：地址的格式一般是 &lt;域名/IP&gt;[:端口号] 。默认地址是 Docker Hub。 仓库名：如之前所说，这里的仓库名是两段式名称，即 &lt;用户名&gt;/&lt;软件名&gt; 。对于 Docker Hub，如果不给出用户名，则默认为 library ，也就是官方镜像。 下面的命令中没有给出 Docker 镜像仓库地址，因此将会从 Docker Hub 获取镜像。而镜像名称是 nginx:latest ，因此将会获取官方镜像 library/nginx 仓库中标签为 latest 的镜像： 1docker pull nginx:latest 从下载过程中可以看到分层存储的概念，镜像是由多层存储所构成。下载也是一层层的去下载，并非单一文件。下载过程中给出了每一层的 ID 的前 12 位。并且下载结束后，给出该镜像完整的 sha256 的摘要信息，以确保下载一致性。 有可能你看到的层 ID 以及 sha256 的摘要和这里的不一样。这是因为官方镜像是一直在维护的，有任何新的 bug，或者版本更新，都会进行修复再以原来的标签发布，这样可以确保任何使用这个标签的用户可以获得更安全、更稳定的镜像。 列出镜像要想列出已经下载下来的镜像，可以使用 docker image ls 命令或 docker images 命令。 1234567891011121314151617181920[root@bogon ~]# docker image lsREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEhttpd latest 2ae34abc2ed0 12 days ago 165MBpython latest 0a3a95c81a2b 2 weeks ago 932MBmysql latest d435eee2caa5 2 weeks ago 456MBnginx latest 231d40e811cd 2 weeks ago 126MBubuntu 18.04 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MBubuntu latest 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MBcentos latest 0f3e07c0138f 2 months ago 220MBhello-world latest fce289e99eb9 11 months ago 1.84kB[root@bogon ~]# docker imagesREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEhttpd latest 2ae34abc2ed0 12 days ago 165MBpython latest 0a3a95c81a2b 2 weeks ago 932MBmysql latest d435eee2caa5 2 weeks ago 456MBnginx latest 231d40e811cd 2 weeks ago 126MBubuntu 18.04 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MBubuntu latest 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MBcentos latest 0f3e07c0138f 2 months ago 220MBhello-world latest fce289e99eb9 11 months ago 1.84kB 不加任何参数则列出所有镜像，也可以指定镜像： 123456789[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls ubuntuREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEubuntu 18.04 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MBubuntu latest 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MB[root@bogon ~]# docker images ubuntu REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEubuntu 18.04 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MBubuntu latest 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MB[root@bogon ~]# 列表包含了 仓库名 、 标签 、 镜像 ID 、 创建时间 以及 所占用的空间 。其中 镜像 ID 是镜像的唯一标识，一个镜像可以对应多个标签。因此，在上面命令执行结果中，可以看到 ubuntu:18.04 和 ubuntu:latest 拥有相同的 ID，因为它们对应的是同一个镜像。 镜像体积在 Docker Hub 中显示的镜像的体积是压缩后的体积。在镜像下载和上传过程中镜像是保持着压缩状态的，因此 Docker Hub 所显示的大小是网络传输中更关心的流量大小。而 docker image ls 显示的是镜像下载到本地后，展开的大小，准确说，是展开后的各层所占空间的总和，因为镜像到本地后，查看空间的时候，更关心的是本地磁盘空间占用的大小。 另外一个需要注意的问题是， docker image ls 列表中的镜像体积总和并非是所有镜像实际硬盘消耗。由于 Docker 镜像是多层存储结构，并且可以继承、复用，因此不同镜像可能会因为使用相同的基础镜像，从而拥有共同的层。由于 Docker 使用 Union FS，相同的层只需要保存一份即可，因此实际镜像硬盘占用空间很可能要比这个列表镜像大小的总和要小的多。 使用 docker system df 命令可以便捷地查看镜像、容器、数据卷所占用的空间。 1234567[root@bogon ~]# docker system dfTYPE TOTAL ACTIVE SIZE RECLAIMABLEImages 7 1 1.894GB 1.798GB (94%)Containers 2 0 28B 28B (100%)Local Volumes 0 0 0B 0BBuild Cache 0 0 0B 0B[root@bogon ~]# 虚悬镜像在镜像列表中，有可能看到特殊的镜像，既没有仓库名，也没有标签，均为 &lt;none&gt; 。这种镜像原本是有镜像名和标签的，比如原来为 mongo:3.2 ，随着官方镜像维护，发布了新版本后，重新 docker pull mongo:3.2 时，mongo:3.2 这个镜像名被转移到了新下载的镜像身上，而旧的镜像上的这个名称则被取消，从而成为了 &lt;none&gt; 。除了 docker pull 可能导致这种情况， docker build 也同样可以导致这种现象。由于新旧镜像同名，旧镜像名称被取消，从而出现仓库名、标签均为 &lt;none&gt; 的镜像。这类无标签镜像也被称为 虚悬镜像 (dangling image) ，可以用下面的命令专门显示这类镜像： 1docker image ls --filter dangling=true 一般来说，虚悬镜像已经失去了存在的价值，是可以随意删除的，可以用下面的命令删除没有被使用到的镜像。 1docker image prune 中间层镜像为了加速镜像构建、重复利用资源，Docker 会利用中间层镜像。所以在使用一段时间后，可能会看到一些依赖的中间层镜像。默认的 docker image ls 列表中只会显示顶层镜像，如果希望显示包括中间层镜像在内的所有镜像的话，需要加 -a 参数。 1docker image ls -a 这样会看到很多无标签的镜像，与之前的虚悬镜像不同，这些无标签的镜像很多都是中间层镜像，是其它镜像所依赖的镜像。这些无标签镜像不应该删除，否则会导致上层镜像因为依赖丢失而出错。实际上，这些镜像也没必要删除，因为相同的层只会存一遍，而这些镜像是别的镜像的依赖，因此并不会因为它们被列出来而多存了一份。删除镜像后，依赖的中间层镜像也会被连带删除。 列出部分镜像不加任何参数的情况下， docker image ls 会列出所有顶级镜像，但是有时候我们只希望列出部分镜像。 docker image ls 有好几个参数可以帮助做到这个事情。 根据仓库名列出镜像： 12345[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls ubuntuREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEubuntu 18.04 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MBubuntu latest 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MB[root@bogon ~]# 列出特定的某个镜像，也就是说指定仓库名和标签： 1234[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls ubuntu:18.04 REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEubuntu 18.04 775349758637 5 weeks ago 64.2MB[root@bogon ~]# 除此以外， docker image ls 还支持强大的过滤器参数 --filter ，或者简写 -f 。之前使用过滤器来列出虚悬镜像的用法： 1docker image ls --filter dangling=true 如果想要看到在 ubuntu:19.04 之后建立的镜像，可以用下面的命令： 1234567[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --filter since=ubuntu:19.04 REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEhttpd latest 2ae34abc2ed0 12 days ago 165MBpython latest 0a3a95c81a2b 2 weeks ago 932MBmysql latest d435eee2caa5 2 weeks ago 456MBnginx latest 231d40e811cd 2 weeks ago 126MB[root@bogon ~]# 想查看某个位置之前的镜像，只需要把 since 换成 before 即可。此外，如果镜像构建时，定义了 LABEL ，还可以通过 LABEL 来过滤。 1docker image ls --filter label=com.example.version=0.1 以特定格式显示默认情况下， docker image ls 会输出一个完整的表格，但是并非所有时候都会需要这些内容。比如，删除虚悬镜像的时候，需要利用 docker image ls 把所有的虚悬镜像的 ID 列出来，然后才可以交给 docker image rm 命令作为参数来删除指定的这些镜像，这时候就用到了 -q 参数。 1234567891011[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls -q2ae34abc2ed00a3a95c81a2bd435eee2caa5231d40e811cd51b0783967fc7753497586377753497586370f3e07c0138ffce289e99eb9[root@bogon ~]# 使用 --filter 配合 -q 产生出指定范围的 ID 列表，然后送给另一个 docker 命令作为参数，从而针对这组实体成批的进行某种操作。这种做法在 Docker 命令行使用过程中非常常见，不仅仅是镜像命令，在各个命令中都可以使用这类搭配以完成很强大的功能。 12345678910[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --filter since=nginx:latest REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEhttpd latest 2ae34abc2ed0 12 days ago 165MBpython latest 0a3a95c81a2b 2 weeks ago 932MBmysql latest d435eee2caa5 2 weeks ago 456MB[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --filter since=nginx:latest -q2ae34abc2ed00a3a95c81a2bd435eee2caa5[root@bogon ~]# 如果只是对表格的结构不满意，希望自己组织列；或者不希望有标题，这样方便其它程序解析结果等，这就用到了 Go 的模板语法。比如只接列出镜像结果，并且只包含镜像ID和仓库名： 123456789101112131415161718192021[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --format "&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;: &#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;" 2ae34abc2ed0: httpd0a3a95c81a2b: pythond435eee2caa5: mysql231d40e811cd: nginx51b0783967fc: ubuntu775349758637: ubuntu775349758637: ubuntu0f3e07c0138f: centosfce289e99eb9: hello-world[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --format "&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;: &#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125; &#123;&#123;.Size&#125;&#125;"2ae34abc2ed0: httpd 165MB0a3a95c81a2b: python 932MBd435eee2caa5: mysql 456MB231d40e811cd: nginx 126MB51b0783967fc: ubuntu 70MB775349758637: ubuntu 64.2MB775349758637: ubuntu 64.2MB0f3e07c0138f: centos 220MBfce289e99eb9: hello-world 1.84kB[root@bogon ~]# 如果想要以表格等距显示，并且有标题行，和默认一样，但是想定义列： 123456789101112[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --format "table &#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Tag&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Size&#125;&#125;" IMAGE ID REPOSITORY TAG SIZE2ae34abc2ed0 httpd latest 165MB0a3a95c81a2b python latest 932MBd435eee2caa5 mysql latest 456MB231d40e811cd nginx latest 126MB51b0783967fc ubuntu 19.04 70MB775349758637 ubuntu 18.04 64.2MB775349758637 ubuntu latest 64.2MB0f3e07c0138f centos latest 220MBfce289e99eb9 hello-world latest 1.84kB[root@bogon ~]# 删除本地镜像如果要删除本地的镜像，可以使用 docker image rm 命令，其格式为： 1$ docker image rm [选项] &lt;镜像1&gt; [&lt;镜像2&gt; ...] 用 ID、镜像名、摘要删除镜像其中， &lt;镜像&gt; 可以是 镜像短 ID 、 镜像长 ID 、 镜像名 或者 镜像摘要 。可以用镜像的完整 ID，也称为 长 ID ，来删除镜像，但是更多的时候是用 短 ID 来删除镜像。 默认情况下 docker image ls 列出的是短 ID ，一般取前3个字符以上，只要足够区分于别的镜像即可。 12345[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls redisREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEredis latest dcf9ec9265e0 2 weeks ago 98.2MBredis alpine a49ff3e0d85f 2 weeks ago 29.3MB[root@bogon ~]# 比如要删除 redis:alpine 镜像： 1docker image rm a49ff3e0d85f 也可以用 镜像名 ，也就是 &lt;仓库名&gt;:&lt;标签&gt; 来删除镜像： 1docker image rm redis:latest 当然，更精确的是使用 镜像摘要 删除镜像。 123456789101112[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --digests --format "table&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Digest&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Tag&#125;&#125;" redis IMAGE ID DIGEST REPOSITORY TAGdcf9ec9265e0 sha256:1eedfc017b0cd3e232878ce38bd9328518219802a8ef37fe34f58dcf591688ef redis latesta49ff3e0d85f sha256:ee13953704783b284c080b5b0abe4620730728054f5c19e9488d7a97ecd312c5 redis alpine[root@bogon ~]# [root@bogon ~]# docker image rm redis@sha256:ee13953704783b284c080b5b0abe4620730728054f5c19e9488d7a97ecd312c5Untagged: redis@sha256:ee13953704783b284c080b5b0abe4620730728054f5c19e9488d7a97ecd312c5[root@bogon ~]# [root@bogon ~]# docker image ls --digests --format "table&#123;&#123;.ID&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Digest&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Repository&#125;&#125;\t&#123;&#123;.Tag&#125;&#125;" redisIMAGE ID DIGEST REPOSITORY TAGdcf9ec9265e0 sha256:1eedfc017b0cd3e232878ce38bd9328518219802a8ef37fe34f58dcf591688ef redis latesta49ff3e0d85f &lt;none&gt; redis alpine Untagged 和 Deleted删除行为分为两类，一类是 Untagged ，另一类是 Deleted 。镜像的唯一标识是其 ID 和摘要，而一个镜像可以有多个标签。 12345[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls redisREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEredis latest dcf9ec9265e0 2 weeks ago 98.2MBredis alpine a49ff3e0d85f 2 weeks ago 29.3MB[root@bogon ~] 因此当删除镜像的时候，实际上是在要求删除某个标签的镜像。所以首先需要做的是将满足要求的所有镜像标签都取消，这就是我们看到的 Untagged 的信息。因为一个镜像可以对应多个标签，因此当我们删除了所指定的标签后，可能还有别的标签指向了这个镜像，如果是这种情况，那么 Delete 行行为就不会发生。所以并非所有的 docker rm 都会产生删除镜像的行为，有可能仅仅是取消了某个标签而已。 当该镜像所有的标签都被取消了，该镜像很可能会失去了存在的意义，因此会触发删除行为。镜像是多层存储结构，因此在删除的时候也是从上层向基础层方向依次进行判断删除。镜像的多层结构让镜像复用变动非常容易，因此很有可能某个其它镜像正依赖于当前镜像的某一层。这种情况，依旧不会触发删除该层的行为。直到没有任何层依赖当前层时，才会真实的删除当前层。这就是有时候明明没有别的标签指向这个镜像，但是它还是存在的原因，也是为什么有时候会发现所删除的层数和自己 docker pull 看到的层数不一样的原因。 除了镜像依赖以外，还需要注意的是容器对镜像的依赖。如果有用这个镜像启动的容器存在（即使容器没有运行），那么同样不可以删除这个镜像。容器是以镜像为基础，再加一层容器存储层，组成这样的多层存储结构去运行的。因此该镜像如果被这个容器所依赖的，那么删除必然会导致故障。如果这些容器是不需要的，应该先将它们删除，然后再来删除镜像。 用 docker image ls 命令来配合使用 docker image ls -q 来配合使用 docker image rm ，可以批量删除镜像。比如，要删除所有仓库名为 redis 的镜像： 1docker image rm $(docker image ls -q redis) 或者删除所有在 mongo:3.2 之前的镜像： 1docker image rm $(docker image ls -q --filter before=mongo:3.2) CentOS/RHEL 的注意事项在 Ubuntu/Debian 上有 UnionFS 可以使用，如 aufs 或者 overlay2 ，而 CentOS 和 RHEL 的内核中没有相关驱动。因此对于这类系统，一般使用 devicemapper 驱动利用 LVM 的一些机制来模拟分层存储。这样的做法除了性能比较差外，稳定性一般也不好，而且配置相对复杂。Docker 安装在 CentOS/RHEL 上后，会默认选择 devicemapper ，但是为了简化配置，其 devicemapper 是跑在一个稀疏文件模拟的块设备上，也被称为 loop-lvm 。这样的选择是因为不需要额外配置就可以运行 Docker，这是自动配置唯一能做到的事情。但是 loop-lvm 的做法非常不好，其稳定性、性能更差，无论是日志还是 docker info 中都会看到警告信息。官方文档有明确的文章讲解了如何配置块设备给 devicemapper 驱动做存储层的做法，这类做法也被称为配置 direct-lvm 。 除了前面说到的问题外， devicemapper + loop-lvm 还有一个缺陷，因为它是稀疏文件，所以它会不断增长。用户在使用过程中会注意到 /var/lib/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/data 不断增长，而且无法控制。很多人会希望删除镜像或者可以解决这个问题，结果发现效果并不明显。原因就是这个稀疏文件的空间释放后基本不进行垃圾回收的问题。因此往往会出现即使删除了文件内容，空间却无法回收，只能随着使用这个稀疏文件一直在不断增长。所以对于 CentOS/RHEL 的用户来说，在没有办法使用 UnionFS 的情况下，一定要配置 direct-lvm 给 devicemapper ，无论是为了性能、稳定性还是空间利用率。或许有人注意到了 CentOS 7 中存在被 backports 回来的 overlay 驱动，不过 CentOS 里的这个驱动达不到生产环境使用的稳定程度，所以不推荐使用。 操作容器启动容器启动容器有两种方式，一种是基于镜像新建一个容器并启动，另外一个是将在终止状态（ stopped ）的容器重新启动。 新建并启动所需要的命令主要为 docker run 。例如运行一个容器，执行 echo 命令输出一个 “Hello World”，之后终止容器： 123[root@bogon ~]# docker run centos:latest /bin/echo "Hello World"Hello World[root@bogon ~]# 如果要为容器分配一个伪终端，并进入用户交互式的 bash 终端： 12[root@bogon ~]# docker run --tty --interactive centos /bin/bash [root@876dabff426e /]# 其中， --tty 选项让 Docker 分配一个伪终端（pseudo-tty）并绑定到容器的标准输入上， --interactive 则让容器的标准输入保持打开。 在交互模式下，用户可以通过所创建的终端来输入命令，例如： 12345678[root@876dabff426e /]# uname -r3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64[root@876dabff426e /]# cat /etc/centos-releaseCentOS Linux release 8.0.1905 (Core) [root@876dabff426e /]# pwd/[root@876dabff426e /]# lsbin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var 当利用 docker run 来创建容器时，Docker 在后台运行的标准操作包括： 检查本地是否存在指定的镜像，不存在就从公有仓库下载。 利用镜像创建并启动一个容器。 分配一个文件系统，并在只读的镜像层外面挂载一层可读写层。 从宿主主机配置的网桥接口中桥接一个虚拟接口到容器中去。 从地址池配置一个 ip 地址给容器。 执行用户指定的应用程序。 执行完毕后容器被终止。 启动已终止容器可以利用 docker container start 命令，指定容器名字或者容器 ID 来直接将一个已经终止的容器启动运行。 容器的核心为所执行的应用程序，所需要的资源都是应用程序运行所必需的。除此之外，并没有其它的资源。可以在伪终端中利用 ps 或 top 来查看进程信息。 123456[root@bogon ~]# docker run --tty --interactive centos /bin/bash[root@486ea60a9965 /]# ps PID TTY TIME CMD 1 pts/0 00:00:00 bash 14 pts/0 00:00:00 ps[root@486ea60a9965 /]# 可见，容器中仅运行了指定的 bash 进程。这种特点使得 Docker 对资源的利用率极高，是货真价实的轻量级虚拟化。 后台运行多数情况下，需要让 Docker 在后台运行而不是直接把执行命令的结果输出在当前宿主机下。此时，可以通过添加 -d 参数来实现。 如果不使用 -d 参数运行容器，容器会把输出的结果 (STDOUT) 打印到宿主机上面： 123456789101112[root@bogon ~]# docker run centos /bin/bash -c 'for i in &#123;1..10&#125;; do echo $&#123;i&#125;: hello world; sleep 1; done' 1: hello world2: hello world3: hello world4: hello world5: hello world6: hello world7: hello world8: hello world9: hello world10: hello world[root@bogon ~]# 如果使用了 -d 参数运行容器，此时容器会在后台运行并不会把输出的结果 (STDOUT) 打印到宿主机上面(输出结果可以用 docker container logs 查看)。 1234567891011121314151617[root@bogon ~]# docker run -d centos /bin/bash -c 'for i in &#123;1..10&#125;; do echo $&#123;i&#125;: hello world; sleep 1; done'18bf6e162699c582f52e6b07c5aa1fbaa037db6dbab6ad852efd27a0d25cc22a[root@bogon ~]# docker container lsCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES18bf6e162699 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 4 seconds ago Up 3 seconds hardcore_edison[root@bogon ~]# docker container logs 18bf6e1626991: hello world2: hello world3: hello world4: hello world5: hello world6: hello world7: hello world8: hello world9: hello world10: hello world[root@bogon ~]# 注意： 容器是否会长久运行，和 docker run 指定的命令有关，和 -d 参数无关。 使用 -d 参数启动后会返回一个唯一的 id，也可以通过 docker container ls 或 docker ps 命令来查看容器信息。 终止容器可以使用docker container stop 来终止一个运行中的容器。 此外，当 Docker 容器中指定的应用程序停止运行时，容器也自动终止。终止状态的容器可以用 docker container ls -a 命令看到。 12345678910[root@bogon ~]# docker container lsCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES[root@bogon ~]# docker container ls -aCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES18bf6e162699 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 6 minutes ago Exited (0) 5 minutes ago hardcore_edisona048af484e83 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 8 minutes ago Exited (0) 7 minutes ago goofy_liskov19a32d81172c centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 16 minutes ago Exited (0) 16 minutes ago zen_dubinskybfb5bce2a413 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 16 minutes ago Exited (0) 16 minutes ago hungry_black3ebbcd2fdad0 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 17 minutes ago Exited (0) 16 minutes ago affectionate_panini[root@bogon ~]# 处于终止状态的容器，可以通过 docker container start 命令来重新启动。如果使用 docker container restart 命令，则会将一个运行态的容器终止，然后再重新启动它。 进入容器在使用 -d 参数时，容器启动后会进入后台运行，某些时候需要进入容器进行操作，这时候就要用到 docker attach 命令或 docker exec 命令，建议使用 docker exec 命令，原因会在下面说明。 attach 命令 docker attach 是 Docker 自带的命令。 1234567891011121314151617181920[root@bogon ~]# docker run -d --interactive --tty ubuntu251418a512097c21296454a39caee45c882645774827437b9cfde0f23bb94688[root@bogon ~]# docker container ls CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES251418a51209 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 36 seconds ago Up 35 seconds festive_agnesi[root@bogon ~]# docker attach 251418a51209root@251418a51209:/# lsbin boot dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr varroot@251418a51209:/# exitexit[root@bogon ~]# docker container lsCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES[root@bogon ~]# docker container ls -aCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES251418a51209 ubuntu "/bin/bash" About a minute ago Exited (0) 19 seconds ago festive_agnesi 注意： 如果从这个 stdin 中 exit，会导致容器的停止。 exec 命令 使用 docker exec 命令，后边可以跟多个参数，这里主要说明 --interactive --tty 参数。 在 exec 后只用 --interactive 参数时，由于没有分配伪终端，界面没有我们熟悉的 Linux 命令提示符，但命令执行结果仍然可以返回。 当 --interactive --tty 参数一起使用时，则可以看到我们熟悉的 Linux 命令提示符。 123456789101112131415161718[root@bogon ~]# docker run -d --interactive --tty ubuntu0df9982d6e2049883dda10f2129e77d90fe9b2c48571202be7e2db5a7293c4ed[root@bogon ~]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES0df9982d6e20 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 18 seconds ago Up 17 seconds hopeful_austin[root@bogon ~]# docker exec --interactive 0df9982d6e20 /bin/bashlsbinbootdev.........[root@bogon ~]# docker exec --interactive --tty 0df9982d6e20 /bin/bashroot@0df9982d6e20:/# lsbin boot dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr varroot@0df9982d6e20:/# 如果从这个 stdin 中 exit，不会导致容器的停止。这就是为什么建议使用 docker exec 。 导出和导入容器导出容器 如果要导出本地某个容器，可以使用 docker export 命令。 12345[root@bogon ~]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES0df9982d6e20 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 5 minutes ago Up 5 minutes hopeful_austin[root@bogon ~]# docker export 0df9982d6e20 &gt; ubuntu.tar 这样将导出容器快照到本地文件。 导入容器快照 可以使用 docker import 从容器快照文件中再导入为镜像，例如： 12345678910[root@bogon ~]# docker import ubuntu.tar sha256:1c23f8ca16af29220e2b1a02fb24cae5b000e29cb360ee967ce7bc32bfa51b99[root@bogon ~]# [root@bogon ~]# docker import ubuntu.tar test/ubuntu:v1.0sha256:a3c9818fb4521028df427dd0737a6d6b0404e879bdd472945171b990501dd762[root@bogon ~]# docker image lsREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEtest/ubuntu v1.0 a3c9818fb452 6 seconds ago 64.2MB 还可以通过指定 URL 或者某个目录来导入，例如： 1docker import http://example.com/exampleimage.tgz example/imagerepo 注意：用户既可以使用 docker load 来导入镜像存储文件到本地镜像库，也可以使用 docker import 来导入一个容器快照到本地镜像库。这两者的区别在于容器快照文件将丢弃所有的历史记录和元数据信息（即仅保存容器当时的快照状态），而镜像存储文件将保存完整记录，体积也要大。此外，从容器快照文件导入时可以重新指定标签等元数据信息。 删除删除容器 可以使用 docker container rm 来删除一个或多个处于终止状态的容器。例如： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324[root@bogon ~]# docker ps -a --filter exited=0 CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES9e0a785c5a9f centos "/bin/bash" 15 minutes ago Exited (0) 15 minutes ago beautiful_tereshkova714d20ff760e centos "/bin/bash" 16 minutes ago Exited (0) 16 minutes ago great_bhabha251418a51209 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 23 minutes ago Exited (0) 21 minutes ago festive_agnesi18bf6e162699 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 36 minutes ago Exited (0) 35 minutes ago hardcore_edisona048af484e83 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 38 minutes ago Exited (0) 37 minutes ago goofy_liskov19a32d81172c centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 46 minutes ago Exited (0) 46 minutes ago zen_dubinskybfb5bce2a413 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 46 minutes ago Exited (0) 46 minutes ago hungry_black3ebbcd2fdad0 centos "/bin/bash -c 'for i…" 47 minutes ago Exited (0) 46 minutes ago affectionate_panini[root@bogon ~]# docker container rm $(docker ps -aq --filter exited=0)9e0a785c5a9f714d20ff760e251418a5120918bf6e162699a048af484e8319a32d81172cbfb5bce2a4133ebbcd2fdad0[root@bogon ~]# docker ps -a --filter exited=0 CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES[root@bogon ~]# 如果要删除一个运行中的容器，可以添加 -f 参数。Docker 会发送 SIGKILL 信号给容器。 1234567[root@bogon ~]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES0df9982d6e20 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 15 minutes ago Up 15 minutes hopeful_austin[root@bogon ~]# docker rm -f 0df9982d6e200df9982d6e20[root@bogon ~]# 清理所有处于终止状态的容器用 docker ps -a 命令可以查看所有已经创建的包括终止状态的容器，如果数量太多要一个个删除可能会很麻烦，用下面的命令可以清理掉所有处于终止状态的容器。 1docker container prune 构建镜像利用 commit 理解镜像构成注意： docker commit 命令除了学习之外，还有一些特殊的应用场合，比如被入侵后保存现场等。但是，不要使用 docker commit 定制镜像，定制镜像应该使用 Dockerfile 来完成。 镜像是容器的基础，每次执行 docker run 的时候都会指定哪个镜像作为容器运行的基础。镜像是多层存储，每一层是在前一层的基础上进行的修改；而容器同样也是多层存储，是在以镜像为基础层，在其基础上加一层作为容器运行时的存储层。以定制一个 Web 服务器为例，来认识镜像是如何构建的。 1docker run --name WebServer01 -d -p 80:80 nginx 这条命令会用 nginx 镜像启动一个容器，命名为 WebServer01 ，并且把宿主机的 80 端口映射到了容器的 80 端口，这样用浏览器访问宿主机就会被映射到容器了。 直接用浏览器访问的会看到默认的 Nginx 欢迎页面。现在，假设想要修改这个欢迎页面，改成欢迎 Docker 的文字，可以使用 docker exec 命令进入容器，修改其内容。 12345[root@bogon ~]# docker exec --interactive --tty WebServer01 /bin/bashroot@93cbd0a33ac5:/# echo '&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;' &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html root@93cbd0a33ac5:/# exitexit[root@bogon ~]# 上面的命令时以交互式终端方式进入 WebServer01 容器，并执行了 /bin/bash 命令，也就是获得一个可操作的 Shell 。然后，我们用 &lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt; 覆盖了 /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html 的内容。再刷新浏览器会发现内容被改变了。 修改了容器的文件，也就是改动了容器的存储层。可以通过 docker diff 命令看到具体的改动。 123456789101112131415161718[root@bogon ~]# docker diff WebServer01 C /rootA /root/.bash_historyC /usrC /usr/shareC /usr/share/nginxC /usr/share/nginx/htmlC /usr/share/nginx/html/index.htmlC /runA /run/nginx.pidC /varC /var/cacheC /var/cache/nginxA /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_tempA /var/cache/nginx/proxy_tempA /var/cache/nginx/scgi_tempA /var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_tempA /var/cache/nginx/client_temp 现在定制好了变化，我们希望能将其保存下来形成镜像。当运行一个容器的时候（如果不使用卷的话），在容器中做的任何文件修改都会被记录于容器存储层里。而 Docker 提供了一个 docker commit 命令，可以将容器的存储层保存下来成为镜像。换句话说，就是在原有镜像的基础上，再叠加上容器的存储层，并构成新的镜像。以后运行这个新镜像的时候，就会拥有原有容器最后的文件变化。 docker commit 的语法格式为： 1docker commit [选项] &lt;容器ID或容器名&gt; [&lt;仓库名&gt;[:&lt;标签&gt;]] 可以用下面的命令将容器保存为镜像： 12[root@bogon ~]# docker commit --author "Silence" --message "修改了默认欢迎页" WebServer01 nginx:v1.1sha256:0827c34a921a886018f25687f12587564985805afe4a7d6b38839cfb330b23b7 其中 --author 是指定修改的作者，而 --message 则是记录本次修改的内容。这和 git 版本控制相似，不过这里这些信息可以省略不写。使用 docker image ls 可以看到这个新定制的镜像： 12345[root@bogon ~]# docker image ls nginxREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEnginx v1.1 0827c34a921a 17 seconds ago 126MBnginx latest 231d40e811cd 2 weeks ago 126MB[root@bogon ~]# 还可以用 docker image history 具体查看镜像内的历史记录，如果比较 nginx:latest 的历史记录，可以发现新增了刚刚提交的这一层。 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829[root@bogon ~]# docker image history nginx:v1.1 IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT0827c34a921a 4 minutes ago nginx -g daemon off; 99B 修改了默认欢迎页231d40e811cd 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["nginx" "-g" "daemon… 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) STOPSIGNAL SIGTERM 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) EXPOSE 80 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c ln -sf /dev/stdout /var/log/nginx… 22B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c set -x &amp;&amp; addgroup --system -… 57.1MB &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ENV PKG_RELEASE=1~buster 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ENV NJS_VERSION=0.3.7 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ENV NGINX_VERSION=1.17.6 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) LABEL maintainer=NGINX Do… 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["bash"] 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:bc8179c87c8dbb3d9… 69.2MB [root@bogon ~]# docker image history nginx:latest IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT231d40e811cd 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["nginx" "-g" "daemon… 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) STOPSIGNAL SIGTERM 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) EXPOSE 80 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c ln -sf /dev/stdout /var/log/nginx… 22B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c set -x &amp;&amp; addgroup --system -… 57.1MB &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ENV PKG_RELEASE=1~buster 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ENV NJS_VERSION=0.3.7 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ENV NGINX_VERSION=1.17.6 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) LABEL maintainer=NGINX Do… 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["bash"] 0B &lt;missing&gt; 2 weeks ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:bc8179c87c8dbb3d9… 69.2MB [root@bogon ~]# 新的镜像定制好后，就可以来运行这个镜像了： 1docker run --name WebServer02 -d -p 81:80 nginx:v1.1 这里容器命名为新的服务为 WebServer02 ，并且映射宿主机 81 端口到容器的 80 端口。在浏览器直接访问看到的结果，其内容应该和之前修改后的 WebServer01 一样。 慎用 docker commit使用 docker commit 命令虽然可以比较直观地帮助理解镜像分层存储的概念，但是生产环境中并不会这样使用。 首先，如果仔细观察之前的 docker diff WebServer01 的结果，会发现除了真正想要修改的 /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html 文件外，由于命令的执行，还有很多文件被改动或添加了。这仅仅是最简单的操作，如果是安装软件包、编译构建，就会有大量的无关内容被添加进来，如果不小心清理，将会导致镜像非常臃肿。 此外，使用 docker commit 意味着所有对镜像的操作都是黑箱操作，生成的镜像也被称为黑箱镜像，换句话说，就是除了制作镜像的人知道执行过什么命令、怎么生成的镜像，别人根本无从得知。而且，即使是这个制作镜像的人，过一段时间后也无法记清具体在操作的。虽然 docker diff 或许可以告诉得到一些线索，但是远远不到可以确保生成一致镜像的地步。这种黑箱镜像的维护工作是非常痛苦的。 而且，按照镜像所使用的分层存储的概念，除当前层外，之前的每一层都是不会发生改变的，换句话说，任何修改的结果仅仅是在当前层进行标记、添加、修改，而不会改动上一层。如果使用 docker commit 制作镜像，以及后期修改的话，每一次修改都会让镜像更加臃肿一次，所删除的上一层的东西并不会丢失，会一直如影随形的跟着这个镜像，即使根本无法访问到。这会让镜像更加臃肿。 使用 Dockerfile 定制镜像镜像的定制实际上就是定制每一层所添加的配置、文件。如果可以把每一层修改、安装、构建、操作的命令都写入一个脚本，用这个脚本来构建、定制镜像，那么之前提及的无法重复的问题、镜像构建透明性的问题、体积的问题就都会解决。这个脚本就是 Dockerfile。 Dockerfile 是一个文本文件，其内包含了一条条的指令(Instruction)，每一条指令构建一层，因此每一条指令的内容，就是描述该层应当如何构建。还以定制 Nginx 镜像为例，现在使用 Dockerfile 来定制。 在一个空白目录中，建立一个文本文件，并命名为 Nginx-Dockerfile ： 1234[root@bogon ~]# mkdir -pv mynginxmkdir: created directory ‘mynginx’[root@bogon ~]# cd mynginx[root@bogon mynginx]# &gt; Nginx-Dockerfile 其内容为： 12345678FROM nginx# 指定基础镜像，即当前新镜像是基于哪个镜像的MAINTAINER Silence# 指定作者(维护者)RUN echo '&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;' &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html# 指定构建过程中要运行的命令 FROM 指定基础镜像 定制镜像，是以一个镜像为基础，在其之上进行定制。就像之前运行了一个 nginx 镜像的容器，再进行修改一样，基础镜像是必须指定的。而 FROM 就是指定基础镜像，因此一个 Dockerfile 中 FROM 是必备的指令，并且必须是第一条指令。 在 Docker Hub 上有非常多的高质量的官方镜像，有可以直接拿来使用的服务类的镜像，如 nginx 、 redis 、 mongo 、 mysql 、 httpd 、 php 、 tomcat 等；也有一些方便开发、构建、运行各种语言应用的镜像，如 node 、 openjdk 、 python 、 ruby 、 golang 等。可以在其中寻找一个最符合我们最终目标的镜像为基础镜像进行定制。如果没有找到对应服务的镜像，官方镜像中还提供了一些更为基础的操作系统镜像，如 ubuntu 、 debian 、 centos 、 fedora 、 alpine 等，这些操作系统的软件库为提供了更广阔的扩展空间。 除了选择现有镜像为基础镜像外，Docker 还存在一个特殊的镜像，名为 scratch 。这个镜像是虚拟的概念，并不实际存在，它表示一个空白的镜像。 1FROM scratch 如果以 scratch 为基础镜像，意味着不以任何镜像为基础，接下来所写的指令将作为镜像第一层开始存在。 不以任何系统为基础，直接将可执行文件复制进镜像的做法并不罕见，比如 swarm 、 coreos/etcd 。对于 Linux 下静态编译的程序来说，并不需要有操作系统提供运行时支持，所需的一切库都已经在可执行文件里了，因此直接 FROM scratch 会让镜像体积更加小巧。使用 Go 语言 开发的应用很多会使用这种方式来制作镜像，这也是为什么有人认为 Go 是特别适合容器微服务架构的语言的原因之一。 RUN 执行命令 RUN 指令是用来执行命令行命令的。由于命令行的强大能力， RUN 指令在定制镜像时是最常用的指令之一。其格式有两种： shell 格式： RUN &lt;命令&gt; ，就像直接在命令行中输入的命令一样。例如 RUN echo &#39;&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;&#39; &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html exec 格式： RUN [&quot;可执行文件&quot;, &quot;参数1&quot;, &quot;参数2&quot;] ，这更像是函数调用中的格式。 RUN 就像 Shell 脚本一样可以执行命令，那么也就可以像 Shell 脚本一样把每个命令对应一个 RUN 。比如： 12345678FROM debian:jessieRUN apt-get updateRUN apt-get install -y gcc libc6-dev makeRUN wget -O redis.tar.gz "http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.2.5.tar.gz"RUN mkdir -p /usr/src/redisRUN tar -xzf redis.tar.gz -C /usr/src/redis --strip-components=1RUN make -C /usr/src/redisRUN make -C /usr/src/redis install Dockerfile 中每一个指令都会建立一层， RUN 也不例外。每一个 RUN 的行为，都会新建立一层，在此之上执行这些命令，执行结束后， commit 这一层的修改，构成新的镜像。 上面的这种写法，创建了 7 层镜像。这是完全没有意义的，而且很多运行时不需要的东西，都被装进了镜像里，比如编译环境、更新的软件包等等。结果就是产生非常臃肿、非常多层的镜像，不仅仅增加了构建部署的时间，也很容易出错。 Union FS 是有最大层数限制的，比如 AUFS，曾经是最大不得超过 42 层，现在是不得超过 127 层。 上面的 Dockerfile 正确的写法应该是这样： 1234567891011121314FROM debian:jessieRUN buildDeps='gcc libc6-dev make' \ &amp;&amp; apt-get update \ &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y $buildDeps \ &amp;&amp; wget -O redis.tar.gz "http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.2.5.tar.gz" \ &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /usr/src/redis \ &amp;&amp; tar -xzf redis.tar.gz -C /usr/src/redis --strip-components=1 \ &amp;&amp; make -C /usr/src/redis \ &amp;&amp; make -C /usr/src/redis install \ &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \ &amp;&amp; rm redis.tar.gz \ &amp;&amp; rm -r /usr/src/redis \ &amp;&amp; apt-get purge -y --auto-remove $buildDeps 首先，之前所有的命令只有一个目的，就是编译、安装 redis 可执行文件。因此没有必要建立很多层，这只是一层的事情。因此，这里没有使用很多个 RUN 对一一对应不同的命令，而是仅仅使用一个 RUN 指令，并使用 &amp;&amp; 将各个所需命令串联起来。将之前的 7 层，简化为了1 层。在撰写 Dockerfile 的时候，要经常提醒自己，这并不是在写 Shell 脚本，而是在定义每一层该如何构建。 并且，这里为了格式化还进行了换行。Dockerfile 支持 Shell 类的行尾添加 \ 的命令换行方式，以及行首 # 进行注释的格式。良好的格式，比如换行、缩进、注释等，会让维护、排障更为容易，这是一个比较好的习惯。 此外，还可以看到这一组命令的最后添加了清理工作的命令，删除了为了编译构建所需要的软件，清理了所有下载、展开的文件，并且还清理了 apt 缓存文件。这是很重要的一步，因为镜像是多层存储，每一层的东西并不会在下一层被删除，会一直跟随着镜像。因此镜像构建时，一定要确保每一层只添加真正需要添加的东西，任何无关的东西都应该清理掉。 构建镜像 回到之前定制的 nginx 镜像的 Dockerfile 来构建这个镜像。在 Dockerfile 文件所在目录执行： 12345678910111213$ docker image build --file ./Nginx-Dockerfile --tag 'nginx:v3' .Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kBStep 1/3 : FROM nginx ---&gt; f7bb5701a33cStep 2/3 : MAINTAINER Silence ---&gt; Using cache ---&gt; 5c2f0d4390e4Step 3/3 : RUN echo '&lt;h1&gt;Hello, Docker!&lt;/h1&gt;' &gt; /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html ---&gt; Running in 59e17fb13c2bRemoving intermediate container 59e17fb13c2b ---&gt; 96de03b40a2fSuccessfully built 96de03b40a2fSuccessfully tagged nginx:v3 在 Step 3 中，如同之前所说， RUN 指令启动了一个容器 59e17fb13c2b ，执行了所要求的命令，并最后提交了这一层 96de03b40a2f ，随后删除了所用到的这个容器 59e17fb13c2b 。 这里使用了 docker image build 命令进行镜像构建。其格式为： 1docker image build [选项] &lt;上下文路径/URL/-&gt; 在这里指定了最终镜像的名称 --tag nginx:v3 ，构建成功后就可以运行这个镜像了。 镜像构建上下文（Context） 如果注意，会看到 docker image build 命令最后有一个 . ，这个 . 和 ./ 相同，表示的是当前目录。这其实是在指定上下文路径。那么什么是上下文呢？ 首先要理解 docker image build 的工作原理。Docker 在运行时分为 Docker 引擎（也就是服务端守护进程）和客户端工具。Docker 的引擎提供了一组 REST API，被称为 Docker Remote API，而 docker 命令这样的客户端工具，则是通过这组 API 与 Docker 引擎交互，从而完成各种功能。因此，虽然表面上好像是在本机执行各种 docker 功能，但实际上，一切都是使用的远程调用形式在服务端（Docker 引擎）完成。也因为这种 C/S 设计，让操作远程服务器的 Docker 引擎变得轻而易举。 当进行镜像构建的时候，并非所有定制都会通过 RUN 指令完成，经常会需要将一些本地文件复制进镜像，比如通过 COPY 指令、 ADD 指令等。而 docker image build 命令构建镜像，其实并非在本地构建，而是在服务端，也就是 Docker 引擎中构建的。那么在这种 客户端/服务端 的架构中，如何才能让服务端获得本地文件呢？ 这就引入了上下文的概念。当构建的时候，用户会指定构建镜像上下文的路径， docker image build 命令得知这个路径后，会将路径下的所有内容打包，然后上传给 Docker 引擎。这样 Docker 引擎收到这个上下文包后，展开就会获得构建镜像所需的一切文件。 如果在 Dockerfile 中这么写： 1COPY ./package.json /app/ 这并不是要复制执行 docker image build 命令所在的目录下的 package.json ，也不是复制 Dockerfile 所在目录下的 package.json ，而是复制指定的上下文（context） 目录下的 package.json 。 因此， COPY 这类指令中的源文件的路径不管看上去是相对路径还是绝对路径，其实都是 相对路径，是相对于上下文路径来说的。很多时候，COPY ../package.json /app 或者 COPY /opt/xxxx /app 无法工作，都是因为这些路径已经超出了上下文的范围，Docker 引擎无法获得这些位置的文件。如果真的需要那些文件，应该将它们复制到上下文目录中去。 如果观察 docker image build 输出，其实可以看到这个发送上下文的过程： 12$ docker image build --file ./Nginx-Dockerfile --tag 'nginx:v3' ./Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kB 如此一来，docker image build 就会将该目录下的内容打包交给 Docker 引擎以帮助构建镜像。 理解构建上下文对于镜像构建是很重要的， 可以避免犯一些不应该的错误。 比如有些人在发现 COPY /opt/xxxx /app 不工作后， 于是干脆将 Dockerfile 放到了硬盘根目录去构建， 结果发现 docker image build 执行后， 在发送一个几十 GB 的东西， 极为缓慢而且很容易构建失败。 那是因为这种做法是在让 docker image build 打包整个硬盘， 这显然是错误的用法。 一般情况下，应该将 Dockerfile 置于一个空目录下，或者项目根目录下。如果该目录下没有所需文件，那么应该把所需文件复制一份过来。如果目录下有些东西确实不希望构建时传给 Docker 引擎，那么可以用 .gitignore 一样的语法写一个 .dockerignore ，该文件是用于剔除不需要作为上下文传递给 Docker 引擎的。 那么为什么会有人误以为 . 是指定 Dockerfile 所在目录呢？这是因为在默认情况下，如果不额外指定 Dockerfile 的话，会将上下文目录下的名为 Dockerfile 的文件作为 Dockerfile。 这只是默认行为，实际上 Dockerfile 的文件名并不要求必须为 Dockerfile ，而且并不要求必须位于上下文目录中，比如可以用 --file ../Dockerfile.php 参数指定某个文件作为 Dockerfile 。 其它 docker image build 的用法 从 URL 构建，比如可以直接从 Git repo 中构建： 123456$ docker image build https://github.com/twang2218/gitlab-ce-zh.git\#:8.14Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kBStep 1 : FROM gitlab/gitlab-ce:8.14.0-ce.08.14.0-ce.0: Pulling from gitlab/gitlab-ceaed15891ba52: Already exists773ae8583d14: Already exists 这行命令指定了构建所需的 Git repo，并且指定默认的 master 分支，构建目录为 /8.14/ ，然后 Docker 就会自己去 git clone 这个项目、切换到指定分支、并进入到指定目录后开始构建。 用给定的 tar 压缩包构建： 1$ docker build http://server/context.tar.gz 如果所给出的 URL 不是个 Git repo，而是个 tar 压缩包，那么 Docker 引擎会下载这个包，并自动解压缩，并把它作为上下文，开始构建。 从标准输入中读取 Dockerfile 进行构建： 123docker build - &lt; Dockerfile# 或cat Dockerfile | docker build - 如果标准输入传入的是文本文件，则将其视为 Dockerfile ，并开始构建。这种形式由于直接从标准输入中读取 Dockerfile 的内容，它没有上下文，因此不可以像其他方法那样可以将本地文件 COPY 进镜像。 从标准输入中读取上下文压缩包进行构建： 1$ docker build - &lt; context.tar.gz 如果发现标准输入的文件格式是 gzip 、 bzip2 以及 xz 的话，将会使其为上下文压缩包，直接将其展开，将里面视为上下文，并开始构建。 Dockerfile 指令详解COPY 复制文件格式： COPY &lt;源路径&gt;... &lt;目标路径&gt; COPY [&quot;&lt;源路径1&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;源路径2&gt;&quot;,... &quot;&lt;目标路径&gt;&quot;] 和 RUN 指令一样，也有两种格式，一种类似于命令行，一种类似于函数调用。COPY 指令将从构建上下文目录中 &lt;源路径&gt; 的文件目录复制到新的一层的镜像内的 &lt;目标路径&gt; 位置。比如： 1COPY package.json /usr/src/app/ &lt;源路径&gt; 可以是多个，甚至可以是通配符，其通配符规则要满足 Go 的 filepath.Match 规则，如： 12COPY hom* /mydir/COPY hom?.txt /mydir/ &lt;目标路径&gt; 可以是容器内的绝对路径，也可以是相对于工作目录的相对路径（工作目录可以用 WORKDIR 指令来指定）。目标路径不需要事先创建，如果目录不存在会在复制文件前先行创建缺失目录。 此外，还需要注意一点，使用 COPY 指令，源文件的各种元数据都会保留。比如读、写、执行权限、文件变更时间等。这个特性对于镜像定制很有用。特别是构建相关文件都在使用 Git 进行管理的时候。 ADD 更高级的复制文件ADD 指令和 COPY 的格式和性质基本一致。但是在 COPY 基础上增加了一些功能。 比如 &lt;源路径&gt; 可以是一个 URL ，这种情况下，Docker 引擎会试图去下载这个链接的文件放到 &lt;目标路径&gt; 去。下载后的文件权限自动设置为 600 ，如果这并不是想要的权限，那么还需要增加额外的一层 RUN 进行权限调整，另外，如果下载的是个压缩包，需要解压缩，也一样还需要额外的一层 RUN 指令进行解压缩。所以不如直接使用 RUN 指令，然后使用 wget 或者 curl 工具下载，处理权限、解压缩、然后清理无用文件更合理。因此，这个功能其实并不实用，而且不推荐使用。 如果 &lt;源路径&gt; 为一个 tar 压缩文件的话，压缩格式为 gzip , bzip2 以及 xz 的情况下， ADD 指令将会自动解压缩这个压缩文件到 &lt;目标路径&gt; 去。在某些情况下，这个自动解压缩的功能非常有用，比如官方镜像 ubuntu 中： 12FROM scratchADD ubuntu-xenial-core-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.gz / 但在某些情况下，如果只是希望复制个压缩文件进去，而不解压缩，这时就不可以使用 ADD 命令了。 在 Docker 官方的 Dockerfile 最佳实践文档 中要求，尽可能的使用 COPY ，因为 COPY 的语义很明确，就是复制文件而已，而 ADD 则包含了更复杂的功能，其行为也不一定很清晰。最适合使用 ADD 的场合，就是所提及的需要自动解压缩的场合。 另外需要注意的是， ADD 指令会让镜像构建缓存失效，从而可能会使镜像构建变得比较缓慢。 因此在 COPY 和 ADD 指令中选择的时候，可以遵循这样的原则，所有的文件复制均使用 COPY 指令，仅在需要自动解压缩的场合使用 ADD 。 CMD 容器启动命令CMD 指令的格式和 RUN 相似，也是两种格式： shell 格式： CMD &lt;命令&gt; exec 格式： CMD [&quot;可执行文件&quot;, &quot;参数1&quot;, &quot;参数2&quot;...] 参数列表格式： CMD [&quot;参数1&quot;, &quot;参数2&quot;...] 。在指定了 ENTRYPOINT 指令后，用 CMD 指定具体的参数。 容器不是虚拟机，说到底就是进程。既然是进程，那么在启动容器的时候，需要指定所运行的程序及参数。CMD 指令就是用于指定默认的容器主进程的启动命令的。 在运行时可以指定新的命令来替代镜像设置中的这个默认命令，比如， ubuntu 镜像默认的 CMD 是 /bin/bash ，如果直接 docker run --interactive --tty ubuntu 的话，会直接进入 bash 。也可以在运行时指定运行别的命令，如 docker run -it ubuntu cat /etc/os-release 。这就是用 cat /etc/os-release 命令替换了默认的 /bin/bash 命令了，输出了系统版本信息。 在指令格式上，一般推荐使用 exec 格式，这类格式在解析时会被解析为 JSON 数组，因此一定要使用双引号 &quot; ，而不要使用单引号。 如果使用 shell 格式的话，实际的命令会被包装为 sh -c 的参数的形式进行执行。比如： 1CMD echo $HOME 在实际执行中，会将其变更为： 1CMD [ "sh", "-c", "echo $HOME" ] 这就是可以使用环境变量的原因，因为这些环境变量会被 shell 进行解析处理。 提到 CMD 就不得不提容器中应用在前台执行和后台执行的问题。Docker 不是虚拟机，容器中的应用都应该以前台执行，而不是像虚拟机、物理机里面那样，用 upstart/systemd 去启动后台服务，容器内没有后台服务的概念。 如果将 CMD 写为： 1CMD service nginx start 然后发现容器执行后就立即退出了。甚至在容器内去使用 systemctl 命令结果却发现根本执行不了。这就是因为没有搞明白前台、后台的概念，没有区分容器和虚拟机的差异，依旧在以传统虚拟机的角度去理解容器。 对于容器而言，其启动程序就是容器应用进程，容器就是为了主进程而存在的，主进程退出，容器就失去了存在的意义，从而退出，其它辅助进程不是它需要关心的东西。 而使用 service nginx start 命令，则是希望 upstart 来以后台守护进程形式启动 nginx 服务。而刚才说了 CMD service nginx start 会被理解为 CMD [ &quot;sh&quot;, &quot;-c&quot;, &quot;service nginxstart&quot;] ，因此主进程实际上是 sh 。那么当 service nginx start 命令结束后， sh 也就结束了， sh 作为主进程退出了，自然就会令容器退出。 正确的做法是直接执行 nginx 可执行文件，并且要求以前台形式运行。比如： 1CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"] ENTRYPOINT 入口点ENTRYPOINT 的格式和 RUN 指令格式一样，分为 exec 格式和 shell 格式。ENTRYPOINT 的目的和 CMD 一样，都是在指定容器启动程序及参数。 ENTRYPOINT 在运行时也可以替代，不过比 CMD 要略显繁琐，需要通过 docker run 的参数 --entrypoint 来指定。 当指定了 ENTRYPOINT 后， CMD 的含义就发生了改变，不再是直接的运行其命令，而是将 CMD 的内容作为参数传给 ENTRYPOINT 指令，换句话说实际执行时，将变为： 1&lt;ENTRYPOINT&gt; "&lt;CMD&gt;" 那么有了 CMD 后，为什么还要有 ENTRYPOINT 呢？这种 &lt;ENTRYPOINT&gt; &quot;&lt;CMD&gt;&quot; 有什么好处么？来看几个场景。 场景一：让镜像变成像命令一样使用 假设我们需要一个得知自己当前公网 IP 的镜像，那么可以先用 CMD 来实现： 1234567FROM ubuntu:16.04RUN apt-get update \ &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y curl \ &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* CMD [ "curl", "-s", "https://ip.cn" ] 假如使用 docker image build --file ./Dockerfile.myip --tag myip . 来构建镜像的话，如果需要查询当前公网 IP，只需要执行： 12$ docker run myip&#123;"ip": "1.202.112.148", "country": "北京市", "city": "电信"&#125; 看起来好像可以直接把镜像当做命令使用了，不过命令总会有参数，如果现在希望加参数呢？比如从上面的 CMD 中可以看到实质的命令是 curl ，那么如果现在希望显示 HTTP 头信息，就需要加上 -i 参数。那么可以直接加 -i 参数给 docker run myip 么？ 123$ docker run myip -idocker: Error response from daemon: OCI runtime create failed: container_linux.go:346: starting container process caused "exec: \"-i\": executable file not found in $PATH": unknown.ERRO[0000] error waiting for container: context canceled 可以看到可执行文件找不到的报错， executable file not found 。之前说过，跟在镜像名后面的是 command ，运行时会替换 CMD 的默认值。因此这里的 -i 替换了原来的 CMD ，而不是添加在原来的 curl -s https://ip.cn 后面。而 -i 根本不是命令，所以自然找不到。 如果希望加入 -i 这参数，就必须重新完整的输入这个命令： 1$ docker run myip curl -s https://ip.cn -i 这样就非常不人性化，而使用 ENTRYPOINT 就可以解决这个问题。现在重新用 ENTRYPOINT 来实现这个镜像： 12345678FROM ubuntu:16.04RUN apt-get update \ &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y curl \ &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \ &amp;&amp; apt-get purge -y --auto-remove ENTRYPOINT [ "curl", "-s", "https://ip.cn" ] 删除之前的残留，重新构建镜像： 12345678910111213$ docker container rm $(docker container ps -a | awk '/myip/&#123;print $1&#125;')2244e4afa7333795eaaaaa1596dbcb291be5ef39e73b52b5$ docker image rm myipUntagged: myip:latestDeleted: sha256:f27178606c7dcd69f942d85049ad05298f97cfa5831909079faf845fe934906cDeleted: sha256:baebe74eefc04cf55256aa4d6400a0b1f2ce2f7ac1d3a707c924505fe1ddc8f8Deleted: sha256:b4fba85e9cb69380a6ef088b8224332989989ac306e069cdefa562b741942a10$ docker image build --file ./Dockerfile.myip --tag 'myip' . 再次尝试直接使用 -i 选项： 12345678910111213141516$ docker run myip&#123;"ip": "1.202.112.148", "country": "北京市", "city": "电信"&#125;$ docker run myip -iHTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Fri, 03 Jan 2020 05:19:52 GMTContent-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8Transfer-Encoding: chunkedConnection: keep-aliveSet-Cookie: __cfduid=d8a583dfdf42b5b551f86b83368b6264d1578028792; expires=Sun, 02-Feb-20 05:19:52 GMT; path=/; domain=.ip.cn; HttpOnly; SameSite=LaxCF-Cache-Status: DYNAMICExpect-CT: max-age=604800, report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"Server: cloudflareCF-RAY: 54f2852f6ddae7fd-LAX&#123;"ip": "1.202.112.148", "country": "北京市", "city": "电信"&#125; 可以看到，这次成功了。这是因为当存在 ENTRYPOINT 后， CMD 的内容将会作为参数传给 ENTRYPOINT ，而这里 -i 就是新的 CMD ，因此会作为参数传给 curl ，从而达到了预期的效果。 场景二：应用运行前的准备工作 启动容器就是启动主进程，但有些时候，启动主进程前，需要一些准备工作。比如 mysql 类的数据库，可能需要一些数据库配置、初始化的工作，这些工作要在最终的 mysql 服务器运行之前解决。 此外，可能希望避免使用 root 用户去启动服务，从而提高安全性，而在启动服务前还需要以 root 身份执行一些必要的准备工作，最后切换到服务用户身份启动服务。或者除了服务外，其它命令依旧可以使用 root 身份执行，方便调试等。 这些准备工作是和容器 CMD 无关的，无论 CMD 是什么，都需要事先进行一个预处理的工作。这种情况下，可以写一个脚本，然后放入 ENTRYPOINT 中去执行，而这个脚本会将接到的参数（也就是 &lt;CMD&gt; ）作为命令，在脚本最后执行。比如官方镜像 redis 中就是这么做的： 1234567891011FROM alpine:3.4# .........RUN addgroup -S redis &amp;&amp; adduser -S -G redis redis# .........COPY docker-entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/ENTRYPOINT ["docker-entrypoint.sh"]EXPOSE 6379CMD [ "redis-server" ] 可以看到其中为 redis 服务创建了 redis 用户，并在最后指定了 ENTRYPOINT 为 docker-entrypoint.sh 脚本。 12345678910111213141516#!/bin/shset -e# first arg is `-f` or `--some-option`# or first arg is `something.conf`if [ "$&#123;1#-&#125;" != "$1" ] || [ "$&#123;1%.conf&#125;" != "$1" ]; then set -- redis-server "$@"fi# allow the container to be started with `--user`if [ "$1" = 'redis-server' -a "$(id -u)" = '0' ]; then find . \! -user redis -exec chown redis '&#123;&#125;' + exec gosu redis "$0" "$@"fiexec "$@" 该脚本的内容就是根据 CMD 的内容来判断，如果是 redis-server 的话，则切换到 redis 用户身份启动服务器，否则依旧使用 root 身份执行。比如： 12$ docker run -it redis iduid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) ENV 设置环境变量格式有两种： ENV &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt; ENV &lt;key1&gt;=&lt;value1&gt; &lt;key2&gt;=&lt;value2&gt;... 这个指令很简单，就是设置环境变量而已，无论是后面的其它指令，如 RUN , 还是容器内运行时的应用程序，都可以直接使用这里定义的环境变量。 12ENV VERSION=1.0 DEBUG=on \NAME="Happy Feet" 这个例子中演示了如何换行，以及对含有空格的值用双引号括起来的办法，这和 Shell 下的行为是一致的。定义了环境变量，那么在后续的指令中，就可以使用这个环境变量。比如在官方 node 镜像 Dockerfile 中，就有类似这样的代码： 12345678ENV NODE_VERSION 7.2.0RUN curl -SLO "https://nodejs.org/dist/v$NODE_VERSION/node-v$NODE_VERSION-linux-x64.tar.xz" \ &amp;&amp; curl -SLO "https://nodejs.org/dist/v$NODE_VERSION/SHASUMS256.txt.asc" \ &amp;&amp; gpg --batch --decrypt --output SHASUMS256.txt SHASUMS256.txt.asc \ &amp;&amp; grep " node-v$NODE_VERSION-linux-x64.tar.xz\$" SHASUMS256.txt | sha256sum -c - \ &amp;&amp; tar -xJf "node-v$NODE_VERSION-linux-x64.tar.xz" -C /usr/local --strip-components=1 \ &amp;&amp; rm "node-v$NODE_VERSION-linux-x64.tar.xz" SHASUMS256.txt.asc SHASUMS256.txt \ &amp;&amp; ln -s /usr/local/bin/node /usr/local/bin/nodejs 在这里先定义了环境变量 NODE_VERSION ，其后的 RUN 这层里，多次使用 $NODE_VERSION 来进行操作定制。可以看到，将来升级镜像构建版本的时候，只需要更新 7.2.0 即可， Dockerfile 构建维护变得更轻松了。 下列指令可以支持环境变量展开： ADD 、 COPY 、 ENV 、 EXPOSE 、 LABEL 、 USER 、 WORKDIR 、 VOLUME 、 STOPSIGNAL 、 ONBUILD 。 环境变量可以使用的地方很多，通过环境变量，可以让一份 Dockerfile 制作更多的镜像，只需使用不同的环境变量即可。 ARG 构建参数格式： ARG &lt;参数名&gt;[=&lt;默认值&gt;] 构建参数和 ENV 的效果一样，都是设置环境变量。所不同的是， ARG 所设置的构建环境的环境变量，在将来容器运行时是不会存在这些环境变量的。但是不要因此就使用 ARG 保存密码之类的信息，因为 docker history 还是可以看到所有值的。 Dockerfile 中的 ARG 指令是定义参数名称，以及定义其默认值。该默认值可以在构建命令 docker image build 中用 --build-arg &lt;参数名&gt;=&lt;值&gt; 来覆盖。 在 1.13 之前的版本，要求 --build-arg 中的参数名，必须在 Dockerfile 中用 ARG 定义过了，换句话说，就是 --build-arg 指定的参数，必须在 Dockerfile 中使用了。如果对应参数没有被使用，则会报错退出构建。从 1.13 开始，这种严格的限制被放开，不再报错退出，而是显示警告信息，并继续构建。这对于使用 CI 系统，用同样的构建流程构建不同的 Dockerfile 的时候比较有帮助，避免构建命令必须根据每个 Dockerfile 的内容修改。 VOLUME 定义匿名卷格式为： VOLUME [&quot;&lt;路径1&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;路径2&gt;&quot;...] VOLUME &lt;路径&gt; 容器运行时应该尽量保持容器存储层不发生写操作，对于数据库类需要保存动态数据的应用，其数据库文件应该保存于卷(volume)中。为了防止运行时用户忘记将动态文件所保存目录挂载为卷，在 Dockerfile 中，可以事先指定某些目录挂载为匿名卷，这样在运行时如果用户不指定挂载，其应用也可以正常运行，不会向容器存储层写入大量数据。 1VOLUME /data 这里的 /data 目录就会在运行时自动挂载为匿名卷，任何向 /data 中写入的信息都不会记录进容器存储层，从而保证了容器存储层的无状态化。当然，运行时可以覆盖这个挂载设置。比如： 1docker run -d -v mydata:/data xxxx 在这行命令中，就使用了 mydata 这个命名卷挂载到了 /data 这个位置，替代了 Dockerfile 中定义的匿名卷的挂载配置。 EXPOSE 声明暴露的端口格式为 EXPOSE &lt;端口1&gt; [&lt;端口2&gt;...] EXPOSE 指令是声明运行时容器提供的服务端口，这只是一个声明，在运行时并不会因为这个声明应用就会开启这个端口的服务。在 Dockerfile 中写入这样的声明有两个好处，一个是帮助镜像使用者理解这个镜像服务的守护端口，以方便配置映射；另一个用处则是在运行时使用随机端口映射时，也就是docker run -P 时，会自动随机映射 EXPOSE 的端口。 此外，在早期 Docker 版本中还有一个特殊的用处。以前所有容器都运行于默认桥接网络中，因此所有容器互相之间都可以直接访问，这样存在一定的安全性问题。于是有了一个 Docker 引擎参数 --icc=false ，当指定该参数后，容器间将默认无法互访，除非互相间使用了 --links 参数的容器才可以互通，并且只有镜像中 EXPOSE 所声明的端口才可以被访问。这个--icc=false 的用法，在引入了 docker network 后已经基本不用了，通过自定义网络可以很轻松的实现容器间的互联与隔离。 要将 EXPOSE 和在运行时使用 -p &lt;宿主端口&gt;:&lt;容器端口&gt; 区分开来。-p ，是映射宿主端口和容器端口，换句话说，就是将容器的对应端口服务公开给外界访问，而 EXPOSE 仅仅是声明容器打算使用什么端口而已，并不会自动在宿主进行端口映射。 WORKDIR 指定工作目录格式为 WORKDIR &lt;工作目录路径&gt; 。 使用 WORKDIR 指令可以来指定工作目录（或者称为当前目录），以后各层的当前目录就被改为指定的目录，如该目录不存在， WORKDIR 会自动建立目录。 不应该把 Dockerfile 看成是在写 Shell 脚本，因为可能会导致出现下面这样的错误： 12RUN cd /appRUN echo "hello" &gt; world.txt 如果将这个 Dockerfile 进行构建镜像运行后，会发现找不到 /app/world.txt 文件，或者其内容不是 hello 。原因其实很简单，在 Shell 中，连续两行是同一个进程执行环境，因此前一个命令修改的内存状态，会直接影响后一个命令；而在 Dockerfile 中，这两行 RUN 命令的执行环境根本不同，是两个完全不同的容器。这就是对 Dockerfile 构建分层存储的概念不了解所导致的错误。 每一个 RUN 都是启动一个容器、执行命令、然后提交存储层文件变更。第一层 RUN cd /app 的执行仅仅是当前进程的工作目录变更，一个内存上的变化而已，其结果不会造成任何文件变更。而到第二层的时候，启动的是一个全新的容器，跟第一层的容器更完全没关系，自然不可能继承前一层构建过程中的内存变化。因此如果需要改变以后各层的工作目录的位置，那么应该使用 WORKDIR 指令。 USER 指定当前用户格式：USER &lt;用户名&gt; USER 指令和 WORKDIR 相似，都是改变环境状态并影响以后的层。 WORKDIR 是改变工作目录， USER 则是改变之后层的执行 RUN , CMD 以及 ENTRYPOINT 这类命令的身份。当然，和 WORKDIR 一样， USER 只是帮助你切换到指定用户而已，这个用户必须是事先建立好的，否则无法切换。 12345RUN groupadd -r redis &amp;&amp; useradd -r -g redis redisUSER redisRUN [ "redis-server" ] 如果以 root 执行的脚本，在执行期间希望改变身份，比如希望以某个已经建立好的用户来运行某个服务进程，不使用 su 或者 sudo ，这些都需要比较麻烦的配置，而且在 TTY 缺失的环境下经常出错。建议使用 gosu 。 12345678910# 建立 redis 用户，并使用 gosu 换另一个用户执行命令RUN groupadd -r redis &amp;&amp; useradd -r -g redis redis# 下载 gosuRUN wget -O /usr/local/bin/gosu "https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/1.7/gosu-amd64" \ &amp;&amp; chmod +x /usr/local/bin/gosu \ &amp;&amp; gosu nobody true # 设置 CMD，并以另外的用户执行CMD [ "exec", "gosu", "redis", "redis-server" ] HEALTHCHECK 健康检查格式： HEALTHCHECK [选项] CMD &lt;命令&gt; ：设置检查容器健康状况的命令。 HEALTHCHECK NONE ：如果基础镜像有健康检查指令，使用这行可以屏蔽掉其健康检查指令。 HEALTHCHECK 指令是告诉 Docker 应该如何进行判断容器的状态是否正常，这是 Docker 1.12 引入的新指令。在没有 HEALTHCHECK 指令前，Docker 引擎只可以通过容器内主进程是否退出来判断容器是否状态异常。很多情况下这没问题，但是如果程序进入死锁状态，或者死循环状态，应用进程并不退出，但是该容器已经无法提供服务了。在 1.12 以前，Docker 不会检测到容器的这种状态，从而不会重新调度，导致可能会有部分容器已经无法提供服务了却还在接受用户请求。 而自 1.12 之后，Docker 提供了 HEALTHCHECK 指令，通过该指令指定一行命令，用这行命令来判断容器主进程的服务状态是否还正常，从而比较真实的反应容器实际状态。 当在一个镜像指定了 HEALTHCHECK 指令后，用其启动容器，初始状态会为 starting ，在 HEALTHCHECK 指令检查成功后变为 healthy ，如果连续一定次数失败，则会变为 unhealthy 。 HEALTHCHECK 支持下列选项： --interval=&lt;间隔&gt; ：两次健康检查的间隔，默认为 30 秒； --timeout=&lt;时长&gt; ：健康检查命令运行超时时间，如果超过这个时间，本次健康检查就被视为失败，默认 30 秒； --retries=&lt;次数&gt; ：当连续失败指定次数后，则将容器状态视为 unhealthy ，默认 3次。 和 CMD , ENTRYPOINT 一样， HEALTHCHECK 只可以出现一次，如果写了多个，只有最后一个生效。 在 HEALTHCHECK [选项] CMD 后面的命令，格式和 ENTRYPOINT 一样，分为 shell 格式，和 exec 格式。命令的返回值决定了该次健康检查的成功与否：0 ：成功； 1 ：失败； 2 ：保留，不要使用这个值。 假设有个镜像是个最简单的 Web 服务，现在希望增加健康检查来判断其 Web 服务是否在正常工作，可以用 curl 来帮助判断，其 Dockerfile 的 HEALTHCHECK 可以这么写： 123456FROM nginxRUN apt-get update &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y curl &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=3s \ CMD curl -fs http://localhost/ || exit 1 这里为了试验，设置了每 5 秒检查一次，实际应该相对较长，如果健康检查命令超过 3 秒没响应就视为失败，并且使用 curl -fs http://localhost/ || exit 1 作为健康检查命令。 使用 docker image build 来构建这个镜像： 1$ docker image build --file ./Dockerfile.mynginx --tag 'mynginx:v1' . 构建好了后，启动一个容器，并查看状态： 1$ docker container run -d --name web01 -p 80:80 mynginx:v1 &amp;&amp; docker container ls 当运行该镜像后，通过 docker container ls 看到最初的状态为 (health: starting) 。在等待几秒钟后，再次 docker container ls ，就会看到健康状态变化为了 (healthy)。如果健康检查连续失败超过了重试次数，状态就会变为 (unhealthy) 。 为了帮助排障，健康检查命令的输出（包括 stdout 以及 stderr ）都会被存储于健康状态里，可以用 docker container inspect 来查看。 1$ docker container inspect --format '&#123;&#123;json .State.Health&#125;&#125;' web01 | python -m json.tool ONBUILD 为他人做嫁衣裳格式： ONBUILD &lt;其它指令&gt; 。 ONBUILD 是一个特殊的指令，它后面跟的是其它指令，比如 RUN , COPY 等，而这些指令，在当前镜像构建时并不会被执行。只有当以当前镜像为基础镜像，去构建下一级镜像的时候才会被执行。 Dockerfile 中的其它指令都是为了定制当前镜像而准备的，唯有 ONBUILD 是为了帮助别人定制自己而准备的。 假设要制作 Node.js 所写的应用的镜像。而 Node.js 使用 npm 进行包管理，所有依赖、配置、启动信息等会放到 package.json 文件里。在拿到程序代码后，需要先进行 npm install 才可以获得所有需要的依赖。然后就可以通过 npm start 来启动应用。因此，一般情况下，应该这样写 Dockerfile ： 1234567FROM node:slimRUN mkdir /appWORKDIR /appCOPY ./package.json /appRUN [ "npm", "install" ]COPY . /app/CMD [ "npm", "start" ] 把这个 Dockerfile 放到 Node.js 项目的根目录，构建好镜像后，就可以直接拿来启动容器运行。但是如果还有第二个 Node.js 项目也差不多呢？好吧，那就再把这个 Dockerfile 复制到第二个项目里。那如果有第三个项目呢？再复制么？文件的副本越多，版本控制就越困难。 如果第一个 Node.js 项目在开发过程中，发现这个 Dockerfile 里存在问题，比如敲错字了、或者需要安装额外的包，然后开发人员修复了这个 Dockerfile ，再次构建，问题解决。第一个项目没问题了，但是第二个项目呢？虽然最初 Dockerfile 是复制、粘贴自第一个项目的，但是并不会因为第一个项目修复了他们的 Dockerfile ，而第二个项目的 Dockerfile 就会被自动修复。 那么可不可以做一个基础镜像，然后各个项目使用这个基础镜像呢？这样基础镜像更新，各个项目不用同步 Dockerfile 的变化，重新构建后就继承了基础镜像的更新。那么上面的这个 Dockerfile 就会变为： 1234FROM node:slimRUN mkdir /appWORKDIR /appCMD [ "npm", "start" ] 这里把项目相关的构建指令拿出来，放到子项目里去。假设这个基础镜像的名字为 mynode ，各个项目内的自己的 Dockerfile 就变为： 1234FROM my-nodeCOPY ./package.json /appRUN [ "npm", "install" ]COPY . /app/ 基础镜像变化后，各个项目都用这个 Dockerfile 重新构建镜像，会继承基础镜像的更新。那么，问题解决了么？没有。准确说，只解决了一半。如果这个 Dockerfile 里面有些东西需要调整呢？比如所有的项目中 npm install 都需要加一些参数，这一行 RUN 是不可能放入基础镜像的，因为涉及到了当前项目的 ./package.json ，难道又要一个个修改么？所以说，这样制作基础镜像，只解决了原来的 Dockerfile 的前 4 条指令的变化问题，而后面三条指令的变化则完全没办法处理。 ONBUILD 可以解决这个问题。用 ONBUILD 重新写一下基础镜像的 Dockerfile : 1234567FROM node:slimRUN mkdir /appWORKDIR /appONBUILD COPY ./package.json /appONBUILD RUN [ "npm", "install" ]ONBUILD COPY . /app/CMD [ "npm", "start" ] 回到原始的 Dockerfile ，这次将项目相关的指令加上 ONBUILD ，这样在构建基础镜像的时候，这三行并不会被执行。然后各个项目的 Dockerfile 就变成了简单地： 1FROM my-node 是的，只有这么一行。当在各个项目目录中，用这个只有一行的 Dockerfile 构建镜像时，之前基础镜像的那三行 ONBUILD 就会开始执行，成功地将当前项目的代码复制进镜像、并且针对本项目执行 npm install ，生成应用镜像。 参考文档 Dockerfie 官方文档：https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/ Dockerfile 最佳实践文档：https://docs.docker.com/engine/userguide/engimage/dockerfile_best-practices/ Docker 官方镜像 Dockerfile ：https://github.com/docker-library/docs 多阶段构建之前的做法在 Docker 17.05 版本之前，构建 Docker 镜像时，通常会采用两种方式： 全部放入一个 Dockerfile一种方式是将所有的构建过程编包含在一个 Dockerfile 中，包括项目及其依赖库的编译、测试、打包等流程，这里可能会带来的一些问题： Dockerfile 特别长，可维护性降低 镜像层次多，镜像体积较大，部署时间变长 源代码存在泄露的风险 例如，编写 app.go 文件，该程序输出 Hello World! ： 123456package mainimport "fmt"func main()&#123; fmt.Printf("Hello World!");&#125; 编写 Dockerfile.one 文件： 123456789101112131415FROM golang:1.9-alpineRUN apk --no-cache add git ca-certificatesWORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/COPY app.go .RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql \ &amp;&amp; CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app . \ &amp;&amp; cp /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app /root WORKDIR /root/CMD ["./app"] 构建镜像 1$ docker image build --tag 'go/helloworld:1' --file Dockerfile.one . 分散到多个 Dockerfile另一种方式，就是事先在一个 Dockerfile 将项目及其依赖库编译测试打包好后，再将其拷贝到运行环境中，这种方式需要我们编写两个 Dockerfile 和一些编译脚本才能将其两个阶段自动整合起来，这种方式虽然可以很好地规避第一种方式存在的风险，但明显部署过程较复杂。 例如，编写 Dockerfile.build 文件： 123456789FROM golang:1.9-alpineRUN apk --no-cache add gitWORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/COPY app.go .RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql \ &amp;&amp; CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app . 编写 Dockerfile.copy 文件： 123456789FROM alpine:latestRUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificatesWORKDIR /root/COPY app .CMD ["./app"] 新建 build.sh： 1234567891011121314#!/bin/shecho 'Building go/helloworld:build'docker build --tag go/helloworld:build . --file Dockerfile.builddocker create --name extract go/helloworld:builddocker cp extract:/go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app ./appdocker rm -f extractecho 'Building go/helloworld:2'docker build --no-cache -t go/helloworld:2 . -f Dockerfile.copyrm ./app 现在运行脚本即可构建镜像： 12$ chmod +x build.sh$ ./build.sh 对比两种方式生成的镜像大小 1234$ docker image lsREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEgo/helloworld 2 f7cf3465432c 22 seconds ago 6.47MBgo/helloworld 1 f55d3e16affc 2 minutes ago 295MB 使用多阶段构建从 Docker v17.05 开始支持多阶段构建 ( multistage builds )。使用多阶段构建就可以很容易解决前面提到的问题，并且只需要编写一个 Dockerfile ： 例如： 编写 Dockerfile 文件 123456789101112131415161718192021FROM golang:1.9-alpineRUN apk --no-cache add gitWORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysqlCOPY app.go .RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app .FROM alpine:latestRUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificatesWORKDIR /root/COPY --from=0 /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app .CMD ["./app"] 构建镜像 1$ docker build -t go/helloworld:3 . 对比三个镜像大小 12345$ docker image lsREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEgo/helloworld 3 d6911ed9c846 7 seconds ago 6.47MBgo/helloworld 2 f7cf3465432c 22 seconds ago 6.47MBgo/helloworld 1 f55d3e16affc 2 minutes ago 295MB 很明显使用多阶段构建的镜像体积小，同时也完美解决了上边提到的问题。 其它制作镜像的方式除了标准的使用 Dockerfile 生成镜像的方法外，由于各种特殊需求和历史原因，还提供了一些其它方法用以生成镜像。 从 rootfs 压缩包导入格式： docker import [选项] &lt;文件&gt;|&lt;URL&gt;|- [&lt;仓库名&gt;[:&lt;标签&gt;]] 压缩包可以是本地文件、远程 Web 文件，甚至是从标准输入中得到。压缩包将会在镜像 / 目录展开，并直接作为镜像第一层提交。 比如要创建一个 OpenVZ 的 Ubuntu 14.04 模板 的镜像： 12345$ docker import \ http://download.openvz.org/template/precreated/ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-minimal.tar.gz \ openvz/ubuntu:14.04 Downloading from http://download.openvz.org/template/precreated/ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-mi nimal.tar.gzsha256:f477a6e18e989839d25223f301ef738b69621c4877600ae6467c4e5289822a79B/78.42 MB 这条命令自动下载了 ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-minimal.tar.gz 文件，并且作为根文件系统展开导入，并保存为镜像 openvz/ubuntu:14.04 。 导入成功后，可以看到这个导入的镜像： 1234$ docker image ls openvz/ubuntuREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEopenvz/ubuntu 14.04 f477a6e18e98 55 seconds ago 214.9MBMB 如果查看其历史的话，会看到描述中有导入的文件链接： 123$ docker history openvz/ubuntu:14.04IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENTf477a6e18e98 About a minute ago 214.9 MB Imported from http://download.openvz.org/template/precreated/ubuntu-14.04-x86_64-minimal.tar.gz docker save 和 docker loadDocker 还提供了 docker load 和 docker save 命令，用以将镜像保存为一个 tar 文件，然后传输到另一个位置上，再加载进来。这是在没有 Docker Registry 时的做法，现在已经不推荐，镜像迁移应该直接使用 Docker Registry，无论是直接使用 Docker Hub 还是使用内网私有 Registry 都可以。 保存镜像 使用 docker save 命令可以将镜像保存为归档文件。比如保存 ubuntu 镜像： 123$ docker image ls ubuntuREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEubuntu latest 775349758637 2 months ago 64.2MB 保存镜像的命令为： 1$ docker image save ubuntu | gzip &gt; ubuntu-latest.tar.gz 然后将 ubuntu-latest.tar.gz 文件复制到到了另一个机器上，用下面这个命令加载镜像： 12$ docker load -i ubuntu-latest.tar.gzLoaded image: ubuntu:latest 镜像的实现原理Docker 镜像是怎么实现增量的修改和维护的？ 每个镜像都由很多层次构成，Docker 使用 Union FS 将这些不同的层结合到一个镜像中去。 通常 Union FS 有两个用途, 一方面可以实现不借助 LVM、RAID 将多个 disk 挂到同一个目录下，另一个更常用的就是将一个只读的分支和一个可写的分支联合在一起，Live CD 正是基于此方法可以允许在镜像不变的基础上允许用户在其上进行一些写操作。 Docker 在 AUFS 上构建的容器也是利用了类似的原理。 访问仓库仓库（ Repository ）是集中存放镜像的地方。 一个容易混淆的概念是注册服务器（ Registry ）。实际上注册服务器是管理仓库的具体服务器，每个服务器上可以有多个仓库，而每个仓库下面有多个镜像。从这方面来说，仓库可以被认为是一个具体的项目或目录。例如对于仓库地址 dl.dockerpool.com/ubuntu 来说， dl.dockerpool.com 是注册服务器地址， ubuntu 是仓库名。 大部分时候，并不需要严格区分这两者的概念。 Docker Hub目前 Docker 官方维护了一个公共仓库 Docker Hub，其中已经包括了数量超过 15,000 的镜像。大部分需求都可以通过在 Docker Hub 中直接下载镜像来实现。 注册 可以在 https://hub.docker.com/signup 免费注册一个 Docker 账号。 登录 可以通过执行 docker login 命令交互式的输入用户名及密码来完成在命令行界面登录 Docker Hub。通过 docker logout 退出登录。 拉取镜像 通过 docker search 命令来查找官方仓库中的镜像，并利用 docker pull 命令来将它下载到本地。 例如以 centos 为关键词进行搜索： 1234567891011$ docker search centosNAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATEDcentos The official build of CentOS. 5758 [OK] ansible/centos7-ansible Ansible on Centos7 126 [OK]jdeathe/centos-ssh OpenSSH / Supervisor / EPEL/IUS/SCL Repos - … 114 [OK]consol/centos-xfce-vnc Centos container with "headless" VNC session… 107 [OK]centos/mysql-57-centos7 MySQL 5.7 SQL database server 67 imagine10255/centos6-lnmp-php56 centos6-lnmp-php56 57 [OK]tutum/centos Simple CentOS docker image with SSH access 44 centos/postgresql-96-centos7 PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational … 39 kinogmt/centos-ssh CentOS with SSH 29 [OK] 可以看到返回了很多包含关键字的镜像，其中包括镜像名字、描述、收藏数（表示该镜像的受关注程度）、是否官方创建、是否自动创建。 官方的镜像说明是官方项目组创建和维护的，automated 资源允许用户验证镜像的来源和内容。 根据是否是官方提供，可将镜像资源分为两类。 一种是类似 centos 这样的镜像，被称为基础镜像或根镜像。这些基础镜像由 Docker 公司创建、验证、支持、提供。这样的镜像往往使用单个单词作为名字。 还有一种类型，比如 tianon/centos 镜像，它是由 Docker 的用户创建并维护的，往往带有用户名称前缀。可以通过前缀 username/ 来指定使用某个用户提供的镜像，比如 tianon 用户 另外，在查找的时候通过 --filter=stars=N 参数可以指定仅显示收藏数量为 N 以上的镜像。 下载官方 centos 镜像到本地。 123456$ docker pull centosPulling repository centos0b443ba03958: Download complete539c0211cd76: Download complete511136ea3c5a: Download complete7064731afe90: Download complete 推送镜像 用户也可以在登录后通过 docker push 命令来将自己的镜像推送到 Docker Hub。以下命令中的 username 请替换为你的 Docker 账号用户名。 12345$ docker tag ubuntu:17.10 username/ubuntu:17.10$ docker image ls$ docker push username/ubuntu:17.10$ docker search username 自动创建 自动创建（Automated Builds）功能对于需要经常升级镜像内程序来说，十分方便。 有时候，用户创建了镜像，安装了某个软件，如果软件发布新版本则需要手动更新镜像。 而自动创建允许用户通过 Docker Hub 指定跟踪一个目标网站（目前支持 GitHub 或 BitBucket ）上的项目，一旦项目发生新的提交或者创建新的标签（tag），Docker Hub 会自动构建镜像并推送到 Docker Hub 中。 要配置自动创建，包括如下的步骤： 创建并登录 Docker Hub，以及目标网站； 在目标网站中连接帐户到 Docker Hub； 在 Docker Hub 中 配置一个自动创建； 选取一个目标网站中的项目（需要含 Dockerfile ）和分支； 指定 Dockerfile 的位置，并提交创建。 之后，可以在 Docker Hub 的 自动创建页面中跟踪每次创建的状态。 私有仓库有时候使用 Docker Hub 这样的公共仓库可能不方便，用户可以创建一个本地仓库供私人使用。 docker-registry 是官方提供的工具，可以用于构建私有的镜像仓库。 安装运行 docker-registry 安装运行 docker-registry 可以通过获取官方 registry 镜像来运行。 1$ docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --restart=always --name registry registry 这将使用官方的 registry 镜像来启动私有仓库。默认情况下，仓库会被创建在容器的 /var/lib/registry 目录下。可以通过 -v 参数来将镜像文件存放在本地的指定路径。例如下面的例子将上传的镜像放到本地的 /opt/data/registry 目录。 1234$ docker run -d \ -p 5000:5000 \ -v /opt/data/registry:/var/lib/registry \ registry 在私有仓库上传、搜索、下载镜像 创建好私有仓库之后，就可以使用 docker tag 来标记一个镜像，然后推送它到仓库。例如私有仓库地址为 127.0.0.1:5000 。 先在本机查看已有的镜像。 123$ docker image ls ubuntuREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEubuntu latest 775349758637 2 months ago 64.2MB 使用 docker tag 将 ubuntu:latest 这个镜像标记为 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest 。 格式为 docker tag IMAGE[:TAG] [REGISTRY_HOST[:REGISTRY_PORT]/]REPOSITORY[:TAG] 。 12345$ docker tag ubuntu:latest 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest$ docker image lsREPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZEubuntu latest 775349758637 2 months ago 64.2MB127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu latest 775349758637 2 months ago 64.2MB 使用 docker push 上传标记的镜像。 123456789$ docker push 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latestThe push refers to repository [127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu]373a30c24545: Pusheda9148f5200b0: Pushedcdd3de0940ab: Pushedfc56279bbb33: Pushedb38367233d37: Pushed2aebd096e0e2: Pushedlatest: digest: sha256:fe4277621f10b5026266932ddf760f5a756d2facd505a94d2da12f4f52f71f5a size: 1568 用 curl 查看仓库中的镜像。 12$ curl 127.0.0.1:5000/v2/_catalog&#123;"repositories":["ubuntu"]&#125; 这里可以看到 {&quot;repositories&quot;:[&quot;ubuntu&quot;]} ，表明镜像已经被成功上传了。先删除已有镜像，再尝试从私有仓库中下载这个镜像。 123$ docker image rm 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest$ docker pull 127.0.0.1:5000/ubuntu:latest$ docker image ls 注意事项 如果不想使用 127.0.0.1:5000 作为仓库地址，比如想让本网段的其他主机也能把镜像推送到私有仓库。就得把例如 192.168.199.100:5000 这样的内网地址作为私有仓库地址，这时会发现无法成功推送镜像。 这是因为 Docker 默认不允许非 HTTPS 方式推送镜像。可以通过 Docker 的配置选项来取消这个限制，或者配置能够通过 HTTPS 访问的私有仓库。 Ubuntu 14.04, Debian 7 Wheezy 对于使用 upstart 的系统而言，编辑 /etc/default/docker 文件，在其中的 DOCKER_OPTS 中增加如下内容： 1DOCKER_OPTS="--registry-mirror=https://registry.docker-cn.com --insecure-registries=192.168.199.100:5000" 重新启动服务。 1$ sudo service docker restart Ubuntu 16.04+, Debian 8+, centos 7 对于使用 systemd 的系统，请在 /etc/docker/daemon.json 中写入如下内容（如果文件不存在需要新建该文件）： 12345678&#123; "registry-mirror": [ "https://registry.docker-cn.com" ], "insecure-registries": [ "192.168.199.100:5000" ]&#125; 文件必须符合 json 文件规范，否则 docker 服务将无法启动。 12systemctl restart dockersystemctl status docker 私有仓库高级配置]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>grub2</tag>
+        <tag>Docker</tag>
+        <tag>DevOps</tag>
+        <tag>CI/CD</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python中的必考问题3]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F06%2F20%2F134123-Python%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E8%80%83%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%983%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[考虑下列代码片段： 1234567891011ls = [[]] * 5print(ls) # output?ls[0].append(10)print(ls) # output?ls[1].append(20)print(ls) # output?ls.append(30)print(ls) # output? 第 2，5，8，11 行将输出什么结果？请解释。 输出的结果如下： 1234[[], [], [], [], []][[10], [10], [10], [10], [10]][[10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20]][[10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], 30] 解释如下： 默认情况下，我们认为序列是支持 + 和 * 操作的。通常 + 号两侧的序列由相同类型的数据所构成，在拼接的过程中，两个被操作的序列都不会被修改，Python 会新建一个包含同样类型数据的序列来作为拼接的结果。如果想要把一个序列复制几份然后再拼接起来，更快捷的做法是把这个序列乘以一个整数。同样，这个操作会产生一个新序列： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; ls = [1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; ls * 5[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; 'abc' * 5'abcabcabcabcabc' Python 中 + 和 * 都遵循这个规律，不修改原有的操作对象，而是构建一个全新的序列。 12ls = [[]] * 5print(ls) # output? 其中 [[]] 是一列表中包含了一个空列表，即列表的第一个位置指向一个空的列表： 要格外注意的是，在 ls = [[]] * 5 这个语句中，得到的列表 ls 里面包含的 5 个元素（空列表）其实是 5 个对象引用，而且这 5 个引用指向的都是同一个对象。如图所示： 12ls[0].append(10)print(ls) # output? 这个语句是在 ls 的第 1 个元素所指向的列表对象中追加一个元素 10。但由于 ls 的 5 个元素是引用的同一个列表，所以这个结果将是 [[10], [10], [10], [10], [10]] 。即 12ls[1].append(20)print(ls) # output? 同理，这个语句是在 ls 的第 2 个元素所指向的列表对象中追加一个元素 10。但由于 ls 的 5 个元素同样是引用的同一个列表，所以输出结果现在是 [[10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20]]。即： 12ls.append(30)print(ls) # output? 作为对比，这个语句是在外列表上追加了新的元素 30，因此产生的结果是： [[10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], [10, 20], 30]。也就是：]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python3 Questions</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python中的必考问题2]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F06%2F19%2F174135-Python%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E8%80%83%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%982%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[下面这段代码的输出结果将是什么？请解释。 1234ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for ls[-2] in ls: print(ls[-2]) 上面代码输出结果将是： 1234512335 画图来分步理解一下： 1ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 创建对象引用，变量 ls 指向一个列表对象，列表中的每个位置指向了对应的值。 接下来使用 for 循环进行迭代，我们知道 for 循环的本质是先用 iter() 方法将可迭代的对象做成一个迭代器（iterator），然后再对其不断地调用 next() 取出值，最后处理 StopIteration 异常。 现在，我们将每一次迭代拆开看一下。 1ls[-2] = ls[0] 此时，ls[-2] 指向列表中第一个位置所指向的元素，也就是 ls[-2] = 1，此时列表就变成了 ls = [1, 2, 3, 1, 5] 。 1ls[-2] = ls[1] 此时，ls[-2] 指向列表中第二个位置所指向的元素，也就是 ls[-2] = 2，此时列表就变成了 ls = [1, 2, 3, 2, 5] 。 1ls[-2] = ls[2] 此时，ls[-2] 指向列表中第三个位置所指向的元素，也就是 ls[-2] = 3，此时列表就变成了 ls = [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] 。 1ls[-2] = ls[3] 此时，ls[-2] 指向列表中第四个位置所指向的元素，请注意此时列表的第四个位置就是倒数第二个位置，即 ls[3] 等同于 ls[-2]，而此时的 ls[-2] 指向的是上一次迭代时所指向的对象，也就是 ls[-2] = ls[-2]，进一步地 ls[-2] = 3 而不是 4，此时列表就变成了 ls = [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] 。 1ls[-2] = ls[4] 此时，ls[-2] 指向列表中第五个位置所指向的元素，也就是 ls[-2] = 5，此时列表就变成了 ls = [1, 2, 3, 5, 5] 。 最后我们将每一次迭代过程中的 ls[-2] 所指向的数值汇总，也就是： 1234512335 现在，我们修改代码打印每个元素的内存地址来做进一步的验证： 123456789ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for idx, val in enumerate(ls): print('ID of ls[%s] is %s' % (idx, id(val)))for ls[-2] in ls: print("\033[0;33m The value of ls[-2] is \033[0m", ls[-2], end=' ; ') print("\033[0;32m ls is \033[0m", ls, end=' ; ') print("\033[0;31m ID of ls[-2] is \033[0m", id(ls[-2])) 最后得到的执行结果说明我们的推算是正确的：]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python3 Questions</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python中的必考问题1]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F06%2F18%2F190143-Python%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E8%80%83%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%981%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[下面这段代码的输出结果是什么？请解释。 12345678910111213def extendList(val, list=[]): list.append(val) return listlist1 = extendList(10)list2 = extendList(123, [])list3 = extendList('a')print("list1 = %s" % list1)print("list2 = %s" % list2)print("list3 = %s" % list3) 上面代码输出结果将是： 123list1 = [10, &apos;a&apos;]list2 = [123]list3 = [10, &apos;a&apos;] 很多人都会误认为 list1=[10]，list3=[&#39;a&#39;]，因为他们以为每次 extendList 被调用时，列表参数的默认值都将被设置为 []，但实际上并不是这样，新的默认列表在函数被定义的那一刻只会创建一次。 当 extendList 被调用时，如果没有指定特定参数，默认的 list 的值随后将被使用。这是因为默认值参数会在函数被定义的时候被创建和计算，而不是在被调用的时候被创建和计算。因此 list1 和 list3 指向的是同一个对象，也就是默认列表。而 list2 是函数被调用时另外指定了一个对象，而不是使用默认的。 画图来分步理解一下： 123def extendList(val, list=[]): list.append(val) return list 定义函数，设置位置参数 val，默认参数 list 指向空列表。 1list1 = extendList(10) 调用函数 extendList，并使用默认参数 list，函数执行过程中向列表中追加元素。空列表追加元素后，第一个位置指向了 10 1list2 = extendList(123, []) 调用函数 extendList，指定了另外一个空列表作为参数，而不是使用默认参数 list。函数执行过程中向手动指定的空列表中追加元素 123 。 1list3 = extendList('a') 调用函数 extendList，并使用默认参数 list，此时默认参数 list 所指向的列表已经有了元素，函数执行过程中向列表中追加元素，列表中的第二个位置指向了 &#39;a&#39; 。 所有的操作已经执行完，接下来进行打印输出。此时的 list1 和 list3 指向了同一个列表对象，即定义函数时的默认列表。而 list2 指向的是它调用函数时手动传给函数的另一个列表对象。 123print("list1 = %s" % list1)print("list2 = %s" % list2)print("list3 = %s" % list3) 于是输出结果就是： 123list1 = [10, 'a']list2 = [123]list3 = [10, 'a'] 我们可以在函数中使用 id() 方法获取函数操作的 list 的内存地址来验证操作的是否是同一个对象： 12345678910111213def extendList(val, list=[]): list.append(val) print(id(list)) return listlist1 = extendList(10)list2 = extendList(123, [])list3 = extendList('a')print("list1 = %s" % list1)print("list2 = %s" % list2)print("list3 = %s" % list3) 执行结果： 123456140494594992264140494594992328140494594992264list1 = [10, 'a']list2 = [123]list3 = [10, 'a']]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python3 Questions</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的类和对象的初识]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F30%2F090119-Python%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[类类是面向对象的重要内容，可以把类当成一种自定义类型，可以使用类来定义变量，也可以使用类来创建对象。 定义类在面向对象的程序设计过程中有两个重要概念： 类（ class ）和对象（ object ，也被称为实例，instance ），其中类是某一批对象的抽象，可以把类理解成某种概念；对象才是一个具体存在的实体。从这个意义上看，日常所说的人，其实都是人这个类的实体，而不是人这个类。 类定义由类头（指 class 关键字和 类名部分）和统一缩进的类体构成。Python 定义类的简单语法如下： 1234class 类名: 执行语句．．． 零个到多个类变量．．． 一个到多个方法．．． Python 的类名必须是由一个或多个有意义的单词连缀而成的，每个单词首字母大写，其他字母全部小写，单词与单词之间不要使用任何分隔符。 Python 类所包含的最重要的两个成员就是变量和方法，其中类变量属于类本身，用于定义该类本身所包含的属性，比如人类的角色属性是人。而实例变量则属于该类的对象，用于定义对象所包含的属性，比如某个人的姓名、年龄、性别。方法则用于定义该类的对象的行为或功能，比如人类都会走、会说话。类中各成员之间的定义顺序没有任何影响，各成员之间可以相互调用。 下面程序将定义一个 Person 类： 1234567class Person: """定义一个 Person 类""" role = 'person' # 人的角色属性都是人 # 下面定义了一个 Person 类的 say 方法（功能） def say(self, content): # 人都可以说话，也就是有一个说话的功能 print('%s say: %s' % (self.name, content)) 属性引用在定义了类之后，接下来即可使用该类了。对于类的属性，如果想要引用则使用 类.变量 的格式： 12print(Person.role) # 查看人的 role 属性print(Person.say) # 引用人的走路方法，注意，这里不是在调用 类的实例化在类中定义的方法默认是实例方法，定义实例方法与定义函数基本相同，只是实例方法的第一个参数会被绑定到方法的调用者（该类的实例）—— 因此实例方法至少应该定义一个参数，该参数通常会被命名为 self 。 在类中有一个特别的方法：__init__ ，这个方法被称为构造方法。构造方法用于构造该类的对象， Python 通过调用构造方法返回该类的对象 。如果没有为该类定义任何构造方法，那么 Python 会自动为该类定义一个只包含一个 self 参数的默认的构造方法。 123456789101112class Person: """定义一个 Person 类""" role = 'person' # 人的角色属性都是人 def __init__(self, name='Silence', age=18): # 定义一个对象的构造方法 # 下面为 Person 类的对象增加两个实例变量 self.name = name self.age = age # 下面定义了一个 Person 类的 say 方法（功能） def say(self, content): # 人都可以说话，也就是有一个说话的功能 print('%s say: %s' % (self.name, content)) 注意： 实例方法的第一个参数并不一定要叫 self，其实完全可以叫任意参数名，只是约定俗成地把该参数命名为 self，这样具有最好的可读性。 类名加括号就是实例化，这将会自动触发 __init__ 函数的运行，可以用它来为每个实例定制自己的特征。实例化的过程其实就是从类构造出对象的过程。调用某个类的构造方法即可创建这个类的对象： 12345p = Person()# 调用 Person 类的构造方法，返回一个 Person 对象# Person() 就等于在执行 Person.__init__()# 执行完 __init__() 就会返回一个对象# 这个对象类似一个字典，存着属于这个人本身的一些属性和方法 对象的使用原本我们只有一个 Person 类，在这个过程中产生了一个 p 对象，有自己具体的名字、年龄。 查看对象属性的语法是 对象.变量 ，调用对象方法的语法是 对象.方法(参数) 。在这种方式中，对象是主调者，用于访问该对象的变量或方法。 123456789101112# 输出 p 的 name、age 实例变量print(p.name, p.age) # Sinence 18# 访问 p 的 name 实例变量，直接为该实例变量赋值p.name = '李刚'# 调用 p 的 say() 方法，在声明 say() 方法时定义了两个形参# 但第一个形参(self) 是自动绑定的，因此调用该方法只需为第二个形参指定一个值p.say('Python 很简单，学习很容易！') # 李刚 say: Python 很简单，学习很容易！# 再次输出 p 的 name、 age 实例变量print(p.name, p.age) # 李刚 18 上面程序开始访问了 p 对象的 name 、age 两个实例变量。这两个变量是何时定义的？留意在 Person 的构造方法中有如下两行代码： 12self.name = nameself.age = age 这两行代码用传入的 name 、age 参数（这两个参数都有默认值）对 self 的 name 、age 变量赋值。由于 Python 的第一个 self 参数是自动绑定的（在构造方法中自动绑定到该构造方法初始化的对象），而这两行代码就是对 self 的 name 、age 两个变量赋值，也就是对该构造方法初始化的对象( p 对象）的 name 、age 变量赋值，即为 p 对象增加了 name 、age 两个实例变量。self 最大的作用就是引用当前方法的调用者 上面代码中通过 Person 对象调用了 say() 方法，在调用方法时必须为方法的形参赋值。但 say () 方法的第一个形参 self 是自动绑定的，它会被绑定到方法的调用者（ p ），因此程序只需要为 say() 方法传入一个字符串作为参数值，这个字符串将被传给 content 参数。 我们定义的类的属性到底存到哪里了？有两种方式查看： dir(类名)：查出的是一个名字列表 类名.__dict__：查出的是一个字典，key为属性名，value为属性值 特殊的类属性 1234567类名.__name__ # 类的名字(字符串)类名.__doc__ # 类的文档字符串类名.__base__ # 类的第一个父类类名.__bases__ # 类所有父类构成的元组类名.__dict__ # 类的字典属性类名.__module__ # 类定义所在的模块类名.__class__ # 实例对应的类(仅新式类中) 对象假设你现在是一家游戏公司的开发人员，现在需要你开发一款叫做 &lt;人狗大战&gt; 的游戏，这个游戏中至少需要 2 个角色，一个是人， 一个是狗，且人和狗都有不同的技能，比如人拿棍打狗， 狗可以咬人，怎么描述这种不同的角色和功能呢？ 人类除了有自己的昵称之外，还应该具备攻击力，生命值等属性： 12345678910111213class Person: """定义一个 Person 类""" role = 'person' # 人的角色属性都是人 def __init__(self, name, aggressivity, life_value): # 定义一个对象的构造方法 self.name = name # 每一个对象都应该有自己的昵称 self.aggressivity = aggressivity # 每一个角色都有自己的攻击力 self.life_value = life_value # 每一个角色都有自己的生命值 def attack(self, dog): # 人可以攻击狗，这里的狗也是一个对象。 # 人攻击狗，那么狗的生命值就会根据人的攻击力而下降 dog.life_value -= self.aggressivity 对象是关于类而实际存在的一个例子，即实例。对象（实例）只有一种作用，即属性引用： 123456789liubei = Person('刘备', 10, 1000)print(liubei.name)print(liubei.aggressivity)print(liubei.life_value)'''刘备101000''' 当然了，对象也可以引用一个方法，因为方法也是一个属性，只不过是一个类似函数的属性，我们也管它叫动态属性。引用动态属性并不是执行这个方法，要想调用方法和调用函数是一样的，都需要在后面加上括号： 1234print(liubei.attack)'''&lt;bound method Person.attack of &lt;__main__.Person object at 0x7fb57de2f860&gt;&gt;''' 可能有些难以理解，下面用函数的实现方式来解释一下类： 123456789101112131415161718def Person(*args, **kwargs): self = &#123;&#125; def attack(self, dog): dog['life_value'] -= self['aggressivity'] def __init__(name, aggressivity, life_value): self['name'] = name self['aggressivity'] = aggressivity self['life_value'] = life_value self['attack'] = attack __init__(*args, **kwargs) return selfliubei = Person('刘备', 78, 10)print(liubei['name']) 理解了对象之后，接下来我们定义一个圆形类，并为其提供计算面积和周长的方法： 12345678910111213141516171819202122from math import piclass Circle: """ 定义了一个圆形类 提供计算面积（area）和周长（perimeter）的方法 """ def __init__(self, radius): self.radius = radius def area(self): return pi * (self.radius ** 2) def perimeter(self): return 2 * pi * self.radiusc1 = Circle(5) # 从圆形类实例化出一个圆 c1print(c1.area()) # 计算圆的面积print(c1.perimeter()) # 计算圆的周长 对象之间的交互现在已经有一个人类了，通过给人类一些具体的属性我们就可以拿到一个实实在在的人。现在要再创建一个狗类，狗就不能打人了，只能咬人，所以我们给狗一个 bite 方法。有了狗类，我们还要实例化一只实实在在的狗出来。然后人和狗就可以打架了。 12345678910111213class Dog: # 定义一个狗类 role = 'dog' # 狗的角色属性都是狗 def __init__(self, name, breed, aggressivity, life_value): self.name = name # 每一只狗都有自己的昵称 self.breed = breed # 每一只狗都有自己的品种 self.aggressivity = aggressivity # 每一只狗都有自己的攻击力 self.life_value = life_value # 每一只狗都有自己的生命值 def bite(self, preson): # 狗可以咬人，这里的狗也是一个对象。 # 狗咬人，那么人的生命值就会根据狗的攻击力而下降 person.life_value -= self.aggressivity 实例化出一只实实在在的二哈： 1ha2 = Dog('二愣子', '哈士奇', 10, 1000) # 创造了一只实实在在的狗ha2 交互 ha2 与 liubei 打一下： 12345678print(ha2.life_value) # 看看ha2的生命值liubei.attack(ha2) # liubei 打了 ha2 一下print(ha2.life_value) # ha2 掉了10 点血'''1000990''' 完整代码如下： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142class Person: """定义一个 Person 类""" role = 'person' # 人的角色属性都是人 def __init__(self, name, aggressivity, life_value): # 定义一个对象的构造方法 self.name = name # 每一个对象都应该有自己的昵称 self.aggressivity = aggressivity # 每一个角色都有自己的攻击力 self.life_value = life_value # 每一个角色都有自己的生命值 def attack(self, dog): # 人可以攻击狗，这里的狗也是一个对象。 # 人攻击狗，那么狗的生命值就会根据人的攻击力而下降 dog.life_value -= self.aggressivityclass Dog: """定义一个狗类""" role = 'dog' # 狗的角色属性都是狗 def __init__(self, name, breed, aggressivity, life_value): self.name = name # 每一只狗都有自己的昵称 self.breed = breed # 每一只狗都有自己的品种 self.aggressivity = aggressivity # 每一只狗都有自己的攻击力 self.life_value = life_value # 每一只狗都有自己的生命值 def bite(self, preson): # 狗可以咬人，这里的狗也是一个对象。 # 狗咬人，那么人的生命值就会根据狗的攻击力而下降 person.life_value -= self.aggressivityliubei = Person('刘备', 10, 1000)ha2 = Dog('二愣子', '哈士奇', 10, 1000) # 创造了一只实实在在的狗ha2print(ha2.life_value) # 看看ha2的生命值liubei.attack(ha2) # liubei 打了 ha2 一下print(ha2.life_value) # ha2 掉了10 点血'''1000990''' 命名空间创建一个类就会创建一个类的名称空间，用来存储类中定义的所有名字，这些名字称为类的属性。而类有两种属性： 静态属性：接在类中定义的变量 动态属性：定义在类中的方法 并且类的数据属性是共享给所有对象的： 123456print(id(ha2.role))print(id(Dog.role))'''140481389229648140481389229648''' 类的动态属性是绑定到所有对象的： 123456print(ha2.bite)print(Dog.bite)'''&lt;bound method Dog.bite of &lt;__main__.Dog object at 0x7f6bac22db00&gt;&gt;&lt;function Dog.bite at 0x7f6bac199d90&gt;''' 创建一个对象（实例）就会创建一个对象（实例）的名称空间，存放对象（实例）的名字，称为对象（实例）的属性。 在 obj.name 会先从 obj 自己的名称空间里找 name，找不到则去类中找，类也找不到就找父类…最后都找不到就抛出异常。 面向对象的组合用法代码重用的重要方式除了继承之外还有另外一种方式，即组合。在一个类中以另外一个类的对象作为数据属性，称为类的组合。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142class Weapon: def prick(self, obj): # 这是该装备的主动技能,扎死对方 obj.life_value -= 500 # 假设攻击力是500class Person: role = 'person' def __init__(self, name, aggr, life_value): self.name = name self.aggr = aggr self.life_value = life_value self.weapon = Weapon() # 给角色绑定一个武器; def attack(self, dog): dog.life_value -= self.aggrclass Dog: role = 'dog' def __init__(self, name, aggr, life_value): self.name = name self.aggr = aggr self.life_value = life_value def bite(self, person): person.life_value -= self.aggrha2 = Dog(name='二哈', aggr=100, life_value=1000)liubei = Person(name='刘备', aggr=120, life_value=1000)print(ha2.life_value)liubei.weapon.prick(ha2)# liubei 组合了一个武器的对象，可以直接 liubei.weapon 来使用组合类中的所有方法print(ha2.life_value)'''1000500''' 圆环是由两个圆组成的，圆环的面积是外面圆的面积减去内部圆的面积。圆环的周长是内部圆的周长加上外部圆的周长。这个时候，我们就首先实现一个圆形类，计算一个圆的周长和面积。然后在 “环形类” 中组合圆形的实例作为自己的属性来用： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344from math import piclass Circle: """ 定义了一个圆形类 提供计算面积（area）和周长（perimeter）的方法 """ def __init__(self, radius): self.radius = radius def area(self): return pi * (self.radius ** 2) def perimeter(self): return 2 * pi * self.radiusc1 = Circle(5) # 从圆形类实例化出一个圆 c1print(c1.area()) # 计算圆的面积print(c1.perimeter()) # 计算圆的周长class Ring: """ 定义一个圆环类 提供圆环的面积和周长计算方法 """ def __init__(self, radius_outside, radius_inside): self.outside_circle = Circle(radius_outside) self.inside_circle = Circle(radius_inside) def area(self): return self.outside_circle.area() - self.inside_circle.area() def perimeter(self): return self.outside_circle.perimeter() + self.inside_circle.perimeter()ring = Ring(10, 5) # 实例化出一个圆环对象print(ring.area()) # 计算圆环的面积print(ring.perimeter()) # 计算圆环的周长 用组合的方式建立了类与组合的类之间的关系，它是一种 ‘有’ 的关系，比如教授有生日，教授教 Python 课程。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839class BirthDate: def __init__(self, year, month, day): self.year = year self.month = month self.day = dayclass Course: def __init__(self, name, price, period): self.name = name self.price = price self.period = periodclass Teacher: def __init__(self, name, gender, birth, course): self.name = name self.gender = gender self.birth = birth self.course = course def teach(self): print('teaching')t1 = Teacher( name='Jerry', gender='male', birth=BirthDate(year='1995', month='3', day='17'), course=Course(name='Python', price='30000', period='4 months'))print(t1.birth.year, t1.birth.month, t1.birth.day)print(t1.course.name, t1.course.price, t1.course.period)"""1995 3 17Python 30000 4 months""" 当类之间有显著不同，并且较小的类是较大的类所需要的组件时，用组合比较好。 类的三大特性之继承继承是一种创建新类的方式，在 Python 中，新建的类可以继承一个或多个父类，父类又可称为基类或超类，新建的类称为派生类或子类。 Python 中类的继承分为：单继承和多继承。 1234567891011121314class ParentClass1: # 定义父类 passclass ParentClass2: # 定义父类 passclass SubClass1(ParentClass1): # 单继承，基类是 ParentClass1，派生类是 SubClass1 passclass SubClass2(ParentClass1, ParentClass2): # Python 支持多继承，用逗号分隔开多个继承的类 pass 使用类的内置属性 __bases__ 即可查看对应的类所有继承的父类： 123456789print(SubClass1.__bases__)'''(&lt;class '__main__.ParentClass1'&gt;,)'''print(SubClass2.__bases__)'''(&lt;class '__main__.ParentClass1'&gt;, &lt;class '__main__.ParentClass2'&gt;)''' 如果对应的类没有所继承的父类，则 Python 会默认继承 object 类。并且 object 是所有 Python 类的父类，它提供了一些常见方法（如 __str__ ）的实现。 123456789print(ParentClass1.__bases__)'''(&lt;class 'object'&gt;,)'''print(ParentClass2.__bases__)'''(&lt;class 'object'&gt;,)''' 继承与抽象抽象，即抽取类似或者说比较相像的部分。抽象最主要的作用是划分类别（可以隔离关注点，降低复杂度）。 如上图所示，抽象分成两个层次： 1、将小明和小红这两个对象比较像的部分抽取成人类； 2、将人类，猪类，熊类这三个类比较像的部分抽取成父类。 继承，是基于抽象的结果，通过编程语言去实现它，肯定是实现经历了抽象这个过程，才能通过继承的方式去表达出抽象的结构。 抽象只是在分析和设计的过程中的一个动作或者说一种技巧，通过抽象可以得到类。 继承与代码重用对于猫类和狗类，我们可以按如下方式定义： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930class Cat: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.breed = '猫' def eat(self): print("%s 吃 " % self.name) def drink(self): print("%s 喝 " % self.name) def climb(self): print('爬树')class Dog: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.breed = '狗' def eat(self): print("%s 吃 " % self.name) def drink(self): print("%s 喝 " % self.name) def look_after_house(self): print('汪汪叫') 从上述代码中不难看出，吃和喝是猫类和狗类都具有的功能，但是这共有的功能在上面分别为猫和狗的类中编写了两次。如果使用了类的继承则可以实现代码的重用： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142lass Animal: def eat(self): print("%s 吃 " % self.name) def drink(self): print("%s 喝 " % self.name)class Cat(Animal): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.breed = '猫' def climb(self): print('爬树')class Dog(Animal): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.breed = '狗' def look_after_house(self): print('汪汪叫')c1 = Cat('小白家的小黑猫')c1.eat()c2 = Cat('小黑家的小白猫')c2.drink()d1 = Dog('胖子家的小瘦狗')d1.eat()'''小白家的小黑猫 吃 小黑家的小白猫 喝 胖子家的小瘦狗 吃 '' 这就是常说的软件重用，不仅可以重用自己的类，也可以继承别人的，比如标准库，来定制新的数据类型，这样就是大大缩短了软件开发周期，对大型软件开发来说，意义重大。 派生子类也可以添加自己新的属性或者自己重新定义这些属性（不会影响到父类）。需要注意的是，一旦重新定义了自己的属性且与父类重名，那么调用新增的属性时，就以自己为准了。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445class Animal: ''' 人和狗都是动物，所以创造一个 Animal 基类 ''' def __init__(self, name, aggressivity, life_value): self.name = name # 人和狗都有自己的昵称; self.aggressivity = aggressivity # 人和狗都有自己的攻击力; self.life_value = life_value # 人和狗都有自己的生命值; def eat(self): print('%s is eating' % self.name)class Dog(Animal): ''' 狗类，继承 Animal 类 ''' def bite(self, people): ''' 派生：狗有咬人的技能 :param people: ''' people.life_value -= self.aggressivityclass Person(Animal): ''' 人类，继承 Animal ''' def attack(self, dog): ''' 派生：人有攻击的技能 :param dog: ''' dog.life_value -= self.aggressivityliubei = Person('刘备', 10, 1000)ha2 = Dog('二哈', 50, 1000)print(ha2.life_value)print(liubei.attack(ha2))print(ha2.life_value) 在上述代码中，像 ha2.life_value 之类的属性引用，会先从实例的命名空间中找 life_value ，然后去类中找，然后再去父类中找，直到最顶级的父类。 super在子类中，新建的重名的函数属性，在编辑函数内功能的时候，有可能需要重用父类中重名的那个函数功能，应该是用调用普通函数的方式，即：类名.func()，此时就与调用普通函数无异了，因此即便是 self 参数也要为其传值。 123456789101112131415161718class A: def hahaha(self): print('A')class B(A): def hahaha(self): A.hahaha(self) print('B')a = A()b = B()b.hahaha()'''AB''' 在 Python3 中，子类执行父类的方法也可以直接用 super 方法： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627class A: def hahaha(self): print('A')class B(A): def hahaha(self): # 方法一: super().hahaha() # 方法二: super(B, self).hahaha() print('B')a = A()b = B()b.hahaha()# 方法三:super(B, b).hahaha()'''AABA''' 再比如人狗大战中的应用： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273class Animal: ''' 人和狗都是动物，所以创造一个 Animal 基类 ''' def __init__(self, name, aggressivity, life_value): self.name = name # 人和狗都有自己的昵称; self.aggressivity = aggressivity # 人和狗都有自己的攻击力; self.life_value = life_value # 人和狗都有自己的生命值; def eat(self): print('%s is eating' % self.name)class Dog(Animal): ''' 狗类，继承Animal类 ''' def __init__(self, name, breed, aggressivity, life_value): super().__init__(name, aggressivity, life_value) # 执行父类Animal的init方法 self.breed = breed # 派生出了新的属性 def bite(self, people): ''' 派生出了新的技能：狗有咬人的技能 :param people: ''' people.life_value -= self.aggressivity def eat(self): # Animal.eat(self) # super().eat() print('from Dog')class Person(Animal): ''' 人类，继承Animal ''' def __init__(self, name, aggressivity, life_value, money): # Animal.__init__(self, name, aggressivity, life_value) # super(Person, self).__init__(name, aggressivity, life_value) super().__init__(name, aggressivity, life_value) # 执行父类的init方法 self.money = money # 派生出了新的属性 def attack(self, dog): ''' 派生出了新的技能：人有攻击的技能 :param dog: ''' dog.life_value -= self.aggressivity def eat(self): # super().eat() Animal.eat(self) print('from Person')liubei = Person('刘备', 10, 1000, 600)ha2 = Dog('二哈', '哈士奇', 10, 1000)print(liubei.name)print(ha2.name)liubei.eat()'''刘备二哈刘备 is eatingfrom Person'' 通过继承建立了派生类与基类之间的关系，它是一种 ‘是’ 的关系，比如白马是马，人是动物。当类之间有很多相同的功能，提取这些共同的功能做成基类，用继承比较好，比如教授是老师。 抽象类与接口类接口类继承有两种用途： 一：继承基类的方法，并且做出自己的改变或者扩展（代码重用）。 二：声明某个子类兼容于某基类，定义一个接口类 Interface，接口类中定义了一些接口名（就是函数名）且并未实现接口的功能，子类继承接口类，并且实现接口中的功能。 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132class Alipay: ''' 支付宝支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('支付宝支付了%s元' % money)class Applepay: ''' apple pay支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('Applepay支付了%s元' % money)def pay(payment, money): ''' 支付函数，总体负责支付 对应支付的对象和要支付的金额 ''' payment.pay(money)p = Alipay()pay(p, 200)'''支付宝支付了200元''' 开发中容易出现的问题，当一个程序员写好程序后，由于需求变更需要另外一个程序员补充功能： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940class Alipay: ''' 支付宝支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('支付宝支付了%s元' % money)class Applepay: ''' apple pay支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('apple pay支付了%s元' % money)class Wechatpay: def fuqian(self, money): ''' 实现了pay的功能，但是名字不一样 ''' print('微信支付了%s元' % money)def pay(payment, money): ''' 支付函数，总体负责支付 对应支付的对象和要支付的金额 ''' payment.pay(money)p = Wechatpay()pay(p, 200) # 执行会报错'''AttributeError: 'Wechatpay' object has no attribute 'pay'''' 接口初成：主动抛出报异常 NotImplementedError 来解决开发中遇到的问题： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849class Payment: ''' 创建一个基类，使其他类都继承这个类，在子类中如果没有定义pay方法则会到这个类来调用 ''' def pay(self, money): raise NotImplementedErrorclass Alipay(Payment): ''' 支付宝支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('支付宝支付了%s元' % money)class Applepay(Payment): ''' apple pay支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('apple pay支付了%s元' % money)class Wechatpay(Payment): def fuqian(self, money): ''' 实现了pay的功能，但是名字不一样 ''' print('微信支付了%s元' % money)def pay(payment, money): ''' 支付函数，总体负责支付 对应支付的对象和要支付的金额 ''' payment.pay(money)p = Wechatpay() # 这里不报错pay(p, 200) # 这里报错了'''NotImplementedError''' 借用 abc 模块来实现接口： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethodclass Payment(metaclass=ABCMeta): ''' 创建一个基类，使其他类都继承这个作为规范的类 要求实现一个 pay 的方法 ''' @abstractmethod def pay(self, money): passclass Alipay(Payment): ''' 支付宝支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('支付宝支付了%s元' % money)class Applepay(Payment): ''' apple pay支付 ''' def pay(self, money): print('apple pay支付了%s元' % money)class Wechatpay(Payment): def fuqian(self, money): ''' 实现了pay的功能，但是名字不一样 ''' print('微信支付了%s元' % money)def pay(payment, money): ''' 支付函数，总体负责支付 对应支付的对象和要支付的金额 ''' payment.pay(money)p = Wechatpay() # 实例化的时候就报错了，能很快的定位到问题所在'''报错很明显：无法用抽象方法 pay 实例化抽象类 WechatpayTypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Wechatpay with abstract methods pay''' 实践中，继承的第一种用途意义并不很大，甚至常常是有害的。因为它使得子类与基类出现强耦合。 继承的第二种用途非常重要。它又叫“接口继承”。接口继承实质上是要求“做出一个良好的抽象，这个抽象规定了一个兼容接口，使得外部调用者无需关心具体细节，可一视同仁的处理实现了特定接口的所有对象”——这在程序设计上，叫做归一化。 归一化使得外部使用者可以不加区分地处理所有接口兼容的对象集合——就好象 linux 一样，一切皆文件，不必关心它是内存、磁盘、网络还是屏幕（对于底层设计者，当然也可以区分出“字符设备”和“块设备”，然后做出针对性的设计：细致到什么程度，视需求而定）。 12依赖倒置原则：高层模块不应该依赖低层模块，二者都应该依赖其抽象；抽象不应该应该依赖细节；细节应该依赖抽象。换言之，要针对接口编程，而不是针对实现编程 在 Python 中根本就没有一个叫做 interface 的关键字，上面的代码只是看起来像接口，其实并没有起到接口的作用，子类完全可以不用去实现接口 ，如果非要去模仿接口的概念，可以借助第三方模块：http://pypi.python.org/pypi/zope.interface 。twisted 的 twisted\internet\interface.py 里使用 zope.interface，文档 https://zopeinterface.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ 。设计模式：https://github.com/faif/python-patterns 为什么要用接口呢？ 接口提取了一群类共同的函数，可以把接口当做一个函数的集合。然后让子类去实现接口中的函数。 这么做的意义在于归一化，什么叫归一化，就是只要是基于同一个接口实现的类，那么所有的这些类产生的对象在使用时，从用法上来说都一样。 归一化，让使用者无需关心对象的类是什么，只需要的知道这些对象都具备某些功能就可以了，这极大地降低了使用者的使用难度。 比如：我们定义一个动物接口，接口里定义了有跑、吃、呼吸等接口函数，这样老鼠的类去实现了该接口，松鼠的类也去实现了该接口，由二者分别产生一只老鼠和一只松鼠送到你面前，即便是你分别不到底哪只是什么鼠你肯定知道他俩都会跑，都会吃，都能呼吸。 再比如：我们有一个汽车接口，里面定义了汽车所有的功能，然后由本田汽车的类，奥迪汽车的类，大众汽车的类，他们都实现了汽车接口，这样就好办了，大家只需要学会了怎么开汽车，那么无论是本田，还是奥迪，还是大众我们都会开了，开的时候根本无需关心开的是哪一类车，操作手法（函数调用）都一样。 抽象类什么是抽象类 与 Java 一样，Python 也有抽象类的概念。但是同样需要借助模块实现，抽象类是一个特殊的类，它的特殊之处在于只能被继承，不能被实例化。 为什么要有抽象类 如果说类是从一堆对象中抽取相同的内容而来的，那么抽象类就是从一堆类中抽取相同的内容而来的，内容包括数据属性和函数属性。 比如我们有香蕉的类，有苹果的类，有桃子的类，从这些类抽取相同的内容就是水果这个抽象的类，在吃水果时，要么是吃一个具体的香蕉，要么是吃一个具体的桃子，但永远无法吃到一个叫做水果的东西。 从设计角度去看，如果类是从现实对象抽象而来的，那么抽象类就是基于类抽象而来的。 从实现角度来看，抽象类与普通类的不同之处在于：抽象类中有抽象方法，该类不能被实例化，只能被继承，且子类必须实现抽象方法。这一点与接口有点类似，但其实是不同的。 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061# 一切皆文件import abc # 利用abc模块实现抽象类class All_file(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): all_type = 'file' @abc.abstractmethod # 定义抽象方法，无需实现功能 def read(self): '子类必须定义读功能' pass @abc.abstractmethod # 定义抽象方法，无需实现功能 def write(self): '子类必须定义写功能' pass# class Txt(All_file):# pass## t1=Txt() #报错,子类没有定义抽象方法class Txt(All_file): # 子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法 def read(self): print('文本数据的读取方法') def write(self): print('文本数据的读取方法')class Sata(All_file): # 子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法 def read(self): print('硬盘数据的读取方法') def write(self): print('硬盘数据的读取方法')class Process(All_file): # 子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法 def read(self): print('进程数据的读取方法') def write(self): print('进程数据的读取方法')wenbenwenjian = Txt()yingpanwenjian = Sata()jinchengwenjian = Process()# 这样大家都是被归一化了,也就是一切皆文件的思想wenbenwenjian.read()yingpanwenjian.write()jinchengwenjian.read()print(wenbenwenjian.all_type)print(yingpanwenjian.all_type)print(jinchengwenjian.all_type) 抽象类与接口类抽象类的本质还是类，指的是一组类的相似性，包括数据属性（如 all_type）和函数属性（如 read、write），而接口只强调函数属性的相似性。 抽象类是一个介于类和接口之间的一个概念，同时具备类和接口的部分特性，可以用来实现归一化设计 在 Python 中，并没有接口类这种东西，即便不通过专门的模块定义接口，我们也应该有一些基本的概念。 类的三大特性之多态多态 多态指的是一类事物有多种形态。比如动物有多种形态：人，狗，猪 12345678910111213141516171819202122import abcclass Animal(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): # 同一类事物:动物 @abc.abstractmethod def talk(self): passclass People(Animal): # 动物的形态之一:人 def talk(self): print('say hello')class Dog(Animal): # 动物的形态之二:狗 def talk(self): print('say wangwang')class Pig(Animal): # 动物的形态之三:猪 def talk(self): print('say aoao') 再比如，文件有多种形态：文本文件，可执行文件： 1234567891011121314151617import abcclass File(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): # 同一类事物:文件 @abc.abstractmethod def click(self): passclass Text(File): # 文件的形态之一:文本文件 def click(self): print('open file')class ExeFile(File): # 文件的形态之二:可执行文件 def click(self): print('execute file') 多态性 多态性是指在不考虑实例类型的情况下使用实例（在继承的背景下使用时，有时也称为多态性）。在面向对象方法中一般是这样表述多态性： 向不同的对象发送同一条消息（obj.func(): 是调用了 obj 的方法 func ，又称为向 obj 发送了一条消息 func ），不同的对象在接收时会产生不同的行为（即方法）。 也就是说，每个对象可以用自己的方式去响应共同的消息。所谓消息就是调用函数，不同的行为就是指不同的实现，即执行不同的函数。比如：老师.下课铃响了() 和 学生.下课铃响了()，老师执行的是下班操作，学生执行的是放学操作，虽然二者消息一样，但是执行的效果不同。 1234567891011121314peo = People()dog = Dog()pig = Pig()# peo、dog、pig 都是动物,只要是动物肯定有talk方法# 于是我们可以不用考虑它们三者的具体是什么类型,而直接使用peo.talk()dog.talk()pig.talk()# 更进一步,我们可以定义一个统一的接口来使用def func(obj): obj.talk() 鸭子类型 Python 崇尚鸭子类型，即 “如果看起来像、叫声像而且走起路来像鸭子，那么它就是鸭子” Python 程序员通常根据这种行为来编写程序。例如，如果想编写现有对象的自定义版本，可以继承该对象 也可以创建一个外观和行为很像，但与它无任何关系的全新对象，后者通常用于保存程序组件的松耦合度。 例1：利用标准库中定义的各种 ”与文件类似“ 的对象，尽管这些对象的工作方式像文件，但他们没有继承内置文件对象的方法。 123456789101112131415# 二者都像鸭子,二者看起来都像文件,因而就可以当文件一样去用class TxtFile: def read(self): pass def write(self): passclass DiskFile: def read(self): pass def write(self): pass 鸭子类型不崇尚根据继承所得来的相似，只是自己实现功能就可以了。如果两个类刚好相似，并不产生父类的子类间兄弟关系，这就是鸭子类型。list 和 tuple 两个类比较相似，他们是在写代码的时候约束的，而不是通过父类约束的。 鸭子类型的优点是松耦合，每个相似的类之间都没有影响；缺点是代码写起来太随意，只能靠自觉。 例2：序列类型有多种形态：字符串，列表，元组，但他们之间没有直接的继承关系。 1234567891011121314class List(): def __len__(self): passclass Tuple(): def __len__(self): passdef len(obj): return obj.__len__()l = Tuple()len(l) 类的三大特性之封装]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的序列化模块]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F24%2F172115-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[什么是序列化在程序运行的过程中，所有的变量存储的数据都是加载在内存中，一旦程序结束，数据所占用的内存就被操作系统全部回收。各种类型的数据从内存中变成可存储或传输的过程称之为序列化，序列化之后，就可以把序列化后的内容写入磁盘，或者通过网络传输到别的机器上。反过来，把数据内容从序列化的对象重新读到内存里称之为反序列化。 序列化的目的： 以某种存储形式使自定义对象持久化； 将对象可以从一个地方传递到另一个地方； 使程序更具有维护性。 在 Python 中，序列化其实就是从其他数据类型转向一个字符串数据类型的过程，而反序列化是从字符串数据类型反向转换成其他数据类型的过程，这里所说的序列其实可以理解为字符串。 在 Python 中为什么要使用序列化模块当我们在 Python 代码中计算的一个数据需要给另外一段程序使用，那我们怎么给？现在我们能想到的方法就是存在文件里，然后另一个 Python 程序再从文件里读出来。但是我们都知道，对于文件来说是没有字典这个概念的，所以我们只能将数据转换成字典放到文件中。你一定会问，将字典转换成一个字符串很简单，用 str(dic) 就可以办到了，为什么我们还要学习序列化模块呢？ 序列化的过程就是从 dic 变成 str(dic) 的过程。现在你可以通过 str(dic) 将一个名为 dic 的字典转换成一个字符串，但是你要怎么把一个字符串转换成字典呢？聪明的你肯定想到了 eval()，如果我们将一个字符串类型的字典 str_dic 传给 eval()，就会得到一个返回的字典类型了。eval() 函数十分强大，但是 eval() 的官方 demo 解释为：将字符串 str 当成有效的表达式来求值并返回计算结果。但是强大的函数有代价，安全性是其最大的缺点。想象一下，如果我们从文件中读出的不是一个数据结构，而是一句类似于 os.remove() 类似的破坏性语句，那么后果将不堪设想。所以，我们并不推荐用 eva() l方法来进行反序列化操作(将 str 转换成 python 中的数据结构)。 Python 中提供了 pickle、json 、 shelve 模块来实现序列化和反序列化。 pickle 模块使用 pickle 模块可以对所有的 Python 中的数据类型进行序列化和反序列化操作，并且 pickle 序列化的内容只能使用 Python 才能操作，且反序列化依赖代码。 在写入文件时由于 pickle 写入的是二进制数据，所以文件对象打开方式需要用 wb 和 rb 的模式 。下面是 pickle 模块中常用的方法： dump1pickle.dump(obj, file, protocol=None) 必备参数 obj 表示将要封装的对象，必备参数 file 表示 obj 要写入的文件对象，file 必须以二进制可写模式打开，即 wb。可选参数 protocol 表示告知 pickler 使用的协议，支持的协议有 0,1,2,3，默认的协议是添加在 Python 3 中的协议 3。例如： 12345678910import pickledata = ['1a', '2b', '3c']with open('test.pickle', 'wb') as fwt: pickle.dump(data, fwt)'''将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有 Python 语言认识的字符串，并写入文件''' load1pickle.load(file, *, fix_imports=True, encoding="utf-8", errors="strict") 必备参数 file 必须以二进制可读模式打开，即 rb，其他都为可选参数。例如： 123456789import picklewith open('test.pickle', 'rb') as frd: data = pickle.load(frd, encoding='utf-8')print(data)'''load 从数据文件中读取数据，并转换为 Python 的数据结构''' dumps1pickle.dumps(obj, protocol=None) 以字节对象形式返回封装的对象，不需要写入文件中。例如： 1234567891011import pickledata = ['1a', '2b', '3c']pkle_str = pickle.dumps(data)print(pkle_str)'''dumps 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有 Python 语言认识的字符串输出：b'\x80\x03]q\x00(X\x02\x00\x00\x001aq\x01X\x02\x00\x00\x002bq\x02X\x02\x00\x00\x003cq\x03e.'''' loads1pickle.loads(bytes_object, fix_imports=True, encoding="utf-8", errors="strict") 从字节对象中读取被封装的对象并返回。例如： 12345678910111213import pickledata = ['1a', '2b', '3c']pkle_str = pickle.dumps(data)mess = pickle.loads(pkle_str)print(mess)'''loads 将 pickle 数据转换为 Python 的数据结构输出：['1a', '2b', '3c']''' json 模块json 是一种轻量级的数据交换格式，JSON 数据的书写格式是：名称/值对。名称/值对包括字段名称（在双引号中），然后着是一个冒号(:)，最后是值。比如 { &quot;name&quot; : &quot;Python&quot; }，类似于Python中的字典。 JSON值可以是数字（整数或浮点数），字符串（在双引号中），逻辑值（True 或 False），数组（在中括号中，Python 中是列表），对象（在大括号中）和 null。例如 { &quot;age&quot;: 21，&quot;graduated &quot;:true }。JSON值的基本格式如下图所示。 json 作为一种通用的序列化格式具有更好的可读性和跨平台性，但是在 Python 中只有很少一部分数据类型能够通过 json 转化成字符串，不过这已经能能够满足大多数的需求。 json 模块提供了四个方法： dumps、dump、loads、load在 Python 中其实就是字典格式，里面可以包含方括号括起来的数组，也就是 Python 里面的列表。 dumps 和 loadsdumps 和 loads 都是对内存中的数据进行操作。注意，要用 json 的 loads 功能来处理的 字符串类型的 字典中的字符串必须由 &quot;&quot; 表示。 12345678910111213&gt;&gt;&gt; import json&gt;&gt;&gt; dic = &#123;'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; str_dic = json.dumps(dic) # 序列化：将一个字典转换成一个字符串&gt;&gt;&gt; str_dic'&#123;"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2", "k3": "v3"&#125;'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(type(str_dic))&lt;class 'str'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; dic2 = json.loads(str_dic) # 反序列化：将一个字符串格式的字典转换成一个字典&gt;&gt;&gt; dic2&#123;'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(type(dic2))&lt;class 'dict'&gt; 对于嵌套的数据类型也是同样适用的： 123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; import json&gt;&gt;&gt; list_dic = [1, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 3, &#123;'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'&#125;]&gt;&gt;&gt; str_dic = json.dumps(list_dic)&gt;&gt;&gt; str_dic'[1, ["a", "b", "c"], 3, &#123;"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"&#125;]'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(type(str_dic))&lt;class 'str'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; list_dic2 = json.loads(str_dic)&gt;&gt;&gt; list_dic2[1, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 3, &#123;'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'&#125;]&gt;&gt;&gt; print(type(list_dic2))&lt;class 'list'&gt; dump 和 loaddump 和 load 是对文件对象中的数据进行操作。 123456789101112131415161718192021#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import jsondic = &#123;'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'&#125;with open('json_file', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fwt: json.dump(dic, fwt) # dump方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将字典转换成json字符串写入文件with open('json_file', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as frd: dic2 = json.load(frd) # load方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将文件中的json字符串转换成数据结构返回print(type(dic2), dic2)'''输出结果：&lt;class 'dict'&gt; &#123;'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'&#125;''' 其他参数这里的其他参数是针对 dump 和 dumps 方法而言的。 ensure_ascii：当它为 True 的时候，所有非 ASCII 码字符显示为 \uXXXX 序列，只需在 dump 时将 ensure_ascii 设置为 False 即可，此时存入 json 的字符就会原样输出，包括中文字符。 indent：如果 indent 是一个非负整数或者字符串，那么 JSON 数组元素和对象成员会被美化输出为该值指定的缩进等级。如果缩进等级为零、负数或者 &quot;&quot;，则只会添加换行符。如果不设置 indent 则使用默认值 None 以最紧凑的形式来显示。使用一个正整数会让每一层缩进同样数量的空格。如果 indent 的值是一个字符串（比如 &quot;\t&quot;），那么这个字符串会被用于每一层的缩进。 separators：分隔符，实际上是 (item_separator, dict_separator) 的一个元组。当 indent 为 None 时，默认值取 (&#39;, &#39;, &#39;: &#39;)，否则取 (&#39;,&#39;, &#39;: &#39;)。为了得到最紧凑的 json 格式的数据，应该指定其为 (&#39;,&#39;, &#39;:&#39;) 以消除空白字符。 默认的就是 (&#39;,&#39;,&#39;:&#39;) ；这表示 dictionary 内 keys 之间用 , 隔开，而 key 和 value之间用 : 隔开。 sort_keys：默认为 False，如果设置其值是 true ，那么字典的输出会以键的顺序排序。 Skipkeys：默认值是 False，如果字典的键不是 Python 的基本类型（包括 str, int、float、bool、None），在设置为 Skipkeys=False 时，就会报 TypeError 的错误。此时设置成 True，则会跳过这类 key 。 1234567891011121314151617#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import jsonprovince_city = &#123; '山西': &#123; '太原': ['小店区', '迎泽区', '杏花岭区', '古交市', '其他'], '大同': ['城区', '矿区', '南郊区', '灵丘县', '浑源县', '左云县', '大同县', '其他'], '吕梁': ['离石区', '文水县', '岚县', '方山县', '孝义市', '汾阳市', '其他'] &#125;&#125;json_dic2 = json.dumps(province_city, ensure_ascii=False, sort_keys=True, indent=4)print(json_dic2) 输出格式： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930&#123; "山西": &#123; "吕梁": [ "离石区", "文水县", "岚县", "方山县", "孝义市", "汾阳市", "其他" ], "大同": [ "城区", "矿区", "南郊区", "灵丘县", "浑源县", "左云县", "大同县", "其他" ], "太原": [ "小店区", "迎泽区", "杏花岭区", "古交市", "其他" ] &#125;&#125; 注意事项JSON 中的键-值对中的键永远是 str 类型的。当一个对象被转化为 JSON 时，字典中所有的键都会被强制转换为字符串。这所造成的结果是字典被转换为 JSON 然后转换回字典时可能和原来的不相等。换句话说，如果 x 具有非字符串的键，则有 loads(dumps(x)) != x 。 json 和 pickle 的区别 json 和 picle 模块都有 dumps、dump、loads、load 四种方法，而且用法一样。二者不同之处是 json 模块序列化出来的是通用格式，其它编程语言都认识，就是普通的字符串，而 pickle 模块序列化出来的只有 Python 可以认识，其他编程语言无法识别，表现为乱码。 shelve 模块shelve 模块是 Python3 新出现的方式，特点是操作简单，使用序列化句柄直接操作，非常方便。缺点是目前不太常用。使用 shelve 模块时，通常使用一个 open 方法即可，shelve 以键值对的形式存储数据。 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import shelvewith shelve.open('aa') as f: f['person'] = &#123;'age': 23, 'job': 'student'&#125; f['person']['age'] = 44 # 这里试图改变原来的年龄23 f['numbers'] = [i for i in range(10)]with shelve.open('aa') as f: person = f['person'] print(person) # &#123;'age': 23, 'job': 'student'&#125; nums = f['numbers'] print(nums) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] 使用 shelve 模块操作文件时 文件最好不要有后缀名，因为 shelve 会生成独有的三个文件。其中以 bak 和 dir 为后缀的文件是可以查看的。 而且 shelve 模块有一个特点就是允许写回（writeback）。在上面的代码中有个细节，我们读取键 person 时候，发现 age 还是 23 岁，f[&#39;person&#39;][&#39;age&#39;] = 44 后并没有变成 44 。默认情况下直接使用 f[&#39;person&#39;] 改变其中的值之后，不会更新已存储的值，也就是没有把更新写回到文件，即使是文件被 close 后。 如果有改变值的需要，在 open 函数中添加一个参数 writeback=True ，再次运行下即可看到 age 的值已经发生了改变。 另外要注意，shelve 模块是有 close 函数的，因此如果不是用 with 方法打开的文件，关闭时需要主动 close 。]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的os和sys模块]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F23%2F090143-Python%E7%9A%84os%E5%92%8Csys%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[osos 模块是与操作系统交互的一个接口，它提供了一些方便使用操作系统相关功能的函数。 关于这些函数的可用性的说明： 所有 Python 内建的操作系统相关的模块的设计都是为了使得在同一功能可用的情况下，保持接口的一致性；例如，函数 os.stat(path) 以相同的格式返回关于 path 的统计信息（这个函数同时也是起源于 POSIX 接口）。 针对特定的操作的拓展同样在可用于 os 模块，但是使用它们必然会对可移植性产生威胁。 所有接受路径或文件名的函数都同时支持字节串和字符串对象，并在返回路径或文件名时使用相应类型的对象作为结果。 文件名，命令行参数，以及环境变量 在 Python 中使用字符串类型表示文件名、命令行参数和环境变量。 在某些系统上，在将这些字符串传递给操作系统之前，必须将这些字符串解码为字节。 Python 使用文件系统编码来执行此转换（请参阅 sys.getfilesystemencoding() ）。 方法和参数说明 方法 说明 os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，绝对路径，即当前python脚本工作的目录 os.chdir(“dirname”) 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于 shell 下 cd os.curdir 返回当前目录: (‘.’) os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：(‘..’) os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2’) 递归创建目录，相当于 shell 的 mkdir -pv os.removedirs(‘dirname1’) 递归删除空目录，若不是空目录无法删除，会报错 os.mkdir(‘dirname’) 生成单级目录；相当于 shell 的 mkdir dirname os.rmdir(‘dirname’) 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于 shell 中 rmdir dirname os.listdir(‘dirname’) 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印 os.remove() 删除一个普通文件，不能删除目录 os.rename(“oldname”,”newname”) 重命名文件/目录，相当于 shell 中的 mv os.stat(‘path/filename’) 获取 文件/目录 状态信息 os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为”\“,Linux下为”/“ os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的换行符，win下为”\t\n”,Linux下为”\n” os.pathsep 输出系统环境变量中每个路径的分隔符，linux是’:’，windows是’;’ os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台 win-&gt;’nt’; Linux-&gt;’posix’ os.system(“bash command”) 运行 shell 命令，直接显示 os.popen(“bash command”) 运行 shell 命令，获取执行结果 os.environ 获取系统环境变量 os.path.abspath(path) 返回 path 规范化的绝对路径 os.path.split(path) 将 path 分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 os.path.dirname(path) 返回 path 的目录。其实就是 os.path.split(path) 的第一个元素 os.path.basename(path) 返回 path 最后的文件名。若 path 以 / 或 \ 结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path) 的第二个元素 os.path.exists(path) 如果 path 存在，返回 True；如果 path 不存在，返回 False os.path.isabs(path) 如果 path 是绝对路径，返回 True os.path.isfile(path) 如果 path 是一个存在的文件，返回 True。否则返回 False os.path.isdir(path) 如果 path 是一个存在的目录，则返回 True。否则返回 False os.path.join(path1,path2, …) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 os.path.getatime(path) 返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的最后访问时间 os.path.getctime(path) 返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的文件属性被修改的时间 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的文件内容被修改的时间 os.path.getsize(path) 返回 path 所指向的文件或者目录的文件大小 注意：os.stat(&#39;path/filename&#39;) 获取 文件/目录信息 的结构说明 12345678910st_mode: inode 保护模式st_ino: inode 节点号。st_dev: inode 驻留的设备。st_nlink: inode 的链接数。st_uid: 所有者的用户ID。st_gid: 所有者的组ID。st_size: 普通文件以字节为单位的大小；包含等待某些特殊文件的数据。st_atime: 最后一次文件被访问的时间。st_mtime: 最后一次文件内容发生修改的时间。st_ctime: 最后一次文件属性发生改变的时间。 syssys 模块是与 Python 解释器交互的一个接口。它提供了一些变量和函数，这些变量可能被解释器使用，也可能由解释器提供。这些函数会影响解释器。 sys.argv 一个列表，其中包含了被传递给 Python 脚本的命令行参数。 argv[0] 为脚本的名称（是否是完整的路径名取决于操作系统）。 12345678910111213141516[root@Python-dev practice]# cat test.py #!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import sysprint(sys.argv)print(sys.argv[0])[root@Python-dev practice]# python3 test.py ['test.py']test.py[root@Python-dev practice]# python3 test.py --help --pidfile abc 1234['test.py', '--help', '--pidfile', 'abc', '1234']test.py[root@Python-dev practice]# 如果是通过 Python 解释器的命令行参数 -c 来执行的， argv[0] 会被设置成字符串 ‘-c’ 。如果没有脚本名被传递给 Python 解释器， argv[0] 为空字符串。 1234[root@Python-dev practice]# python3 -c 'import os, sys; print(os.name); print(sys.argv[0])'posix-c[root@Python-dev practice]# sys.version 获取 Python 解释程序的版本信息 1234[root@Python-dev practice]# python3 -c 'import sys; print(sys.version)'3.7.3 (default, Jun 24 2019, 15:02:19) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28)][root@Python-dev practice]# 其他方法和参数说明 方法 说明 sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0) sys.maxint 最大的Int值 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用 PYTHONPATH 环境变量的值 sys.path.append() 添加模块的搜索路径 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称 sys.stdout.write(‘please:’) 向屏幕输出一句话,等价于：print(‘please:’) val=sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] 获取输入的 示例 1234567891011import osimport sys# 文件写入with open('/home/test/a.txt','w') as fw: fw.write('ddddd') fw.write(os.linesep) fw.write('taayy') fw.write(os.linesep)# 获得脚本自身名称me = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的random模块]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F22%2F112119-Python%E7%9A%84random%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[random() 方法返回随机生成的一个实数，它在 (0, 1) 范围内。 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526&gt;&gt;&gt; import random&gt;&gt;&gt; # 随机小数&gt;&gt;&gt; random.random() # 大于0且小于1之间的随机小数0.7664338663654585&gt;&gt;&gt; random.uniform(1,3) # 大于1小于3的小数1.6270147180533838&gt;&gt;&gt; # 随机整数&gt;&gt;&gt; random.randint(1,5) # 大于等于1且小于等于5之间的整数&gt;&gt;&gt; random.randrange(1,5) # 大于等于1且小于5之间的整数&gt;&gt;&gt; random.randrange(1,10,2) # 大于等于1且小于10之间的奇数&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; # 从对象中随机选择一个元素&gt;&gt;&gt; random.choice([1,'23',[4,5]]) # 1 或 23 或 [4,5]&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; # 随机选择指定个数的元素，返回的个数为函数的第二个参数&gt;&gt;&gt; random.sample([1,'23',[4,5]],2) # 列表元素任意2个组合[[4, 5], '23']&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; # 打乱列表顺序，洗牌功能&gt;&gt;&gt; item=[1,3,5,7,9]&gt;&gt;&gt; random.shuffle(item) # 打乱次序&gt;&gt;&gt; item[5, 1, 3, 7, 9]&gt;&gt;&gt; random.shuffle(item)&gt;&gt;&gt; item[5, 9, 7, 1, 3] 练习：生成随机验证码 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import randomdef make_verification_code(codelen=6): code = '' for i in range(codelen): digit = str(random.randrange(0,10)) alpha_upper = chr(random.randrange(65,91)) alpha_lower = chr(random.randrange(97,122)) code += random.choice([all_digit,all_alpha_lower,all_alpha_upper]) return codeprint(make_verification_code(codelen=9))]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的时间模块]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F21%2F150115-Python%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[时间术语解释epoch 假设我们要将时间表示成毫秒数，比方说1000000毫秒，那有一个问题必须解决，这个1000000毫秒的起点是什么时间，也就是我们的时间基准点是什么时间？好比身高1.8米，是指相对于站立的地面来说的。这个时间基准点就是 epoch，在 Unix 系统中，这个基准点就是1970年1月1日0点整那个时间点。 格林威治标准时间 GMT 十七世纪，格林威治皇家天文台为了海上霸权的扩张计划而进行天体观测。1675年旧皇家观测所(Old Royal Observatory) 正式成立，到了1884年决定以通过格林威治的子午线作为划分地球东西两半球的经度零度。观测所门口墙上有一个标志 24 小时的时钟，显示当下的时间。 对全球而言，这里所设定的时间是世界时间的参考点，全球都以格林威治的时间作为标准来设定时间，这就是我们耳熟能详的「格林威治标准时间」(Greenwich Mean Time，简称G.M.T.)的由来。如果标示在手表上，则代表此表具有两地时间功能，也就是同时可以显示原居地和另一个国度的时间。 世界协调时间 UTC 多数的两地时间表都以GMT来表示，但也有些两地时间表上看不到GMT字样，出现的反而是UTC这3个英文字母，究竟何谓UTC？事实上，UTC指的是 Coordinated Universal Time－ 世界协调时间（又称世界标准时间、世界统一时间），是经过平均太阳时(以格林威治时间GMT为准)、地轴运动修正后的新时标以及以「秒」为单位的国际原子时所综合精算而成的时间，计算过程相当严谨精密，因此若以「世界标准时间」的角度来说，UTC比GMT来得更加精准。其误差值必须保持在0.9秒以内，若大于0.9秒则由位于巴黎的国际地球自转事务中央局发布闰秒，使UTC与地球自转周期一致。所以基本上UTC的本质强调的是比GMT更为精确的世界时间标准，不过对于现行表款来说，GMT与UTC的功能与精确度是没有差别的。 夏日节约时间 DST 所谓「夏日节约时间」Daylight Saving Time（简称D.S.T.），是指在夏天太阳升起的比较早时，将时钟拨快一小时，以提早日光的使用，在英国则称为夏令时间(Summer Time)。这个构想于1784年由美国班杰明·富兰克林提出来，1915年德国成为第一个正式实施夏令日光节约时间的国家，以削减灯光照明和耗电开支。 自此以后，全球以欧洲和北美为主的约70个国家都引用这个做法。 系统时间 一般说来就是我们在 Linux 系统上执行 date 命令看到的时间，系统下所有的时间调用（除了直接访问硬件时间的命令）都是使用的这个时间。 硬件时间 主板上BIOS中的时间，由主板电池供电来维持运行，系统开机时要读取这个时间，并根据它来设定系统时间（注意：系统启动时根据硬件时间设定系统时间的过程可能存在时区换算，这要视具体的系统及相关设置而定）。 世界时间 （Universal Time）世界标准时间即UTC。 地方时间 （本地时间，Local Time）由于处在不同的时区，本地时间一般与UTC是不同的，换算方法就是：本地时间 = UTC + 时区 或 UTC = 本地时间 – 时区。 time 模块time 模块中时间表现的格式主要有三种：timestamp、struct_time、format time。 timestamptime 模块中获取时间的基本方法是： 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; import time&gt;&gt;&gt; time.time()1562824183.531237&gt;&gt;&gt; 它返回的是从 epoch 到现在的秒数（即：表示的是从1970年1月1日 00:00:00 开始到现在经历了多少秒），也就是时间戳，用的是 UTC 时间。 struct_time 元组元素结构time 模块给我们提供了两个方法： 12time.gmtime(t)time.localtime(t) 两种方法都返回一个 struct_time 的时间元组，该元组包含九个元素： 属性 值 tm_year（年） 比如 2011 tm_mon（月） 1 - 12 tm_mday（日） 1 - 31 tm_hour（时） 0 - 23 tm_min（分） 0 - 59 tm_sec（秒） 0 - 61 tm_wday（weekday） 0 - 6（0表示周一） tm_yday（一年中的第几天） 1 - 366 tm_isdst（是否是夏令时） 默认为-1 相比用秒数表示的时间，这样的表示更适合我们理解。这两个函数如果调用时不传参数，它们内部会调用 time.time()，并用返回的秒数做转换。 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; import time&gt;&gt;&gt; time.gmtime()time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=5, tm_min=56, tm_sec=19, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=192, tm_isdst=0)&gt;&gt;&gt; time.localtime()time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=13, tm_min=56, tm_sec=26, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=192, tm_isdst=0)&gt;&gt;&gt; python 同样也提供了将这种 struct_time 转为秒数的方法。time.mktime() 用来把时间元组 struct_time 转为时间戳 timestamp。也就是说 mktime 方法会先找到系统中的时区和 DST 信息，并利用这个信息对 struct_time 进行调整后再换算成秒数。 format time 格式化时间格式化时间指的是已格式化的结构，使时间更具可读性，包括自定义格式和固定格式。time 模块中提供了两个方法专门处理时间元组与格式化时间的互相转换： strftime 即 string format time，用来将时间格式化成字符串。 strptime 即 Parse a string to a time tuple ，用来将字符串解析成时间元组。 对于格式化的时间有如下表示格式： 格式 含义 %a 本地（locale）简化星期名称 %A 本地完整星期名称 %b 本地简化月份名称 %B 本地完整月份名称 %c 本地相应的日期和时间表示 %d 一个月中的第几天（01 - 31） %H 一天中的第几个小时（24小时制，00 - 23） %I 第几个小时（12小时制，01 - 12） %j 一年中的第几天（001 - 366） %m 月份（01 - 12） %M 分钟数（00 - 59） %p 本地am或者pm的相应符 %S 秒（01 - 61） %U 一年中的星期数。（00 - 53星期天是一个星期的开始。）第一个星期天之前的所有天数都放在第0周 %w 一个星期中的第几天（0 - 6，0是星期天） %W 和%U基本相同，不同的是%W以星期一为一个星期的开始 %x 本地相应日期 %X 本地相应时间 %y 去掉世纪的年份（00 - 99） %Y 完整的年份 %Z 时区的名字（如果不存在为空字符） %% % 字符本身 时间格式转换为了便于记忆，这里画了一张图来说明三种时间格式的转换关系： 下面列出了时间格式之间的转换示例以及一些其他的方法： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import time# 生成 timestampprint(time.time())# 1521117670.6779785# 生成 struct_time 本地时间print(time.localtime())# time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=20, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)# 生成 struct_time 格林威治时间print(time.gmtime())# time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=12, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)# timestamp to struct_time 本地时间print(time.localtime(time.time()))# time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=20, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)# timestamp to struct_time 格林威治时间print(time.gmtime(time.time()))# time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=12, tm_min=41, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=74, tm_isdst=0)# struct_time to timestampprint(time.mktime(time.localtime()))# 1521117670.0# format_time to struct_timeprint(time.strptime('2011-05-05 16:37:06', '%Y-%m-%d %X'))# time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=16, tm_min=37, tm_sec=6, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=125, tm_isdst=-1)# 生成format_timeprint(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %X"))print(time.strftime('%F %T'))# 2018-03-15 20:46:24# struct_time to format_timeprint(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %X", time.localtime()))# 2018-03-15 20:46:24time.sleep(t)# t 推迟执行的秒数，表示进程挂起的时间# 生成固定格式的时间表示格式time.asctime(time.localtime())time.ctime(time.time())# Thu Mar 15 20:46:24 2018# 返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 , 改成了time.process_time()测量处理器运算时间,不包括sleep时间,不稳定print(time.clock())# 返回与utc时间的时间差,以秒计算print(time.altzone) datetimedatatime 模块重新封装了 time 模块，提供更多接口，提供的类有：date，time，datetime，timedelta，tzinfo 。 date 类语法格式 1datetime.date(year, month, day) 静态方法和字段 12345678910111213141516171819202122import datetimeprint('datetime.date.max: ', datetime.date.max)# date 对象所能表示的最大日期print('datetime.date.min: ', datetime.date.min)# date对象所能表示的最小日期print('datetime.date.today(): ', datetime.date.today())# 返回一个表示当前本地日期的date对象import timeprint('datetime.date.fromtimestamp(): ', datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()))# 根据给定的时间戮，返回一个date对象'''输出：datetime.date.max: 9999-12-31datetime.date.min: 0001-01-01datetime.date.today(): 2018-03-18datetime.date.fromtimestamp(): 2018-03-18''' 方法和属性 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950import datetimenow = datetime.date(2018, 3, 18) # date 对象tomorrow = now.replace(day=19)# 生成一个新的日期对象，用参数指定的年，月，日代替原有对象中的属性，原有对象仍保持不变print(now.year, now.month, now.day) # 年 月 日print('now: ', now)print('tomorrow: ', tomorrow)'''2018 3 18now: 2018-03-18tomorrow: 2018-03-19'''print('timetuple():', now.timetuple())# 返回日期对应的time.struct_time对象'''timetuple(): time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=18, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, # tm_wday=6, tm_yday=77, tm_isdst=-1)'''print('weekday():', now.weekday())# 返回weekday，如果是星期一，返回0；如果是星期2，返回1，以此类推；'''weekday(): 6'''print('isoweekday():', now.isoweekday())# 返回weekday，如果是星期一，返回1；如果是星期2，返回2，以此类推；'''isoweekday(): 7'''print('isocalendar():', now.isocalendar())# 返回格式如(year，month，day)的元组；'''isocalendar(): (2018, 11, 7)'''print('isoformat():', now.isoformat())# 返回格式如'YYYY-MM-DD’的字符串；'''isoformat(): 2018-03-18'''print('strftime():', now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))# 和time模块的format相同'''strftime(): 2018-03-18''' time 类语法格式 1datetime.time(hour[ , minute[ , second[ , microsecond[ , tzinfo] ] ] ] ) 静态方法和字段 1234567891011121314151617import datetimeprint('datetime.time.max: ', datetime.time.max)# time 对象所能表示的最大时间print('datetime.time.min: ', datetime.time.min)# time 对象所能表示的最小时间print('datetime.time.resolution: ', datetime.time.resolution)# time 对象的最小单位，这里是1微秒'''输出datetime.time.max: 23:59:59.999999datetime.time.min: 00:00:00datetime.time.resolution: 0:00:00.000001''' 方法和属性 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930import datetimetm = datetime.time(23, 46, 10) # time 对象print('tm:', tm)print('time zone: ', tm.tzinfo)# 时区信息print('hour: %d, minute: %d, second: %d, microsecond: %d' % (tm.hour, tm.minute, tm.second, tm.microsecond))# 时 分 秒 微秒tm1 = tm.replace(hour=20)# 创建一个新的时间对象，用参数指定的时、分、秒、微秒代替原有对象中的属性,原有对象仍保持不变print('tm1:', tm1)print('isoformat(): ', tm.isoformat())# 返回型如"HH:MM:SS"格式的字符串表示print('strftime(): ', tm.strftime("%X"))# 和time模块的format相同'''输出tm: 23:46:10time zone: Nonehour: 23, minute: 46, second: 10, microsecond: 0tm1: 20:46:10isoformat(): 23:46:10strftime(): 23:46:10''' datetime 类datetime 相当于 date 和 time 结合起来。语法格式： 1datetime.datetime(year, month, day[ , hour[ , minute[ , second[ , microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]) 静态方法和字段 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233import timeimport datetimeprint('datetime.max: ', datetime.datetime.max)print('datetime.min: ', datetime.datetime.min)print('datetime.resolution: ', datetime.datetime.resolution)print('today(): ', datetime.datetime.today())# 返回一个表示当前本地时间的datetime对象print('now(): ', datetime.datetime.now())# 返回一个表示当前本地时间的datetime对象，如果提供了参数tz，则获取tz参数所指时区的本地时间print('utcnow(): ', datetime.datetime.utcnow())# 返回一个当前utc时间的datetime对象；格林威治时间print('fromtimestamp(tmstmp): ', datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time()))# 根据时间戮创建一个datetime对象，参数tz指定时区信息print('utcfromtimestamp(tmstmp): ', datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(time.time()))# 根据时间戮创建一个datetime对象'''输出datetime.max: 9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999datetime.min: 0001-01-01 00:00:00datetime.resolution: 0:00:00.000001today(): 2018-10-24 11:42:26.772787now(): 2018-10-24 11:42:26.772817utcnow(): 2018-10-24 03:42:26.772829fromtimestamp(tmstmp): 2018-03-18 08:24:10utcfromtimestamp(tmstmp): 2018-03-18 00:24:10''' 方法和属性 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839&gt;&gt;&gt; import time&gt;&gt;&gt; import datetime&gt;&gt;&gt; dt = datetime.datetime.now() # datetime对象&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.year2019&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.month7&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.day7&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.hour21&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.minute13&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.second35&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.microsecond348424&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.date() # 获取date对象；datetime.date(2019, 7, 7)&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.time() # 获取time对象；datetime.time(21, 13, 35, 348424)&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.timetuple()time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=21, tm_min=13, tm_sec=35, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=188, tm_isdst=-1)&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; dt. utctimetuple ()time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=21, tm_min=13, tm_sec=35, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=188, tm_isdst=0)&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; dt. weekday ()6&gt;&gt;&gt; dt. isocalendar ()(2019, 27, 7)&gt;&gt;&gt; dt. isoformat () # 返回格式如'YYYY-MM-DD’的字符串；'2019-07-07T21:13:35.348424'&gt;&gt;&gt; dt. ctime () # 返回一个日期时间的C格式字符串，等效于time.ctime(time.mktime(dt.timetuple()))；'Sun Jul 7 21:13:35 2019'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; dt.strftime('%F %T')'2019-07-07 21:13:35' timedelta 类 时间加减使用 timedelta 可以很方便的在日期上做天 day，小时，分钟，秒，毫秒，微秒的时间计算，如果要计算月份则需要另外的办法。 1234567891011121314151617import datetimeprint(datetime.datetime.now()) # 返回 2018-03-20 23:33:04.677979print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) ) # 时间戳直接转成日期格式 2018-03-20 23:33:04.677979# 时间加减print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(3)) # 当前时间+3天print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(-3)) # 当前时间-3天print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) # 当前时间+3小时print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=30)) # 当前时间+30分# 时间替换c_time = datetime.datetime.now()print(c_time.replace(minute=3,hour=2))]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的collections模块]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F20%2F154147-Python%E7%9A%84collections%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在内置数据类型（dict、list、set、tuple）的基础上，collections 模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型：Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple 和 OrderedDict 等。 namedtuplenamedtuple 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的 tuple。 我们知道 tuple 可以表示不变集合，例如，一个点的二维坐标就可以表示成： 1&gt;&gt;&gt; p = (1, 2) 但是，看到 (1, 2)，很难看出这个 tuple 是用来表示一个坐标的。这时 namedtuple 就派上了用场： 12345678910&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import namedtuple&gt;&gt;&gt; Point = namedtuple('坐标', ['x', 'y'])&gt;&gt;&gt; a = Point(1, 2)&gt;&gt;&gt; a.x1&gt;&gt;&gt; a.y2&gt;&gt;&gt; a坐标(x=1, y=2)&gt;&gt;&gt; 类似的，如果要用坐标和半径表示一个圆，也可以用 namedtuple 定义： 12# namedtuple('名称', [属性list]):Circle = namedtuple('Circle', ['x', 'y', 'r']) 还可以表示扑克牌的花色和数值： 12345678910&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import namedtuple&gt;&gt;&gt; Card = namedtuple('扑克牌', ['suits', 'number'])&gt;&gt;&gt; c1 = Card('红桃', '2')&gt;&gt;&gt; c1扑克牌(suits='红桃', number='2')&gt;&gt;&gt; c1.number'2'&gt;&gt;&gt; c1.suits'红桃'&gt;&gt;&gt; deque双端队列，可以快速的从另外一侧追加和推出对象。使用 list 存储数据时，按索引访问元素很快，但是插入和删除元素就很慢了，因为 list 是线性存储，数据量大的时候，插入和删除效率很低。 deque 是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表，适合用于队列和栈： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import deque&gt;&gt;&gt; dqls = deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])&gt;&gt;&gt; dqls.append('x')&gt;&gt;&gt; dqls.appendleft('y')&gt;&gt;&gt; dqlsdeque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x']) deque 除了实现 list 的 append() 和 pop() 外，还支持 appendleft() 和 popleft()，这样就可以非常高效地往头部添加或删除元素。 OrderedDict在 Python 3.6 之前使用 dict 时 Key 是无序的，在对 dict 做迭代时，我们无法确定 Key 的顺序。用 OrderedDict 可以保持字典中 Key 的顺序： 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import OrderedDict&gt;&gt;&gt; d = &#123;'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; d # dict 的 Key 是无序的&#123;'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; od = OrderedDict(&#123;'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3&#125;)&gt;&gt;&gt; od # OrderedDict 的 Key 是有序的OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) 另外，需要注意的是 OrderedDict 的 Key 会按照插入的顺序排列，不是 Key 本身排序： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; od = OrderedDict()&gt;&gt;&gt; od['z'] = 1&gt;&gt;&gt; od['y'] = 2&gt;&gt;&gt; od['x'] = 3&gt;&gt;&gt; od.keys() # 按照插入的 Key 的顺序返回['z', 'y', 'x'] 注意： 从 Python 3.6 开始，字典的 Key 将会保留插入或声明时候的顺序，但并不是可以被排序的那种顺序。从 3.7 开始这成了正式的 Python 语言特性，3.6 改进的字典更节省内存，运行效率差不多，有一个 “副作用” 就是字典变成有序的了。 defaultdictdefaultdict 是带有默认值的字典。例如有如下值集合： 1values = [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 90] 将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个 key 中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个 key 的值中。即： {‘k1’: 大于66 , ‘k2’: 小于66} 原生字典的解决方法： 12345678910111213141516171819values = [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 90]my_dict = &#123;&#125;for value in values: if value &gt; 66: if my_dict.has_key('k1'): # 如果不确定字典是否有对应的 key ，需要做判断 my_dict['k1'].append(value) else: my_dict['k1'] = [value] # 不确定字典中 key 对应的值，还需要声明 else: if my_dict.has_key('k2'): my_dict['k2'].append(value) else: my_dict['k2'] = [value]print(my_dict) defaultdict 字典的解决方法： 12345678910111213from collections import defaultdictvalues = [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 90]my_dict = defaultdict(list)# 直接创建一个字典，字典中所有的 key 对应的值 value 都是默认的 listfor value in values: if value&gt;66: my_dict['k1'].append(value) # 在不判断 key 是否存在的情况下直接更新数据 else: my_dict['k2'].append(value) 使用 dict 时，如果引用的 Key 不存在，就会抛出 KeyError 。如果希望 key 不存在时，返回一个默认值，就可以用 defaultdict： 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import defaultdict&gt;&gt;&gt; dd = defaultdict(lambda: 'N/A')&gt;&gt;&gt; dd['key1'] = 'abc'&gt;&gt;&gt; dd['key1'] # key1存在'abc'&gt;&gt;&gt; dd['key2'] # key2不存在，返回默认值'N/A' 在 defaultdict 中默认值必须是 callable 的，如果想使用不可 callable 的值作为默认值，可以使用不带参数的匿名函数 lambda 解决，因为 lambda 是 callable 的： 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import defaultdict&gt;&gt;&gt; dd = defaultdict(list)&gt;&gt;&gt; dd['k'][]&gt;&gt;&gt; dd = defaultdict(5)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;TypeError: first argument must be callable or None&gt;&gt;&gt; dd = defaultdict(lambda : 5)&gt;&gt;&gt; dd['k']5 CounterCounter 类的目的是用来跟踪不可变条目中值出现的次数。它是一个无序的容器类型，以字典的键值对形式存储，其中元素作为key，其计数作为 value。计数值可以是任意的 Interger（包括 0 和负数）。Counter 类和其他语言的 bags 或 multisets 很相似。 123&gt;&gt;&gt; c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')&gt;&gt;&gt; cCounter(&#123;'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1&#125;)]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的re模块与正则表达式]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F19%2F150131-Python%E7%9A%84re%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E4%B8%8E%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[正则表达式即 regular expression ，描述了一种字符串匹配的模式（pattern），可以用来检查一个字符串是否含有某种子串，也可以将匹配的子串替换，还可以从某个字符串中取出符合某个条件的子串等。 模式和被搜索的字符串既可以是 Unicode 字符串 (str) ，也可以是 8 位字节串 (bytes)。 但是 Unicode 字符串与 8 位字节串不能混用：也就是说，你不能用一个字节串模式去匹配 Unicode 字符串，反之亦然；类似地，当进行替换操作时，替换字符串的类型也必须与所用的模式和搜索字符串的类型一致。 正则表达式并不是 Python 语言独有的，在其他语言也很广泛地使用到正则表达式。Python 自 1.5 版本起增加了re 模块，它提供 Perl 风格的正则表达式模式。 正则表达式语法普通字符普通字符，即所有大写和小写字母、所有数字、所有标点符号和一些其他符号。 表达式 待匹配字符 匹配结果 说明 [0123456789] 8 True 在一个字符组里枚举合法的所有字符，字符组里的任意一个字符和”待匹配字符”相同都视为可以匹配 [0123456789] a False 由于字符组中没有 a 字符，所以不能匹配 [0-9] 7 True 也可以用 - 表示范围，[0-9] 就等同于 [0123456789] [a-z] s True 同样的如果要匹配小写字母，直接用 [a-z] 就可以表示 [A-Z] A True [A-Z] 就表示匹配大写字母 [0-9a-fA-F] e True 可以匹配数字，大小写形式的 a～f，用来验证十六进制字符 元字符 元字符 匹配内容 . 匹配除换行符以外的任意单个字符 \w 匹配 字母 或 数字 或 下划线 \s 匹配任意的空白符，包括空格和制表符 \d 匹配一个数字 \n 匹配一个换行符 \t 匹配一个制表符 \bhello 匹配以 hello 为词首 hello\b 匹配以 hello 为词尾 \bhello\\b 精确匹配一个单词 hello ^ 锚定开始 $ 锚定结尾 \W 匹配非 字母 或 数字 或 下划线 \D 匹配一个非数字的字符 \S 匹配一个非空白符的字符 () 匹配括号内的表达式，也表示一个组 [...] 匹配字符组中的字符 [^...] 匹配除了字符组中字符的所有字符 1a|b 匹配 a 或 b 量词 量词 用法说明 * 其前面的字符出现任意次 + 其前面的字符出现一次或多次 ？ 其前面的字符出现一次或零次 {n} 其前面的字符出现 n 次 {n,} 其前面的字符至少出现 n 次 {n,m} 其前面的字符至少出现 n 次，最多出现 m 次 分组及其捕获和后向引用(…) 除了简单地判断是否匹配之外，正则表达式还有利用分组来提取子字符串的强大功能。用 () 表示的就是要提取的分组（Group）。匹配完成后，组合的内容可以被获取，并可以在之后用 \number 转义序列进行后向引用再次匹配。要匹配字符 ( 或者 ), 用 \( 或 \)，或者把它们包含在字符集合里： [(]， [)]。 如果正则表达式中定义了组，就可以在 match 对象 或 search 对象上用 group() 或 groups() 方法提取出子字符串来。group(1)、group(2)……表示第1、2、……个个组匹配到的子字符串。 例如 ^(\d{3})-(\d{3,8})$ 分别定义了两个组，可以直接从匹配的字符串中提取出区号和本地号码： 123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r'^(\d&#123;3&#125;)-(\d&#123;3,8&#125;)$', '010-12345')&gt;&gt;&gt; m # 返回一个匹配对象&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 9), match='010-12345'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group() # 返回整个正则表达式匹配到的内容'010-12345'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(1) # 返回被第一个分组匹配到的内容'010'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(2) # 返回被第二个分组匹配到的内容'12345'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups() # 返回所有分组匹配到的内容('010', '12345') 但是需要注意如果没有定义组 group(0) （等价于 group()）返回的将永远是正则匹配到的所有内容，而不会有子字符串。group(1)、group(2)……表示第1、2、……个个组匹配到的子字符串串。 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r'^\d&#123;3&#125;-\d&#123;3&#125;', '010-12345')&gt;&gt;&gt; m&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 7), match='010-123'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group()'010-123' (?:…) 这将禁止正则捕获分组。它匹配在括号内的任何正则表达式，但该分组所匹配的子字符串 不能 在执行匹配后被获取或是之后在模式中被引用。 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; re.findall('www.(baidu|google).com', 'www.baidu.com')['baidu']# 这是因为findall会优先把匹配结果组里内容返回,如果想要匹配结果，使用 (?:) 取消优先权即可&gt;&gt;&gt; re.findall('www.(?:baidu|google).com', 'www.baidu.com')['www.baidu.com'] (?P\&lt;name>…) （命名组合）类似正则组合，但是匹配到的子字符串组在外部是通过定义的 name 来获取的。组合名必须是有效的 Python 标识符，并且每个组合名只能用一个正则表达式定义，只能定义一次。 12345678910111213141516&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = '&lt;body&gt;something&lt;/body&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.search(r'(?P&lt;tag_start&gt;.*?&gt;).*?(?P&lt;tag_end&gt;/.*?&gt;)', s)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(0)'&lt;body&gt;something&lt;/body&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(1)'&lt;body&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(2)'/body&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups()('&lt;body&gt;', '/body&gt;')&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group('tag_start')'&lt;body&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group('tag_end')'/body&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; 命名组合可以在三种上下文中引用。如果样式是 (?P&lt;quote&gt;[&#39;&quot;]).*?(?P=quote) （也就是说，匹配单引号或者双引号括起来的字符串)： 引用组合 “quote” 的上下文 引用方法 在正则式自身内 (?P=quote) 或 \1 处理匹配对象 m m.group(&#39;quote&#39;) 或 m.end(&#39;quote&#39;) 等 传递到 re.sub() 里的 repl 参数中 \g&lt;quote&gt; 或 \g&lt;1&gt; 或 \1 (?P=name) 后向引用一个命名组合；它匹配和前面那个叫 name 的命名组中匹配到的字符串一模一样的字符串。 123456789101112131415161718192021&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = '&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;百度一下，你就知道&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.search(r'&lt;(?P&lt;tag_start&gt;title)&gt;(?P&lt;content&gt;.*?)&lt;/(?P=tag_start)&gt;', s) &gt;&gt;&gt; m.group() '&lt;title&gt;百度一下，你就知道&lt;/title&gt;'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups()('title', '百度一下，你就知道')&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(1)'title'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group('tag_start')'title'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(2)'百度一下，你就知道'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group('content') '百度一下，你就知道'&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(3)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;IndexError: no such group&gt;&gt;&gt; 转义符 \正则表达式使用反斜杠（\）来表示特殊形式，或者把特殊字符转义成普通字符。 而反斜杠在普通的 Python 字符串里也有相同的作用，所以就产生了冲突。比如说，要匹配一个字面上的反斜 杠\，正则表达式模式不得不写成 \\\\，因为正则表达式里匹配一个反斜杠必须是 \\ ，而每个反斜杠在普通的 Python 字符串里都要写成 \\ 。 这样就太麻烦了，比较人性化的解决办法是对于正则表达式样式使用 Python 的原始字符串表示法；在带有 r 前缀的字符串字面值中，反斜杠就不必做任何特殊处理。也就是说这种方法会让字符串中的 \ 失去转义功能，仅仅代表 \ 这个字符。 因此 r&quot;\n&quot; 表示包含 \ 和 n 两个字符的字符串，而 &quot;\n&quot; 则表示只包含一个换行符的字符串。 贪婪匹配在满足匹配时，匹配尽可能长的字符串，这种匹配模式就是贪婪匹配。当在量词之后加一个问号 ?，则尽可能少的匹配，这就是懒惰匹配。在 Python 中默认情况下，采用是贪婪匹配。 正则 待匹配字符 匹配 结果 说明 &lt;.*&gt; &lt;script&gt;...&lt;script&gt; &lt;script&gt;...&lt;script&gt; 默认为贪婪匹配模式，会匹配尽量长的字符串 &lt;.*?&gt; &lt;script&gt;...&lt;script&gt; &lt;script&gt; &lt;script&gt; 加上? 则将贪婪匹配模式转为非贪婪匹配模式，会匹配尽量短的字符串 几个常用的非贪婪匹配 Pattern 12345*? 重复任意次，但尽可能少重复+? 重复1次或更多次，但尽可能少重复?? 重复0次或1次，但尽可能少重复&#123;n,m&#125;? 重复n到m次，但尽可能少重复&#123;n,&#125;? 重复n次以上，但尽可能少重复 对于正则表达式 .*? ，其中 . 是任意字符，* 是取任意长度，? 是非贪婪模式。合在一起就是匹配尽量少的任意字符，一般不会这么单独写。比如 .*?x 就是取前面任意长度的字符，直到一个字符 x 出现。 模块内容re 模块定义了几个函数，有些函数是编译后的正则表达式方法的简化版本（少了一些特性）。绝大部分重要的应用，当我们在使用正则表达式时，re 模块内部会做两件事情： 编译正则表达式，如果正则表达式的字符串本身不合法，会报错； 用编译后的正则表达式去匹配字符串 在 Python 的交互式解释器中先导入 re 模块，然后输入 re._all__ 命令，即可看到该模块所包含的全部属性和函数。 12&gt;&gt;&gt; re.__all__['match', 'fullmatch', 'search', 'sub', 'subn', 'split', 'findall', 'finditer', 'compile', 'purge', 'template', 'escape', 'error', 'A', 'I', 'L', 'M', 'S', 'X', 'U', 'ASCII', 'IGNORECASE', 'LOCALE', 'MULTILINE', 'DOTALL', 'VERBOSE', 'UNICODE'] compile1re.compile(pattern, flags=0) 将正则表达式的样式 pattern 编译为一个 正则表达式对象 （正则对象），通过这个对象的 match() ， search() 等方法来用于匹配。 这个表达式的行为可以通过 flags 指定 标记 的值来改变。具体的请参照本文最后 正则标志位 flags 相关内容。 对于如下正则 1234567891011import res = 'Hello World'pattern1 = re.compile('hello', flags=re.IGNORECASE)result1 = pattern1.findall(s)'''输出结果：['hello']''' 其实等价于： 12345678910import res = 'Hello World'result2 = re.findall('hello', s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)'''输出结果：['hello']''' 如果一个正则表达式要重复使用几千次，使用 re.compile() 方法预编译保存这个正则对象以便复用，接下来重复使用时就不需要编译这个步骤了，直接匹配，可以让程序更加高效。 注意: 通过 re.compile() 编译后的样式，和模块级的函数会被缓存， 所以少数的正则表达式使用无需考虑编译的问题。 findall1re.findall(pattern, string, flags=0) 在 string 中从左到右进行扫描，找到 pattern 所匹配到的所有子字符串，并按照找到的顺序返回一个列表，如果没有找到匹配的就返回一个空列表。例如： 12345678910111213141516import rer1 = re.findall('abc[0-9]+', '123abc223abc323abcde')r2 = re.findall('abc', 'bcd')r3 = re.findall('.*?c', 'abc1234abcccc')print(r1)print(r2)print(r3)'''输出结果：['abc223', 'abc323'][]['abc', '1234abc', 'c', 'c', 'c']''' 注意： 如果 pattern 中有分组，findall 会优先把分组匹配到的内容返回，如果想要整个正则的匹配结果，则使用 (?:) 取消优先权即可。 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; re.findall('www.(baidu|google).com', 'www.baidu.com')['baidu']&gt;&gt;&gt; re.findall('www.(?:baidu|google).com', 'www.baidu.com')['www.baidu.com'] finditer1re.finditer(pattern, string, flags=0) 和 findall 类似，在字符串中找到正则表达式所匹配的所有子字符串，并把匹配到的内容保存到一个迭代器后返回。例如： 123456789101112131415161718import res = 'Hello World\nOne world, one dream.'r1 = re.finditer('world', s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)print(r1)for i in r1: print(i.group()) '''输出结果：&lt;callable_iterator object at 0x7f7ddd3dc2b0&gt;Worldworld''' 对于匹配到的内容特别多的情况，这种方法可以节省内存空间。 search1re.search(pattern, string, flags=0) 扫描整个 string 寻找第一个被 pattern 匹配的位置后不再匹配， 并返回一个相应的匹配对象。如果没有匹配，就返回 None。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 (abc)? 去匹配字符串 123 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。 1234567891011121314import res = 'Hello World\nOne world, one dream.'r1 = re.search('world', s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)print(r1)print(r1.group())'''输出结果：&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(6, 11), match='World'&gt;world''' match1re.match(pattern, string, flags=0) 从字符串 string 的起始位置进行匹配，匹配到第一个则不再匹配 并返回一个对象，如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话，就返回 None 。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 (abc)? 去匹配字符串 123 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。 123456789101112131415161718import res = 'Hello World\nOne world, one dream.'r1 = re.match('world', s, flags=re.IGNORECASE)r2 = re.match('hello.*dream', s, flags=re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)print(r1)print(r2)print(r2.group())'''输出结果：None&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 32), match='Hello World\nOne world, one dream'&gt;Hello WorldOne world, one dream''' split1re.split(pattern, string[, maxsplit=0, flags=0]) 用 pattern 分开 string 。如果 maxsplit 非零， 最多进行 maxsplit 次分隔， 剩下的字符全部返回到列表的最后一个元素。默认情况下 maxsplit 值为 0 ，即不限制分割次数。对于一个没有被 pattern 匹配的字符串而言，split 不会对其作出分割。 如果在 pattern 中没有出现括号 ()（捕获组合），那么只会返回被 pattern 分隔的结果，不会保留 pattern 所匹配到的内容： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'one1two2three3four4five5'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.split(r'\d+', s)['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', '']&gt;&gt;&gt; 如果在 pattern 中有括号 () （捕获组合），那么所有的组合里的文字也会包含在列表里，对于结尾的地方也是一样： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; re.split(r'(\d+)', s)['one', '1', 'two', '2', 'three', '3', 'four', '4', 'five', '5', ''] 这样的话，分隔组中的文字将会出现在结果列表中同样的位置。 sub1re.sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0) 在 string 中使用 pattern 进行匹配，将所有被匹配到的内容使用 repl 将其替换掉，并将替换掉的字符串返回。如果整个 string 没有被 pattern 匹配到，则不加改变的返回 string 。 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'def myfunc():'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.sub(r'def\s+[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_]*\s*\(\s*\)', r'I replaced your func', s)'I replaced your func:' 其中 repl 参数可以是字符串，也可以是函数。如果是字符串，则其中任何反斜杠转义序列都会被处理。 也就是说，\n 会被转换为一个换行符，\r 会被转换为一个回车符，依此类推。 未知的 ASCII 字符转义序列保留在未来使用，会被当作错误来处理。 其他未知转义序列例如 \&amp; 会保持原样。 向后引用像是 \6 会使用 pattern 中第 6 组所匹配到的子字符串来替换。 在字符串类型的 repl 参数里，如上所述的转义和向后引用中，\g&lt;name&gt; 会使用命名组合 name（在 (?P&lt;name&gt;…) 语法中定义）， \g&lt;number&gt; 会使用数字组；\g&lt;2&gt; 就是 \2，但它避免了二义性，如 \g&lt;2&gt;0。 \20 就会被解释为组 20，而不是组 2 后面跟随一个字符 0。后向引用 \g&lt;0&gt; 把 pattern 作为一整个组进行引用。 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'hello w012345rld'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.sub(r'(hello w)([0-9]+)(.*)', r'\1o\3 \2', s)'hello world 012345'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.sub(r'(hello w)(?P&lt;number&gt;\d+)(.*)', r'\1o\3 \g&lt;number&gt;', s)'hello world 012345'&gt;&gt;&gt; 可选参数 count 是要替换的最大次数。count 必须是非负整数。如果忽略这个参数，或者设置为0，所有被匹配到的内容都会被替换。空匹配只在不相临连续的情况被更替，所以 sub(&#39;x*&#39;, &#39;-&#39;, &#39;abxd&#39;) 返回 -a-b--d- 。 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'Hello w00000rld'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.sub('\d', 'o', s, 1)'Hello wo0000rld'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.sub('\d', 'o', s)'Hello wooooorld' subn1re.subn(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0) 用法与 sub() 相同，但是会返回一个元组 (字符串, 替换次数)： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'Hello w00000rld'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.sub('\d', 'o', s)'Hello wooooorld'&gt;&gt;&gt; re.subn('\d', 'o', s)('Hello wooooorld', 5) 正则表达式对象编译后的正则表达式对象支持以下方法和属性： search1Pattern.search(string[, pos[, endpos]]) 扫描整个 string 寻找第一个被 pattern 匹配的位置后不再匹配， 并返回一个相应的匹配对象。如果没有匹配，就返回 None。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 (abc)? 去匹配字符串 123 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。 123&gt;&gt;&gt; pattern = re.compile("d")&gt;&gt;&gt; pattern.search("dog") # Match at index 0&lt;re.Match object; span=(0, 1), match='d'&gt; 可选的第二个参数 pos 给出了字符串中开始搜索的位置索引；默认为 0，它不完全等价于字符串切片； 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; r = re.compile('abc', flags=re.IGNORECASE)&gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('abc1ABC2aBc3').group()'abc'&gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('abc1ABC2aBc3',2).group()'ABC'&gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('abc1ABC2aBc3',5).group()'aBc' ^ 样式字符匹配字符串真正的开头，和换行符后面的第一个字符，但不会匹配索引规定开始的位置。 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; r = re.compile('^d', flags=re.MULTILINE | re.IGNORECASE)&gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('Tom\nJerry\nDog')&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(10, 11), match='D'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('Tom and Jerry and Dog', 6) # 索引为6的字符是 and 中 d 的位置，但 ^ 不会匹配此处开始的字符&gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('Tom and Jerry and Dog', 6).group()Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'group'&gt;&gt;&gt; 可选参数 endpos 限定了字符串搜索的结束；它假定字符串长度到 endpos ， 所以只有从 pos 到 endpos - 1 的字符会被匹配。如果 endpos 小于 pos，就不会有匹配产生； 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; r = re.compile(r'\d&#123;3&#125;')&gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('0123456789')&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='012'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; r.search('0123456789', 2, 8)&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(2, 5), match='234'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 另外，如果 rx 是一个编译后的正则对象， rx.search(string, 0, 50) 等价于 rx.search(string[:50], 0) 。 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; rx = re.compile(r'\d&#123;3&#125;')&gt;&gt;&gt; rx.search('0123456789', 3, 7)&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(3, 6), match='345'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; # 等价于&gt;&gt;&gt; rx.search('01234567890'[:7], 3)&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(3, 6), match='345'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; match1Pattern.match(string[, pos[, endpos]]) 从字符串 string 的起始位置进行匹配，匹配到第一个则不再匹配 并返回一个对象，如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话，就返回 None 。注意这和找到一个零长度的匹配是不同的，比如 (abc)? 去匹配字符串 123 可以匹配到一个空字符串，而不是没有匹配到。 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; pattern = re.compile("o")&gt;&gt;&gt; pattern.match("dog") # No match as "o" is not at the start of "dog".&gt;&gt;&gt; pattern.match("dog", 1) # Match as "o" is the 2nd character of "dog".&lt;re.Match object; span=(1, 2), match='o'&gt; 可选参数 pos 和 endpos 与 search() 中的含义相同。 split1Pattern.split(string, maxsplit=0) 等价于 split() 函数，使用了编译后的样式。 findall1Pattern.findall(string[, pos[, endpos]]) 类似函数 findall() ， 使用了编译后样式，但也可以接收可选参数 pos 和 endpos ，限制搜索范围，就像 search()。 finditer1Pattern.finditer(string[, pos[, endpos]]) 类似函数 finiter() ， 使用了编译后样式，但也可以接收可选参数 pos 和 endpos ，限制搜索范围，就像 search()。对于匹配到的内容特别多的情况，这种方法可以节省内存空间。 sub1Pattern.sub(repl, string, count=0) 等价于 sub() 函数，使用了编译后的样式。 subn1Pattern.subn(repl, string, count=0) 等价于 subn() 函数，使用了编译后的样式。 flags1Pattern.flags 正则匹配标记。这是可以传递给 compile() 的参数，任何 (?…) 内联标记，隐性标记比如 UNICODE 的结合。 groups1Pattern.groups 捕获组合的数量。 pattern1Pattern.pattern 编译对象的原始样式字符串。 匹配对象匹配对象总是有一个布尔值 True。如果没有匹配的话 match() 和 search() 返回 None 。所以你可以简单的用 if 语句就能来判断是否匹配： 123match = re.search(pattern, string)if match: process(match) 下面列举了匹配对象常用的方法和属性。 group1Match.group([group1, ...]) 返回一个或者多个匹配的子字符串分组。如果只有一个参数，结果就是一个字符串，如果有多个参数，结果就是一个元组（每个参数对应一个项）。当要获得整个匹配的子串时，可直接使用 group() 或 group(0) 。 如果它是 1 到 99 内的一个数字，结果就是相应的括号组字符串。 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; import re&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'Hello world! One world, one dream'&gt;&gt;&gt; matched=re.match(r'(\w+) (\w+)', s)&gt;&gt;&gt; matched.group()'Hello world'&gt;&gt;&gt; matched.group(0)'Hello world'&gt;&gt;&gt; matched.group(2)'world'&gt;&gt;&gt; matched.group(1,2)('Hello', 'world') 如果正则表达式使用了 (?P&lt;name&gt;…) 语法， groupN 参数就也可能是命名组合的名字： 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r"(?P&lt;first_name&gt;\w+) (?P&lt;last_name&gt;\w+)", "Malcolm Reynolds")&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group()'Malcolm Reynolds'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group('first_name')'Malcolm'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group('last_name')'Reynolds' 命名组合同样可以通过索引值引用： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(1)'Malcolm'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(2)'Reynolds'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(1,2)('Malcolm', 'Reynolds') 如果一个组匹配成功多次，就只返回最后一个匹配： 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r"(..)+", "a1b2c3") # Matches 3 times.&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(1) # Returns only the last match.'c3'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group(2)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;IndexError: no such group __getitem__这个等价于 m.group(g)。这允许更方便地引用一个匹配： 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r"(\w+) (\w+)", "Isaac Newton, physicist")&gt;&gt;&gt; m[0] # The entire match'Isaac Newton'&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1] # The first parenthesized subgroup.'Isaac'&gt;&gt;&gt; m[2] # The second parenthesized subgroup.'Newton' groups1Match.groups(default=None) 返回一个元组，包含所有匹配的子字符串分组。 default 参数用于某个分组没有匹配到的情况，默认为 None 。 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)', '3.1415926')&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group()'3.1415926'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups()('3', '1415926')&gt;&gt;&gt; 如果我们使小数点可选，那么不是所有的组都能匹配到内容。对于这些没有匹配到的分组默认会返回一个 None ，除非指定了 default 参数。 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.?(\d+)?", "24")&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups() # Second group defaults to None.('24', None)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups(default='0') # Now, the second group defaults to '0'.('24', '0') start 和 end1Match.start([group]) 用于获取分组匹配的子串在整个字符串中的起始位置（子串第一个字符的索引），参数默认值为 0； 1Match.end([group]) 用于获取分组匹配的子串在整个字符串中的结束位置（子串最后一个字符的索引+1），参数默认值为 0； 这两个方法中， group 默认都为 0，意思是针对正则匹配到的整个子字符串取其所在位置。 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s = '01234567_abc_'&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.search(r'_[a-z]+_', s)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start()8&gt;&gt;&gt; m.end()13&gt;&gt;&gt; 如果正则中使用了分组，没有指定参数就返回分组所匹配到的字符串的开始索引和结束索引标号，指定了参数就返回对应分组匹配到的字符串的开始索引和结束索引标号。 12345678910111213141516171819&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'hello world, one world one dream'&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.search(r'(\w+) (world).*?(world).*', s)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups()('hello', 'world', 'world')&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start()0&gt;&gt;&gt; m.end()32&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start(1)0&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start(2)6&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start(3)17&gt;&gt;&gt; m.end(1)5&gt;&gt;&gt; m.end(2)11&gt;&gt;&gt; m.end(3) 如果正则中使用了分组，但未产生匹配，就返回 -1 。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s = '01234567_abc_'&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.match(r'(\d+)_[a-z]+_(\d+)?', s)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups()('01234567', None)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start(1)0&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start(2)-1&gt;&gt;&gt; 注意，如果分组匹配到的是一个空字符串的话 m.start(group) 将会等于 m.end(group) 。 12345678910111213&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.search('b(c?)', 'cba')&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups() # 结果说明第一个分组匹配到的是空字符串('',)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group() # 结果说明整个正则匹配到的是 b'b'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start() # 整个字符串中匹配到的内容起始索引1&gt;&gt;&gt; m.end() # 整个字符串中匹配到的内容结束索引2&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start(1) # 第一个分组匹配到的是一个空字符串，在字符串 cba 中 b 跟 a 之间的空字符串，起始和结束索引都为22&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start(1)2 这个例子会从 email 地址中移除掉 remove_this： 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; email = "tony@tiremove_thisger.net"&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.search('remove_this', email)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group()'remove_this'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.start()7&gt;&gt;&gt; m.end()18&gt;&gt;&gt; email[:m.start()] + email[m.end():]'tony@tiger.net'&gt;&gt;&gt; span1Match.span([group]) 对于一个匹配对象 m ， 返回一个二元组 (m.start(group), m.end(group)) 。 注意如果对应的分组没有成功匹配，就返回 (-1, -1) 。group 默认为0，也就是整个匹配。 123456789101112131415&gt;&gt;&gt; m = re.search(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)(\w+)([A-Z]+)?', '3.1415926')&gt;&gt;&gt; m.groups() # 返回所有分组匹配到的结果('3', '141592', '6', None)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.group() # 返回整个正则匹配到的结果'3.1415926'&gt;&gt;&gt; m.span() # 整个正则匹配到的字符串的起始结束索引(0, 9)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.span(1) # 第一个分组匹配到的字符串的起始结束索引(0, 1)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.span(2) # 第二个分组匹配到的字符串的起始结束索引(2, 8)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.span(3)(8, 9)&gt;&gt;&gt; m.span(4)(-1, -1) 正则标志位 flags正则函数中的 flags 是可选标志位，用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式，比如是否区分大小写，是否进行多行匹配等等。标志可以使用两种名字，一种是全名如 IGNORECASE，一种是缩写如 I 。多个标志可以通过按位 OR(|) 它们来指定。如 re.I | re.M 被设置成 I 和 M 标志。 re.Ire.IGNORECASE 进行忽略大小写匹配；表达式如 [A-Z] 也会匹配小写字符。Unicode 匹配（比如 Ü 匹配 ü）同样有用，除非设置了 re.ASCII 标记来禁用非 ASCII 匹配。当前语言区域不会改变这个标记，除非设置了 re.LOCALE 标记。这个相当于内联标记 (?i) 。 12345678910import rer1 = re.findall('[a-e]+', 'abCDEF', flags=re.IGNORECASE)print(r1)'''输出结果：['abCDE']''' re.Lre.LOCALE 由当前语言区域决定 \w ， \W ， \b， \B ， 和大小写敏感匹配。举个例子，如果你正在处理法文文本，想用 w+ 来匹配文字，但 w 只匹配字符类 [A-Za-z]，它并不能匹配 é 或 ?。如果你的系统配置适当且本地化设置为法语，那么内部的 C 函数将告诉程序 é 也应该被认为是一个字母。当在编译正则表达式时使用 LOCALE 标志会得到用这些 C 函数来处理 w 后的编译对象；这会更慢，但也会像你希望的那样可以用 w+ 来匹配法文文本。 这个标记只能对 byte 样式有效，并且不推荐使用，因为语言区域机制很不可靠，它一次只能处理一个 “习惯”，而且只对 8 位字节有效。Unicode 匹配在 Python 3 里默认启用，并可以处理不同语言。 这个对应内联标记 (?L) 。 re.Mre.MULTILINE 使用 ^ 只匹配以某个字符串为开头，而 $ 则只匹配以某个字符串为结尾。设置了此标志将会改变 ^ 和 $ 的行为，此时 ^ 匹配以某个字符串为开头，还匹配每一行的开始（换行符后面紧跟的内容，如果有的话）；并且 $ 匹配以某个字符串为结尾，还匹配每一行的结尾（换行符前面的内容，如果有的话）。说地直白点，就是开启多行模式的匹配。对应内联标记 (?m) 。例如： 12345678910111213import rer1 = re.findall('^a\w+$', 'abCDEF\nafda')r2 = re.findall('^a\w+$', 'abCDEF\nafda', flags=re.MULTILINE)print(r1)print(r2)'''输出结果：[]['abCDEF', 'afda']''' re.Sre.DOTALL 默认情况下 . 会匹配除了换行符外的任何单个字符，如果设置了此标志将会使 . 匹配任何一个字符，包括换行符。对应内联标记 (?s) 。例如： 12345678910111213import rer1 = re.findall('^H.*', 'Hello\nWorld')r2 = re.findall('^H.*', 'Hello\nWorld', flags=re.DOTALL)print(r1)print(r2)'''输出结果：['Hello']['Hello\nWorld']''' re.Xre.VERBOSE 该标志通过给予你更灵活的格式以便你将正则表达式写得更容易理解。当设置了这个标志后，在 正则表达式 字符串中的空白符被忽略，除非该空白符在字符类中或在反斜杠之后；这可以让你更清晰地组织和缩进 正则表达式。它也可以允许你将注释写入 正则表达式，这些注释会被正则引擎忽略；注释用 #号 来标识，不过该符号不能在字符串或反斜杠之后。对应内联标记 (?x) 。例如： 12345678910111213141516import res = '123.456 2.0 3 4.5'r1 = re.findall(r'''\d+ # 一个或多个数字 \. # 一个小数点 \d* # 任意个数的数字''', s, flags=re.VERBOSE)r2 = re.findall('\d+\.\d*', s)print(r1)print(r2)'''输出结果：['123.456', '2.0', '4.5']['123.456', '2.0', '4.5']''' re.DEBUG 显示编译时的 debug 信息，没有内联标记。 正则表达式例子给定赋值操作 aline = &#39;&lt;title&gt;Python的正则练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;&#39; ，利用 re 模块取出标记 &lt;title &lt;/title 之间的内容 Python的正则练习-获取tag间的内容。 123456789101112131415161718#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import reastring = '&lt;title&gt;Python的正则练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'m1 = re.search( r'&lt;(?P&lt;tag_start&gt;.*?)&gt;(?P&lt;content&gt;.*?)&lt;/(?P=tag_start)', astring)print(m1.group('content'))m2 = re.search( r'&lt;(.*?)&gt;(.*?)&lt;/\1&gt;', astring)print(m2.group(2)) 在爬虫时 Python 利用正则的分组十分广泛，例如我们要爬取豆瓣网站的 top250 电影信息： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031from urllib.request import urlopenimport redouban_top250_url = 'https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=%s&amp;filter=' % 1# 第一页的 URLurl_response = urlopen(douban_top250_url)# 使用 url 模块通过网络将网页获取下来，网络传输的内容为 bytes 类型web_resource = url_response.read().decode('utf-8')print(type(web_resource))# 将 utf-8 格式的 bytes 类型的内容 再以 utf-8 编码进行解码 decode# 解码后的内容是 unicode格式，也就是 str 类型， 此时的内容和我们在网页上查看源代码一模一样recomp = re.compile( # 预编译正则表达式 '&lt;div class="item"&gt;.*?' '&lt;div class="pic"&gt;.*?' '&lt;em class=""&gt;(?P&lt;id&gt;\d+).*?' '&lt;span class="title"&gt;(?P&lt;title&gt;.*?)&lt;/span&gt;', re.DOTALL)the_matched = recomp.finditer(web_resource)for i in the_matched: print(&#123; "ID": i.group("id"), # 此处的id ，即 compile中的 (?P&lt;id&gt;\d+)中匹配到的内容 # (?P&lt;name&gt;正则表达式)，即可为正则匹配到的内容分组并为组添加名字为 'name' # 如果分组较多的话，使用名称比数字更方便 "title": i.group("title"), &#125;) 爬取的结果： 12345&#123;'id': '2', 'title': '霸王别姬'&#125;&#123;'id': '3', 'title': '这个杀手不太冷'&#125;&#123;'id': '4', 'title': '阿甘正传'&#125;&#123;'id': '5', 'title': '美丽人生'&#125;# ... 省略其他内容 加强版： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import reimport jsonfrom urllib.request import urlopendef parsePage(s): repattern = re.compile( '&lt;div class="item"&gt;.*?' '&lt;div class="pic"&gt;.*?' '&lt;em class=""&gt;(?P&lt;id&gt;\d+).*?' '&lt;span class="title"&gt;(?P&lt;title&gt;.*?)&lt;/span&gt;.*?' '&lt;span class="rating_num".*?&gt;(?P&lt;rating_num&gt;(\d|\.)+)&lt;/span&gt;.*?' '&lt;span&gt;(?P&lt;comment_num&gt;\d+)人评价&lt;/span&gt;', flags=re.DOTALL ) re_match = repattern.finditer(s) for i in re_match: yield &#123; 'id': i.group('id'), 'title': i.group('title'), 'rating_num': i.group('rating_num'), 'comment_num': i.group('comment_num'), &#125;def main(n): url = 'https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=%s&amp;filter=' % n # 第 n 页的url html_response = urlopen(url) # 使用url模块通过网络将网页获取下来，内容为bytes类型 web_resource = html_response.read().decode('utf-8') with open('douban_movie', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as fwt: for obj in parsePage(web_resource): print(obj) data = json.dumps(obj, ensure_ascii=False) fwt.write(data + '\n')if __name__ == '__main__': count = 0 for i in range(10): main(count) count += 25]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的异常处理]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F19%2F130127-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[错误和异常错误错误分为两种，一种是代码的语法错误，这类错误会被 Python 解释器的语法检测识别到，必须在程序执行前就进行修正。 1234567# 语法错误一ifdef test: # 语法错误二 print(hello # 语法错误三 另一种属于程序的逻辑上的错误。比如数据类型的转换： 123456789101112# 比如输入为空，或者输入的不是数字num = input("请输入一个数字&gt;&gt;: ")int(num)'''执行结果：请输入一个数字&gt;&gt;: fTraceback (most recent call last): File "/Python3/practice/test.py", line 6, in &lt;module&gt; int(num)ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'f'''' 或是数学运算： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; res1 = 1 / 0Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;ZeroDivisionError: division by zero&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; res1 = 1 + 'str'Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str' 异常异常指的就是就是程序运行时发生错误的信号，在 Python 中错误触发的异常如下： 在 Python 中不同的异常可以用不同的类型（Python 中统一了类与类型，类型即类）去标识，不同的类对象标识不同的异常，一个异常标识一种错误。 12345678910111213141516171819&gt;&gt;&gt; l=['egon','aa']&gt;&gt;&gt; l[3]Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;IndexError: list index out of range&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; dic=&#123;'name':'egon'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; dic['age']Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;KeyError: 'age'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; s = 'hello'&gt;&gt;&gt; int(s)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello' 常用的异常如下： AttributeError：试图访问一个对象没有的属性，比如 foo.x，但是 foo 没有属性 x IOError：输入/输出异常；基本上是无法打开文件 ImportError：无法引入模块或包；基本上是路径问题或名称错误 IndentationError：语法错误（的子类）；代码没有正确对齐 IndexError：下标索引超出序列边界，比如当 x 只有三个元素，却试图访问 x[5] KeyError：试图访问字典里不存在的键 KeyboardInterrupt：Ctrl+C 被按下 NameError：使用一个还未被赋予对象的变量 SyntaxError：Python 代码语法错误，代码不能编译 TypeError：传入对象类型与要求的不符合 UnboundLocalError：试图访问一个还未被设置的局部变量，基本上是由于另有一个同名的全局变量，导致编写者以为正在访问它 ValueError：传入一个调用者不期望的值，即使值的类型是正确的 异常处理异常发生之后，异常之后的代码就不执行了。 Python 解释器检测到错误，触发异常（也允许程序员自己触发异常）。程序员编写特定的代码，专门用来捕捉这个异常（这段代码与程序逻辑无关，与异常处理有关），如果捕捉成功则进入另外一个处理分支，执行为其定制的逻辑，使程序不会崩溃，这就是异常处理。异常处理机制可以增强程序的健壮性与容错性。 try … exceptPython 为每一种异常定制了一个类型，然后提供了一种特定的语法结构用来进行异常处理。一个基本的异常处理语法如下： 1234try: 被检测的代码块except 异常类型： try中一旦检测到异常，就执行这个位置的逻辑 异常类型只能用来处理指定的异常情况，如果遇到了非指定异常则无法处理： 123456789101112131415# 未捕获到异常，程序直接报错s1 = 'hello'try: int(s1)except IndexError as err: print(err)'''执行结果：Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Python3/practice/test.py", line 7, in &lt;module&gt; int(s1)ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'''' 使用异常处理的多分支可以针对不同的异常，进行不同的处理： 123456789101112131415s1 = 'hello'try: int(s1)except IndexError as err: print(err)except KeyError as err: print(err)except ValueError as err: print(err)'''执行结果：invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'''' 在 Python 的异常中，Exception 可以捕获任意异常。但这意味着在处理所有异常时都使用同一个逻辑去处理，这里说的逻辑即当前 expect 下面跟的代码块： 1234567891011s1 = 'hello'try: int(s1)except Exception as err: print(err)'''执行结果：invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'''' finally如果存在 finally，它将进行清理工作。无论异常与否，try 子句会被执行，包括任何 except 和 else 子句。 12345678910111213s1 = 'hello'try: int(s1)except IndexError as err: print(err)except KeyError as err: print(err)except ValueError as err: print(err)else: print('try内代码块没有异常则执行我')finally: print('无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作') 如果在这些子句中发生任何未处理的异常，该异常会被临时保存。 finally 子句将被执行。 如果存在被保存的异常，它会在 finally 子句的末尾被重新抛出异常。 123456789101112131415161718s1 = 'hello'try: int(s1)except IndexError as err: print(err)else: print('try内代码块没有异常则执行我')finally: print('无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作')'''执行结果：无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Python3/practice/test.py", line 6, in &lt;module&gt; int(s1)ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'''' 如果 finally 子句执行了 return 或 break 语句，被保存的异常会被丢弃: 12345678910111213def func(): try: 1 / 0 finally: return 42print(func())'''执行结果：42''' 在 finally 子句执行期间，程序不能获取异常信息。当 return， break 或 continue 语句在一个 try...finally 语句的 try 子句体中被执行时，finally 子句也会 “在离开时” 被执行。函数的返回值是由最后被执行的 return 语句所决定的。 由于 finally 子句总是被执行，因此在 finally 子句中被执行的 return 语句总是最后被执行的： 12345678910111213def func(): try: return 3 + 2 finally: return 'finally'print(func())'''执行结果：finally''' raise使用 raise 语句将会主动触发异常： 1234try: raise TypeError('类型错误')except Exception as e: print(e) 自定义异常123456789101112131415161718class myException(BaseException): def __init__(self, msg): self.msg = msg def __str__(self): return self.msgtry: x = 3 + 2 raise myException('类型错误')except myException as e: print(e)'''执行结果：类型错误''' 什么时候用异常处理在编写 Python 程序时，try...except 应该尽量少用，因为它本身就是附加给程序的一种异常处理的逻辑，与代码主要工作是没有关系的。并且还会导致代码可读性变差。只有在有些异常无法预知的情况下，才应该加上 try...except，其他的逻辑错误应该尽量修正。]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的包及其导入]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F18%2F154107-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%85%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[包包是一种通过用 .模块名 来构造 Python 模块命名空间的方法。 例如，模块名 A.B 表示 A 包中名为 B 的子模块。正如模块的使用使得不同模块的作者不必担心彼此的全局变量名称一样，包 A 和包 B 下有同名模块也不会冲突，如 A.a 与 B.a 来自两个命名空间。 注意事项1、包是目录级的，目录是用来组成 py 文件的。包的本质就是一个包含 __init__.py 文件的目录。 2、无论是 import 形式还是 from...import 形式，凡是在导入语句中（而不是在使用时），都必须遵循一个原则：凡是在导入时带点的，点的左边都必须是一个包，否则是错误的。可以带有一连串的点，如 item.subitem.subsubitem，但都必须遵循点的左边都必须是一个包个原则。对于导入后，在使用时就没有这种限制了，点的左边可以是包，模块，函数，类等，它们都可以用点的方式调用自己的属性。 3、使用 import 导入文件时，产生的命名空间中的名字来源于文件；使用 import 导入包时，产生的命名空间的名字同样来源于文件，并且来源与对应的包下的 __init__.py 文件。 4、导入包本质就是在导入包下的 __init__.py 文件。在 Python3 中，即使包下没有 __init__.py 文件，使用 import 导入包仍然不会报错，而在 Python2 中，包下一定要有该文件，否则 import 导入包会报错。 5、创建包的目的不是为了直接去运行，而是用来被其他程序导入使用。包只是模块的一种组织形式而已，包即模块。 6、对比 import item 和 from item import name 的应用场景，如果我们想直接使用 name 那必须使用后者。 创建一个简单的包环境文件结构： 1234567891011121314151617|-- glance/ # Top-level package| |-- __init__.py # Initialize the glance package| || |-- api # Subpackage for api| | |-- __init__.py| | |-- policy.py| | `-- versions.py| || |-- cmd # Subpackage for cmd| | |-- __init__.py| | `-- manage.py| || `-- db # Subpackage for db| |-- __init__.py| `-- models.py|`-- test.py 我用的是 Linux 环境，因此写了 shell 脚本 mkWorkDir.sh 来自动生成环境： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738#!/bin/bashmkdir -pv glance/&#123;api,cmd,db&#125;touch glance/__init__.py touch glance/&#123;api,cmd,db&#125;/__init__.pycat &gt;| glance/api/policy.py &lt;&lt; 'EOF'# policy.pydef get(): print('from policy.py')EOFcat &gt;| glance/api/versions.py &lt;&lt; 'EOF'# versions.pydef create_resource(conf): print('from versions.py: ', conf)EOFcat &gt;| glance/cmd/manage.py &lt;&lt; 'EOF'# manage.pydef main(): print('from manage.py')EOFcat &gt;| glance/db/models.py &lt;&lt; 'EOF'# models.pydef register_models(engine): print('from models.py: ', engine)EOF 如果是 Windows 则使用如下代码创建目录，最后根据上述脚本中的文件内容粘贴进去。 12345678910111213141516import osos.makedirs('glance/api')os.makedirs('glance/cmd')os.makedirs('glance/db')l = []l.append(open('glance/__init__.py', 'w'))l.append(open('glance/api/__init__.py', 'w'))l.append(open('glance/api/policy.py', 'w'))l.append(open('glance/api/versions.py', 'w'))l.append(open('glance/cmd/__init__.py', 'w'))l.append(open('glance/cmd/manage.py', 'w'))l.append(open('glance/db/__init__.py', 'w'))l.append(open('glance/db/models.py', 'w'))map(lambda f: f.close(), l) 包的导入我们在与包 glance 同级别的文件 test.py 中测试。包的用户可以从包中导入单个模块，例如： 1import glance.db.models 这会加载子模块 glance.db.models 。但引用它时必须使用它的全名。 1glance.db.models.register_models('mysql') 导入子模块的另一种方法是： 1from glance.db import models 这也会加载子模块 models ，并使其在没有包前缀的情况下可用，因此可以按如下方式使用： 1models.register_models('oracle') 另一种形式是直接导入所需的函数或变量： 1from glance.db.models import register_models 同样，这也会加载子模块 models，但这会使其函数 register_models() 直接可用: 1register_models('oracle') 当使用 from package import item 时，item 可以是包的子模块（或子包），也可以是包中定义的其他名称，如函数，类或变量。。 import 语句首先测试是否在包中定义了 item；如果没有，import 语句假定它是一个模块并尝试加载它。如果找不到它，则引发 ImportError 异常。要注意 from a import b.c 的形式是错误的语法 相反，当使用 import item.subitem.subsubitem 这样的语法时，除了最后一项之外的每一项都必须是一个包；最后一项可以是模块或包，但不能是前一项中定义的类或函数或变量。比如 import urllib.request.urlopen 中最后一项 urlopen 就它前一项 request 中定义的函数，这种导入就是错误的。 对于每个目录下的 __init__.py 文件，不管是哪种导入方式，只要是第一次导入包或者是包的任何其他部分，都会依次执行包下的 __init__.py 文件。这个文件可以为空，但是也可以存放一些初始化包的代码、作者、包版本等信息。 单独导入包单独导入包名称时不会导入包中所有包含的所有子模块，如： 12345678# 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中import glanceglance.cmd.manage.main()'''执行结果：AttributeError: module 'glance' has no attribute 'cmd'''' 解决方法是在每一个包的 __init__.py 中导入子包或子模块： 在顶级包 glance 中的 __init__.py 中导入子包 cmd。 12# glance/__init__.pyfrom . import cmd 在子包 cmd 中的 __init__.py 中导入模块 manage。 12# glance/cmd/__init__.pyfrom . import manage 外部程序的执行结果： 12345678# 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中import glanceglance.cmd.manage.main()'''执行结果：from manage.py''' 再比如我们平常所说的内置模块 urllib 和 json，找到实际的存放路径后发现，实际上这两个模块就是包，但是在导入上有差异。json 的导入： 123456789101112import jsondata = &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'sex': 'male'&#125;print(json.dumps(data, indent=4))'''执行结果：&#123; "name": "Jerry", "sex": "male"&#125;''' urllib 的导入： 123456789101112import urlliburl = 'http://www.baidu.com'res = urllib.request.urlopen(url)print(res)'''执行结果：Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Python3/test.py", line 20, in &lt;module&gt; res = urllib.request.urlopen(url)AttributeError: module 'urllib' has no attribute 'request'''' 这是因为在 json 目录下的 __init__.py 中定义了 dump() 、dumps()、load()、loads() 等方法，导入 json 包就会自动导入 __init__.py ，所以可以直接使用 json.dumps() 方法。 而在 urllib 目录下的 __init__.py 文件内容为空，什么都没有定义。虽然可以正常导入包，但是这样的包直接导入后没有任何属性。所以这种情况的包，不应该直接导入，而是导入包中的模块来使用： 123456import urllib.requesturl = 'http://www.baidu.com'res = urllib.request.urlopen(url)print(res) 或导入包中模块里定义的函数： 123456from urllib.request import urlopenurl = 'http://www.baidu.com'res = urlopen(url)print(res) 从包中导入 *当用户写 from glance.api import * 会发生什么？理想情况下，人们希望这会以某种方式传递给文件系统，找到包中存在哪些子模块，并将它们全部导入。这可能需要很长时间，导入子模块可能会产生不必要的副作用，这种副作用只有在显式导入子模块时才会发生。 唯一的解决方案是让包作者提供一个包的显式索引。import 语句使用下面的规范： 如果一个包的 __init__.py 代码定义了一个名为 __all__ 的列表，它会被视为在遇到 from package import * 时应该导入的模块名列表。在发布该包的新版本时，包作者可以决定是否让此列表保持更新。包作者如果认为从他们的包中导入 * 的操作没有必要被使用，也可以决定不支持此列表。 12345glance/`-- api |-- __init__.py |-- policy.py `-- versions.py 例如文件 glance/api/__init__.py 可以包含以下代码： 123456789# 在 __init__.py 中定义x = 10def func(): print('from api.__init__.py')__all__ = ['x', 'func', 'policy'] 此时我们在与 glance 同级的文件中执行 from glance.api import * 就导入 __all__ 中的内容， 而 versions 不在 __all__ 中，因此不能被导入。 如果没有定义 __all__，那么 from glance.api import * 语句 不 会从包 glance.api 中导入所有子模块到当前命名空间；它只确保导入了包 glance.api （可能运行任何在 __init__.py 中的初始化代码），然后导入包中定义的任何名称。 虽然某些模块被设计为在使用 from ... import * 时只导出遵循某些模式的名称，但在生产代码中它仍然被认为是不好的做法。请记住，使用 from package import specific_submodule 没有任何问题！ 实际上，除非导入的模块需要使用来自不同包的同名子模块，否则这是推荐的写法。 绝对导入与相对导入我们的最顶级包 glance 是写给别人用的，然后在 glance 包内部也会有彼此之间互相导入的需求，这时候就有绝对导入和相对导入两种方式： 绝对导入：以 glance 作为起始。 相对导入：用 . 或者 .. 的方式最为起始（只能在一个包中使用，不能用于不同目录内）。 1234567891011121314151617|-- glance/ # Top-level package| |-- __init__.py # Initialize the glance package| || |-- api # Subpackage for api| | |-- __init__.py| | |-- policy.py| | `-- versions.py| || |-- cmd # Subpackage for cmd| | |-- __init__.py| | `-- manage.py| || `-- db # Subpackage for db| |-- __init__.py| `-- models.py|`-- test.py 例如：我们在 glance/api/version.py 中想要导入 glance/cmd/manage.py： 绝对导入 12from glance.cmd import managemanage.main() 相对导入 12from ..cmd import managemanage.main() 然后在 test.py 中测试这两种导入： 123from glance.api import versionsversions.manage.main() 注意：可以用 import 导入内置或者第三方模块（已经在 sys.path 中），但是要绝对避免使用 import ... 的方式来导入自定义包的子模块（没有在 sys.path 中），而应该使用 from ... import ... 的绝对或者相对导入，且包的相对导入只能用 from 的形式。 比如我们想在 glance/api/versions.py 中导入 glance/api/policy.py，有可能你看到这两个模块是在同一个目录下，就直接这么来处理： 12345# 在 version.py 中import policypolicy.get() 没错，我们单独运行 version.py 是一点问题没有的，运行 version.py 的路径搜索就是从当前路径开始的，于是在导入 policy 时能在当前目录下找到。 但是，子包中的模块 version.py 极有可能是被一个 glance 包同一级别的其他程序导入，比如在和 glance 同级下的一个 test.py 文件中导入 version.py： 1234567891011121314# 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中from glance.api import versions'''执行结果：Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Python3/test.py", line 12, in &lt;module&gt; from glance.api import versions File "/Python3/glance/api/versions.py", line 8, in &lt;module&gt; import policyModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'policy'''' 这是因为，此时我们在 test.py 中导入 versions， 在 versions.py 中执行 import policy 需要找从 sys.path 也就是从当前目录（test.py 所在的目录）下找 policy.py，明显是无法找到的。 所以，在 glance/api/versions.py 中应该将 import policy 改为 from glance.api import policy 或 from . import policy。 两种导入方式的特点： 使用绝对路径导入，不管在包内部还是外部导入了就能使用，好处是非常直观。缺点是但是一旦包的位置或目录结构发生了变化，就无法按照原有的路径正常导入，必须跟着路径一并发生修改，维护起来非常麻烦。 使用相对路径导入，可以随意移动包，只要能找到包的位置，就可以使用包里的模块，并且包里的子包也可以正常使用其它兄弟包的子模块的内容。缺点是使用了相对路径后就不能在包内直接执行子模块了。因为相对导入是基于当前模块的名称 __name__ 进行导入的：直接执行 .py 文件时 __name__ == __main__，而在外部程序导入子包（或模块）的时候， __name__ 是包（或模块）所在的目录。 例如直接执行子包里的 versions.py 时 __name__ == __main__，此时的 import 就无法从 __main_ 中正常导入： 12345678910111213141516171819# versions.pydef create_resource(conf): print('from versions.py: ', conf)# 在 version.py 中print('__name__ = ', __name__)from . import policypolicy.get()'''__name__ = __main__Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Python3/glance/api/versions.py", line 10, in &lt;module&gt; from . import policyImportError: cannot import name 'policy' from '__main__' (/Python3/glance/api/versions.py)''' 执行和 glance 同级下的一个 test.py 文件时，子模块中的 . 指的就是从该模块的 __name__ 所在的目录导入，glance.api.versions 所在的目录就是 glance.api，因此导入 policy 正常： 123456789101112# 在与 glance 同级的 test.py 中from glance.api import versionsversions.policy.get()'''执行结果：__name__ = glance.api.versionsfrom policy.pyfrom policy.py''']]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Python的模块和使用]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F18%2F094127-Python%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%92%8C%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[什么是模块在计算机程序的开发过程中，随着程序代码越写越多，在一个文件里代码就会越来越长，越来越不容易维护。为了编写可维护的代码，我们把很多函数分组，分别放到不同的文件里，这样，每个文件包含的代码就相对较少，很多编程语言都采用这种组织代码的方式。在 Python 中，常规情况下一个模块就是一个包含了 Python 定义和声明的文件，文件名就是模块名字加上 .py 的后缀。 但事实上 import 加载的模块分为四个通用类别： 1、使用 Python 编写的代码（.py 文件）。2、已被编译为共享库或 DLL 的 C 或 C++ 扩展。3、包好一组模块的包。4、使用C编写并链接到 Python 解释器的内置模块。 为什么要使用模块如果你退出 Python 解释器然后重新进入，之前定义的函数或者变量都将丢失，因此我们通常将程序写到文件中以便永久保存下来，需要时就通过 python test.py 方式去执行，此时 test.py 被称为脚本(script)。 随着程序的开发和补充，功能越来越多，为了方便管理，我们通常将程序分成一个个的文件，这样做可以使程序的结构更清晰，方便管理。这时我们不仅仅可以把这些文件当做脚本去执行，还可以把他们当做模块来导入到其他的模块中，实现了功能的重复利用。我们在编写程序的时候，也经常引用其他模块，包括 Python 内置的模块和来自第三方的模块。 使用模块还可以避免函数名和变量名冲突。相同名字的函数和变量完全可以分别存在不同的模块中，因此，我们自己在编写模块时，不必考虑名字会与其他模块冲突。但是也要注意，尽量不要与内置函数名字冲突。 如何使用模块示例文件：文件名 hello.py，模块名 hello： 12345678910111213141516171819202122#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# hello.pyprint('from the hello.py')money = 1000def read1(): print('hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money', 1000)def read2(): print('hello-&gt;read2 calling read1') read1()def change(): global money money = 0 import模块可以包含可执行的语句和函数的定义，这些语句的目的是初始化模块，它们只在模块名第一次遇到导入 import 语句时才执行。 import 语句是可以在程序中的任意位置使用的，且针对同一个模块能 import 多次，为了防止重复导入，Python 的优化手段是：第一次导入之后就将模块名加载到内存，后续的 import 语句仅是对已经加载到内存中的模块对象增加了一次引用，不会重新执行模块内的语句，如下： 1234567891011121314151617#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# test.pyimport hello # 只在第一次导入时才执行 hello.py 内的代码，此处的显式效果是只打印一次 'from the hello.py'# 当然其他的顶级代码也都被执行了，只不过没有显示效果。import helloimport helloimport helloimport hello'''执行结果：from the hello.py''' 我们可以从 sys.modules 中找到当前已经加载的模块，sys.modules 是一个字典，内部包含模块名与模块对象的映射，该字典决定了导入模块时是否需要重新导入。 每个模块都是一个独立的名称空间，定义在这个模块中的函数，把这个模块的名称空间当作全局名称空间，这样我们在编写自己的模块时，就不用担心我们定义在自己模块中全局变量会在被导入时，与使用者的全局变量冲突。 测试一，money 与 hello.money 不冲突： 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# test.pyimport hellomoney = 10print(hello.money)'''执行结果：from the hello.py1000''' 测试二，read1 与 hello.read1 不冲突： 12345678910111213141516171819#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# test.pyimport hellodef read1(): print('========')hello.read1()'''执行结果:from the hello.pyhello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000''' 测试三，执行 hello.change() 操作的全局变量 money 仍然是 hello.py 中的： 12345678910111213141516#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# test.pyimport hellomoney = 1hello.change()print(money)'''执行结果：from the hello.py1''' 总结： 首次导入模块 hello 时会做三件事： 1、为源文件 hello.py 创建新的名称空间，在 hello 中定义的函数和方法若是使用到了 global 时访问的就是这个命名空间。 2、在新创建的命名空间中执行模块中包含的代码。 3、创建名字 hello 来引用该命名空间。 import … as …使用 as 可以为模块起别名。 1234567891011121314#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# test.pyimport hello as hloprint(hlo.money)'''执行结果：from the hello.py1000''' 为已经导入的模块起别名的方式对编写可扩展的代码很有用，假设有两个模块 xmlreader.py 和 csvreader.py，它们都定义了函数 read_data(filename) 用来从文件中读取一些数据，但采用不同的输入格式。可以编写代码来选择性地挑选读取模块，例如： 12345if file_format == 'xml': import xmlreader as readerelif file_format == 'csv': import csvreader as readerdata = reader.read_data(filename) 在一行导入多个模块也是可行的： 1import sys, os, re 但从维护性上考虑，不建议使用这种导入方法。 from … import …对比 import hello，会将源文件的名称空间 hello ‘带到当前名称空间中，使用时必须是 hello. 名字的方式。而 from 语句相当于 import，也会创建新的名称空间，但是将 hello 中的名字直接导入到当前的名称空间中，在当前名称空间中直接使用名字就可以了。 1from hello import read1,read2 这样在当前位置直接使用 read1 和 read2 就好了，执行时仍然以 hello.py 文件作为全局名称空间。 测试一，导入的函数 read1，执行时仍然回到 hello.py 中寻找全局变量 money ： 123456789# test.pyfrom hello import read1money=1000read1()'''执行结果:from the hello.pyhello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000''' 测试二，导入的函数 read2，执行时需要调用 read1()，仍然回到 hello.py 中找 read1()：12345678910111213141516# test.pyfrom hello import read2def read1(): print('==========')read2()'''执行结果:from the hello.pyhello-&gt;read2 calling read1hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000''' 如果当前有重名 read1 或者 read2，那么会有覆盖效果。 测试三，导入的函数 read1，被当前位置定义的 read1 覆盖掉了。 1234567891011121314# test.pyfrom hello import read1def read1(): print('==========')read1()'''执行结果:from the hello.py==========''' 需要特别强调的一点是：Python 中的变量赋值不是一种存储操作，而只是一种绑定关系，如下： 1234567891011from hello import money, read1money = 100 # 将当前位置的名字 money 绑定到了100print(money) # 打印当前的名字read1() # 读取 hello.py 中的名字 money,仍然为1000'''from the hello.py100hello-&gt;read1-&gt;money 1000''' 支持 as 1from hello import read1 as read 也支持导入多行 123from hello import (money, read1, read2) from … import *from hello import * 会把 hello 中所有的不是以下划线(_)开头的名字都导入到当前位置，大部分情况下我们的 Python 程序不应该使用这种导入方式，因为 * 不知道你想要导入什么名字，很有可能会覆盖掉之前已经定义的名字。而且可读性极其差，不过，在交互式编译器中为了节省打字可以这么用。 可以使用 __all__ 来控制 *（多用来发布新版本）。在 hello.py 中新增一行： 1__all__ = ['money', 'read1'] 这样在另外一个文件中用 from hello import * 就只能导入列表中规定的两个名字。 考虑到性能的原因，每个模块只被导入一次，放入字典 sys.modules 中，如果改变了模块的内容就必须重启程序，Python 不支持重新加载或卸载之前导入的模块。 你可能会想到直接从 sys.modules 中删除一个模块不就可以卸载了吗？请注意，当删除了 sys.modules 中的模块对象，仍然可能被其他程序的组件所引用，因而不会被清除。 特别是对于我们引用了这个模块中的一个类，用这个类产生了很多对象，因而这些对象都有关于这个模块的引用。如果只是交互测试一个模块，使用 importlib.reload()， 比如 import importlib; importlib.reload(modulename)，这只能用于测试环境。 把模块当做脚本执行我们可以通过模块的全局变量 __name__来查看模块名： 当做脚本运行时，__name__ 等于 &#39;__main__&#39;。 当做模块导入时，__name__ 等于 模块名。 作用：用来控制 .py 文件在不同的应用场景下执行不同的逻辑： 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def fib(n): pre, curr = 0, 1 while curr &lt; n: print(curr, end=' ') pre, curr = curr, pre + curr print()if __name__ == "__main__": print(__name__) num = input('num :') fib(int(num)) if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: 的意思是：当 .py 文件被直接运行时，if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39; 之下的代码块将被运行；当 .py 文件以模块形式被导入时，if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39; 之下的代码块不被运行。 模块搜索路径Python 解释器在启动时会自动加载一些模块，可以使用 sys.modules查看。在第一次导入某个模块时（比如 hello），会先检查该模块是否已经被加载到内存中（当前执行文件的名称空间对应的内存），如果有则直接引用。如果没有，解释器则会查找同名的内建模块，如果还没有找到就从 sys.path 给出的目录列表中依次寻找 hello.py 文件。 所以总结模块的查找顺序是：内存中已经加载的模块 =&gt; 内置模块 =&gt; sys.path 路径中包含的模块。 需要特别注意的是：自定义的模块名不应该与系统内置模块重名。 sys.path 变量是一个字符串列表，用于确定解释器的模块搜索路径。该变量被初始化为从环境变量 PYTHONPATH 获取的默认路径，或者如果 PYTHONPATH 未设置，则从内置默认路径初始化。在初始化后，Python 程序可以修改 sys.path，路径放到前面的优先于标准库被加载。 123&gt;&gt;&gt; import sys&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.path.append('/a/b/c/d')&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.path.insert(0,'/x/y/z') #排在前的目录，优先被搜索 搜索时按照 sys.path 中从左到右的顺序查找，位于前的优先被查找，sys.path 中还可能包含 .zip 归档文件和 .egg 文件，Python 会把 .zip 归档文件当成一个目录去处理。 至于 .egg 文件是由 setuptools 创建的包，这是按照第三方 Pthon 和扩展时使用的一种常见格式，·egg 文件实际上只是添加了额外元数据(如版本号，依赖项等)的 .zip 文件。 需要强调的一点是：只能从 .zip 文件中导入 .py，.pyc 等文件。使用 C 编写的共享库和扩展块无法直接从 .zip 文件中加载（此时 setuptools 等打包系统有时能提供一种规避方法），且从 .zip 中加载文件不会创建 .pyc 或者 .pyo 文件，因此一定要事先创建他们，来避免加载模块时性能下降。 编译 Python 文件为了加速模块载入(提高的是加载速度而程序非运行速度)，Python 在 __pycache__ 目录里缓存了每个模块的编译后版本，名称为 module.version.pyc ，通常会包含 Python 的版本号。例如，在CPython3.7 版本下，hello.py 模块会被缓存成 __pycache__/hello.cpython-37.pyc。这种命名规范保证了编译后的结果多版本共存。 Python检查源文件的修改时间与编译的版本进行对比，如果过期就需要重新编译。这是完全自动的过程。此外，编译的模块与平台无关，所以相同的库可以在不同的架构的系统之间共享，即 pyc 是一种跨平台的字节码，类似于 JAVA 、.NET，是由 Python 虚拟机来执行的，但是 pyc 的内容跟 Python 的版本相关，不同的版本编译后的 pyc 文件不同，2.5 编译的 pyc 文件不能到 3.5 上执行，并且 pyc 文件是可以反编译的，因而它的出现仅仅是用来提升模块的加载速度的。 Python 在两种情况下不会检查缓存。首先，对于从命令行直接载入的模块，它从来都是重新编译并且不存储编译结果；其次，如果源文件不存在，那么缓存的结果也不会被使用，它不会检查缓存。为了支持无源文件（仅编译）发行版本， 编译模块必须是在源目录下，并且绝对不能有源模块。 给专业人士的一些小建议： 1、模块名区分大小写，foo.py 与 FOO.py 代表的是两个模块。 2、你可以使用 -O 或者 -OO 转换 Python 命令来减少编译模块的大小。-O 开关去除(assert)断言语句，-OO 开关同时去除(assert)断言语句和 __doc__ 字符串。由于一些程序可能依赖于assert语句或文档字符串，你应该在在确认需要的情况下使用这些选项。 3、一个从 .pyc 文件读出的程序并不会比它从 .py 读出时运行的更快，.pyc 文件唯一快的地方在于载入速度。 4、只有使用 import 语句时才将文件自动编译为 .pyc 文件，在命令行或标准输入中指定运行脚本则不会生成这类文件，因而我们可以使用 compieall 模块为一个目录中的所有模块创建 .pyc 文件。 标准模块python提供了一个标准模块库，一些模块被内置到解释器中，这些提供了不属于语言核心部分的操作的访问，但它们是内置的，无论是为了效率还是提供对操作系统原语的访问。这些模块集合是依赖于底层平台的配置项，如winreg模块只能用于windows系统。特别需要注意的是，sys模块内建在每一个python解释器 Python 附带了一个标准模块库，一些模块内置于解释器中，它们提供对不属于语言核心但仍然内置的操作的访问，以提高效率或提供对系统调用等操作系统原语的访问。这些模块的集合是一个配置选项，它也取决于底层平台。例如 winreg 模块只在 Windows 操作系统上提供。一个特别值得注意的模块 sys 它被内嵌到每一个 Python 解释器中。变量 sys.ps1 和 sys.ps2 定义用作主要和辅助提示的字符串： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; import sys&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.ps1'&gt;&gt;&gt; '&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.ps2'... '&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.ps1 = 'C&gt; 'C&gt; print('Yuck!')Yuck!C&gt; 这两个变量只有在编译器是交互模式下才被定义。 dir() 函数内置函数 dir() 用于查找模块定义的名称。 它返回一个排序过的字符串列表： 123456789import helloprint(dir(hello))'''执行结果：from the hello.py['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'change', 'money', 'read1', 'read2']''' 如果没有参数 dir() 会列出你当前定义的名称： 12345678910import helloa = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]print(dir())'''执行结果：from the hello.py['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'a', 'hello']''' 注意：它列出所有类型的名称：变量，模块，函数，等等。 dir() 不会列出内置函数和变量的名称。如果你想要这些，它们的定义是在标准模块 builtins 中: 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031&gt;&gt;&gt; import builtins&gt;&gt;&gt; dir(builtins) ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError', 'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', '_', '__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__name__', '__package__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip'] 官方链接： https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
+        <tag>Python Modules</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的内置函数]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F17%2F145314-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E7%BD%AE%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[内置函数整理https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.7/library/functions.html#func-set 梳理作用域相关 基于字典的形式获取局部变量和全局变量 locals() 获取全局变量的字典 globals() 获取执行本方法所在命名空间内的局部变量的字典 字符串类型代码的执行 http://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/7266087.html 输入输出相关 input() 接收用户输入 print() 输出 数据类型相关 type(o) 返回变量o的数据类型 内存相关 id(o) o是参数，返回变量o的内存地址 hash(o) o是参数，返回一个可hash数据的哈希值，不可hash的数据被hash之后会报错 hash函数会根据一个内部的算法对当前可hash变量进行处理，返回一个int数字 每一次执行程序，内容相同的变量hash值在这一次执行过程中不会发生改变 1234567891011121314151617181920212223name = 'Tom'print(hash(name))print(hash(name))print(hash(name))print(hash(name))print(hash(name))print(hash(name))# 323377793497756635# 323377793497756635# 323377793497756635# 323377793497756635# 323377793497756635# 323377793497756635t = (1,2,3)l = [1,2,3]print(hash(t)) #可hashprint(hash(l)) #会报错'''结果：TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'''' 字典寻址方式：在查找时，首先对键进行hash运算，把求得的值当做“键-值对”的内存地址，在结构中按照此位置取“键-值对”进行比较，若键相等，则表示搜索成功。在存储“键-值对”的时候，依照相同的hash函数计算存储位置，并按此位置存放 文件操作相关 open() 打开一个文件，返回一个文件操作符(文件句柄) 迭代器/生成器相关 range() 只有 __iter_ 方法，没有__next__，因此 range()是可迭代的对象而不是生成器，range() 返回的一个可迭代对象 可以切片 next() 返回迭代器的下一个数据项 iter() 将可迭代对象生成一个迭代器 模块操作相关 __import__导入一个模块 12# 导入一个模块import time 不建议的导入方式： 12os = __import__('os')print(os.path.abspath('.')) 帮助方法 help() 在控制台执行help()进入帮助模式 可以随意输入变量或者变量的类型。输入q退出 或者直接执行help(o)，o是参数，查看和o有关的操作 dir() 默认查看全局空间内的属性，也接受一个参数，查看这个参数内的方法或变量 调用相关 callable(o)，o是参数，看这个变量是不是可调用，如果o是一个函数名，就会返回True 123def func():passprint(callable(func)) #参数是函数名，可调用，返回Trueprint(callable(123)) #参数是数字，不可调用，返回False 数字相关 数据类型相关： bool，int，float，complex 进制转换相关： bin，oct，hex 数学运算： abs，divmod，min，max，sum，round，pow 数据结构相关 序列 列表元组：list()、tuple() 字符串：str，format，bytes，bytearry，memoryview，ord，chr，ascii，repr 集合 字典和集合：dict，set，frozenset 数据集合：len，sorted，enumerate，all，any，zip，filter，map divmoddivmod(a, b) 把除数和余数运算结果结合起来，返回一个包含商和余数的元组 (a // b, a % b) ordord() 函数是 chr() 函数（对于8位的ASCII字符串）或 unichr() 函数（对于Unicode对象）的配对函数，它以一个字符（长度为1的字符串）作为参数，返回对应的 ASCII 数值，或者 Unicode 数值，如果所给的 Unicode 字符超出了你的 Python 定义范围，则会引发一个 TypeError 的异常 123456&gt;&gt;&gt;ord('a')97&gt;&gt;&gt; ord('b')98&gt;&gt;&gt; ord('c')99 chrchr(i) 用一个范围在 range（256）内的（就是0～255）整数作参数，返回一个对应的字符，i 可以是10进制也可以是16进制的形式的数字 1234&gt;&gt;&gt;print chr(0x30), chr(0x31), chr(0x61) # 十六进制0 1 a&gt;&gt;&gt; print chr(48), chr(49), chr(97) # 十进制0 1 a repr将对象转化为供解释器读取的形式 1234567s = 'RUNOOB'&gt;&gt;&gt; repr(s)"'RUNOOB'"&gt;&gt;&gt; dict = &#123;'runoob': 'runoob.com', 'google': 'google.com'&#125;;&gt;&gt;&gt; repr(dict)"&#123;'google': 'google.com', 'runoob': 'runoob.com'&#125;"&gt;&gt;&gt; %r 和 %s %r用rper()方法处理对象 %s用str()方法处理对象 例： 123text = "I am %d years old." % 22 print("I said: %s." % text )print("I said: %r." % text ) 返回结果： 12I said: I am 22 years old.. I said: 'I am 22 years old..' # %r 给字符串加了单引号 enumerate将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列，同时列出数据和数据下标，一般用在 for 循环当中 1enumerate(sequence, [start=0]) 参数： sequence 一个序列、迭代器或其他支持迭代对象 start 下标起始位置 返回值：返回 enumerate(枚举) 对象 123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']&gt;&gt;&gt; list(enumerate(seasons))[(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]&gt;&gt;&gt; list(enumerate(seasons, start=1)) # 小标从 1 开始[(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]&gt;&gt;&gt; seq = ['one', 'two', 'three']&gt;&gt;&gt; for i, element in enumerate(seq,1):... print i, element... 1 one2 two3 three evaleval (expression, globals=None, locals=None) ，将字符串 str 当成有效的表达式来求值并返回计算结果 example: 123456a=1g=&#123;'a':20&#125;eval("a+1",g)# 21print(eval(1+3*2))# 7 123message = "&#123;'testhost': &#123;'status': 'disabled', 'ip': '192.168.1.1'&#125;&#125;" print(eval(message))# 将字符串类型解析成字典 安全性是eval最大的缺点，假设用户恶意输入，比如： 1__import__('os').system('dir') 那么 eval() 之后，会发现当前文件夹文件都会展示到用户面前，如何避免这种情况？ 自行写检查函数； 使用 ast.literal_eval：DOCUMENT 其它：Restricted “safe” eval(Python recipe) exec执行储存在字符串或文件中的 Python 语句，相比于 eval()，exec() 可以执行更复杂的 Python 代码，但是 exec() 没有返回值 zip 将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表 若各个迭代器的元素个数不一致，则返回列表长度与最短的对象相同，利用 * 操作符可以将元组解压为列表 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1,2,3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = [4,5,6]&gt;&gt;&gt; c = [4,5,6,7,8]&gt;&gt;&gt; zipped = zip(a,b) # 打包为元组的列表[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]&gt;&gt;&gt; zip(a,c) # 元素个数与最短的列表一致[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]&gt;&gt;&gt; zip(*zipped) # 与 zip 相反，*zipped 可理解为解压，返回二维矩阵式[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python 解释器内置了很多函数和类型，我们可以在任何时候使用它们。根据官网以及自己所学知识进行了梳理，做了下面的思维导图，供自己学习和查阅。 官方文档链接：https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.7/library/functions.html#func-set 下面是对一些函数进行的补充。 内存相关 字典寻址方式：在查找 key 对应的 value 时，首先对 key 进行 hash 运算，把求得的值当做“key-value对” 的内存地址，在结构中按照此位置取“key-value对”进行比较，若键相等，则表示搜索成功。在存储“key-value对”的时候，依照相同的 hash 函数计算存储位置，并按此位置存放。 ord ord() 函数是 chr() 函数（对于8位的ASCII字符串）或 unichr() 函数（对于Unicode对象）的配对函数，它以一个字符（长度为1的字符串）作为参数，返回对应的 ASCII 数值，或者 Unicode 数值，如果所给的 Unicode 字符超出了你的 Python 定义范围，则会引发一个 TypeError 的异常 123456&gt;&gt;&gt;ord('a')97&gt;&gt;&gt; ord('b')98&gt;&gt;&gt; ord('c')99 chr chr(i) 用一个范围在 range（256）内的（就是0～255）整数作参数，返回一个对应的字符，i 可以是10进制也可以是16进制的形式的数字 1234&gt;&gt;&gt;print chr(0x30), chr(0x31), chr(0x61) # 十六进制0 1 a&gt;&gt;&gt; print chr(48), chr(49), chr(97) # 十进制0 1 a repr 将对象转化为供解释器读取的形式 1234567s = 'RUNOOB'&gt;&gt;&gt; repr(s)"'RUNOOB'"&gt;&gt;&gt; dict = &#123;'runoob': 'runoob.com', 'google': 'google.com'&#125;;&gt;&gt;&gt; repr(dict)"&#123;'google': 'google.com', 'runoob': 'runoob.com'&#125;"&gt;&gt;&gt; %r 和 %s %r用 rper() 方法处理对象；%s用str()方法处理对象。 123text = "I am %d years old." % 22 print("I said: %s." % text )print("I said: %r." % text ) 返回结果： 12I said: I am 22 years old.. I said: 'I am 22 years old..' # %r 给字符串加了单引号 enumerate 将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列，同时列出数据和数据下标，一般用在 for 循环当中。 1enumerate(sequence, [start=0]) 其中 sequence 是 一个序列、迭代器或其他支持迭代对象，start 为下标起始位置。将返回 enumerate(枚举) 对象。 123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']&gt;&gt;&gt; list(enumerate(seasons))[(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]&gt;&gt;&gt; list(enumerate(seasons, start=1)) # 小标从 1 开始[(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]&gt;&gt;&gt; seq = ['one', 'two', 'three']&gt;&gt;&gt; for i, element in enumerate(seq,1):... print i, element... 1 one2 two3 three eval eval (expression, globals=None, locals=None) ，将字符串 str 当成有效的表达式来求值并返回计算结果 123456a=1g=&#123;'a':20&#125;eval("a+1",g)# 21print(eval(1+3*2))# 7 123message = "&#123;'testhost': &#123;'status': 'disabled', 'ip': '192.168.1.1'&#125;&#125;" print(eval(message))# 将字符串类型解析成字典 安全性是 eval 最大的缺点，假设用户恶意输入，比如： 1__import__('os').system('dir') 那么 eval() 之后，会发现当前文件夹文件都会展示到用户面前，如何避免这种情况？ 自行写检查函数； 使用 ast.literal_eval：DOCUMENT 其它：Restricted “safe” eval(Python recipe) zip zip() 将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的列表。若各个迭代器的元素个数不一致，则返回列表长度与最短的对象相同，利用 * 操作符可以将元组解压为列表。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1,2,3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = [4,5,6]&gt;&gt;&gt; c = [4,5,6,7,8]&gt;&gt;&gt; zipped = zip(a,b) # 打包为元组的列表[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]&gt;&gt;&gt; zip(a,c) # 元素个数与最短的列表一致[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]&gt;&gt;&gt; zip(*zipped) # 与 zip 相反，*zipped 可理解为解压，返回二维矩阵式[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -19,7 +137,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的生成器和迭代器]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F16%2F081510-Python%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8%E5%92%8C%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[部分内容转自： http://python.jobbole.com/87805/ https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/ 概要在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些概念以及它们之间的关系捋清楚 容器(container)容器是一种把多个元素组织在一起的数据结构，容器中的元素可以逐个地迭代获取，可以用 in , not in 关键字判断元素是否包含在容器中。通常这类数据结构把所有的元素存储在内存中（也有一些特列并不是所有的元素都放在内存）在 Python 中，常见的容器对象有： list, deque, …. set, frozensets, …. dict, defaultdict, OrderedDict, Counter, …. tuple, namedtuple, … str 容器比较容易理解，因为你就可以把它看作是一个盒子、一栋房子、一个柜子，里面可以塞任何东西。从技术角度来说，当它可以用来询问某个元素是否包含在其中时，那么这个对象就可以认为是一个容器 可迭代对象(iterable)刚才说过，很多容器都是 Iterable 对象，此外还有更多的对象同样也是 Iterable 对象，比如处于打开状态的 files，sockets 等等。但凡是可以返回一个 迭代器 的对象都可称之为 Iterable 对象，可以使用 isinstance() 判断一个对象是否是 Iterable 对象： 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import Iterable&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance([], Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance(&#123;&#125;, Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance('abc', Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance((x for x in range(10)), Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance(100, Iterable)False Iterable 对象和容器一样是一种通俗的叫法，并不是指某种具体的数据类型，list，dict，set 都是 Iterable 对象示例： 12345678910111213&gt;&gt;&gt; x = [1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; y = iter(x)&gt;&gt;&gt; z = iter(x)&gt;&gt;&gt; next(y)1&gt;&gt;&gt; next(y)2&gt;&gt;&gt; next(z)1&gt;&gt;&gt; type(x)&lt;class 'list'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; type(y)&lt;class 'list_iterator'&gt; 上例中 y 和 z 是两个独立的迭代器 ( iterator)，迭代器内部持有一个状态，该状态用于记录当前迭代所在的位置，以方便下次迭代的时候获取正确的元素。迭代器有一种具体的迭代器类型，比如 list_iterator，set_iterator。 可迭代对象都有 x.__iter__ 和 iter(x) 方法，这两个方法本质一样，都会返回一个迭代器。能直接作用于 for 循环的对象统称为可迭代对象，要想可迭代，内部必须有一个 __iter__ 方法。 for循环的本质例子： 123x = [1, 2, 3]for elem in x: # 定时垃圾回收机制：没有引用指向这个对象，则被回收 ... 实际上 for 循环本质上做了三件事： 调用 iter() 方法将可迭代的对象转为迭代器，即： iter(x) 不断地调用 next() 方法，返回迭代器中下一个元素的值 处理 StopIteration 异常 如图： 因此上述例子完全等价于： 1234567891011# 首先获得迭代器对象:x = [1, 2, 3]it = iter(x)# 循环:while True: try: # 获得下一个值: elem = next(it) except StopIteration: # 遇到 StopIteration 就退出循环 break 迭代器(iterator)迭代器(iterator)是一个带状态的对象，同时满足下列两个条件的对象都是迭代器： 有 __iter__() 方法：等同于 iter() ，返回迭代器自身 有 __next()__ 方法：等同于 next() ，返回容器中的下一个值，如果容器中没有更多元素了，则抛出 StopIteration 异常 12345678910111213L = [1,2,3,4]print(L.__iter__())print(iter(L))# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# 虽然二者一样，但不建议使用内置方法 __iter__ 而是使用 iter()X = iter(L) # 将可迭代对象变成迭代器print(X.__iter__())print(inter(X))# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# 如果对象本身就是迭代器对象，则返回迭代器自身 在迭代器中每次调用 next() 方法的时候做两件事： 为下一次调用 next() 方法修改状态 为当前这次调用生成返回结果 迭代器就像一个懒加载的工厂，等到有人需要的时候才给它生成值返回，没调用的时候就处于休眠状态等待下一次调用 我们都知道 range() 可以被 for 循环，也就是说它是一个可迭代对象，那么 range() 是不是一个迭代器呢？ 12print('__iter__' in dir(range(12)))print('__next__' in dir(range(12))) 还可以使用 isinstance() 判断一个对象是否是 Iterator 对象 1234from collections import Iteratorprint(isinstance(range(100), Iterator)) 生成器(generator)通过列表生成式，可以直接创建一个列表。但是受到内存限制，列表容量肯定是有限的。而且创建一个包含100万个元素的列表，不仅占用很大的存储空间，如果我们仅仅需要访问前面几个元素，那后面绝大多数元素占用的空间都白白浪费了。 所以，如果列表元素可以按照某种算法推算出来，那我们是否可以在循环的过程中不断推算出后续的元素呢？这样就不必创建完整的list，从而节省大量的空间。在 Python 中这种一边循环一边计算的机制，称为生成器（generator） 生成器表达式(generator expression)创建生成器的第一种方法很简单，只要把一个列表生成式的 [] 改成 ()，就创建了一个 generator，生成器表达式是列表生成式的生成器版本，看起来像列表生成式，但是它返回的是一个生成器对象而不是列表对象： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; L = [x * x for x in range(5)]&gt;&gt;&gt; L[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]&gt;&gt;&gt; g = (x * x for x in range(5))&gt;&gt;&gt; g&lt;generator object &lt;genexpr&gt; at 0x012967E0&gt; 创建 L 和 g 的区别仅在于最外层的 [] 和 ()，L 是一个 list 对象，而 g 是一个 generator 对象，我们可以直接打印出 list 的每一个元素，但我们怎么打印出 generator 的每一个元素呢？ 上述例子中，列表生成式相当于做好的 5 盘菜，什么时候想吃就什么时候吃，数据都都在内存空间，什么时候想调用就调用，但是比较占空间；而生成器相当于一位厨师，现在什么菜都没有，当你想吃第一道菜的时候就可以叫厨师做出来，以此类推。如果不吃，数据永远不会生成，不占内存空间，但是算法决定了必须从第一盘菜开始吃，只有在前 9 盘菜吃完才能吃最后一盘，所以如果要打印出 generator 的每一个元素，可以通过 next() 函数获得generator 的下一个返回值： 12345678910111213141516&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)0&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)1&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)4&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)9&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)16&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;StopIteration# next(s) 等价于 s.__next__(),但不建议使用 __next__() 方法# 在 Python2 中是 s.next() generator 保存的是算法，每次调用 next(g)，就计算出 g 的下一个元素的值，直到计算到最后一个元素，没有更多的元素时抛出 StopIteration 的错误。当然，上面这种不断调用 next(g) 实在是太变态了，正确的方法是使用 for 循环，因为 generator 也是可迭代对象： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; g = (x * x for x in range(5))&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in g:... print(i)...014916 所以我们创建了一个 generator 后基本上永远不会调用 next()，而是通过 for 循环来迭代它，并且不需要关心 StopIteration 的错误 generator 非常强大。如果推算的算法比较复杂，用生成器表达式的 for 循环无法实现的时候，还可以用函数来实现。 比如，著名的斐波拉契数列（Fibonacci），除第一个和第二个数外，任意一个数都可由前两个数相加得到： 11, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... 斐波那契数列用列表生成式写不出来，但是用函数把它打印出来却很容易： 12345678910111213141516#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...def fib(max): n, prev, curr = 0, 0, 1 while n &lt; max: print(curr) prev, curr = curr, curr + prev n += 1 return 'Done'print(fib(5)) 注意，赋值语句： 1prev, curr = curr, curr + prev 相当于： 123t = (curr, curr + prev) # t 是一个tupleprev = t[0]curr = t[1] 但不必显式写出临时变量 t 就可以完成赋值 yield关键字生成器其实是一种特殊的迭代器，不过这种迭代器更加优雅。它不需要再像上面一样写 iter() 和 next() 方法了，只需要一个 yiled 关键字。 生成器一定是迭代器（反之不成立），因此任何生成器也是以一种懒加载的模式生成值。 仔细观察，可以看出，fib 函数实际上是定义了斐波拉契数列的推算规则，可以从第一个元素开始，推算出后续任意的元素，这种逻辑其实非常类似 generator。 也就是说，上面的函数和 generator 仅一步之遥。要把 fib 函数变成 generator，只需要把 print(curr) 改为 yield curr 就可以了： 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...def fib(max): n, prev, curr = 0, 0, 1 while n &lt; max: yield curr prev, curr = curr, curr + prev n += 1 return 'Done' 这就是定义 generator 的另一种方法。如果一个函数定义中包含 yield 关键字，那么这个函数就不再是一个普通函数，而是一个 generator： 1234567f = fib(5)print(f)# &lt;generator object fib at 0x00C4F7B0&gt;# 当执行 f=fib(5) 返回的是一个生成器对象# 此时函数体中的代码并不会执行，只有显示或隐示地调用next的时候才会真正执行里面的代码print(list(f))# [1, 1, 2, 3, 5] generator 和函数的执行流程不一样。函数是顺序执行，遇到 return 语句或者最后一行函数语句就返回。而变成 generator 的函数，在每次调用 next() 的时候执行，遇到 yield 语句返回，再次执行时从上次返回的 yield 语句处继续执行。 举个简单的例子，定义一个 generator，依次返回数字 1，3，5： 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; def odd():... print(&apos;Step 1&apos;)... yield 1... print(&apos;Step 2&apos;)... yield 3... print(&apos;Step 3&apos;)... yield 5... 调用该 generator 时，首先要生成一个 generator 对象，然后用 next() 函数不断获得下一个返回值： 123456789101112131415&gt;&gt;&gt; o = odd()&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Step 11&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Step 23&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Step 35&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Traceback (most recent call last): File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;StopIteration&gt;&gt;&gt; 可以看到，odd 不是普通函数，而是 generator，在执行过程中遇到 yield 就中断，下次又继续执行。执行 3 次 yield 后，已经没有 yield 可以执行了，所以，第 4 次调用 next(o) 就报错 回到 fib 的例子，我们在循环过程中不断调用 yield，就会不断中断。当然要给循环设置一个条件来退出循环，不然就会产生一个无限数列出来。 同样的，把函数改成 generator 后，我们基本上从来不会用 next()来获取下一个返回值，而是直接使用 for 循环来迭代： 12for n in fib(5): print(n) return生成器函数跟普通函数只有一点不一样，就是把 return 换成 yield，其中 yield 是一个语法糖，内部实现了迭代器协议，同时保持状态可以挂起。 在一个生成器中，如果没有 return，则默认执行到函数完毕；如果在执行过程中 return，则直接抛出 StopIteration 终止迭代 12345678910111213141516171819def f(): yield 5 print("ooo") return yield 6 print("ppp")f=f()# print(f.__next__())# print(f.__next__())for i in f: print(i)'''return 即迭代结束for 不报错的原因是内部处理了迭代结束的这种情况''' 需要注意的是 123456f=f()print(f.__next__())print(f.__next__())# 上下两种方式不同，下面的是创建了两个生成器print(f().__next__())print(f().__next__()) 生成器在 Python 中是一个非常强大的编程结构，可以用更少地使用中间变量写流式代码，此外，相比其它容器对象它更能节省内存和CPU，当然它可以用更少的代码来实现相似的功能。现在就可以动手重构你的代码了，但凡看到类似： 12345def something(): result = [] for ... in ...: result.append(x) return result 都可以用生成器函数来替换： 123def iter_something(): for ... in ...: yield x 如果直接对文件对象调用 read() 和 readlines() 方法，会导致不可预测的内存占用。好的方法是利用固定长度的缓冲区来不断读取文件内容。通过 yield，我们不再需要编写读文件的迭代类就可以轻松实现文件读取： 123456789def read_file(fpath): BLOCK_SIZE = 1024 with open(fpath, 'rb') as f: while True: block = f.read(BLOCK_SIZE) if block: yield block else: return 更加便利的方法是使用 for 循环直接对文件对象进行迭代： 1234with open('test.log','r',encoding='utf-8') as f: for i in f: # f 是个迭代器对象 # for i in f.readlines(): # readline方法中，每个元素都是一行内容，如果文件有2G则全部加载到内存 print(i) 练习 使用文件读取，找出文件中最长的行 1max(len(x.strip()) for x in open('/hello/abc','r')) 生成器有个 send() 方法，用于传入值给生成器 1234567891011def f(): print("ok") s=yield 7 print(s) yield 8f=f()print(f.send(None)) # 等同于print(next(f))print(next(f))# 执行流程:打印ok,yield7,当再next进来时:将None赋值给s,然后返回8,可以通过断点来观察 生成器面试题试题1 1234567891011121314151617def add(n, i): return n + idef test(): for i in range(4): yield ig = test()for n in [1, 10]: g = (add(n, i) for i in g)print(list(g))# 结果# 20 21 22 23 解析 1234567891011121314151617181920# 上述代码中g = test()for n in [1, 10]: g = (add(n, i) for i in g)# 可以写成g = test() # 第一个g，生成器对象n = 1g = (add(n, i) for i in g) # 第二个 g，生成器表达式n = 10g = (add(n, i) for i in g) # 第三个 g，生成器表达式# 再推算g = test()n = 1g = (add(n, i) for i in test())n = 10g = (add(n, i) for i in (add(n, i) for i in test())) # 第三个g，生成器表达式# 此时的n为10即可算出结果 总结 容器是一系列元素的集合，str、list、set、dict、file、sockets 对象都可以看作是容器，容器都可以被迭代（用在 for，while 等语句中），因此他们被称为可迭代对象。 可迭代对象实现了 iter() 方法，该方法返回一个迭代器对象。 迭代器持有一个内部状态的字段，用于记录下次迭代返回值，它实现了 __next__ 和 __iter__ 方法，迭代器不会一次性把所有元素加载到内存，而是需要的时候才生成返回结果。 生成器是一种特殊的迭代器，它的返回值不是通过 return 而是用 yield 参考链接： https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在了解 Python 的数据结构时，容器(container)、可迭代对象(iterable)、迭代器(iterator)、生成器(generator)、列表/集合/字典推导式(list,set,dict comprehension)众多概念参杂在一起，难免让初学者一头雾水，我将用一篇文章试图将这些概念以及它们之间的关系捋清楚 。 容器(container)容器是一种把多个元素组织在一起的数据结构，容器中的元素可以逐个地迭代获取，可以用 in , not in 关键字判断元素是否包含在容器中。通常这类数据结构把所有的元素存储在内存中（也有一些特例并不是所有的元素都放在内存）。在 Python 中，常见的容器对象有： list, deque, …. set, frozensets, …. dict, defaultdict, OrderedDict, Counter, …. tuple, namedtuple, … str 容器比较容易理解，我们可以把它看作是一个盒子、一栋房子、一个柜子，里面可以装任何东西。从技术角度来说，当它可以用来询问某个元素是否包含在其中时，那么这个对象就可以认为是一个容器。 可迭代对象(iterable)很多容器都是 Iterable 对象，此外还有更多的对象同样也是 Iterable 对象，比如处于打开状态的 files，sockets 等等。但凡是可以返回一个 迭代器 的对象都可称之为 Iterable 对象。Iterable 对象和容器一样是一种通俗的叫法，并不是指某种具体的数据类型。 我们可以使用 isinstance() 判断一个对象是否是 Iterable 对象： 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import Iterable&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance([], Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance(&#123;&#125;, Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance('abc', Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance((x for x in range(10)), Iterable)True&gt;&gt;&gt; isinstance(100, Iterable)False 迭代器内部持有一个状态，该状态用于记录当前迭代所在的位置，以方便下次迭代的时候获取正确的元素。迭代器有一种具体的迭代器类型，比如 list_iterator，set_iterator。 可迭代对象都有 x.__iter__ 和 iter(x) 方法，这两个方法本质一样，都会返回一个迭代器。能直接作用于 for 循环的对象统称为可迭代对象，要想可迭代，内部必须有一个 __iter__ 方法。 12345678910111213&gt;&gt;&gt; x = [1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; y = iter(x)&gt;&gt;&gt; z = iter(x)&gt;&gt;&gt; next(y)1&gt;&gt;&gt; next(y)2&gt;&gt;&gt; next(z)1&gt;&gt;&gt; type(x)&lt;class 'list'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; type(y)&lt;class 'list_iterator'&gt; 上例中 y 和 z 是两个独立的迭代器 ( iterator)。 for循环的本质当你在写： 123x = [1, 2, 3]for elem in x: # 定时垃圾回收机制：没有引用指向这个对象，则被回收 print(elem) 实际上 for 循环本质上做了三件事： 调用 iter() 方法将可迭代的对象转为迭代器，即： iter(x) 不断地调用 next() 方法，返回迭代器中下一个元素的值 处理 StopIteration 异常 因此上述例子完全等价于： 123456789101112# 首先获得迭代器对象:x = [1, 2, 3]it = iter(x)# 循环:while True: try: # 获得下一个值: elem = next(it) print(elem) except StopIteration: # 遇到 StopIteration 就退出循环 break 迭代器(iterator)迭代器(iterator)是一个带状态的对象，同时满足下列两个条件的对象都是迭代器： 条件1：有 __iter__() 方法：等同于 iter() ，如果对象本身就是迭代器对象，则返回迭代器自身。 12345678910111213L = [1,2,3,4]print(L.__iter__())print(iter(L))# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# 虽然二者一样，但不建议使用内置方法 __iter__ 而是使用 iter()X = iter(L) # 将可迭代对象变成迭代器print(X.__iter__())print(iter(X))# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# &lt;list_iterator object at 0x009DC490&gt;# 如果对象本身就是迭代器对象，则返回迭代器自身 条件2：有 __next__() 方法：等同于 next() ，返回容器中的下一个值，如果容器中没有更多元素了，则抛出 StopIteration 异常。 12345678910111213141516&gt;&gt;&gt; L = [1, 2, 3, 4]&gt;&gt;&gt; X = iter(L)&gt;&gt;&gt; type(X)&lt;class 'list_iterator'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; next(X)1&gt;&gt;&gt; next(X)2&gt;&gt;&gt; next(X)3&gt;&gt;&gt; next(X)4&gt;&gt;&gt; next(X)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;StopIteration 在迭代器中每次调用 next() 方法的时候做两件事： 为下一次调用 next() 方法修改状态 为当前这次调用生成返回结果 迭代器就像一个懒加载的工厂，等到有人需要的时候才给它生成值返回，没调用的时候就处于休眠状态等待下一次调用。 我们都知道 range() 可以被 for 循环，也就是说它是一个可迭代对象，那么 range() 是不是一个迭代器呢？ 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; print('__iter__' in dir(range(12)))True&gt;&gt;&gt; print('__next__' in dir(range(12)))False&gt;&gt;&gt; 因为 range() 没有 __next__ 方法，所以它只是可迭代对象而不是迭代器。另外，还可以使用 isinstance() 判断一个对象是否是 Iterator 对象。 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import Iterator&gt;&gt;&gt; print(isinstance(range(100), Iterator))False&gt;&gt;&gt; 生成器(generator)通过列表生成式，可以直接创建一个列表。但是受到内存限制，列表容量肯定是有限的。而且创建一个包含 100 万个元素的列表，不仅占用很大的存储空间，如果我们仅仅需要访问前面几个元素，那后面绝大多数元素占用的空间都白白浪费了。 所以，如果列表元素可以按照某种算法推算出来，那我们是否可以在循环的过程中不断推算出后续的元素呢？这样就不必创建完整的 list，从而节省大量的空间。在 Python 中这种一边循环一边计算的机制，称为生成器（generator）。 生成器表达式(generator expression)创建生成器的第一种方法很简单，只要把一个列表生成式的 [] 改成 ()，就创建了一个 generator，生成器表达式是列表生成式的生成器版本，看起来像列表生成式，但是它返回的是一个生成器对象而不是列表对象： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; L = [x * x for x in range(5)]&gt;&gt;&gt; L[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]&gt;&gt;&gt; g = (x * x for x in range(5))&gt;&gt;&gt; g&lt;generator object &lt;genexpr&gt; at 0x012967E0&gt; 创建 L 和 g 的区别仅在于最外层的 [] 和 ()，L 是一个 list 对象，而 g 是一个 generator 对象，我们可以直接打印出 list 的每一个元素，但怎么打印出 generator 的每一个元素呢？ 上述例子中，列表生成式相当于做好的 5 盘菜，什么时候想吃就什么时候吃，数据都都在内存空间，什么时候想调用就调用，但是比较占空间；而生成器相当于一位厨师，现在什么菜都没有，当你想吃第一道菜的时候就可以叫厨师做出来，以此类推。如果不吃，数据永远不会生成，不占内存空间，但是算法决定了必须从第一盘菜开始吃，只有在前 9 盘菜吃完才能吃最后一盘，所以如果要打印出 generator 的每一个元素，可以通过 next() 函数不断地获得 generator 的下一个返回值： 12345678910111213141516&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)0&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)1&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)4&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)9&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)16&gt;&gt;&gt; next(g)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;StopIteration# next(g) 等价于 g.__next__(),但不建议使用 __next__() 方法# 在 Python2 中是 g.next() generator 保存的是算法，每次调用 next(g)，就计算出 g 的下一个元素的值，直到计算到最后一个元素，没有更多的元素时抛出 StopIteration 的错误。当然上面这种不断调用 next(g) 实在是太变态了，正确的方法是使用 for 循环，因为 generator 也是可迭代对象： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; g = (x * x for x in range(5))&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in g:... print(i)...014916 所以当我们创建了一个 generator 后基本上永远不会调用 next()，而是通过 for 循环来迭代它，并且不需要关心 StopIteration 的错误。 generator 非常强大。如果推算的算法比较复杂，用生成器表达式的 for 循环无法实现的时候，还可以用函数来实现。 比如，著名的斐波拉契数列（Fibonacci），除第一个和第二个数外，任意一个数都可由前两个数相加得到： 11, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... 斐波拉契数列用列表生成式写不出来，但是用函数把它打印出来却很容易： 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...def fib(max): n, prev, curr = 0, 0, 1 while n &lt; max: print(curr) prev, curr = curr, curr + prev n += 1 return 'Done'print(fib(5)) 注意，赋值语句： prev, curr = curr, curr + prev 相当于： 123t = (curr, curr + prev) # t 是一个tupleprev = t[0]curr = t[1] 但不必显式写出临时变量 t 就可以完成赋值 。 yield 关键字生成器其实是一种特殊的迭代器，不过这种迭代器更加优雅。它不需要再像上面一样写 iter() 和 next() 方法了，只需要一个 yiled 关键字。 生成器一定是迭代器（反之不成立），因此任何生成器也是以一种懒加载的模式生成值。 仔细观察，可以看出 fib 函数实际上是定义了斐波拉契数列的推算规则，可以从第一个元素开始，推算出后续任意的元素，这种逻辑其实非常类似 generator。 也就是说上面的函数和 generator 仅差一步之遥。要把 fib 函数变成 generator，只需要把 print(curr) 改为 yield curr 就可以了： 12345678910111213141516#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...def fib(max): n, prev, curr = 0, 0, 1 while n &lt; max: yield curr prev, curr = curr, curr + prev n += 1 return 'Done'f = fib(5)print(f) 这就是定义 generator 的另一种方法。如果一个函数定义中包含 yield 关键字，那么这个函数就不再是一个普通函数，而是一个 generator 。上述代码执行的结果为： 1&lt;generator object fib at 0x00C4F7B0&gt; 当执行 f=fib(5) 返回的是一个生成器对象，此时函数体中的代码并不会执行，只有显示或隐示地调用 next() 的时候才会真正执行里面的代码。将 print(f) 改为 print(list(f)) 后，list() 方法就会隐式地调用 next() ，并得到我们所期望的结果： 1[1, 1, 2, 3, 5] 把函数改成 generator 后，我们基本上从来不会用 next()来获取下一个返回值，而是直接使用 for 循环来迭代： 12for n in fib(5): print(n) generator 和函数的执行流程不一样。函数是顺序执行，遇到 return 语句或者最后一行函数语句就返回。而变成 generator 的函数，在每次调用 next() 的时候才执行，遇到 yield 语句才返回，再次执行时从上次返回的 yield 语句处继续执行。 举个简单的例子，定义一个 generator，依次返回数字 1，3，5： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; def odd():... print('Step 1')... yield 1... print('Step 2')... yield 3... print('Step 3')... yield 5...&gt;&gt;&gt; 调用该 generator 时，首先要生成一个 generator 对象，然后用 next() 函数不断获得下一个返回值： 123456789101112131415161718&gt;&gt;&gt; o = odd()&gt;&gt;&gt; o&lt;generator object odd at 0x00E9B1B0&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Step 11&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Step 23&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Step 35&gt;&gt;&gt; next(o)Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;StopIteration&gt;&gt;&gt; 可以看到 odd 不是普通函数，而是 generator 。在代码执行过程中只要遇到 yield 就中断，下次又继续执行。执行 3 次 yield 后，已经没有 yield 可以执行了，所以第 4 次调用 next(o) 就报错。 return生成器函数跟普通函数只有一点不一样，就是把 return 换成 yield，其中 yield 是一个语法糖，内部实现了迭代器协议，同时保持状态可以挂起。 在一个生成器中，如果没有 return，则默认执行到函数完毕；如果在执行过程中遇到 return，则直接抛出 StopIteration 终止迭代。 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def func(): yield 5 print('foo') return yield 6 print('ppp')a = func()print(a.__next__())print(a.__next__()) 执行的结果如下： 1234565fooTraceback (most recent call last): File "/Python3/practice/learn.py", line 15, in &lt;module&gt; print(a.__next__())StopIteration 遇到 return 就意味着迭代结束，for 循环不报错的原因是我们之前说过的，内部处理了迭代结束的这种情况。 1234567891011121314#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def f(): yield 5 print("ooo") return yield 6 print("ppp")a = func()for i in a: print(i) 生成器在 Python 中是一个非常强大的编程结构，可以用更少地使用中间变量写流式代码，此外，相比其它容器对象它更能节省内存和 CPU，当然它可以用更少的代码来实现相似的功能。现在就可以动手重构你的代码了，但凡看到类似： 12345def something(): result = [] for ... in ...: result.append(x) return result 都可以用生成器函数来替换： 12345def something(): result = [] for ... in ...: result.append(x) yield result 如果直接对文件对象调用 read() 和 readlines() 方法，会导致不可预测的内存占用。好的方法是利用固定长度的缓冲区来不断读取文件内容。通过 yield，我们不再需要编写读文件的迭代类就可以轻松实现文件读取： 123456789def read_file(fpath): BLOCK_SIZE = 1024 with open(fpath, 'rb') as f: while True: block = f.read(BLOCK_SIZE) if block: yield block else: return 更加便利的方法是使用 for 循环直接对文件对象进行迭代： 12345with open('test.log','r',encoding='utf-8') as frd: for i in frd: # frd 是个迭代器对象 # for i in frd.readlines(): # readline 方法中，每个元素都是一行内容，如果文件有2G则全部加载到内存 print(i) send生成器有个 send() 方法，用于传入值给生成器 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def f(): print("ok") s = yield 7 print(s) yield 8f = f()print(f.send(None)) # 等同于print(next(f))print(next(f)) 可以通过断点来观察执行流程： 打印 ok =&gt; yield 7 当再 next 进来时，将 None 赋值给 s并打印 然后返回 8 练习使用文件读取，找出文件中最长的行 123456#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-LineLength = (len(x.strip()) for x in open('/etc/resolv.conf'))print(max(LineLength)) 生成器面试题请写出下面代码的执行结果： 1234567891011121314def add(n, i): return n + idef test(): for i in range(4): yield ig = test()for n in [1, 10]: g = (add(n, i) for i in g)print(list(g)) 执行结果为： 1[20, 21, 22, 23] 在上述代码中 123g = test()for n in [1, 10]: g = (add(n, i) for i in g) 可以写成 12345g = test() # 第一个 g，生成器对象n = 1g = (add(n, i) for i in g) # 第二个 g，生成器表达式n = 10g = (add(n, i) for i in g) # 第三个 g，生成器表达式 再进行推算 也就是 生成器在被取值之前不会进行运算，等最后交给 list() ，这时候就需要从生成器对象中取值，此时 n 的值是 10，计算完成后便是： 1[20, 21, 22, 23] 总结 容器是一系列元素的集合，str、list、set、dict、file、sockets 对象都可以看作是容器，容器都可以被迭代（用在 for，while 等语句中），因此他们被称为可迭代对象。 可迭代对象实现了 iter() 方法，该方法返回一个迭代器对象。 迭代器持有一个内部状态的字段，用于记录下次迭代返回值，它实现了 __next__() 和 __iter__() 方法，迭代器不会一次性把所有元素加载到内存，而是需要的时候才生成返回结果。 生成器是一种特殊的迭代器，它的返回值不是通过 return 而是用 yield 。 参考链接： https://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/ https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -27,7 +145,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的匿名函数和递归函数]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F15%2F204714-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BF%E5%90%8D%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%92%8C%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[匿名函数 lambda匿名函数的命名规则，用 lamdba 关键字标识，冒号 : 左侧表示函数接收的参数（a,b） , 冒号 : 右侧表示函数的返回值（a+b）。 因为 lamdba 在创建时不需要命名，不需要显式地指定函数 ，所以叫匿名函数 普通函数与匿名函数的对比： 123456789101112# 普通函数def add(a,b): return a + bprint add(2,3) # 匿名函数add = lambda a,b : a + bprint add(2,3) #========输出===========55 从上面看不出来本质的区别，匿名函数主要是和其它函数搭配使用，如下： 12345678910res = map(lambda x:x**2, [1,5,7,4,8])for i in res: print(i)#========输出===========125491664 匿名函数有个限制，就是只能有一个表达式，不用写return，返回值就是该表达式的结果。 用匿名函数有个好处，因为函数没有名字，不必担心函数名冲突。此外，匿名函数也是一个函数对象，也可以把匿名函数赋值给一个变量，再利用变量来调用该函数： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; lbd = lambda x : x * x&gt;&gt;&gt; lbd&lt;function &lt;lambda&gt; at 0x0117D618&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; lbd(3)9&gt;&gt;&gt; 同样，也可以把匿名函数作为返回值返回，比如： 12def build(x, y): return lambda: x * x + y * y 递归函数在函数内部，可以调用其他函数。如果一个函数在内部调用自身本身，这个函数就是递归函数。 例如在计算阶乘 n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x n ，用函数 fact(n) 表示 ，则 fact(n) = n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x (n-1) x n = (n-1)! x n = fact(n-1) x n ，所以 fact(n) 可以表示为 n x fact(n-1)，只有 n=1 时需要特殊处理 ： 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x ndef fact(n): if n == 1: return n else: return fact(n - 1) * nprint(fact(5)) 计算 fact(5) 过程如下： 12345678910===&gt; fact(5)===&gt; 5 * fact(4)===&gt; 5 * (4 * fact(3))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * fact(2)))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * (2 * fact(1))))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * (2 * 1)))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * 2))===&gt; 5 * (4 * 6)===&gt; 5 * 24===&gt; 120 使用循环的方式处理： 1234567891011121314#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x ndef fact(n): x = 1 for i in range(1, n + 1): x *= i return xprint(fact(5)) 递归函数的优点 定义简单，逻辑清晰。理论上所有的递归函数都可以写成循环的方式，但循环的逻辑不如递归清晰 递归函数的特性 必须要有一个特定的结束条件 每次进入更深一层递归时，问题规模相比上次递归都应有所减少 递归函数在很多情况下效率会很低，并且递归层次过多会导致栈溢出，堆栈扫盲 练习斐波那契数列(Fibonacci sequence )： 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ........ 定义一个函数，接收一个参数 n 从第 3 项开始，每一项都等于前两项之和 调用函数时返回第 n 项 的结果，例如 n = 8 时，对应的项是 21 循环法： 12345678# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def fibo(n): pre = 1 # 前一个数 lst = 1 # 后一个数 for i in range(2,n-1): # 第一个值是固定的，循环到 n-1 即可得到 n 对应的值 pre,lst = lst, pre + lst return pre + lstprint(fibo(8)) 递归法： 123456# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def fibo(n): if n == 1 or n == 2: return 1 return fibo(n-1) + fibo(n-2)print(fibo(8))]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[匿名函数 lambda匿名函数的命名规则，用 lamdba 关键字标识，冒号 : 左侧表示函数接收的参数（a,b） , 冒号 : 右侧表示函数的返回值（a+b）。 因为 lamdba 在创建时不需要命名，不需要显式地指定函数 ，所以叫匿名函数。 普通函数与匿名函数的对比： 普通函数 12345def add(a,b): return a + bprint add(2,3) 匿名函数 123add = lambda a,b : a + bprint add(2,3) 从上面看不出来本质的区别，匿名函数主要是和其它函数搭配使用： 1234res = map(lambda x: x ** 2, [1, 5, 7, 4, 8])for i in res: print(i) 执行后输出为： 12345125491664 匿名函数有个限制，就是只能有一个表达式，不用写 return，返回值就是该表达式的结果。 用匿名函数有个好处，因为函数没有名字，不必担心函数名冲突。此外，匿名函数也是一个函数对象，也可以把匿名函数赋值给一个变量，再利用变量来调用该函数： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; lbd = lambda x : x * x&gt;&gt;&gt; lbd&lt;function &lt;lambda&gt; at 0x0117D618&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; lbd(3)9&gt;&gt;&gt; 同样，也可以把匿名函数作为返回值返回，比如： 12345def build(x, y): return lambda: x * x + y * yprint(build(2, 3)()) 递归函数在函数内部，可以调用其他函数。如果一个函数在内部调用自身本身，这个函数就是递归函数。 例如在计算阶乘 n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x n ，用函数 fact(n) 表示 ，则 fact(n) = n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x (n-1) x n = (n-1)! x n = fact(n-1) x n ，所以 fact(n) 可以表示为 n x fact(n-1)，只有 n=1 时需要特殊处理 ： 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x ndef fact(n): if n == 1: return n else: return fact(n - 1) * nprint(fact(5)) 计算 fact(5) 过程如下： 12345678910===&gt; fact(5)===&gt; 5 * fact(4)===&gt; 5 * (4 * fact(3))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * fact(2)))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * (2 * fact(1))))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * (2 * 1)))===&gt; 5 * (4 * (3 * 2))===&gt; 5 * (4 * 6)===&gt; 5 * 24===&gt; 120 使用循环的方式处理： 1234567891011121314#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x ndef fact(n): x = 1 for i in range(1, n + 1): x *= i return xprint(fact(5)) 递归函数的优点： 定义简单，逻辑清晰。理论上所有的递归函数都可以写成循环的方式，但循环的逻辑不如递归清晰。 递归函数的特性： 必须要有一个特定的结束条件。 每次进入更深一层递归时，问题规模相比上次递归都应有所减少。 递归函数在很多情况下效率会很低，并且递归层次过多会导致栈溢出，堆栈扫盲 。 练习练习一： 斐波那契数列(Fibonacci sequence )： 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ........ 定义一个函数，接收一个参数 n 从第 3 项开始，每一项都等于前两项之和 调用函数时返回第 n 项 的结果，例如 n = 8 时，对应的项是 21 循环法： 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def fibo(n): pre = 1 # 前一个数 lst = 1 # 后一个数 for i in range(2, n - 1): # 第一个值是固定的，循环到 n-1 即可得到 n 对应的值 pre, lst = lst, pre + lst return pre + lstprint(fibo(8)) 递归法： 1234567891011#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def fibo(n): if n == 1 or n == 2: return 1 return fibo(n - 2) + fibo(n - 1)print(fibo(8)) 练习二： 已知 t1, t2 = (&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;), (&#39;c&#39;, &#39;d&#39;)，请使用 Python 中匿名函数生成列表 [{&#39;a&#39;:&#39;c&#39;},{&#39;b&#39;:&#39;d&#39;}]。 1234567#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-t1, t2 = ('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd')ls = list(map(lambda t: &#123;t[0]: t[1]&#125;, zip(t1, t2)))ls2 = [&#123;k: v&#125; for k, v in zip(t1, t2)]]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -35,7 +153,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python中的闭包和装饰器]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F15%2F175527-Python%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%85%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%85%E9%A5%B0%E5%99%A8%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[基本要点函数即对象 函数名的本质就是一个变量，保存了函数所在的内存地址 12345678910def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')]print(dns_resolver) # 不调用函数，直接打印函数名# 输出结果：# &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f23b8cbfe18&gt; 函数对象可以被赋值给变量 123456789101112131415161718def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')]resolver = dns_resolverprint(resolver())# 函数对象有一个 __name__ 属性，可以拿到函数的名字print(resolver.__name__)print(dns_resolver.__name__)# 输出结果：# ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']# dns_resolver# dns_resolver 函数名可以作为另外一个函数的参数 1234567891011def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def runfunc(func): func()runfunc(dns_resolver) 函数名可以作为另外一个函数的返回值 1234567891011def resolver(): def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')] return dns_resolverb = resolver() # 实质上就是 b = dns_resolverprint(b()) 函数名可以作为容器类型(例如列表、元组，字典)的元素 123456789101112131415161718def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')]resolver = dns_resolverals = [resolver, dns_resolver]print(als)for x in als: print(x()) # 输出结果：# [&lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;, &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;]# ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']# ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96'] 函数嵌套函数都有各自的作用域： 123456789def foo(): print('foo') def bar(): # 作用域为局部 print('bar') # bar()bar() # 全局作用域中没有函数 bar 的定义，因此报错 Python 允许创建嵌套函数，通过在函数内部 def 的关键字再声明一个函数即为嵌套： 123456789101112# 想执行inner函数,两种方法def outer(): x = 1 def inner(): print(x) return innerin_func = outer() # outer() 调用后返回 inner，即 in_func = innerin_func() # 在全局作用域直接调用 inner() 则会报错 闭包认识闭包 在一些语言中，在函数中可以（嵌套）定义另一个函数时，如果内部的函数引用了外部的函数的变量，则可能产生闭包。运行时，一旦外部的函数被执行，一个闭包就形成了，闭包中包含了内部函数的代码，以及所需外部函数中的变量的引用。闭包可以用来在一个函数与一组“私有”变量之间创建关联关系。在给定函数被多次调用的过程中，这些私有变量能够保持其持久性。 —— 维基百科 闭包(closure)是函数式编程的重要的语法结构，在 Python 的嵌套函数中，如果内部函数中对在外部作用域（但不是在全局作用域）的变量进行了引用，并且这个内部函数名被当成对象返回，这就形成了一个闭包(closure) 什么意思呢？我们来看一个例子 123456789def echo_info(name): # name 是外层函数的变量 def echo(): print(name) # 夹带了外部变量 return echo # 返回的是函数名（函数内存地址），并且是夹带着外部变量的函数printer = echo_info('Tom') # 可以理解为 printer = echoprinter() 在上述的例子中 echo 就是内部函数，并且在 echo 中引用了外部作用域的变量 name (夹藏了私货），而变量 name 是在外部作用域 echo_info 里面的，并且不是全局的作用域，函数名 echo 又作为了外层函数的返回值，此时内部函数 echo 就形成了一个闭包 。 闭包 = 函数块 + 定义函数时的环境，echo 就是函数块， name 就是环境，当然这个环境可以有很多，不止一个简单的name 闭包的用途闭包的最大用处有两个： 内部函数可以引用外部作用域的变量（上面已经提到） 让外部作用域的变量的值始终保持在内存中 闭包存在有什么意义呢？为什么需要闭包？我们来看爬取网页源码的例子： 普通方式爬取 123456789101112from urllib.request import urlopendef geturl(): url = 'https://movie.douban.com' res = urlopen(url).read() print(res)geturl()geturl()geturl() 闭包的方式爬取 123456789101112131415161718from urllib.request import urlopendef geturl(): url = 'https://movie.douban.com' def inner_geturl(): res = urlopen(url).read() print(res) return inner_geturlmy_geturl = geturl()my_geturl()my_geturl()my_geturl() 假设我们要对函数调用100次，第二种要比第一种更节省资源。因为第一种每调用一次函数，就会在内存中创建一次对象引用 url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39;，调用100次就创建了一百次对象引用。而第二种是个闭包函数，对象引用 url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39; 会一直在内存中存在，而不会被创建一百次。这是为什么呢？ 原因在于 geturl 是 inner_geturl 的父函数，而 inner_geturl 被赋给了一个父级函数的变量 url，这导致 inner_geturl 始终在内存中，而 inner_geturl 的存在依赖于 geturl，因此 geturl 也始终在内存中，不会在调用结束后被垃圾回收机制回收 如何判断是不是闭包闭包函数相对与普通函数会多出一个 __closure__ 的属性，里面定义了一个元组用于存放所有的 cell 对象，每个 cell 对象一一保存了这个闭包中所有的外部变量。使用它就可以判断函数是否形成了闭包： 123456789101112131415def mkinfo(name, age, sex='F'): def make(): print('Name : %s' % name) print('Age : %s' % age) print('Sex : %s' % sex) return makeecho = mkinfo('Tom', 10)print(echo.__closure__)print(echo.__closure__[0].cell_contents)print(echo.__closure__[1].cell_contents)print(echo.__closure__[2].cell_contents) 输出结果如下： 1234(&lt;cell at 0x7f099fdf67c8: int object at 0x7f099fcc5680&gt;, &lt;cell at 0x7f099fdf67f8: str object at 0x7f099fdbc180&gt;, &lt;cell at 0x7f099fdf6828: str object at 0x7f099fdddce0&gt;)10TomF 装饰器装饰器前戏假设有如下函数，被其他各种程序调用 123456789101112def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline() # 此处省略 N 多函数.... 现在公司要进行绩效考核，考核标准为 Python 代码中每个函数所执行的时间。 如果在每个函数中加入时间统计的功能，会造成大量雷同的代码。为了解决这个问题，我们想到可以重新定义一个函数用来专门计算时间： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timedef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()# 此处省略 N 多函数....def spent_time(func): start_time = time.time() func() stop_time = time.time() print('Spent %s in %s' % (stop_time - start_time, func.__name__))spent_time(dns_resolver)spent_time(os_release) 但是这样的话，基础平台的函数修改了名字，容易被业务线的人投诉的，因为我们每次都要将一个函数作为参数传递给 spent_time 函数。而且这种方式已经破坏了原有的代码逻辑结构，之前执行业务逻辑时，执行运行 dns_resolver() 、 os_release()，但是现在不得不改成 spent_time(dns_resolver)、spent_time(os_release) ，这在生产环境是很不切合实际的，使用了装饰器就可以很好地解决这个问题。 开放封闭原则软件开发中的”开放-封闭”原则 : 封闭：已实现需求的功能代码块不应该再被修改 开放：对现有功能的扩展开放 装饰器装饰器(Decorator)本质上是一个返回函数对象的高阶函数，该函数用不需要修改源函数代码（函数体、调用方式、返回值）的前提下为其增加额外的功能，装饰器的返回值也是一个函数对象。 概括的讲，装饰器的作用就是为已经存在的对象添加额外的功能 。装饰器常用于有切面需求的场景，比如插入日志、性能测试、事务处理、缓存、权限校验等应用场景 假设我们已经在源代码的基础上单独添加了计算时间的函数 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timedef spent_time(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % (end - begin, funcname.__name__)) return retval return innerdef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver)# spent_time() 调用后返回了 inner，即 dns_resolver = innerdns_resolver()# 相当于 inner()os_release = spent_time(os_release)# spent_time()调用后返回了 inner，即 os_release = innerprint(os_release('/etc/centos-release'))# 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release')) 上面的代码中，函数 spent_time 就是一个装饰器， funcname 就是被装饰的对象。看起来像 dns_resolver 、os_release 被上下时间函数装饰了，并且没有改变原函数的调用方式，但是每次调用时都必须进行一次赋值操作。为了避免这种重复性赋值操作，Python 使用了 @ 语法糖： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timedef spent_time(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % (end - begin, funcname.__name__)) return retval return inner@spent_time # 相当于 dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver) =&gt; dns_resolver = innerdef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])@spent_time # 相当于 os_release = spent_time(os_release) =&gt; os_release = innerdef os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()dns_resolver()# 相当于 inner()print(os_release('/etc/centos-release'))# 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release')) 如上所示，装饰器直接省去赋值操作，这样就提高了程序的可重复利用性，并增加了程序的可读性 并且 dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver) 实际上是把 inner 的对象引用给了 dns_resolver ，而 inner 中的变量 funcname 之所以可以用，是因为 inner 是一个闭包函数，他引用了外部作用域 spent_time 接收到的 funcname 带参数的装饰器上面我们已经用装饰器解决了调用方式和重复赋值的问题。现在问题又来了，这个月考核完了，函数代码不需要统计花费时间了，下个月又要再次进行一次考核。最笨的办法就是，如果不考核了我们把装饰器的使用给注释掉，如果开始考核再把注释取消。如果有一千个函数的话呢，每次都要操作一千次么？虽然编辑器都有批量查找替换的功能，但实际上也是操作了一千次。那么，有没有更简单的办法呢？ 我们可以使用一个全局变量作为 flag，再配合使用可以传入参数的装饰器即可： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timeflag = Truedef show_time(flag=False): # 默认值参数，默认为False def spent_time(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): if flag: begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % ( end - begin, funcname.__name__)) else: retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) return retval return inner return spent_time@show_time(flag)# 1. 函数调用：show_time(flag), 返回 spent_time# 2. 可以理解为 @spent_time, 也就是 dns_resolver = spent_time(resolver), 并且可以调用 show_time 的参数flag# 3. dns_resolver = innerdef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])@show_time(flag)def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()dns_resolver()# 相当于 inner()print(os_release('/etc/centos-release'))# 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release')) 上面的代码开发完之后，如果想用装饰器就将全局变量 flag 的值改为 True，不想用就改为 False。 对象属性复制函数对象有 __name__ 等属性，看似上面的代码吧所有问题都已经解决掉了，但是如果我们打印经过 decorator 装饰之后的原函数，它们的 __name__ 已经发生了变化： 12print("function dns_resolver's name :", dns_resolver.__name__)print("function os_release's name :", os_release.__name__) 结果如下： 12function dns_resolver&apos;s name : innerfunction os_release&apos;s name : inner 本来 dns_resolver 在没有被装饰的时候，dns_resolver.__name__ 就是 dns_resolver，而装饰后却变成了 inner&#39; ，因为返回的那个 inner() 函数名字就是 inner，所以需要把原始函数的 __name__ 等属性复制到 inner() 函数中，否则有些依赖函数签名的代码执行就会出错 不需要编写 inner.__name__ = func.__name__ 这样的代码，Python 内置的 functools.wraps 就是干这个事的，所以一个完整的 decorator 的写法如下： 1234567891011121314151617181920#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timefrom functools import wrapsdef spent_time(funcname): @wraps(funcname) # 这里就是专门进行属性复制的 def inner(*args, **kwargs): begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % (end - begin, funcname.__name__)) return retval return inner# 下面代码省略 如果是带参数的 decorator，应该这样写： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timefrom functools import wrapsflag = Truedef show_time(flag=False): # 默认值参数，默认为False def spent_time(funcname): @wraps(funcname) def inner(*args, **kwargs): if flag: begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % ( end - begin, funcname.__name__)) else: retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) return retval return inner return spent_time# 下面代码省略 其中 from functools import wraps 是导入 functools 模块的 wraps 功能，现在只需记住在定义 inner() 的前面加上 @wraps(funcname) 即可 由此一来，属性也完成了复制： 12function dns_resolver's name : dns_resolverfunction os_release's name : os_release 多层装饰器多层装饰器有点类似于俄罗斯套娃，来看下面代码 1234567891011121314151617def makebold(fn): def wrapper(): return "&lt;b&gt;" + fn() + "&lt;/b&gt;" return wrapper def makeitalic(fn): def wrapper(): return "&lt;i&gt;" + fn() + "&lt;/i&gt;" return wrapper @makebold@makeitalicdef hello(): return "hello alvin" hello() 多层装饰器在执行时，最先执行的时离原函数最近的一层装饰器，依次往外执行，下面用一张图理解一下上述代码中装饰器的执行过程]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[基本要点函数即对象函数名的本质就是一个变量，保存了函数所在的内存地址。 1234567891011121314#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver ')]print(dns_resolver) # 不调用函数，直接打印函数名# 输出结果：# &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f23b8cbfe18&gt; 函数对象可以被赋值给变量。 12345678910111213141516171819202122#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')]resolver = dns_resolverprint(resolver())# 函数对象有一个 __name__ 属性，可以拿到函数的名字print(resolver.__name__)print(dns_resolver.__name__)# 输出结果：# ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']# dns_resolver# dns_resolver 函数名可以作为另外一个函数的参数。 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def runfunc(func): func()runfunc(dns_resolver) 函数名可以作为另外一个函数的返回值。 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def resolver(): def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')] return dns_resolverb = resolver() # 实质上就是 b = dns_resolverprint(b()) 函数名可以作为容器类型(例如列表、元组，字典)的元素。 12345678910111213141516171819202122#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')]resolver = dns_resolverals = [resolver, dns_resolver]print(als)for x in als: print(x()) # 输出结果：# [&lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;, &lt;function dns_resolver at 0x7f29ad3b2e18&gt;]# ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96']# ['192.168.127.2', '8.8.8.8', '9.9.9.9', '114.114.114.114', '1.1.1.1', '180.96.96.96'] 函数嵌套函数都有各自的作用域： 123456789def foo(): print('foo') def bar(): # 作用域为局部 print('bar') # bar()bar() # 全局作用域中没有函数 bar 的定义，因此报错 Python 允许创建嵌套函数，通过在函数内部 def 的关键字再声明一个函数即为嵌套： 1234567891011def outer(): x = 1 def inner(): print(x) return innerin_func = outer() # outer() 调用后返回 inner，即 in_func = innerin_func() # 在全局作用域直接调用 inner() 则会报错 闭包认识闭包在一些语言中，在函数中可以（嵌套）定义另一个函数时，如果内部的函数引用了外部的函数的变量，则可能产生闭包。运行时，一旦外部的函数被执行，一个闭包就形成了，闭包中包含了内部函数的代码，以及所需外部函数中的变量的引用。闭包可以用来在一个函数与一组“私有”变量之间创建关联关系。在给定函数被多次调用的过程中，这些私有变量能够保持其持久性。 —— 维基百科 闭包(closure)是函数式编程的重要的语法结构，在 Python 的嵌套函数中，如果内部函数中对在外部作用域（但不是在全局作用域）的变量进行了引用，并且这个内部函数名被当成对象返回，这就形成了一个闭包(closure)。 123456789def echo_info(name): # name 是外层函数的变量 def echo(): print(name) # 夹带了外部变量 return echo # 返回的是函数名（函数内存地址），并且是夹带着外部变量的函数printer = echo_info('Tom') # 可以理解为 printer = echoprinter() 在上述的例子中 echo 就是内部函数，并且在 echo 中引用了外部作用域的变量 name ，而变量 name 是在外部作用域 echo_info 里面的，并且不是全局的作用域，函数名 echo 又作为了外层函数的返回值，此时内部函数 echo 就形成了一个闭包 。 闭包 = 函数块 + 定义函数时的环境，echo 就是函数块， name 就是环境，当然这个环境可以有很多，不止一个简单的 name 。 闭包的用途闭包的最大用处有两个： 内部函数可以引用外部作用域的变量。 让外部作用域的变量的值始终保持在内存中。 闭包存在有什么意义呢？为什么需要闭包？我们来看爬取网页源码的例子： 普通方式爬取 123456789101112from urllib.request import urlopendef geturl(): url = 'https://movie.douban.com' res = urlopen(url).read() print(res)geturl()geturl()geturl() 闭包的方式爬取 123456789101112131415161718from urllib.request import urlopendef geturl(): url = 'https://movie.douban.com' def inner_geturl(): res = urlopen(url).read() print(res) return inner_geturlmy_geturl = geturl()my_geturl()my_geturl()my_geturl() 假设我们要对函数调用 100 次，第二种爬取方式要比第一种更节省资源。因为第一种每调用一次函数，就会在内存中创建一次对象引用 url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39;，调用 100 次就创建了一百次对象引用。而第二种是个闭包函数，对象引用 url = &#39;https://movie.douban.com&#39; 会一直在内存中存在，而不会被创建一百次。 原因就在于 geturl 是 inner_geturl 的父函数，而 inner_geturl 被传入了一个父级函数的变量 url，这导致 inner_geturl 始终在内存中，而 inner_geturl 的存在依赖于 geturl，因此 geturl 也始终在内存中，不会在调用结束后被垃圾回收机制回收。 如何判断是不是闭包闭包函数相对与普通函数会多出一个 __closure__ 的属性，里面定义了一个元组用于存放所有的 cell 对象，每个 cell 对象保存了这个闭包中所有的外部变量。使用它就可以判断函数是否形成了闭包。例如： 123456789101112131415def mkinfo(name, age, sex='F'): def make(): print('Name : %s' % name) print('Age : %s' % age) print('Sex : %s' % sex) return makeecho = mkinfo('Tom', 10)print(echo.__closure__)print(echo.__closure__[0].cell_contents)print(echo.__closure__[1].cell_contents)print(echo.__closure__[2].cell_contents) 输出结果如下： 1234(&lt;cell at 0x7f099fdf67c8: int object at 0x7f099fcc5680&gt;, &lt;cell at 0x7f099fdf67f8: str object at 0x7f099fdbc180&gt;, &lt;cell at 0x7f099fdf6828: str object at 0x7f099fdddce0&gt;)10TomF 装饰器装饰器前戏假设有如下函数，被其他各种程序调用： 123456789101112131415#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()# 此处省略 N 多函数.... 现在公司要进行绩效考核，考核标准为 Python 代码中每个函数所执行的时间。如果在每个函数中加入时间统计的功能，则会造成大量雷同的代码，为了解决这个问题，我们想到可以重新定义一个函数用来专门计算时间： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timedef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()# 此处省略 N 多函数....def spent_time(func): start_time = time.time() func() stop_time = time.time() print('Spent %s in %s' % (stop_time - start_time, func.__name__))spent_time(dns_resolver)spent_time(os_release) 但是这样的话，基础平台的函数修改了名字，很容易被业务线的人投诉的，因为我们每次都要将一个函数作为参数传递给 spent_time 函数。而且这种方式已经破坏了原有的代码逻辑结构，之前执行业务逻辑时运行 dns_resolver() 、 os_release()，但是现在不得不改成 spent_time(dns_resolver)、spent_time(os_release) ，这在生产环境是很不切合实际的，使用装饰器就可以很好地解决这个问题。 在此之前，我们先认识一下 开放封闭原则。 开放封闭原则软件开发中的 “开放-封闭” 原则 : 封闭：已实现需求的功能代码块不应该再被修改。 开放：对现有功能的扩展开放。 装饰器装饰器(Decorator)本质上是一个返回函数对象的高阶函数，该函数用不需要修改源函数代码（函数体、调用方式、返回值）的前提下为其增加额外的功能，装饰器的返回值也是一个函数对象。 概括的讲，装饰器的作用就是为已经存在的对象添加额外的功能 ，它常用于有切面需求的场景，比如插入日志、性能测试、事务处理、缓存、权限校验等应用场景。 现在回到上面绩效的例子，假设我们已经在源代码的基础上单独添加了计算时间的函数： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timedef spent_time(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % (end - begin, funcname.__name__)) return retval return innerdef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver)# spent_time() 调用后返回了 inner，即 dns_resolver = innerdns_resolver()# 相当于 inner()os_release = spent_time(os_release)# spent_time()调用后返回了 inner，即 os_release = innerprint(os_release('/etc/centos-release'))# 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release')) 在上面的代码中，函数 spent_time 就是一个装饰器， funcname 就是被装饰的对象。看起来像 dns_resolver 、os_release 被上下时间函数装饰了，并且没有改变原函数的调用方式，但是每次调用时都必须进行一次赋值操作。为了避免这种重复性赋值操作，Python 使用了 @ 语法糖： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timedef spent_time(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % (end - begin, funcname.__name__)) return retval return inner@spent_time # 相当于 dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver) =&gt; dns_resolver = innerdef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])@spent_time # 相当于 os_release = spent_time(os_release) =&gt; os_release = innerdef os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()dns_resolver()# 相当于 inner()print(os_release('/etc/centos-release'))# 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release')) 如上所示，装饰器直接省去赋值操作，这样就提高了程序的可重复利用性，并增加了程序的可读性。并且 dns_resolver = spent_time(dns_resolver) 实际上是把 inner 的对象引用给了 dns_resolver ，而 inner 中的变量 funcname 之所以可以用，是因为 inner 是一个闭包函数，它引用了外部作用域 spent_time 接收到的 funcname 。 带参数的装饰器上面我们已经用装饰器解决了调用方式和重复赋值的问题。现在问题又来了，这个月的绩效考核完了，函数代码不需要统计花费时间了，下个月又要再次进行一次考核。 解决这个问题最笨的办法就是，如果不考核了我们把装饰器的使用给注释掉，如果开始考核再把注释取消。如果有一千个函数的话，就要每次都要操作一千次。虽然编辑器都有批量查找替换的功能，但是这种方法很显然并不符合实际。 那么，有没有更简单的办法呢？我们可以使用一个全局变量作为 flag，再配合使用可以传入参数的装饰器即可： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timeflag = Truedef show_time(flag=False): # 默认值参数，默认为False def spent_time(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): if flag: begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % ( end - begin, funcname.__name__)) else: retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) return retval return inner return spent_time@show_time(flag)# 1. 函数调用：show_time(flag), 返回 spent_time# 2. 可以理解为 @spent_time, 也就是 dns_resolver = spent_time(resolver), 并且可以调用 show_time 的参数flag# 3. dns_resolver = innerdef dns_resolver(fpath='/etc/resolv.conf'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: print([line.strip().split()[1] for line in fr if line.startswith('nameserver')])@show_time(flag)def os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline()dns_resolver()# 相当于 inner()print(os_release('/etc/centos-release'))# 相当于 print(inner('/etc/centos-release')) 上面的代码开发完之后，如果想用装饰器就将全局变量 flag 的值改为 True，不想用就改为 False，这样以来就使用带参数的装饰器灵活地解决是否启用装饰的问题。 对象属性复制函数对象都有 __name__ 等属性，在上面的例子中，看似已经把所有问题都解决掉了，但是当我们打印经过装饰器做了装饰之后的原函数，它们的 __name__ 已经发生了变化： 12print("function dns_resolver's name :", dns_resolver.__name__)print("function os_release's name :", os_release.__name__) 结果如下： 12function dns_resolver&apos;s name : innerfunction os_release&apos;s name : inner 本来 dns_resolver 在没有被装饰的时候，dns_resolver.__name__ 就是 dns_resolver，而装饰后却变成了 inner ，因为返回的那个 inner() 函数名字就是 inner，所以需要把原始函数的 __name__ 等属性复制到 inner() 函数中，否则有些依赖函数签名的代码执行就会出错。 不需要编写 inner.__name__ = func.__name__ 这样的代码，Python 内置的 functools.wraps 就是干这个事的，所以一个完整的 decorator 的写法如下： 1234567891011121314151617181920#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timefrom functools import wrapsdef spent_time(funcname): @wraps(funcname) # 这里就是专门进行属性复制的 def inner(*args, **kwargs): begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % (end - begin, funcname.__name__)) return retval return inner# 下面代码省略 如果是带参数的 decorator，应该这样写： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import timefrom functools import wrapsflag = Truedef show_time(flag=False): # 默认值参数，默认为False def spent_time(funcname): @wraps(funcname) def inner(*args, **kwargs): if flag: begin = time.time() retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print("You have spent %s in %s" % ( end - begin, funcname.__name__)) else: retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) return retval return inner return spent_time# 下面代码省略 其中 from functools import wraps 是导入 functools 模块的 wraps 功能，现在只需要记住在定义 inner() 的前面加上 @wraps(funcname) 即可。由此一来，属性也完成了复制： 12function dns_resolver's name : dns_resolverfunction os_release's name : os_release 多层装饰器多层装饰器有点类似于俄罗斯套娃，我们来看下面的代码： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from functools import wrapsdef mkbold(funcname): @wraps(funcname) def inner2(): return "&lt;b&gt;" + funcname() + "&lt;/b&gt;" return inner2def mkitalic(funcname): @wraps(funcname) def inner1(): return "&lt;i&gt;" + funcname() + "&lt;/i&gt;" return inner1@mkbold # hello = mkbold(hello) =&gt; hello = inner2@mkitalic # hello = mkitalic(hello) =&gt; hello = inner1def hello(): return "Hello world!"print(hello()) 多层装饰器在执行时，最先执行的是离原函数最近的一层装饰器，依次往外执行，下面用一张图理解一下上述代码中装饰器的执行过程：]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -43,7 +161,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的高阶函数]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F14%2F2019-03-14-163816-Python%E7%9A%84%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[函数式编程函数是 Python 内建支持的一种封装，我们通过把大段代码拆成函数，通过一层一层的函数调用，就可以把复杂任务分解成简单的任务，这种分解可以称之为面向过程的程序设计。函数就是面向过程的程序设计的基本单元。 函数式编程中的函数这个术语不是指计算机中的函数，而是指数学中的函数，即自变量的映射。也就是说一个函数的值仅决定于函数参数的值，不依赖其他状态。比如 y=x*x 函数计算 x 的平方根，只要 x 的平方，不论什么时候调用，调用几次，值都是不变的 Python 对函数式编程提供部分支持。由于 Python 允许使用变量，因此 Python 不是纯函数式编程语言。 举例来说，现在有这样一个数学表达式： 1(1 + 2) * 3 - 4 传统的过程式编程，可能这样写： 123var a = 1 + 2;var b = a * 3;var c = b - 4; 函数式编程要求使用函数，我们可以把运算过程定义为不同的函数，然后写成下面这样： 1var result = subtract(multiply(add(1,2), 3), 4); 这段代码再演进以下，可以变成这样 1add(1,2).multiply(3).subtract(4) 这基本就是自然语言的表达了。再看下面的代码，大家应该一眼就能明白它的意思吧： 1merge([1,2],[3,4]).sort().search("2") 因此，函数式编程的代码更容易理解 要想学好函数式编程，建议使用 Erlang ，Haskell 而不是 Python 高阶函数Python 中变量可以指向函数，函数名实际上也是变量 以 Python 内置的求绝对值的函数 abs() 为例： 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; abs(-10)10&gt;&gt;&gt; abs&lt;built-in function abs&gt; 由此可见 abs(-10) 是函数调用，而 abs 是函数名称。可以理解为 abs 等同于变量名，并且函数名（变量名）相当于是一个标签，贴在了内存中函数体（变量的值）上 如果要获得函数调用结果，可以把结果赋值给变量： 123&gt;&gt;&gt; x = abs(-10)&gt;&gt;&gt; x10 函数名称也可以赋值给变量，实际上相当于重新建立了一个对象引用，并且指向了函数名所指向的对象上，也就是函数体： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; id(abs)10652528&gt;&gt;&gt; f = abs&gt;&gt;&gt; id(f)10652528&gt;&gt;&gt; f(-10)10&gt;&gt;&gt; f&lt;built-in function abs&gt; 高阶函数：既然变量可以指向函数，函数的参数能接收变量，那么一个函数就可以接收另一个函数的函数名作为参数，这种函数就称之为高阶函数 ，至少满足下列条件之一： 接受一个或多个函数名作为输入 输出（返回）一个函数对象 编写高阶函数，就是让函数的参数能够接收别的函数 以简单的加法器示例： 123456# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-def add(x,y,f): return f(x) + f(y)sum = add(3,-6,abs)print(sum) 返回函数对象的示例： 123456789101112# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-def foo(): x=3 def bar(): return x return barx = fooprint(x())x = foo()print(x())# &lt;function foo.&lt;locals&gt;.bar at 0x00947E40&gt;# 3 Python内置的高阶函数filter1filter(function, sequence) 对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果为 True 的 item 做成一个 filter object 的迭代器返回。可以看作是过滤函数，其功能类似于带循环且带条件的列表生成式 123456789lst = ['a','b','c','d','e']def func(x): if x != 'a': return x # 这两行可以简写成 return x != 'a'retval = filter(func,lst)print(retval) # &lt;filter object at 0x00F866F0&gt; 一个 filter object 迭代器对象print(list(retval)) 把一个序列中的空（空或空白）字符串删掉，可以这么写： 12345def not_empty(s): return s and len(strip()) &gt; 0list(filter(not_empty, ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', ' ']))# 结果: ['A', 'B', 'C'] 如果只删除空字符串而保留空白字符串： 1234retval = list(filter(None, ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', ' ']))print(retval)# None代表不输入函数，也就是 # [x for x in ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', ' '] if x ] map1map(function, sequence) 对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果组成一个 map object 的迭代器返回，其功能近似于不带条件，只有循环的列表生成式 12345678lst = ['a','b','c','d','e']def func(x): return '&lt;-' + x + '-&gt;'retval = map(func,lst)print(retval) # &lt;map object at 0x00D76770&gt; 一个 map object 迭代器对象print(list(retval)) # ['&lt;-a-&gt;', '&lt;-b-&gt;', '&lt;-c-&gt;', '&lt;-d-&gt;', '&lt;-e-&gt;'] map 也支持多个 sequence，这就要求 function 也支持相应数量的参数输入： 1234ef add(x,y): return x+yprint (list(map(add, range(10), range(10))))#[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18] 我们不但可以使用 map 函数计算简单的算术运算，还可以计算任意复杂的函数，比如把一个list所有数字转为字符串： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; list(map(str, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'] sorted1sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False) 返回一个列表对象 列表对象的 sort 方法是在源数据的基础上进行的排序，因此源列表发生了变化 sorted() 方法重新生成了一个新对象，不改变原数据 使用sorted时内存会有两份数据容易造成内存空间占用过高 对list进行排序： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21])[-21, -12, 5, 9, 36] 它可以接收一个key函数来实现自定义的排序，例如按绝对值大小排序： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21], key=abs)[5, 9, -12, -21, 36] key指定的函数将作用于list的每一个元素上，并根据key函数返回的结果进行排序。对比原始的list和经过key=abs处理过的list： 123list = [36, 5, -12, 9, -21]keys = [36, 5, 12, 9, 21] 然后sorted()函数按照keys进行排序，并按照对应关系返回list相应的元素： 123keys排序结果 =&gt; [5, 9, 12, 21, 36] | | | | |最终结果 =&gt; [5, 9, -12, -21, 36] 我们再看一个字符串排序的例子： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;])[&apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;] 默认情况下，对字符串排序，是按照ASCII的大小比较的，由于&#39;Z&#39; &lt; &#39;a&#39;，结果，大写字母Z会排在小写字母a的前面。 现在，我们提出排序应该忽略大小写，按照字母序排序。要实现这个算法，不必对现有代码大加改动，只要我们能用一个key函数把字符串映射为忽略大小写排序即可。忽略大小写来比较两个字符串，实际上就是先把字符串都变成大写（或者都变成小写），再比较。 这样，我们给sorted传入key函数，即可实现忽略大小写的排序： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;], key=str.lower)[&apos;about&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;] 要进行反向排序，不必改动key函数，可以传入第三个参数reverse=True： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;], key=str.lower, reverse=True)[&apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;] 从上述例子可以看出，高阶函数的抽象能力是非常强大的，而且，核心代码可以保持得非常简洁。 reduce1reduce(function, sequence, starting_value) 高阶函数之一，对 sequence 中的 item 顺序迭代调用 function ，如果有 starting_value，还可以作为初始值调用 对一个序列求和，就可以用 reduce 实现 ，当然求和运算可以直接用 Python内建函数sum()，没必要动用reduce 12345678910from functools import reducedef add(x,y): return x+yprint (reduce(add, range(1, 101)))# 5050 （注：1+2+...+99+100） print (reduce(add, range(1, 101), 20))# 5070 （注：20+1+2+...+99+100） 但是如果要把序列 [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] 变换成整数 13579，reduce就可以派上用场： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; from functools import reduce&gt;&gt;&gt; def fn(x, y):... return x * 10 + y...&gt;&gt;&gt; reduce(fn, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])13579 假设Python中没有int() 函数，我们完全可以使用 map 和 lambda 实现这一功能： 12345678910111213from functools import reduceseq = ['1','3','5','7','9']DIGITS = &#123;'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9&#125;def char2num(x): return DIGITS[x]def str2int(s): return reduce(lambda x,y:x*10+y,map(char2num,s))print(str2int(seq))]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[函数式编程函数是 Python 内建支持的一种封装，把大段代码拆成函数，通过一层一层的函数调用，就可以把复杂任务分解成简单的任务，这种分解可以称之为面向过程的程序设计。函数就是面向过程的程序设计的基本单元。 函数式编程中的函数这个术语不是指计算机中的函数，而是指数学中的函数，即自变量的映射。也就是说一个函数的值仅决定于函数参数的值，不依赖其他状态。比如 y = x * x 函数计算 x 的平方根，只要 x 的平方，不论什么时候调用，调用几次，值都是不变的。 Python 对函数式编程提供部分支持，由于 Python 允许使用变量，因此 Python 不是纯函数式编程语言。举例来说，现在有这样一个数学表达式： 1(1 + 2) * 3 - 4 传统的过程式编程，可能这样写： 123var a = 1 + 2;var b = a * 3;var c = b - 4; 函数式编程要求使用函数，我们可以把运算过程定义为不同的函数，然后写成下面这样： 1var result = subtract(multiply(add(1,2), 3), 4); 这段代码再演进一下，可以变成这样： 1add(1,2).multiply(3).subtract(4) 这基本就是自然语言的表达了，再看下面的代码，应该一眼就能明白它的意思： 1merge([1,2],[3,4]).sort().search("2") 因此，函数式编程的代码更容易理解。但是如果要想学好函数式编程，建议使用 Erlang ，Haskell 而不是 Python 。 高阶函数Python 中变量可以指向函数，函数名实际上也是变量。以 Python 内置的求绝对值的函数 abs() 为例： 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; abs(-10)10&gt;&gt;&gt; abs&lt;built-in function abs&gt; 由此可见 abs(-10) 是函数调用，而 abs 是函数名称。可以理解为 abs 等同于变量名，并且函数名（变量名）相当于是一个标签，贴在了内存中函数体（变量的值）上。 如果要获得函数调用结果，可以把函数执行的结果赋值给变量： 123&gt;&gt;&gt; x = abs(-10)&gt;&gt;&gt; x10 函数名称也可以赋值给变量，实际上相当于重新建立了一个对象引用，并且指向了函数名所指向的对象上，也就是函数体： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; id(abs)10652528&gt;&gt;&gt; f = abs&gt;&gt;&gt; id(f)10652528&gt;&gt;&gt; f(-10)10&gt;&gt;&gt; f&lt;built-in function abs&gt; 高阶函数：既然变量可以指向函数，函数的参数能接收变量，那么一个函数就可以接收另一个函数的函数名作为参数，这种函数就称之为高阶函数 。编写高阶函数，就是让函数的参数能够接收别的函数。 高阶函数至少满足下列条件之一： 接受一个或多个函数名作为输入 。 输出（返回）一个函数对象。 编写高阶函数，就是让函数的参数能够接收别的函数。以简单的加法器为例： 123456# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-def add(x,y,f): return f(x) + f(y)sum = add(3,-6,abs)print(sum) 返回函数对象的示例： 123456789101112# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-def foo(): x=3 def bar(): return x return barx = fooprint(x())x = foo()print(x())# &lt;function foo.&lt;locals&gt;.bar at 0x00947E40&gt;# 3 Python内置的高阶函数filter1filter(function, sequence) filter 会对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果为 True 的 item 做成一个 filter object 的迭代器返回。可以看作是过滤函数。请注意， filter(function, sequence) 相当于一个生成器表达式，当 function 不是 None 的时候实际上就是 (item for item in iterable if function(item))；function 是 None 的时候实际上就是 (item for item in iterable if item) 。 123456789101112lst = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']def func(x): if x != 'a': return x # 这两行可以简写成 return x != 'a'retval = filter(func, lst)print(retval) # &lt;filter object at 0x00F866F0&gt; 一个 filter object 迭代器对象print(list(retval)) # ['b', 'c', 'd', 'e'] 把一个序列中的空（空或空白）字符串删掉，可以这么写： 123456789101112#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-lst = ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', ' ']def notNull(x): return x and len(x.strip()) &gt; 0print(list(filter(notNull, lst)))# 结果: ['A', 'B', 'C'] 如果只删除空字符串而保留空白字符串： 12345retval = list(filter(None, ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', ' ']))# None代表不输入函数，也就是# [x for x in ['A', '', 'B', None, 'C', ' '] if x ]print(retval) map1map(function, sequence) map 会对 sequence 中的 item 依次执行 function(item)，将执行结果组成一个 map object 的迭代器返回，其功能近似于不带条件，只有循环的生成器生成式。 12345678lst = ['a','b','c','d','e']def func(x): return '&lt;-' + x + '-&gt;'retval = map(func,lst)print(retval) # &lt;map object at 0x00D76770&gt; 一个 map object 迭代器对象print(list(retval)) # ['&lt;-a-&gt;', '&lt;-b-&gt;', '&lt;-c-&gt;', '&lt;-d-&gt;', '&lt;-e-&gt;'] map 也支持多个 sequence，这就要求 function 也支持相应数量的参数输入： 1234ef add(x,y): return x+yprint (list(map(add, range(10), range(10))))#[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18] 我们不但可以使用 map 函数计算简单的算术运算，还可以计算任意复杂的函数，比如把一个 list 所有数字转为字符串： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; list(map(str, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'] sorted1sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False) sorted 会返回一个列表对象。 列表对象的 sort 方法是在源数据的基础上进行的排序，因此源列表发生了变化。 使用 sorted() 方法会重新生成一个新的对象，不会改变原数据。 使用 sorted() 时内存会有两份数据容易造成内存空间占用过高 对 list 对象进行排序： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21])[-21, -12, 5, 9, 36] sorted 可以接收一个 key 参数来实现自定义的排序，例如按绝对值大小排序： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21], key=abs)[5, 9, -12, -21, 36] key 指定的函数将作用于 list 对象的每一个元素上，并根据函数返回的结果进行排序。对比原始的 list 和经过key=abs 处理过的 list ： 123456789lst = [36, 5, -12, 9, -21]print(lst)print(sorted(lst, key=abs))'''[36, 5, -12, 9, -21][5, 9, -12, -21, 36]''' 再比如字符串排序的例子： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;])[&apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;] 默认情况下，对字符串排序，是按照ASCII的大小比较的，由于 &#39;Z&#39; &lt; &#39;a&#39;，结果是大写字母 Z 会排在小写字母 a 的前面。 现在，想要再排序时忽略大小写，按照字母顺序来进行排序。要实现这个算法，不必对现有代码做太多的改动，只要能用一个函数把字符串映射为忽略大小写排序即可。忽略大小写来比较两个字符串，实际上就是先把字符串都变成大写（或者都变成小写），然后再比较，即可实现忽略大小写的排序： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;], key=str.lower)[&apos;about&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;] 要进行反向排序，不必改动函数，可以传入第三个参数 reverse=True： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted([&apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;, &apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;], key=str.lower, reverse=True)[&apos;Zoo&apos;, &apos;Credit&apos;, &apos;bob&apos;, &apos;about&apos;] 从上述例子可以看出，高阶函数的抽象能力是非常强大的，而且核心代码可以保持得非常简洁。 reduce1reduce(function, sequence, starting_value) reduce 也是高阶函数之一，它将会对 sequence 中的 item 顺序迭代调用 function ，如果有 starting_value，还可以作为初始值进行调用。 比如，对一个序列求和就可以用 reduce 来实现 ，当然求和运算可以直接用 Python 的内建函数 sum() ，没必要动用 reduce 。这里只是为了做个示范： 12345678910from functools import reducedef add(x,y): return x+yprint (reduce(add, range(1, 101)))# 5050 （注：1+2+...+99+100） print (reduce(add, range(1, 101), 20))# 5070 （注：20+1+2+...+99+100） 但是如果要把序列 [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] 变换成整数 13579，reduce 就可以派上用场： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; from functools import reduce&gt;&gt;&gt; def fn(x, y):... return x * 10 + y...&gt;&gt;&gt; reduce(fn, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])13579 假设Python中没有 int() 函数，我们完全可以使用 map 和 lambda 实现这一功能： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627from functools import reduceseq = ['1', '3', '5', '7', '9']DIGITS = &#123; '0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9&#125;def char2num(x): return DIGITS[x]def str2int(s): return reduce(lambda x, y: x * 10 + y, map(char2num, s))print(str2int(seq)) # 13579]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -51,7 +169,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的函数]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F13%2F110851-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[函数及特性 定义：函数是指将一组语句的集合通过一个名字(函数名)封装起来，要想执行这个函数，只需调用其函数名即可 特性： 减少重复代码，提高应用的模块性和代码的重复利用率，用来实现单一，或相关联功能 可扩展性：方便修改，更容易扩展代码的功能 保持代码的一致性，修改函数功能之后所有调用函数的地方都会随之修改 函数的定义和调用 格式：Python 定义函数使用 def 关键字，一般格式如下： 1234567def 函数名（参数列表）: 函数体def hello(): print('hello') hello()#调用 函数名的命名规则，与变量名类似： 函数名区分大小写 函数名只能是 字母、数字 或 下划线 的任意组合，不能使用任何的标点符号 函数名不能以数字开头 函数名不能与 Python 的关键字同名 函数的参数任何传入参数和自变量必须放在圆括号中间。圆括号之间可以用于定义参数 形参和实参 形参：形式参数，不是实际存在，是虚拟变量。在定义函数和函数体的时候使用形参，目的是在函数调用时接收实参（实参个数，类型应与实参一一对应） 实参：实际参数，调用函数时传给函数的参数，可以是常量，变量，表达式，函数，传给形参 区别：形参是虚拟的，不占用内存空间，形参变量只有在被调用时才分配内存单元，实参是一个变量，占用内存空间，数据传送单向，实参传给形参，不能形参传给实参 12345import timetimes=time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')def f(time): print('Now time is : %s'%times)f(times) 传入函数的参数位置参数位置参数也叫必备参数，必须要传，并且在传参时必须以正确的顺序传入函数，调用时的数量必须和函数声明时的一样 12345def f(name,age): print('I am %s,I am %d years old.'%(name,age)) f('Tom',18)f('Jerry',16) 关键字参数关键字参数和函数调用关系紧密，函数调用使用关键字参数来确定传入的参数值。 使用关键字参数允许函数调用时参数的顺序与声明时不一致，因为 Python 解释器能够用参数名匹配参数值 12345def f(name,age): print('I am %s,I am %d years old.'%(name,age)) # f(16,'Tom') #报错f(age=16,name='Tom') 定义函数时的参数默认参数默认参数也叫缺省参数，同时也是关键字参数，调用函数时缺省参数的值如果没有传入，则被认为是默认值。默认参数常用于多数情况下对象的值是固定的情况，例如一个班级的每个学生的班号都是固定的 1234567def echo_info(name,age,sex='male'): print('Name:%s' %name) print('Age:%d' %age) print('Sex:%s' %sex) echo_info('Tom',18)echo_info('Jerry',40,'female') 默认参数的陷阱： 在定义函数时，如果默认参数的值是可变数据类型，那么每一次调用函数的时候如果不传入值，就会公用这个数据类型的资源，即每次都操作的是同一个对象。例如： 12345678def test(names=[]): names.append('Tom') print(names) test()test()test()test() 输出结果： 1234['Tom']['Tom', 'Tom']['Tom', 'Tom', 'Tom']['Tom', 'Tom', 'Tom', 'Tom'] 再比如： 12345678def atest(k, data=&#123;&#125;): data[k] = 'v' print(data)atest(1)atest(2)atest(3) 输出结果 123&#123;1: 'v'&#125;&#123;1: 'v', 2: 'v'&#125;&#123;1: 'v', 2: 'v', 3: 'v'&#125; 不定长参数你可能需要一个函数能处理比当初声明时更多的参数。这些参数叫做不定长参数，也叫动态参数。动态参数和位置参数、关键字参数不同，声明时不会命名 例如下面的加法器，能且只能接收三个参数，并求出和 12345def add(x, y, z): print(x + y + z)add(1, 2, 3) 加了星号 * 的变量名会以元组的形式存放所有 未命名 的变量参数 123456789def add(*args): print(args) the_sum = 0 for i in args: the_sum += i print(the_sum)add(1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10) 下面的打印基本信息的函数，最多只能接收三个参数，如果再想添加其他参数就需要重新定义函数的参数 1234567def echo_info(name, age, sex='male'): print('Name : %s' % name) print('Age : %d' % age) print('Sex : %s' % sex)echo_info('Tom', 18) 而加了 ** 的变量名会以字典的形式存放 有命名 的变量参数 12345678def echo_info(*args, **kwargs): print(args) print(kwargs) for i in kwargs: print('%s : %s' % (i, kwargs[i]))echo_info('Tom', 18, 'male', Job='IT', Height='188') 参数的位置关系 定义函数时 *args 放左边，**kwargs 放右边，下面是错误的写法 1def print_info(name, **kwargs, *args): # 报错 按照规范，定义函数时默认参数应该放在位置参数之后 12345def test(name, age, *args, sex='fmale', **kwargs):def test(*args, sex='fmale'):# 不规范的写法：# def test(name, age, sex='fmale', *args, **kwargs):# def test(sex='fmale', *args): 调用函数进行传参时，关键字参数应该放在位置(必备)参数之后 123echo_info('Tom', 18, hobby='girl', nationality='Chinese', ability='Python')# echo_info(hobby='girl', 'alex', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python') #报错# echo_info('Jerry', hobby='girl', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python') #报错 其他传参方式函数在接收动态参数时，会把接收的参数聚合成一个元组 123456def func(*args): print(args)func(1, 2, 3)func(['a', 'b', 'c']) 输出结果： 12(1, 2, 3)(['a', 'b', 'c'],) 而在函数中使用 *args 的方式调用参数时，会把聚合的元组打散 123456def func(*args): print(*args)func(1, 2, 3)func(['a', 'b', 'c']) 输出结果： 123456def func(*args): print(*args)func(1, 2, 3)func(['a', 'b', 'c']) 这种方式其实又还原成了最原始传入参数的方式，这种情况最常用的情形是在装饰器内： 123456789101112131415def wrapper(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): # 函数接收参数，聚合成一个元组 retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) # 调用参数，打散元组，还原初始传入形式 print('Something') return retval return inner@wrapperdef func(s): print(s)func([1, 2, 3]) 如果传给函数的参数是个列表或元组，还可以使用 * 将其打散之后传入 12345678910def func(*args): print(args)func([1, 2, 3])func(*[1, 2, 3])# 将列表打散， 等同于# *[1, 2, 3] &lt; == &gt; 1, 2, 3func(1, 2, 3) 输出结果： 123([1, 2, 3],)(1, 2, 3)(1, 2, 3) 如果函数接收的是 **kwargs ，那么单纯地传入字典会被识别为位置参数，必须打散才能被接收 1234567def func(**kargs): print(kargs)# func(&#123;'Name': 'Jerry'&#125;) # 错误传参func(**&#123;'name': 'Tom'&#125;) 输出结果： 1&#123;'name': 'Tom'&#125; 函数的返回值要想获取函数的执行结果，就可以用 return 语句把结果返回 注意: 函数在执行过程中只要遇到 return 语句，就会停止执行并返回结果，也可以理解为 return 语句代表着函数的结束 如果未在函数中指定 return，那这个函数的返回值为 None return 可以接收多个对象，此时 python 会将多个对象封装成一个元组，并将这个元组对象返回 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-def get_os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline().strip()x = get_os_release()y = get_os_release('/etc/issue')print(x)print(y) 函数的注释定义了函数后，应该对整个函数作注释而不是逐行注释。以下是建议的注释方式： 1234567def func(name,sex): ''' 函数的作用 参数1：数据类型，用途 参数2：数据类型，用途 ''' pass 命名空间从 python 解释器开始执行代码之后，就在内存中开辟了一个空间，每当遇到一个变量的时候，就把变量名和值之间的对应关系记录下来 但是当遇到函数定义的时候解释器只是象征性的将函数名读入内存，表示知道这个函数的存在了，至于函数内部的变量和逻辑解释器根本不关心 等执行到函数调用的时候，python解释器会再开辟一块内存来存储这个函数里的内容，这个时候才关注函数里面有哪些变量，而函数中的变量会存储在新开辟出来的内存中。函数中的变量只能在函数的内部使用，并且会随着函数执行完毕，这块内存中的所有内容也会被清空 命名空间：存放名字与值的绑定关系的空间，分为三种： 代码在运行一开始创建的存储“变量名与值的关系”的空间叫做全局命名空间 在函数的运行中开辟的临时的空间叫做局部命名空间 内置命名空间中存放了python解释器为我们提供的名字：input,print,str,list,tuple… 三种命名空间之间的加载顺序： 内置命名空间(程序运行前加载) -&gt; 全局命名空间(程序运行中：从上到下加载) -&gt; 局部命名空间(程序运行中：调用时才加载) 取值顺序： 在局部调用：局部命名空间 -&gt; 全局命名空间 -&gt; 内置命名空间 在全局调用：全局命名空间 -&gt; 内置命名空间 作用域作用域就是作用范围，按照生效范围可以分为两类： 全局作用域：包含内置命名空间、全局命名空间，在整个文件的任意位置都能被引用、全局有效 局部作用域：局部命名空间，只能在局部范围内生效 使用 globals 和 locals 方法则会以字典类型返回当前位置的全局变量和局部变量： 全局调用 12print(globals())print(locals()) 局部调用 1234567def func(): a = 12 b = 20 print(locals()) print(globals())func() 作用域介绍python中的作用域分4种情况： L：local，局部作用域，即函数中定义的变量； E：enclosing，嵌套的父级函数的局部作用域，即包含此函数的上级函数的局部作用域，但不是全局的； G：global，全局变量，就是模块级别定义的变量； B：built-in，系统固定模块里面的变量，比如 int, bytearray 等。 搜索变量的优先级顺序依次是：局部作用域 &gt; 外层作用域 &gt; 当前模块中的全局 &gt; python内置作用域，也就是LEGB 12345678910111213141516171819x = int(2.9) # int built-ing_count = 0 # globaldef outer(): o_count = 1 # enclosing def inner(): i_count = 2 # local print(o_count) # print(i_count) 找不到 inner()outer()# print(o_count) #找不到 并且，local 和 enclosing 是相对的，enclosing 变量相对上层来说也是 local 作用域产生在 Python 中只有模块（module），类（class）以及函数（def、lambda）才会引入新的作用域，其它的代码块（如 if、try、for 等）是不会引入新的作用域的，如下代码中 if 并没有引入一个新的作用域，x 仍处在当前作用域中，后面代码可以使用 123if 2&gt;1: x = 1print(x) # 1 但是函数 def、class、lambda 会引入新的作用域 123def test(): x = 2print(x) # NameError: name 'x' is not defined 变量的修改123456x=6def f2(): print(x) x=5f2()# local variable 'x' referenced before assignment. 上述代码出现错误的原因在于 print(x) 时，解释器会先在局部作用区域找到变量 x 。这是因为在进行函数调用（ f2() ）之前，其前面的代码包括函数都会先加载到内存，因此执行到 print(x) 会先在局部区域找到 x=5 ，但 x 的使用出现在 x 的声明前了，所以报错 123456#x=6def f2(): print(x) #x=5f2()# name 'x' is not defined 上述代码出现错误的原因在于 print(x) 时，解释器会在局部作用域找，找不到 变量 x 的声明，然后去全局作用域找也找不到，最后在 Python 的内置区域找也找不到，因此会报变量未声明的错误 1234x=6def f2(): x+=1 #local variable 'x' referenced before assignment.f2() x += 1 即 x = x + 1 是先加再赋值，解释器会在局部作用域找，会找到 x += 1 (函数已经加载到内存)，但 x 的加法运算出现在赋值前了，所以报错 关键字 global当内部作用域想修改外部作用域的变量时，就要用到 global 和 nonlocal 关键字了，当修改的变量是在全局作用域（global 作用域）上的，就要使用 global 先声明一下。例如： 123456789count = 10def outer(): global count print(count) count = 100 print(count)outer()#10#100 关键字 nonlocal关键字 global 声明的变量必须在全局作用域上，不能应用在嵌套作用域上，当要修改嵌套作用域（enclosing作用域，外层非全局作用域）中的变量怎么办呢，这时就需要 nonlocal 关键字了： 1234567891011def outer(): count = 10 def inner(): nonlocal count count = 20 print(count) inner() print(count)outer()#20#20 小结 对于一个变量，内部作用域先声明就会覆盖外部变量，不在内部声明而直接使用，就会使用外部作用域的变量 内部作用域要修改外部作用域变量的值时，全局变量要使用 global 关键字，嵌套作用域变量要使用 nonlocal 关键字。nonlocal 是 python3 新增的关键字，有了这个关键字就能完美的实现闭包了。]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[函数及特性函数是指将一组语句的集合通过一个名字(函数名)封装起来，要想执行这个函数，只需调用其函数名即可。 函数的特性： 减少重复代码，提高应用的模块性和代码的重复利用率，用来实现单一，或相关联功能。 可扩展性：方便修改，更容易扩展代码的功能。 保持代码的一致性，修改函数功能之后所有调用函数的地方都会随之修改。 函数的定义和调用在 Python 中定义函数使用 def 关键字，一般格式如下： 1234567def 函数名（参数列表）: 函数体def hello(): print('hello') hello()#调用 函数名的命名规则，与变量名类似： 函数名区分大小写。 函数名只能是 字母、数字 或 下划线 的任意组合，不能使用任何的标点符号。 函数名不能以数字开头。 函数名不能与 Python 的关键字同名。 函数的参数任何传入参数和自变量必须放在圆括号中间，圆括号之间可以用于定义参数。 形参和实参形参指的是形式参数，不是实际存在，是虚拟变量。在定义函数和函数体的时候使用形参，目的是在函数调用时接收实参（实参个数，类型应与实参一一对应）。 实参是指实际参数，调用函数时传给函数的参数，可以是常量，变量，表达式，函数，传给形参。 形参和实参的区别是，形参是虚拟的，不占用内存空间，形参变量只有在被调用时才分配内存单元，实参是一个变量，占用内存空间，数据传送单向，实参传给形参，不能形参传给实参。 12345678910import timetimes = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')def f(time_str): print('Now time is : %s' % time_str)f(times) 传入函数的参数位置参数位置参数也叫必备参数，是必须要传给函数的参数，并且在传参时必须以正确的顺序传入函数，调用时的数量必须和函数声明时的一样。 1234567891011def f(name, age): print('I am %s,I am %d years old.' % (name, age))f('Tom', 18)f('Jerry', 16)'''I am Tom,I am 18 years old.I am Jerry,I am 16 years old.''' 关键字参数关键字参数和函数调用关系紧密，函数调用使用关键字参数来确定传入的参数值。使用关键字参数允许函数调用时参数的顺序与声明时不一致，因为 Python 解释器能够用参数名匹配参数值。 12345678910def f(name, age): print('I am %s, I am %d years old.' % (name, age))# f(16,'Tom') #报错f(age=16, name='Tom')'''I am Tom, I am 16 years old.''' 定义函数时的参数默认参数默认参数也叫缺省参数，同时也是关键字参数，调用函数时缺省参数的值如果没有传入，则被认为是默认值。默认参数常用于多数情况下对象的值是固定的情况，例如一些女子学校中，学生的性别是固定的。 123456789def echo_info(name, age, sex='male'): print('-'.center(15, '-')) print('Name:%s' % name) print('Age:%d' % age) print('Sex:%s' % sex)echo_info('Tom', 18)echo_info('Jerry', 40, 'female') 默认参数的陷阱： 在定义函数时，如果默认参数的值是可变数据类型，那么每一次调用函数的时候如果不传入值，就会公用这个数据类型的资源，即每次都操作的是同一个对象。例如： 12345678def test(names=[]): names.append('Tom') print(names) test()test()test()test() 输出结果： 1234['Tom']['Tom', 'Tom']['Tom', 'Tom', 'Tom']['Tom', 'Tom', 'Tom', 'Tom'] 再比如： 12345678def atest(k, data=&#123;&#125;): data[k] = 'v' print(data)atest(1)atest(2)atest(3) 输出结果： 123&#123;1: 'v'&#125;&#123;1: 'v', 2: 'v'&#125;&#123;1: 'v', 2: 'v', 3: 'v'&#125; 不定长参数有时候可能需要一个函数能处理比当初声明时更多的参数，这些参数就叫不定长参数，也叫动态参数。动态参数和位置参数、关键字参数不同，声明时不会命名。例如下面的加法器，能且仅能接收三个参数，并求出和： 12345def add(x, y, z): print(x + y + z)add(1, 2, 3) 如果在变量名前面加了星号 * ，则变量会以元组的形式存放所有 未命名 的变量参数，例如： 1234567891011121314def add(*args): print('args =', args) the_sum = 0 for i in args: the_sum += i print('the_sum =', the_sum)add(1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10)'''args = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10)the_sum = 35''' 下面的打印基本信息的函数，最多只能接收三个参数，如果再想添加其他参数就需要重新定义函数的参数： 1234567def echo_info(name, age, sex='male'): print('Name : %s' % name) print('Age : %d' % age) print('Sex : %s' % sex)echo_info('Tom', 18) 而如果在变量名前面加了 ** ， 则变量会以字典的形式存放 有命名 的变量参数，例如： 123456789101112131415def echo_info(*args, **kwargs): print('args = ', args) print('kwargs = ', kwargs) for i in kwargs: print('%s : %s' % (i, kwargs[i]))echo_info('Tom', 18, 'male', Job='IT', Height='188')'''args = ('Tom', 18, 'male')kwargs = &#123;'Job': 'IT', 'Height': '188'&#125;Job : ITHeight : 188''' 参数的位置关系定义函数时应该 *args 放左边，**kwargs 放右边，下面是错误的写法： 1def print_info(name, **kwargs, *args): # 报错 按照规范，定义函数时默认参数应该放在位置参数之后。 12345def test(name, age, *args, sex='fmale', **kwargs):def test(*args, sex='fmale'):# 不规范的写法：# def test(name, age, sex='fmale', *args, **kwargs):# def test(sex='fmale', *args): 调用函数进行传参时，关键字参数应该放在位置(必备)参数之后。 123echo_info('Tom', 18, hobby='girl', nationality='Chinese', ability='Python')# echo_info(hobby='girl', 'alex', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python') # 报错# echo_info('Jerry', hobby='girl', 18, nationality='Chinese', ability='Python') # 报错 其他传参方式函数在接收动态参数时，会把接收的参数聚合成一个元组，例如： 1234567891011def func(*args): print('args =', args)func(1, 2, 3)func(['a', 'b', 'c'])'''args = (1, 2, 3)args = (['a', 'b', 'c'],)''' 而在函数中使用 *args 的方式调用参数时，会把聚合的元组打散，例如： 123456789101112131415161718def func(*args): print('args =', args) print('*args =', *args)func(1, 2, 3)'''args = (1, 2, 3)*args = 1 2 3'''func(['a', 'b', 'c'])'''args = (['a', 'b', 'c'],)*args = ['a', 'b', 'c']''' 这种方式其实又还原成了最原始传入参数的方式，这种情况最常用的情形是在装饰器内： 123456789101112131415def wrapper(funcname): def inner(*args, **kwargs): # 函数接收参数，聚合成一个元组 retval = funcname(*args, **kwargs) # 调用参数，打散元组，还原初始传入形式 print('Something') return retval return inner@wrapperdef func(s): print(s)func([1, 2, 3]) 如果传给函数的参数是个列表或元组，还可以使用 * 将其打散之后传入： 1234567891011121314def func(*args): print('args =', args)func([1, 2, 3])func(*[1, 2, 3]) # 将列表打散: *[1, 2, 3] &lt; == &gt; 1, 2, 3func(1, 2, 3)'''args = ([1, 2, 3],)args = (1, 2, 3)args = (1, 2, 3)''' 如果函数接收的是 **kwargs ，那么单纯地传入字典会被识别为位置参数，必须打散才能被接收。例如： 1234567891011def func(**kargs): print('kwargs =', kargs)# func(&#123;'Name': 'Jerry'&#125;) # 错误传参func(**&#123;'name': 'Tom'&#125;)'''kwargs = &#123;'name': 'Tom'&#125;''' 函数的返回值要想获取函数的执行结果，就可以用 return 语句把结果返回。 注意： 函数在执行过程中只要遇到 return 语句，就会停止执行并返回结果，也可以理解为 return 语句代表着函数的结束。 如果未在函数中指定 return，那这个函数的返回值为 None 。 return 可以接收多个对象，此时 Python 会将多个对象封装成一个元组，并将这个元组对象返回。 12345678910111213141516171819#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def get_os_release(fpath='/etc/redhat-release'): with open(fpath, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: return fr.readline().strip()x = get_os_release()y = get_os_release('/etc/issue')print(x)print(y)'''CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)\S''' 函数的注释定义了函数后，应该对整个函数作注释而不是逐行注释。以下是建议的注释方式： 1234567def func(name,sex): ''' 函数的作用 参数1：数据类型，用途 参数2：数据类型，用途 ''' pass 命名空间从 python 解释器开始执行代码之后，就在内存中开辟了一个空间，每当遇到一个变量的时候，就把变量名和值之间的对应关系记录下来。 但是当遇到函数定义的时候解释器只是象征性的将函数名读入内存，表示知道这个函数的存在了，至于函数内部的变量和逻辑解释器根本不关心。 等执行到函数调用的时候，Python 解释器会再开辟一块内存来存储这个函数里的内容，这个时候才关注函数里面有哪些变量，而函数中的变量会存储在新开辟出来的内存中。函数中的变量只能在函数的内部使用，并且会随着函数执行完毕，这块内存中的所有内容也会被清空。 命名空间是指存放名字与值的绑定关系的空间，分为三种： 代码在运行一开始创建的存储“变量名与值的关系”的空间叫做全局命名空间。 在函数的运行中开辟的临时的空间叫做局部命名空间。 内置命名空间中存放了python解释器为我们提供的名字：input,print,str,list,tuple…。 这三种命名空间之间的加载顺序为： 内置命名空间(程序运行前加载) =&gt; 全局命名空间(程序运行中：从上到下加载) =&gt; 局部命名空间(程序运行中：调用时才加载) 取值顺序为： 在局部调用：局部命名空间 =&gt; 全局命名空间 =&gt; 内置命名空间 在全局调用：全局命名空间 =&gt; 内置命名空间 作用域作用域就是作用范围，按照生效范围可以分为两类： 全局作用域：包含内置命名空间、全局命名空间，在整个文件的任意位置都能被引用、全局有效 。 局部作用域：局部命名空间，只能在局部范围内生效。 使用 globals() 和 locals() 方法则会以字典类型返回当前位置的全局变量和局部变量： 1234567891011121314# 全局调用print(globals())print(locals())def func(): a = 12 b = 20 # 局部调用 print(locals()) print(globals())func() 作用域介绍python中的作用域分4种情况： L：local，局部作用域，即函数中定义的变量； E：enclosing，嵌套的父级函数的局部作用域，即包含此函数的上级函数的局部作用域，但不是全局的； G：global，全局变量，就是模块级别定义的变量； B：built-in，系统固定模块里面的变量，比如 int， bytearray 等。 搜索变量的优先级顺序依次是：局部作用域 =&gt; 外层作用域 =&gt; 当前模块中的全局 =&gt; Python 内置作用域，也就是 LEGB 。 12345678910111213141516171819x = int(2.9) # int built-ing_count = 0 # globaldef outer(): o_count = 1 # enclosing def inner(): i_count = 2 # local print(o_count) # print(i_count) 找不到 inner()outer()# print(o_count) #找不到 并且，local 和 enclosing 是相对的，enclosing 变量相对上层来说也是 local 。 作用域产生在 Python 中只有模块（module），类（class）以及函数（def、lambda）才会引入新的作用域，其它的代码块（如 if、try、for 等）是不会引入新的作用域的，如下代码中 if 并没有引入一个新的作用域，x 仍处在当前作用域中，后面代码可以使用： 123if 2&gt;1: x = 1print(x) # 1 但是函数 def、class、lambda 会引入新的作用域： 123def test(): x = 2print(x) # NameError: name 'x' is not defined 变量的修改12345678910111213x = 6def f2(): print(x) x = 5f2()'''UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment''' 上述代码出现错误的原因在于 print(x) 时，解释器会先在局部作用区域找到变量 x 。这是因为在进行函数调用（ f2() ）之前，其前面的代码包括函数都会先加载到内存，因此执行到 print(x) 会先在局部区域找到 x = 5 ，但 x 的使用出现在 x 的声明前了，所以报错。 1234567891011# x=6def f2(): print(x) # x=5f2()'''NameError: name 'x' is not defined''' 上述代码出现错误的原因在于 print(x) 时，解释器会在局部作用域找，找不到 变量 x 的声明，然后去全局作用域找也找不到，最后在 Python 的内置区域找也找不到，因此会报变量未声明的错误。 123456789101112x = 6def f2(): x += 1f2()'''UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment''' x += 1 即 x = x + 1 是先加再赋值，解释器会在局部作用域找，会找到 x += 1 (函数已经加载到内存)，但 x 的加法运算出现在赋值前了，所以报错。 关键字 global当内部作用域想修改外部作用域的变量时，就要用到 global 和 nonlocal 关键字了，当修改的变量是在全局作用域（global 作用域）上的，就要使用 global 先声明一下。例如： 12345678910111213count = 10def outer(): global count print(count) count = 100 print(count)outer()# 10# 100 关键字 nonlocal关键字 global 声明的变量必须在全局作用域上，不能应用在嵌套作用域上，当要修改嵌套作用域（ enclosing 作用域，外层非全局作用域）中的变量怎么办呢，这时就需要 nonlocal 关键字了： 123456789101112131415def outer(): count = 10 def inner(): nonlocal count count = 20 print(count) inner() print(count)outer()# 20# 20 总结 对于一个变量，内部作用域先声明就会覆盖外部变量，不在内部声明而直接使用，就会使用外部作用域的变量。 内部作用域要修改外部作用域变量的值时，全局变量要使用 global 关键字，嵌套作用域变量要使用 nonlocal 关键字。nonlocal 是 Python3 新增的关键字，有了这个关键字就能完美的实现闭包了。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -59,7 +177,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python对文件的操作]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F11%2F124110-Python%E5%AF%B9%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python的文件操作什么是IO在计算机中 I/O 是指 Input/Output，即 Stream (流)的输入和输出，输入和输出是相对于内存来说的。程序运行时数据都驻留在在内存当中，由 CPU 这个超快的计算机核心来执行，涉及到数据交换的地方，通常是磁盘、网络操作就需要 IO 接口。 在 IO 编程中可以把流想象成一个水管，数据就是水管里的水，但是只能单向流动。Input Stream（输入流）是指数据从外（磁盘、网络）流进内存，Output Stream 是数据从内存流出到外面（磁盘、网络）。 由于 CPU 和内存的速度远远高于外设的速度，所以在 IO 编程中，就存在速度严重不匹配的问题。举个例子来说，比如要把 100M 的数据写入磁盘，CPU 输出 100M 的数据只需要 0.01 秒，可是磁盘要接收这 100M 数据可能需要 10 秒，怎么办呢？有两种办法： 第一种是 CPU 处于等待状态，也就是程序暂停执行后续代码，等到 100M 的数据在 10 秒后写入磁盘，再接着往下执行，这种模式称为同步IO； 第二种是 CPU 不等待，只是告诉磁盘，“您老慢慢写，不着急，我接着干别的事去了”，于是后续代码可以立刻接着执行，这种模式称为异步IO； 同步和异步的区别就在于是否等待 IO 执行的结果，举个去肯德基吃汉堡的例子： 同步IO：你说“来个汉堡”，服务员告诉你，对不起，汉堡要现做，需要等5分钟，于是你站在收银台前面等了5分钟，拿到汉堡再去逛商场，这是同步IO。 异步IO：你说“来个汉堡”，服务员告诉你，汉堡需要等5分钟，你可以先去逛商场，等做好了，我们再通知你，这样你可以立刻去干别的事情（逛商场） 很明显，使用异步IO来编写程序性能会远远高于同步IO，但是异步IO的缺点是编程模型复杂。想想看，你得知道什么时候通知你“汉堡做好了”，而通知你的方法也各不相同。如果是服务员跑过来找到你，这是回调模式，如果服务员发短信通知你，你就得不停地检查手机，这是轮询模式。总之，异步IO的复杂度远远高于同步IO。 操作IO的能力都是由操作系统提供的，每一种编程语言都会把操作系统提供的低级C接口封装起来方便使用，Python也不例外 以上内容转自 [廖雪峰的官方网站] 文件读写读写文件是最常见的IO操作，Python 内置了读写文件的函数，用法和C是兼容的。 在磁盘上读写文件的功能都是由操作系统提供的，现代操作系统不允许普通的程序直接操作磁盘，所以读写文件就是请求操作系统打开一个文件对象（通常称为文件描述符），然后通过操作系统提供的接口从这个文件对象中读取数据（读文件），或者把数据写入这个文件对象（写文件）。 在 Python 中对文件操作的步骤： 打开文件，得到文件对象（文件描述符）赋值给一个变量 通过文件描述符对文件进行操作 关闭文件 文件打开模式1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132'r' open for reading (default)# 以只读模式打开文件（默认模式），并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件不存在会报错'w' open for writing, truncating the file first# 以只写模式打开文件，并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件存在则将其内容清空，如果文件不存在则创建'x' create a new file and open it for writing# 以只写模式新建文件，并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件存在则抛出 FileExistsError'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists# 以追加可写模式打开文件，并将文件指针指向文件尾部；如果文件不存在则创建'b' binary mode# 二进制模式，需要与上面几种模式搭配使用，如ab，wb, ab, ab+'t' text mode (default)# 普通文本模式（默认模式）'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)# 在原有操作基础上补充其他操作功能'r+'# 在 r 的基础上增加了可写功能# 覆盖当前文件指针所在位置的字符，如原来文件内容是"Hello，World"，打开文件后写入"hi"则文件内容会变成"hillo, World"'w+'# 在w的基础上增加了可读功能# 'w+'与 r+ 的不同是，w+在打开文件时就会先将文件内容清空，和 w 基本相同'a+'# 在 a 的基础上增加了可读功能# a+ 与 r+ 的不同是， a+ 不管指针在哪只能写到文件末尾(读指针和写指针不相同) 读取文件例如现有文件 ‘poem’ 内容如下： 12345关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。参差荇菜，左右流之。窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。参差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。参差荇菜，左右芼之。窈窕淑女，钟鼓乐之。 使用内置 open() 函数，传入文件名和标示符，指定文件编码并且以 read 模式打开文件： 12f = open('poem', 'rt', encoding='utf-8')# 如果文件不存在，open() 函数会抛出一个 IOError 的异常，并且给出错误码和详细的信息告诉你文件不存在 调用 read() 方法一次读取文件全部内容到内存，用一个 str 对象表示，并使用 print() 将内容输出到屏幕 1print(f.read()) 文件使用完毕后必须关闭，因为文件对象会占用操作系统的资源，并且操作系统同一时间能打开的文件数量也是有限的： 1f.close() 注意: 打开文件时 open() 函数是通过操作系统打开的文件，如果不指定文件编码方式则默认使用操作系统自身文件编码方式打开，并且在内存中是Unicode形式。在windows系统中，’poem’ 文件是 utf-8 保存的，而Windows的默认编码是 gbk 编码，所以直接打开会乱码，需要 f=open(&#39;poem&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf8&#39;)，’poem’ 文件如果是 gbk 保存的则直接打开即可 由于文件读写时都有可能产生 IOError ，一旦出错，后面的 f.close() 就不会调用。所以为了保证无论是否出错都能正确地关闭文件，我们可以使用 try ... finally 来实现： 123456try: # 执行代码，可能抛出异常 f = open('poem', 'r') print(f.read())finally: # 不管有无异常都执行 if f: f.close() 但是每次都这么写实在太繁琐，所以 Python 引入了 with 语句来自动帮我们调用 close() 方法： 12with open('poem', 'r') as f: print(f.read()) 这和前面的 try ... finally 是一样的，但是代码更加简洁并且不必调用 f.close() 方法 ，而且无论在这段代码的任何地方，如果发生异常，此时文件仍会被关闭。 读取文件常用方法 方法 描述 read() 一次读取文件所有内容，返回一个 str read(size) 每次最多读取指定长度的内容，返回一个str；Python3中 size 指定的是字符(非字节)长度 readlines() 一次读取文件所有内容，按行返回一个list readline() 每次只读取一行内容 seek(n) 将文件指针移动到指定字节的位置 tell() 获取当前文件指针所在字节位置 我们已经知道，对文件的读取操作需要将文件中的数据加载到内存 ，调用 read() 会一次性读取文件的全部内容，如果文件有10G，内存就爆了，所以为了保险起见，可以反复调用 read(size) 方法，每次最多读取 size 个字符的内容。另外调用 readline() 可以每次读取一行内容，调用 readlines() 一次读取所有内容并按行返回 list。因此要根据需要决定怎么调用。 如果文件很小，read() 一次性读取最方便；如果不能确定文件大小，反复调用 read(size) 比较保险；如果是配置文件，调用 readlines() 最方便： 1234with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: for line in fr.readlines(): # 一次读取所有内容并返回列表(list) if line.startswith('nameserver'): print(line.strip()) 如果文件比较大，则可以使用迭代器的方法，它在你每次你需要下一个值的时候给你返回，没调用的时候就处于休眠状态等待下一次调用 1234with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: for line in fr: # for 内部将文件对象 fr 做成一个迭代器，用一行取一行 if line.startswith('nameserver'): print(line.strip()) 需要注意的是，在 Python3 中使用 read() 时传入的参数是字符个数而不是字节，而 tell() 返回的是字节的位置，在 utf-8 中一个中文字符占三个字节： 1234with open('poem','r',encoding='utf-8') as f: print(f.tell()) print(f.read(5)) print(f.tell()) 返回结果： 1230关关雎鸠，15 写入文件写文件和读文件都需要调用 open() ，当以 &#39;w&#39; 模式写入文件时，如果文件已存在，会直接覆盖（相当于删掉后新写入一个文件）。以 &#39;a&#39; 模式写入文件时，会以追加（append）模式追加到文件末尾 123f = open('test.txt', 'w')f.write('Hello world')f.close() 可以反复调用 write() 来写入文件，但是务必要调用 f.close() 来关闭文件。当我们写文件时，操作系统往往不会立刻把数据写入磁盘，而是放到内存缓存起来，空闲的时候再慢慢写入。只有调用 close() 方法时，操作系统才保证把没有写入的数据全部写入磁盘。忘记调用 close() 的后果是数据可能只写了一部分到磁盘，剩下的丢失了。所以还是用 with 语句来得保险： 12with open('test.txt','w') as f: f.write('Hello World') 其他方法 flush()：刷新缓冲区数据，立刻将缓冲区的数据写入硬盘中的文件 1234567import sys,timefor i in range(30): sys.stdout.write('*') # stdout 标准输出，也是一个文件 sys.stdout.flush() # 实时将内存中的数据写入标准输出文件 # 如果不写此行则数据会保留着内存缓冲区，直到sleep完成并一次性显示所有符号 time.sleep(0.1) 内置的 print() 也有 flush 参数 1234import sys,timefor i in range(30): print('*',end='',flush=True) time.sleep(0.1) truncate() ：裁切数据 如果不加任何参数，则裁切(删除)掉开头到结尾的内容 如果指定一个数字N，则将第N个字符后的内容全部截掉，保留前N个字符 123with open('poem2','a',encoding='utf-8') as f:# 文件打开模式应该是 append 而不是 write ，因为 write 会先清除所有内容 f.truncate(5) isatty()：判断文件是否是终端文件 next() ：返回文件下一行，这个方法也是 file 对象实例可以被当做迭代器使用的原因 fileno() ：返回一个整型的文件描述符，可以用于一些底层 IO 操作上（如 os 模块的 read 方法） 操作练习读取文件 ‘poem’ ，显示到屏幕同时为第四行添加注释 # 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她 ，如果涉及到字符串拼接尽量使用 join() 方法代替 + 菜鸟版：一次性读入所有内容到内存然后循环打印，使用变量定位行号 12345678f = open('poem', mode='r', encoding='utf8')line_number = 0for i in f.readlines(): line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: i = ''.join([i.strip(), '# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她']) print(i.strip())f.close() 菜鸟加强版：读入所有内容赋值给变量后立即关闭文件，对变量的元素循环和修改，使用索引定位 1234567f = open('poem',mode='r',encoding='utf8')data = f.readlines()f.close()data[3] = ''.join([data[3].strip(),'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她'])for line in data: print(line.strip()) 中级版：一次性读入所有内容，使用enumerate() 和 try ... finally 123456789try: f = open('poem', 'r', encoding='utf-8') for line_number, line in enumerate(f.readlines(), 1): if line_number == 4: line = ''.join([line.strip(), '# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她']) print(line.strip())finally: if f: f.close() 最佳实践： 前三种方法中 read() 、readlines() 在文件比较大时都会消耗大量内存空间，容易造成内存溢出 结合 with 语句并使用迭代器用一行取一行，变量定位行号 1234567line_number = 0with open('poem','r',encoding='utf-8') as f: for line in f: line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: line = ''.join([line.strip(), '# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她']) print(line.strip()) 在 Python 中由于内存的机制无法像 word 那样实时修改并保存文件，因此只能先读取源文件数据到内存空间中进行修改，然后写入到另一个文件，再把新文件替换掉源文件。 例如，要在文件 ‘poem’ 的第四行之后添加注释 # 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她 12345678910111213# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-f_read = open('poem','r',encoding='utf-8')f_write = open('poem.bak','w',encoding='utf-8')line_number = 0for line in f_read: line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: line = line.replace('\n','# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她\n') f_write.write(line)f_read.close()f_write.close() 使用 with 语句，可以同时管理多个文件对象 12345678# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-line_number = 0with open('poem','r',encoding='utf-8') as fr , open('poem.bak','w',encoding='utf-8') as fw: for line in fr: line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: line = line.replace('\n','# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她\n') fw.write(line)]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python的文件操作什么是IO在计算机中 I/O 是指 Input/Output，即 Stream (流)的输入和输出，输入和输出是相对于内存来说的。程序运行时数据都驻留在在内存当中，由 CPU 这个超快的计算机核心来执行，涉及到数据交换的地方，通常是磁盘、网络操作就需要 IO 接口。 在 IO 编程中可以把流想象成一个水管，数据就是水管里的水，但是只能单向流动。Input Stream（输入流）是指数据从外（磁盘、网络）流进内存，Output Stream 是数据从内存流出到外面（磁盘、网络）。 由于 CPU 和内存的速度远远高于外设的速度，所以在 IO 编程中，就存在速度严重不匹配的问题。举个例子来说，比如要把 100M 的数据写入磁盘，CPU 输出 100M 的数据只需要 0.01 秒，可是磁盘要接收这 100M 数据可能需要 10 秒，怎么办呢？有两种办法： 第一种是 CPU 处于等待状态，也就是程序暂停执行后续代码，等到 100M 的数据在 10 秒后写入磁盘，再接着往下执行，这种模式称为同步IO； 第二种是 CPU 不等待，只是告诉磁盘，“您老慢慢写，不着急，我接着干别的事去了”，于是后续代码可以立刻接着执行，这种模式称为异步IO； 同步和异步的区别就在于是否等待 IO 执行的结果，举个去肯德基吃汉堡的例子： 同步IO：你说“来个汉堡”，服务员告诉你，对不起，汉堡要现做，需要等5分钟，于是你站在收银台前面等了5分钟，拿到汉堡再去逛商场，这是同步IO。 异步IO：你说“来个汉堡”，服务员告诉你，汉堡需要等5分钟，你可以先去逛商场，等做好了，我们再通知你，这样你可以立刻去干别的事情（逛商场） 很明显，使用异步IO来编写程序性能会远远高于同步IO，但是异步IO的缺点是编程模型复杂。想想看，你得知道什么时候通知你“汉堡做好了”，而通知你的方法也各不相同。如果是服务员跑过来找到你，这是回调模式，如果服务员发短信通知你，你就得不停地检查手机，这是轮询模式。总之，异步IO的复杂度远远高于同步IO。 操作IO的能力都是由操作系统提供的，每一种编程语言都会把操作系统提供的低级C接口封装起来方便使用，Python也不例外。 以上内容转自 [廖雪峰的官方网站] 。 文件读写读写文件是最常见的IO操作，Python 内置了读写文件的函数，用法和C是兼容的。 在磁盘上读写文件的功能都是由操作系统提供的，现代操作系统不允许普通的程序直接操作磁盘，所以读写文件就是请求操作系统打开一个文件对象（通常称为文件描述符），然后通过操作系统提供的接口从这个文件对象中读取数据（读文件），或者把数据写入这个文件对象（写文件）。 在 Python 中对文件操作的步骤： 打开文件，得到文件对象（文件描述符）赋值给一个变量。 通过文件描述符对文件进行操作。 关闭文件。 文件打开模式1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132'r' open for reading (default)# 以只读模式打开文件（默认模式），并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件不存在会报错'w' open for writing, truncating the file first# 以只写模式打开文件，并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件存在则将其内容清空，如果文件不存在则创建'x' create a new file and open it for writing# 以只写模式新建文件，并将文件指针指向文件头；如果文件存在则抛出 FileExistsError'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists# 以追加可写模式打开文件，并将文件指针指向文件尾部；如果文件不存在则创建'b' binary mode# 二进制模式，需要与上面几种模式搭配使用，如ab，wb, ab, ab+'t' text mode (default)# 普通文本模式（默认模式）'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)# 在原有操作基础上补充其他操作功能'r+'# 在 r 的基础上增加了可写功能# 覆盖当前文件指针所在位置的字符，如原来文件内容是"Hello，World"，打开文件后写入"hi"则文件内容会变成"hillo, World"'w+'# 在w的基础上增加了可读功能# 'w+'与 r+ 的不同是，w+在打开文件时就会先将文件内容清空，和 w 基本相同'a+'# 在 a 的基础上增加了可读功能# a+ 与 r+ 的不同是， a+ 不管指针在哪只能写到文件末尾(读指针和写指针不相同) 读取文件例如现有文件 ‘poem’ 内容如下： 12345关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。参差荇菜，左右流之。窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。参差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。参差荇菜，左右芼之。窈窕淑女，钟鼓乐之。 使用内置 open() 函数，传入文件名和标示符，指定文件编码并且以 read 模式打开文件： 12f = open('poem', 'rt', encoding='utf-8')# 如果文件不存在，open() 函数会抛出一个 IOError 的异常，并且给出错误码和详细的信息告诉你文件不存在 调用 read() 方法一次读取文件全部内容到内存，用一个 str 对象表示，并使用 print() 将内容输出到屏幕 1print(f.read()) 文件使用完毕后必须关闭，因为文件对象会占用操作系统的资源，并且操作系统同一时间能打开的文件数量也是有限的： 1f.close() 注意: 打开文件时 open() 函数是通过操作系统打开的文件，如果不指定文件编码方式则默认使用操作系统自身文件编码方式打开，并且在内存中是 Unicode 形式。在 windows 系统中，’poem’ 文件是 utf-8 保存的，而 Windows 的默认编码是 gbk 编码，所以直接打开会乱码，需要 f=open(&#39;poem&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf8&#39;)，’poem’ 文件如果是 gbk 保存的则直接打开即可。 由于文件读写时都有可能产生 IOError ，一旦出错，后面的 f.close() 就不会调用。所以为了保证无论是否出错都能正确地关闭文件，我们可以使用 try ... finally 来实现： 123456try: # 执行代码，可能抛出异常 f = open('poem', 'r') print(f.read())finally: # 不管有无异常都执行 if f: f.close() 但是每次都这么写实在太繁琐，所以 Python 引入了 with 语句来自动帮我们调用 close() 方法： 12with open('poem', 'r') as f: print(f.read()) 这和前面的 try ... finally 是一样的，但是代码更加简洁并且不必调用 f.close() 方法 ，而且无论在这段代码的任何地方，如果发生异常，此时文件仍会被关闭。 读取文件常用方法 方法 描述 read() 一次读取文件所有内容，返回一个 str read(size) 每次最多读取指定长度的内容，返回一个str；Python3 中 size 指定的是字符(非字节)长度 readlines() 一次读取文件所有内容，按行返回一个list readline() 每次只读取一行内容 seek(n) 将文件指针移动到指定字节的位置 tell() 获取当前文件指针所在字节位置 我们已经知道，对文件的读取操作需要将文件中的数据加载到内存 ，调用 read() 会一次性读取文件的全部内容，如果文件有10G，内存就爆了，所以为了保险起见，可以反复调用 read(size) 方法，每次最多读取 size 个字符的内容。另外调用 readline() 可以每次读取一行内容，调用 readlines() 一次读取所有内容并按行返回 list。因此要根据需要决定怎么调用。 如果文件很小，read() 一次性读取最方便；如果不能确定文件大小，反复调用 read(size) 比较保险；如果是配置文件，调用 readlines() 最方便： 1234with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: for line in fr.readlines(): # 一次读取所有内容并返回列表(list) if line.startswith('nameserver'): print(line.strip()) 如果文件比较大，则可以使用迭代器的方法，它在你每次你需要下一个值的时候给你返回，没调用的时候就处于休眠状态等待下一次调用 1234with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fr: for line in fr: # for 内部将文件对象 fr 做成一个迭代器，用一行取一行 if line.startswith('nameserver'): print(line.strip()) 需要注意的是，在 Python3 中使用 read() 时传入的参数是字符个数而不是字节，而 tell() 返回的是字节的位置，在 utf-8 中一个中文字符占三个字节： 1234with open('poem','r',encoding='utf-8') as f: print(f.tell()) print(f.read(5)) print(f.tell()) 返回结果： 1230关关雎鸠，15 写入文件写文件和读文件都需要调用 open() ，当以 &#39;w&#39; 模式写入文件时，如果文件已存在，会直接覆盖（相当于删掉后新写入一个文件）。以 &#39;a&#39; 模式写入文件时，会以追加（append）模式追加到文件末尾 123f = open('test.txt', 'w')f.write('Hello world')f.close() 可以反复调用 write() 来写入文件，但是务必要调用 f.close() 来关闭文件。当我们写文件时，操作系统往往不会立刻把数据写入磁盘，而是放到内存缓存起来，空闲的时候再慢慢写入。只有调用 close() 方法时，操作系统才保证把没有写入的数据全部写入磁盘。忘记调用 close() 的后果是数据可能只写了一部分到磁盘，剩下的丢失了。所以还是用 with 语句来得保险： 12with open('test.txt','w') as f: f.write('Hello World') 其他方法使用 flush() 可以刷新缓冲区数据，立刻将缓冲区的数据写入硬盘中的文件： 1234567import sys,timefor i in range(30): sys.stdout.write('*') # stdout 标准输出，也是一个文件 sys.stdout.flush() # 实时将内存中的数据写入标准输出文件 # 如果不写此行则数据会保留着内存缓冲区，直到sleep完成并一次性显示所有符号 time.sleep(0.1) 内置的 print() 也有 flush 参数 1234import sys,timefor i in range(30): print('*',end='',flush=True) time.sleep(0.1) 使用 truncate() 可以裁切数据，如果不加任何参数，则裁切(删除)掉开头到结尾的内容。如果指定一个数字 N，则将第 N 个字符后的内容全部截掉，保留前 N 个字符： 123with open('poem2','a',encoding='utf-8') as f:# 文件打开模式应该是 append 而不是 write ，因为 write 会先清除所有内容 f.truncate(5) isatty() 可以判断文件是否是终端文件 next() 将会返回文件下一行，这个方法也是 file 对象实例可以被当做迭代器使用的原因。 fileno() 返回一个整型的文件描述符，可以用于一些底层 IO 操作上（如 os 模块的 read 方法）。 操作练习读取文件 ‘poem’ ，显示到屏幕同时为第四行添加注释 # 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她 ，如果涉及到字符串拼接尽量使用 join() 方法代替 + 。 菜鸟版：一次性读入所有内容到内存然后循环打印，使用变量定位行号。 12345678f = open('poem', mode='r', encoding='utf8')line_number = 0for i in f.readlines(): line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: i = ''.join([i.strip(), '# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她']) print(i.strip())f.close() 菜鸟加强版：读入所有内容赋值给变量后立即关闭文件，对变量的元素循环和修改，使用索引定位 1234567f = open('poem',mode='r',encoding='utf8')data = f.readlines()f.close()data[3] = ''.join([data[3].strip(),'# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她'])for line in data: print(line.strip()) 中级版：一次性读入所有内容，使用enumerate() 和 try ... finally 123456789try: f = open('poem', 'r', encoding='utf-8') for line_number, line in enumerate(f.readlines(), 1): if line_number == 4: line = ''.join([line.strip(), '# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她']) print(line.strip())finally: if f: f.close() 最佳实践：前三种方法中 read() 、readlines() 在文件比较大时都会消耗大量内存空间，容易造成内存溢出，因此结合 with 语句并使用迭代器用一行取一行，变量定位行号更合适： 1234567line_number = 0with open('poem','r',encoding='utf-8') as f: for line in f: line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: line = ''.join([line.strip(), '# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她']) print(line.strip()) 在 Python 中由于内存的机制无法像 word 那样实时修改并保存文件，因此只能先读取源文件数据到内存空间中进行修改，然后写入到另一个文件，再把新文件替换掉源文件。 例如，要在文件 ‘poem’ 的第四行之后添加注释 # 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她 12345678910111213# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-f_read = open('poem','r',encoding='utf-8')f_write = open('poem.bak','w',encoding='utf-8')line_number = 0for line in f_read: line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: line = line.replace('\n','# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她\n') f_write.write(line)f_read.close()f_write.close() 使用 with 语句，可以同时管理多个文件对象 123456789# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-line_number = 0with open('poem', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fr, \ open('poem.bak', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fw: for line in fr: line_number += 1 if line_number == 4: line = line.replace('\n', '# 琴瑟友之：弹琴鼓瑟来亲近她\n') fw.write(line)]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -67,7 +185,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[画图理解Python的深浅拷贝]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F10%2F084210-%E7%94%BB%E5%9B%BE%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3Python%E7%9A%84%E6%B7%B1%E6%B5%85%E6%8B%B7%E8%B4%9D%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在平常运维工作中，难免会有一些修改服务配置文件的操作，为了安全和可以回滚起见，我们习惯性的会将源配置文件做一个拷贝，这样以来即便配置文件参数被修改错了也没事，可以快速从备份的副本还原回来。 同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，就需要生成一个副本，这就产生了拷贝 基本概念对象在 Python 中，一切皆对象。任何数据类型、函数、模块在 Python 中都被当做对象处理。 所有的 Python 对象都有三个属性：身份、类型、值 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom' # 建立一个对象引用&gt;&gt;&gt; id(name) # ID其实是内存地址，即身份的唯一标识19018976&gt;&gt;&gt; type(name) # 对象的类型，决定对象可以引用什么样的值&lt;class 'str'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; name # 对象引用的值，即实际表示的数据'Tom' 可变与不可变对象可变对象：对象的值可变，身份是不变的，例如列表、字典、集合，这些都是容器类型的数据，容器的内存地址是不变的，发生变化的是容器内部的数据 不可变对象： 对象的值和身份都是不变的，新创建的对象被原来的变量名引用，旧的对象就会被丢弃，最后交给垃圾回收机制处理掉，例如数字、字符串、元组 变量赋值或许在很多人的直观印象中，变量是一个容器，给变量赋值，就像是往一个存储的容器中填入一个数据，再次赋值就是把容器中的数据换掉，在 Python 中，这种理解是不准确的！ 更恰当的比喻是，我们可以把变量当做是一个标签：给变量赋值就是把标签贴在一个物体上；再次赋值就是把标签取下来贴在另一个物体上。 对象引用在 Python 程序中，每个对象都会在内存中申请开辟一块空间来保存该对象，该对象在内存中所在位置的地址被称为引用。在开发程序时，所定义的变量名实际就是对象的地址引用。 引用实际就是内存中的一个数字地址编号（内存地址），在使用对象时，只要知道这个对象的内存地址，就可以操作这个对象，但是因为内存地址不方便在开发时使用和记忆，所以使用变量名的形式来代替对象的内存地址。 在 Python 中，变量就是地址的一种表示形式，并不开辟开辟存储空间。 就像在访问网站时我们输入的是域名，而不是IP，但实际都是通过 IP 地址来进行网络通信的，而 IP 地址不方便记忆，所以使用域名来代替 IP 地址，在使用域名访问网站时，域名被 DNS 服务器解析成 IP 地址来使用。 在创建一个数据项时，将其赋值给一个变量，或者将其插入到一个组合中时，实际上是使得某个变量对内存中存放数据的对象进行引用，使用 del 时，实际上是删除了相应的对象引用 不可变对象的引用赋值123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)497079344&gt;&gt;&gt; b = a&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)497079344&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 'xyz'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)19019808&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)497079344&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1 相当于把标签 a 贴在了 1 上，他的身份（内存地址）是 497079344 使用 b = a 的方式，实际上就相当于把标签 b 也贴在了标签 a 贴的那个物体上，也就是 a 和 b 都指向了同一块内存地址，可以简单的认为给对象的引用做了一个别名 当重新为 a 进行赋值时（a=&#39;xyz&#39;），实际上是在内存中新开辟了一段空间存放字符串对象 &#39;xyz&#39; 并把 a 的指向改为 &#39;xyz&#39;，而 b 则还是原来的对象引用 可变对象的引用赋值可变对象保存的其实是对象引用（内存地址），而不是真正的对象数据。当对可变对象进行赋值时，只是将可变对象中保存的引用指向了新的对象 123456789101112131415&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = a&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)19007448&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)19007448&gt;&gt;&gt; a[0] = 'hello'&gt;&gt;&gt; a['hello', 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b['hello', 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)19007448&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)19007448 上例中变量 a 并不是引用了实际数据 1, 2, 3 的内存地址，而是单纯的列表的内存地址，引用实际数据的是这个列表对象而不是变量 a 当改变列表中的数据时，改变的不是列表的内存地址，而改变的是列表中对实际数据的引用 浅拷贝不可变对象的拷贝123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.copy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)505009200&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)505009200&gt;&gt;&gt; a1&gt;&gt;&gt; b1&gt;&gt;&gt; 不可变对象的拷贝就是对象赋值，实际上是让多个对象同时指向一个引用 （内存地址） 可变对象的拷贝12345678910111213141516&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.copy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; a[0] = 'hello'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; a['hello', 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b[1, 2, 3] 可变对象的拷贝，会在内存中开辟一个新的空间来保存拷贝的数据。当再改变之前的对象时，对拷贝之后的对象没有任何影响 可变对象与不可变对象的组合123456789101112131415161718192021222324&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3, ['Tom', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.copy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; a[3][0] = 'Dog'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; a[1, 2, 3, ['Dog', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b[1, 2, 3, ['Dog', 'Jerry']] 复杂对象在拷贝时并没有解决数据在传递之后数据改变的问题。 这是因为 copy() 函数在拷贝对象时，只是将指定对象中的所有引用拷贝了一份，如果这些引用当中包含了一个可变对象的话，那么数据还是会被改变。 这种拷贝方式，称为浅拷贝。 浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，不拷贝子层数据 再比如 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; d1=dict.fromkeys(['host1','host2','host3'],['test1','test2'])&gt;&gt;&gt; d1&#123;'host1': ['test1', 'test2'], 'host2': ['test1', 'test2'], 'host3': ['test1', 'test2']&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; d1['host2'][1]='test3'&gt;&gt;&gt; d1&#123;'host1': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host2': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host3': ['test1', 'test3']&#125; 深拷贝12345678910111213141516171819202122232425&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3, ['Tom', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.deepcopy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11779528&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779688&gt;&gt;&gt; a[3][0] = 'Dog'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11779528&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779688&gt;&gt;&gt; a[1, 2, 3, ['Dog', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b[1, 2, 3, ['Tom', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; 深拷贝会逐层进行拷贝，直到拷贝的所有引用都是不可变引用为止 总结 在 Python 中，默认的拷贝方式是浅拷贝。从时间上看，浅拷贝花费时间更少；从使用空间上看，浅拷贝花费内存更少；从执行效率上看，浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，一般情况下比深拷贝效率高 不可变对象在赋值时会开辟新空间 深、浅拷贝对不可变对象拷贝时，不开辟新空间，相当于赋值操作 浅拷贝在拷贝时，只拷贝第一层中的引用，如果元素是可变对象，并且被修改，那么拷贝的对象也会发生变化 大多数情况下，编写程序时，都是使用浅拷贝，除非有特定的需求 小插曲下面这段代码是之前在和别人学习交流时遇到的，和深浅拷贝应该没有什么关联，但是觉着放到这篇文章比较合适。 1234567#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for ls[-2] in ls: print(ls[-2]) 乍一看，你能猜到执行的结果么？ 1234512335 这个是因为什么呢？画个图来理解一下： 那么到底是不是这样呢？我们打印每个元素的内存地址来验证一下： 12345678910111213#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-ls = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for i in ls: print(id(i))for ls[-2] in ls: print("\033[0;33m ls[-2] is \033[0m", ls[-2], end=' ; ') print("\033[0;32m ls is \033[0m", ls, end=' ; ') print("\033[0;31m id ls[-2] is \033[0m", id(ls[-2])) 执行结果： 12345678910139930381165920139930381165952139930381165984139930381166016139930381166048 ls[-2] is 1 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 1, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165920 ls[-2] is 2 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 2, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165952 ls[-2] is 3 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165984 ls[-2] is 3 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381165984 ls[-2] is 5 ; ls is [1, 2, 3, 5, 5] ; id ls[-2] is 139930381166048]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在平常运维工作中，难免会有一些修改服务配置文件的操作，为了安全和可以回滚起见，我们习惯性的会将源配置文件做一个拷贝，这样以来即便配置文件参数被修改错了也没事，可以快速从备份的副本还原回来。 同样，在 Python 中如果涉及到数据传递，在传递过程中就有可能会发生数据被修改的问题，为了防止数据被修改，就需要生成一个副本，这就产生了拷贝。 基本概念对象在 Python 中，一切皆对象。任何数据类型、函数、模块在 Python 中都被当做对象处理。所有的 Python 对象都有三个属性：身份、类型、值。 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom' # 建立一个对象引用&gt;&gt;&gt; id(name) # ID其实是内存地址，即身份的唯一标识19018976&gt;&gt;&gt; type(name) # 对象的类型，决定对象可以引用什么样的值&lt;class 'str'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; name # 对象引用的值，即实际表示的数据'Tom' 可变对象与不可变对象可变对象：对象的值可变，身份是不变的，例如列表、字典、集合，这些都是容器类型的数据，容器的内存地址是不变的，发生变化的是容器内部的数据。 不可变对象： 对象的值和身份都是不变的，新创建的对象被原来的变量名引用，旧的对象就会被丢弃，最后交给垃圾回收机制处理掉，例如数字、字符串、元组。 变量赋值或许在很多人的直观印象中，变量是一个容器，给变量赋值，就像是往一个存储的容器中填入一个数据，再次赋值就是把容器中的数据换掉，在 Python 中，这种理解是不准确的！ 更恰当的比喻是，我们可以把变量当做是一个标签：给变量赋值就是把标签贴在一个物体上；再次赋值就是把标签取下来贴在另一个物体上。 对象引用在 Python 程序中，每个对象都会在内存中申请开辟一块空间来保存该对象，该对象在内存中所在位置的地址被称为引用。在开发程序时，所定义的变量名实际就是对象的地址引用。 引用实际就是内存中的一个数字地址编号（内存地址），在使用对象时，只要知道这个对象的内存地址，就可以操作这个对象，但是因为内存地址不方便在开发时使用和记忆，所以使用变量名的形式来代替对象的内存地址。 在 Python 中，变量就是地址的一种表示形式，并不开辟存储空间。 就像在访问网站时我们输入的是域名，而不是 IP ，但实际都是通过 IP 地址来进行网络通信的，而 IP 地址不方便记忆，所以使用域名来代替 IP 地址，在使用域名访问网站时，域名被 DNS 服务器解析成 IP 地址来使用。 在创建一个数据项时，将其赋值给一个变量，或者将其插入到一个组合中时，实际上是使得某个变量对内存中存放数据的对象进行引用，使用 del 时，实际上是删除了相应的对象引用。 不可变对象的引用赋值123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)497079344&gt;&gt;&gt; b = a&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)497079344&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 'xyz'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)19019808&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)497079344&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1 相当于把标签 a 贴在了 1 上，他的身份（内存地址）是 497079344 ： 使用 b = a 的方式，实际上就相当于把标签 b 也贴在了标签 a 贴的那个物体上，也就是 a 和 b 都指向了同一块内存地址，可以简单的认为给对象的引用做了一个别名： 当重新为 a 进行赋值时（a=&#39;xyz&#39;），实际上是在内存中新开辟了一段空间存放字符串对象 &#39;xyz&#39; 并把 a 的指向改为 &#39;xyz&#39;，而 b 则还是原来的对象引用： 可变对象的引用赋值可变对象保存的其实是对象引用（内存地址），而不是真正的对象数据。当对可变对象进行赋值时，只是将可变对象中保存的引用指向了新的对象。 123456789101112131415&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = a&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)19007448&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)19007448&gt;&gt;&gt; a[0] = 'hello'&gt;&gt;&gt; a['hello', 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b['hello', 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)19007448&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)19007448 上例中变量 a 并不是引用了实际数据 1, 2, 3 的内存地址，而是单纯的列表的内存地址，引用实际数据的是这个列表对象而不是变量 a： 当改变列表中的数据时，改变的不是列表的内存地址，而改变的是列表中对实际数据的引用： 浅拷贝不可变对象的拷贝123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.copy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)505009200&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)505009200&gt;&gt;&gt; a1&gt;&gt;&gt; b1&gt;&gt;&gt; 不可变对象的拷贝就是对象赋值，实际上是让多个对象同时指向一个引用 （内存地址）： 可变对象的拷贝12345678910111213141516&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.copy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; a[0] = 'hello'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; a['hello', 2, 3]&gt;&gt;&gt; b[1, 2, 3] 可变对象的拷贝，会在内存中开辟一个新的空间来保存拷贝的数据。当再改变之前的对象时，对拷贝之后的对象没有任何影响： 可变对象与不可变对象的组合123456789101112131415161718192021222324&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3, ['Tom', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.copy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; a[3][0] = 'Dog'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11778728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779728&gt;&gt;&gt; a[1, 2, 3, ['Dog', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b[1, 2, 3, ['Dog', 'Jerry']] 复杂对象在拷贝时并没有解决数据在传递之后数据改变的问题。 这是因为 copy() 函数在拷贝对象时，只是将指定对象中的所有引用拷贝了一份，如果这些引用当中包含了一个可变对象的话，那么数据还是会被改变。 这种拷贝方式，称为浅拷贝。 浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，不拷贝子层数据： 再比如 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; d1=dict.fromkeys(['host1','host2','host3'],['test1','test2'])&gt;&gt;&gt; d1&#123;'host1': ['test1', 'test2'], 'host2': ['test1', 'test2'], 'host3': ['test1', 'test2']&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; d1['host2'][1]='test3'&gt;&gt;&gt; d1&#123;'host1': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host2': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host3': ['test1', 'test3']&#125; 深拷贝12345678910111213141516171819202122232425&gt;&gt;&gt; import copy&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [1, 2, 3, ['Tom', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b = copy.deepcopy(a)&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11779528&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779688&gt;&gt;&gt; a[3][0] = 'Dog'&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a)11778968&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b)11779528&gt;&gt;&gt; id(a[3])11779648&gt;&gt;&gt; id(b[3])11779688&gt;&gt;&gt; a[1, 2, 3, ['Dog', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; b[1, 2, 3, ['Tom', 'Jerry']]&gt;&gt;&gt; 深拷贝会逐层进行拷贝，直到拷贝的所有引用都是不可变引用为止： 总结 在 Python 中，默认的拷贝方式是浅拷贝。从时间上看，浅拷贝花费时间更少；从使用空间上看，浅拷贝花费内存更少；从执行效率上看，浅拷贝只拷贝顶层数据，一般情况下比深拷贝效率高。 不可变对象在赋值时会开辟新空间。 深、浅拷贝对不可变对象拷贝时，不开辟新空间，相当于赋值操作。 浅拷贝在拷贝时，只拷贝第一层中的引用，如果元素是可变对象，并且被修改，那么拷贝的对象也会发生变化。 大多数情况下，编写程序时，都是使用浅拷贝，除非有特定的需求。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -75,7 +193,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的组合数据类型-集合]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F09%2F082110-Python%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B-%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[集合Python提供了两种内置的集合类型：可变的 set 类型，固定的 frozenset 类型 可变集合(set)：可添加和删除元素，非可哈希的，不能用作字典的键，也不能做其他集合的元素 不可变集合(frozenset)：与上面恰恰相反 只有可哈希运算的对象可以添加到集合中，所有内置固定数据类型（比如 float、frozenset、int、str、tuple )都是可哈希运算的，都可以添加到集合中。内置的可变数据类型（比如 dict、list、set )都不是可哈希运算的，因为其哈希值会随着包含项数的变化而变化，因此这些数据类型不能添加到集合中 集合的作用集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要作用如下： 去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了 1234567li=[1,2,'a','b']s =set(li)print(s) # &#123;1, 2, 'a', 'b'&#125; li2=[1,2,1,'a','a']s=set(li2)print(s) #&#123;1, 2, 'a'&#125; 进行快速的成员关系测试，测试两组数据之前的交集、差集、并集等关系 集合对象是一组无序排列的可哈希的值：集合成员可以做字典的键 集合的相关操作创建由于集合没有自己的语法格式，只能通过集合的方法 set() 和 frozenset() 创建 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set('Tom')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2= frozenset('Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1,type(s1))&#123;'m', 'o', 'T'&#125; &lt;class 'set'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; print(s2,type(s2))frozenset(&#123;'J', 'r', 'y', 'e'&#125;) &lt;class 'frozenset'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 访问由于集合本身是无序的，所以不能为集合创建索引或切片操作，只能循环遍历或使用 in、not in 来访问或判断集合元素 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set(['Tom','Jerry'])&gt;&gt;&gt; print('Tom' in s1)True&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in s1:... print(i)...TomJerry&gt;&gt;&gt; 更新可使用以下内建方法来更新： 12345s.add()# 将传入的参数当成一个整体放进集合s.update()# 将传入的参数拆散放进集合s.remove() 需要注意的是只有可变集合才能更新： 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set('Tom and Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.add(' Dog ')&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1)&#123;'a', 'd', 'm', 'r', 'o', 'J', ' Dog ', 'y', ' ', 'T', 'e', 'n'&#125; &gt;&gt;&gt; s1.remove(' Dog ')&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.remove('r')&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1)&#123;'a', 'd', 'm', 'o', 'J', 'y', ' ', 'T', 'e', 'n'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.update('Pig')&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1)&#123;'a', 'd', 'm', 'o', 'J', 'g', 'y', ' ', 'T', 'i', 'e', 'n', 'P'&#125; del：删除集合本身 集合类型操作符 in ,not in 集合等价与不等价(==, !=) 子集、超集 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set('Tom and Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2 = set('Jerry and Tom')&gt;&gt;&gt; print('T' in s1)True&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1 &lt; s2)False&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1 == s2)True 联合(|)：与集合的 or 等价的，联合符号的等价方法是 union() 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('Tom')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1|s2&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s3)&#123;'r', 'm', 'y', 'o', 'T', 'J', 'e'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.union(s2))&#123;'r', 'm', 'y', 'o', 'T', 'J', 'e'&#125; 交集(&amp;)：与集合的 and 等价，交集符号的等价方法是 intersection() 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('abc')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('cde')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1&amp;s2&gt;&gt;&gt; s3&#123;'c'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.intersection(s2))&#123;'c'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; 差集(-)：等价方法是 difference() 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('abc')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('cde')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1-s2&gt;&gt;&gt; s3&#123;'a', 'b'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.difference(s2))&#123;'a', 'b'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; 对称差集(^)：对称差分是集合的 XOR (‘异或’)，取得的元素属于 s1，s2 但不同时属于 s1和 s2 ，其等价方法 symmetric_difference() 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('abc')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('cde')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1^s2&gt;&gt;&gt; s3&#123;'a', 'd', 'b', 'e'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2))&#123;'a', 'd', 'b', 'e'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; 应用 最简单的去重方式 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; x = [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4]&gt;&gt;&gt; print(list(set(x)))[1, 2, 3, 4]&gt;&gt;&gt;]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[集合Python 提供了两种内置的集合类型：可变的 set 类型，固定的 frozenset 类型。 可变集合(set)：可添加和删除元素，非可哈希的，不能用作字典的键，也不能做其他集合的元素。 不可变集合(frozenset)：与上面恰恰相反。 只有可哈希运算的对象可以添加到集合中，所有内置固定数据类型（比如 float、frozenset、int、str、tuple )都是可哈希运算的，都可以添加到集合中。内置的可变数据类型（比如 dict、list、set )都不是可哈希运算的，因为其哈希值会随着包含项数的变化而变化，因此这些数据类型不能添加到集合中。 集合的作用集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要作用是去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了： 1234567li=[1,2,'a','b']s =set(li)print(s) # &#123;1, 2, 'a', 'b'&#125; li2=[1,2,1,'a','a']s=set(li2)print(s) #&#123;1, 2, 'a'&#125; 另外，使用集合还可以进行快速的成员关系测试，测试两组数据之前的交集、差集、并集等关系。 集合对象是一组无序排列的可哈希的值，集合成员可以作为字典的键。 集合的相关操作创建集合没有自己的语法格式，只能通过集合的方法 set() 和 frozenset() 创建。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set('Tom')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2= frozenset('Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1,type(s1))&#123;'m', 'o', 'T'&#125; &lt;class 'set'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; print(s2,type(s2))frozenset(&#123;'J', 'r', 'y', 'e'&#125;) &lt;class 'frozenset'&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 访问由于集合本身是无序的，所以不能为集合创建索引或切片操作，只能循环遍历或使用 in、not in 来访问或判断集合元素。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set(['Tom','Jerry'])&gt;&gt;&gt; print('Tom' in s1)True&gt;&gt;&gt; for i in s1:... print(i)...TomJerry&gt;&gt;&gt; 更新可使用以下内建方法来更新： 12345s.add()# 将传入的参数当成一个整体放进集合s.update()# 将传入的参数拆散放进集合s.remove() 需要注意的是只有可变集合才能更新： 1234567891011&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set('Tom and Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.add(' Dog ')&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1)&#123;'a', 'd', 'm', 'r', 'o', 'J', ' Dog ', 'y', ' ', 'T', 'e', 'n'&#125; &gt;&gt;&gt; s1.remove(' Dog ')&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.remove('r')&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1)&#123;'a', 'd', 'm', 'o', 'J', 'y', ' ', 'T', 'e', 'n'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.update('Pig')&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1)&#123;'a', 'd', 'm', 'o', 'J', 'g', 'y', ' ', 'T', 'i', 'e', 'n', 'P'&#125; 删除del：删除集合本身。 集合类型操作符 成员关系 in ,not in。集合等价与不等价( ==, !=)。子集、超集(&lt;, &gt;)。 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = set('Tom and Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2 = set('Jerry and Tom')&gt;&gt;&gt; print('T' in s1)True&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1 &lt; s2)False&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1 == s2)True 联合(|)：与集合的 or 等价的，联合符号的等价方法是 union() 。 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('Tom')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('Jerry')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1|s2&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s3)&#123;'r', 'm', 'y', 'o', 'T', 'J', 'e'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.union(s2))&#123;'r', 'm', 'y', 'o', 'T', 'J', 'e'&#125; 交集(&amp;)：与集合的 and 等价，交集符号的等价方法是 intersection() 。 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('abc')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('cde')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1&amp;s2&gt;&gt;&gt; s3&#123;'c'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.intersection(s2))&#123;'c'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; 差集(-)：等价方法是 difference() 。 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('abc')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('cde')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1-s2&gt;&gt;&gt; s3&#123;'a', 'b'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.difference(s2))&#123;'a', 'b'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; 对称差集(^)：对称差分是集合的 XOR (‘异或’)，取得的元素属于 s1，s2 但不同时属于 s1和 s2 ，其等价方法 symmetric_difference() 。 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s1=set('abc')&gt;&gt;&gt; s2=set('cde')&gt;&gt;&gt; s3=s1^s2&gt;&gt;&gt; s3&#123;'a', 'd', 'b', 'e'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2))&#123;'a', 'd', 'b', 'e'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; 应用最简单的去重方式 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; x = [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4]&gt;&gt;&gt; print(list(set(x)))[1, 2, 3, 4]&gt;&gt;&gt;]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -83,7 +201,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的字典练习-三级菜单]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2F164610-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8%E7%BB%83%E4%B9%A0-%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E8%8F%9C%E5%8D%95%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[需求说明 打印省、市、县三级菜单 可返回上一级 可随时退出程序 参考的字典样例： 1234567891011121314151617181920province_city = &#123; '河北': &#123; '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新华区', '井陉矿区', '裕华区', '井陉县', '正定县', '栾城县', '其他'], '唐山': ['路南区', '路北区', '古冶区', '开平区', '丰南区', '丰润区', '滦县', '滦南县', '乐亭县', '迁西县', '其他'], '秦皇岛': ['海港区', '山海关区', '北戴河区', '青龙满族自治县', '昌黎县', '抚宁县', '卢龙县', '其他'], '衡水': ['桃城区', '枣强县', '武邑县', '武强县', '饶阳县', '安平县', '故城县', '景县', '阜城县', '冀州市', '其他'] &#125;, '山西': &#123; '太原': ['小店区', '迎泽区', '杏花岭区', '尖草坪区', '万柏林区', '晋源区', '清徐县', '阳曲县', '娄烦县', '古交市', '其他'], '大同': ['城区', '矿区', '南郊区', '新荣区', '阳高县', '天镇县', '广灵县', '灵丘县', '浑源县', '左云县', '大同县', '其他'], '吕梁': ['离石区', '文水县', '交城县', '兴县', '临县', '柳林县', '石楼县', '岚县', '方山县', '交口县', '汾阳市', '其他'] &#125;, '内蒙古': &#123; '呼和浩特': ['新城区', '回民区', '玉泉区', '玉泉区', '赛罕区', '土默特左旗', '托克托县', '和林格尔县', '清水河县', '其他'], '包头': ['东河区', '昆都仑区', '青山区', '石拐区', '白云矿区', '九原区', '土默特右旗', '固阳县', '达尔罕茂明安联合旗', '其他'], '阿拉善': ['阿拉善左旗', '阿拉善右旗', '额济纳旗', '其他'] &#125;&#125; &#125;&#125; 示范代码123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-province_city = &#123; '河北': &#123; '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新华区', '井陉矿区', '裕华区', '井陉县', '正定县', '栾城县', '其他'], '唐山': ['路南区', '路北区', '古冶区', '开平区', '丰南区', '丰润区', '滦县', '滦南县', '乐亭县', '迁西县', '其他'], '秦皇岛': ['海港区', '山海关区', '北戴河区', '青龙满族自治县', '昌黎县', '抚宁县', '卢龙县', '其他'], '衡水': ['桃城区', '枣强县', '武邑县', '武强县', '饶阳县', '安平县', '故城县', '景县', '阜城县', '冀州市', '其他'] &#125;, '山西': &#123; '太原': ['小店区', '迎泽区', '杏花岭区', '尖草坪区', '万柏林区', '晋源区', '清徐县', '阳曲县', '娄烦县', '古交市', '其他'], '大同': ['城区', '矿区', '南郊区', '新荣区', '阳高县', '天镇县', '广灵县', '灵丘县', '浑源县', '左云县', '大同县', '其他'], '吕梁': ['离石区', '文水县', '交城县', '兴县', '临县', '柳林县', '石楼县', '岚县', '方山县', '交口县', '汾阳市', '其他'] &#125;, '内蒙古': &#123; '呼和浩特': ['新城区', '回民区', '玉泉区', '玉泉区', '赛罕区', '土默特左旗', '托克托县', '和林格尔县', '清水河县', '其他'], '包头': ['东河区', '昆都仑区', '青山区', '石拐区', '白云矿区', '九原区', '土默特右旗', '固阳县', '达尔罕茂明安联合旗', '其他'], '阿拉善': ['阿拉善左旗', '阿拉善右旗', '额济纳旗', '其他'] &#125;&#125;current_layer = province_city # 当前层就是初始层，用来实现动态循环parent_list = [] # 保存所有父级元素，最后一个元素永远都是父亲级while True: for key in current_layer: # 遍历当前层的所有元素并打印之 print(key) user_choice = input('输入名称进行选择,返回上一级请按b,退出请按q &gt;&gt; ') # 引导用户进行选择 if user_choice in current_layer: if type(current_layer) is list: # 根据最后一层是列表对象的特点判断 print('\033[0;31m已经是最后一层了\033[0m') else: parent_list.append(current_layer) # 即将进入下一层，当前层作为父级元素追加到列表 current_layer = current_layer[user_choice] # 当前层赋值为当前层的下一层数据 elif user_choice == 'b': if parent_list: # 如果父级元素为空则不做任何操作 current_layer = parent_list.pop() # 删除并返回列表的最后一个元素，及父层元素 elif user_choice == 'q': exit('退出') else: print('输入的内容 \033[0;31m%s\033[0m 不正确' % user_choice)]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[需求说明 打印省、市、县三级菜单 可返回上一级 可随时退出程序 参考的字典样例： 123456789101112131415161718province_city = &#123; '河北': &#123; '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新华区', '井陉矿区', '裕华区', '井陉县', '正定县', '栾城县', '其他'], '唐山': ['路南区', '路北区', '古冶区', '开平区', '丰南区', '丰润区', '滦县', '滦南县', '乐亭县', '迁西县', '其他'], '秦皇岛': ['海港区', '山海关区', '北戴河区', '青龙满族自治县', '昌黎县', '抚宁县', '卢龙县', '其他'], '衡水': ['桃城区', '枣强县', '武邑县', '武强县', '饶阳县', '安平县', '故城县', '景县', '阜城县', '冀州市', '其他'] &#125;, '山西': &#123; '太原': ['小店区', '迎泽区', '杏花岭区', '尖草坪区', '万柏林区', '晋源区', '清徐县', '阳曲县', '娄烦县', '古交市', '其他'], '大同': ['城区', '矿区', '南郊区', '新荣区', '阳高县', '天镇县', '广灵县', '灵丘县', '浑源县', '左云县', '大同县', '其他'], '吕梁': ['离石区', '文水县', '交城县', '兴县', '临县', '柳林县', '石楼县', '岚县', '方山县', '交口县', '汾阳市', '其他'] &#125;, '内蒙古': &#123; '呼和浩特': ['新城区', '回民区', '玉泉区', '玉泉区', '赛罕区', '土默特左旗', '托克托县', '和林格尔县', '清水河县', '其他'], '包头': ['东河区', '昆都仑区', '青山区', '石拐区', '白云矿区', '九原区', '土默特右旗', '固阳县', '达尔罕茂明安联合旗', '其他'], '阿拉善': ['阿拉善左旗', '阿拉善右旗', '额济纳旗', '其他'] &#125;&#125; 示范代码123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-province_city = &#123; '河北': &#123; '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新华区', '井陉矿区', '裕华区', '井陉县', '正定县', '栾城县', '其他'], '唐山': ['路南区', '路北区', '古冶区', '开平区', '丰南区', '丰润区', '滦县', '滦南县', '乐亭县', '迁西县', '其他'], '秦皇岛': ['海港区', '山海关区', '北戴河区', '青龙满族自治县', '昌黎县', '抚宁县', '卢龙县', '其他'], '衡水': ['桃城区', '枣强县', '武邑县', '武强县', '饶阳县', '安平县', '故城县', '景县', '阜城县', '冀州市', '其他'] &#125;, '山西': &#123; '太原': ['小店区', '迎泽区', '杏花岭区', '尖草坪区', '万柏林区', '晋源区', '清徐县', '阳曲县', '娄烦县', '古交市', '其他'], '大同': ['城区', '矿区', '南郊区', '新荣区', '阳高县', '天镇县', '广灵县', '灵丘县', '浑源县', '左云县', '大同县', '其他'], '吕梁': ['离石区', '文水县', '交城县', '兴县', '临县', '柳林县', '石楼县', '岚县', '方山县', '交口县', '汾阳市', '其他'] &#125;, '内蒙古': &#123; '呼和浩特': ['新城区', '回民区', '玉泉区', '玉泉区', '赛罕区', '土默特左旗', '托克托县', '和林格尔县', '清水河县', '其他'], '包头': ['东河区', '昆都仑区', '青山区', '石拐区', '白云矿区', '九原区', '土默特右旗', '固阳县', '达尔罕茂明安联合旗', '其他'], '阿拉善': ['阿拉善左旗', '阿拉善右旗', '额济纳旗', '其他'] &#125;&#125;current_layer = province_city # 当前层就是初始层，用来实现动态循环parent_list = [] # 保存所有父级元素，最后一个元素永远都是父亲级while True: for key in current_layer: # 遍历当前层的所有元素并打印之 print(key) user_choice = input('输入名称进行选择,返回上一级请按b,退出请按q &gt;&gt; ') # 引导用户进行选择 if user_choice in current_layer: if type(current_layer) is list: # 根据最后一层是列表对象的特点判断 print('\033[0;31m已经是最后一层了\033[0m') else: parent_list.append(current_layer) # 即将进入下一层，当前层作为父级元素追加到列表 current_layer = current_layer[user_choice] # 当前层赋值为当前层的下一层数据 elif user_choice == 'b': if parent_list: # 如果父级元素为空则不做任何操作 current_layer = parent_list.pop() # 删除并返回列表的最后一个元素，及父层元素 elif user_choice == 'q': exit('退出') else: print('输入的内容 \033[0;31m%s\033[0m 不正确' % user_choice)]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -91,7 +209,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的组合数据类型-字典]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2F123810-Python%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B-%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[字典字典 ( dictionary ) 采用 0 个或多个键值对（key-value）的形式存储数据。Python 对 key 进行哈希函数运算，根据计算的结果决定 value 的存储地址，所以是无序组合数据类型，且 key 必须是可哈希的。可哈希的 key 必须是不可变类型，如：数字、字符串、元组。 字典是除列表以外 Python 之中最灵活的内置数据结构类型。列表是有序的对象结合，字典是无序的对象集合。两者之间的区别在于：字典当中的元素是通过键来存取的，而不是通过偏移存取 字典是可变的，因此可以对其进行数据项的添加或移除操作。由于字典是无序的，因此索引位置对其而言是无意义的，也不能进行分片或按步距分片 字典的两大特点：无序，键唯一 字典的创建dict 数据类型可以作为函数调用：dict()——不带参数将返回一个空字典，带一个映射类型参数将返回以该参数为基础的字典。比如该参数本身为字典，则返回该参数的浅拷贝。使用序列型参数也是可以的，前提是序列中的每个数据项本身是一个包含两个对象的序列，其中第一个用作键，第二个用作值。 字典也可以使用花括号 {} 创建——空的 {} 会创建空字典，非空的 {} 必须包含一个或多个逗号分隔的项，其中每一项都包含一个键、一个字面意义的冒号以及一个值： 12345678dic1 = &#123; 'name' : 'Tom', 'age' : '18', 'sex' : 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;dic1=&#123;'name':'Tom','age':18,'sex':'male','hobby':'Jerry'&#125; 字典的操作字典支持内置的 len() 函数，也可以使用 in 与 not in 对其键进行快速的成员关系测试 方法 语法 表述 d.clear() 将字典d清空 d.copy() 返回字典d的浅拷贝 d.fromkeys(s,v) 返回一个字典，该字典的键为序列s的项，值为None或v(r如果给定了参数v) d.get(k) 返回字典d中键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就返回None d.get(k,v) 返回字典d中键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就返回预设值v d.items() 返回字典d中所有 键-值 对的视图 d.keys() 返回字典d中所有的键的视图 d.values() 返回字典d中所有值的视图 d.pop(k) 移除键为k的项并返回键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就产生KeyError异常 d.pop(k,v) 移除键为k的项并返回键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就返回预设值v d.popitem() 随机移除并返回字典d中的任意一个 键-值 对，如果d为空就产生KeyError异常 d.setdefault(k,v) 与d.get()类似，不同之处在于，如果键k不在d中就插入一个键为k的新值，其值为None或预设值v（如果给定了参数v） d.update(a) 如果a中的键-值 对不存在d中就添加到d，如果a中的键在d中，就将a中的键对应的值替换掉d中键对应的值。a可以是字典，也可以是关键字参数 示例 增加元素，字典的键是独一无二的，因此如果向字典中添加一个键-值项，并且该键与字典中现存的某个键相同，那么实际的效果是使用新值替换该键的现值 1234567891011dic1=&#123;&#125;dic1['name'] = 'Tom'dic1['age'] = 18print(dic1) #&#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18&#125; a=dic1.setdefault('name','Jerry') b=dic1.setdefault('age',22)# 如果 key 存在则不做更改，返回对应字典中相应的 key 对应的 value# 如果 key 不存在则在字典中增加新的 key-value 对，并返回相应的 valueprint(a,b)print(dic1) 查找元素 123456789101112131415dic1=&#123;'name':'Tom','age':18,'sex':'male','hobby':'Jerry'&#125;print(dic1['name'])print(dic3.get('age',False))print(dic3.get('son','little jerry'))print(dic3.get('ages',False))# 指定的键对应的值不存在，则使用指定的默认值，否则返回实际的值print(list(dic1.keys()))# 查看 key 的列表print(list(dic1.values()))# 查看 value 的列表print(list(dic1.items()))# 查看所有的 key-value 对 修改 12345678dic1=&#123;'name':'Tom','age':18,'sex':'male','hobby':'Jerry'&#125;dic1['name'] = 'Jerry'print(dic1)dic2=&#123;'sex':'male','hobby':'girl','age':36&#125;dic1.update(dic2)# 如果两个字典中存在相同的 key ，则在使用 update 时将会更新相应的 key 对应的 value ，否则将 key-value 对加入字典print(dic1) 删除 12345678910111213dic1=&#123;'name':'Tom','age':18,'sex':'male','hobby':'Jerry'&#125;# 删除指定的 key-value 对del dic1['name']dic1.pop('age') # 删除并返回该 key-value 的值dic1.pooitem() # 随机删除某组 key-value 对，并以元组方式返回值# 清空整个字典dic1.clear()# 删除整个字典del dic1 其他操作 dict.fromkeys 12345d1=dict.fromkeys(['host1','host2','host3'],'Mac')print(d1) # &#123;'host1': 'Mac', 'host2': 'Mac', 'host3': 'Mac'&#125;d1['host2'] = 'abc'print(d1) 字典的嵌套 1234567province_city = &#123; '河北': &#123; '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新华区', '井陉矿区', '裕华区', '井陉县', '正定县', '栾城县', '行唐县', '灵寿县', '高邑县', '深泽县', '赞皇县', '无极县', '平山县', '元氏县', '赵县', '辛集市', '藁城市', '晋州市', '新乐市', '鹿泉市', '其他'], '唐山': ['路南区', '路北区', '古冶区', '开平区', '丰南区', '丰润区', '滦县', '滦南县', '乐亭县', '迁西县', '玉田县', '唐海县', '遵化市', '迁安市', ' 曹妃甸区', '其他'], '秦皇岛': ['海港区', '山海关区', '北戴河区', '青龙满族自治县', '昌黎县', '抚宁县', '卢龙县', '其他'] &#125;&#125; sorted(dict) : 返回一个有序的包含字典所有 key 的列表 12345dic=&#123;5:'555',2:'666',4:'444'&#125;print(sorted(dic))# [2, 4, 5]print(sorted(dic.values))print(sorted(dic.items)) 字典的遍历 12345678910dic5=&#123;'name': 'tom', 'age': 18&#125; for key in dic5: print(key,dic5[key]) # itmes 指的是键值对，存在一个转换过程，因此如果数据量大的情况下，效率比第一种方式低for items in dic5.items(): print(items)for keys,values in dic5.items(): print(keys,values) 使用上述的例子，存储一个班学生的信息： 1234dic=&#123;'zhangsan':&#123;'age':23,'sex':'male'&#125;, '李四':&#123;'age':33,'sex':'male'&#125;, 'wangwu':&#123;'age':27,'sex':'women'&#125; &#125;]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[字典字典 ( dictionary ) 采用 0 个或多个键值对（key-value）的形式存储数据。Python 对 key 进行哈希函数运算，根据计算的结果决定 value 的存储地址，所以是无序组合数据类型，且 key 必须是可哈希的。可哈希的 key 必须是不可变类型，如：数字、字符串、元组。 字典是除列表以外 Python 之中最灵活的内置数据结构类型。列表是有序的对象结合，字典是无序的对象集合。两者之间的区别在于：字典当中的元素是通过键来存取的，而不是通过偏移存取。 字典是可变的，因此可以对其进行数据项的添加或移除操作。 注意： 从 Python 3.6 开始，字典的 Key 将会保留插入或声明时候的顺序，但并不是可以被排序的那种顺序。从 3.7 开始这成了正式的 Python 语言特性，3.6 改进的字典更节省内存，运行效率差不多，有一个 “副作用” 就是字典变成有序的了。 字典的创建dict 数据类型可以作为函数调用：dict()——不带参数将返回一个空字典，带一个映射类型参数将返回以该参数为基础的字典。比如该参数本身为字典，则返回该参数的浅拷贝。使用序列型参数也是可以的，前提是序列中的每个数据项本身是一个包含两个对象的序列，其中第一个用作键，第二个用作值。 字典也可以使用花括号 {} 创建——空的 {} 会创建空字典，非空的 {} 必须包含一个或多个逗号分隔的项，其中每一项都包含一个键、一个字面意义的冒号以及一个值： 12345678dic1 = &#123; 'name' : 'Tom', 'age' : '18', 'sex' : 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;dic1=&#123;'name':'Tom','age':18,'sex':'male','hobby':'Jerry'&#125; 字典的操作字典支持内置的 len() 函数，也可以使用 in 与 not in 对其键进行快速的成员关系测试 方法 语法 表述 d.clear() 将字典d清空 d.copy() 返回字典d的浅拷贝 d.fromkeys(s,v) 返回一个字典，该字典的键为序列s的项，值为None或v(r如果给定了参数v) d.get(k) 返回字典d中键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就返回None d.get(k,v) 返回字典d中键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就返回预设值v d.items() 返回字典d中所有 键-值 对的视图 d.keys() 返回字典d中所有的键的视图 d.values() 返回字典d中所有值的视图 d.pop(k) 移除键为k的项并返回键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就产生KeyError异常 d.pop(k,v) 移除键为k的项并返回键k对应的值，如果k不在d中就返回预设值v d.popitem() 随机移除并返回字典d中的任意一个 键-值 对，如果d为空就产生KeyError异常 d.setdefault(k,v) 与d.get()类似，不同之处在于，如果键k不在d中就插入一个键为k的新值，其值为None或预设值v（如果给定了参数v） d.update(a) 如果a中的键-值 对不存在d中就添加到d，如果a中的键在d中，就将a中的键对应的值替换掉d中键对应的值。a可以是字典，也可以是关键字参数 示例增加元素，字典的键是独一无二的，因此如果向字典中添加一个键-值项，并且该键与字典中现存的某个键相同，那么实际的效果是使用新值替换该键的现值。 123456789101112dic1 = &#123;&#125;dic1['name'] = 'Tom'dic1['age'] = 18print(dic1) # &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18&#125;a = dic1.setdefault('name', 'Jerry')b = dic1.setdefault('age', 22)# 如果 key 存在则不做更改，返回对应字典中相应的 key 对应的 value# 如果 key 不存在则在字典中增加新的 key-value 对，并返回相应的 valueprint(a, b) # Tom 18print(dic1) # &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18&#125; 查找元素 1234567891011121314151617dic1 = &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;print(dic1['name']) # Tomprint(dic1.get('age', False)) # 18print(dic1.get('son', 'little jerry')) # little jerryprint(dic1.get('ages', False)) # False# 指定的键对应的值不存在，则使用指定的默认值，否则返回实际的值print(list(dic1.keys())) # ['name', 'age', 'sex', 'hobby']# 查看 key 的列表print(list(dic1.values())) # ['Tom', 18, 'male', 'Jerry']# 查看 value 的列表print(list(dic1.items()))# [('name', 'Tom'), ('age', 18), ('sex', 'male'), ('hobby', 'Jerry')]# 查看所有的 key-value 对 修改数据 12345678910111213dic1 = &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;print(dic1)# &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;dic1['name'] = 'Jerry'print(dic1)# &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;dic2 = &#123;'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'girl', 'age': 36&#125;dic1.update(dic2)# 如果两个字典中存在相同的 key ，则在使用 update 时将会更新相应的 key 对应的 value ，否则将 key-value 对加入字典print(dic1)# &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'age': 36, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'girl'&#125; 删除 12345678910111213dic1 = &#123;'name': 'Tom', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'Jerry'&#125;# 删除指定的 key-value 对del dic1['name']dic1.pop('age') # 删除并返回该 key-value 的值dic1.popitem() # 随机删除某组 key-value 对，并以元组方式返回值# 清空整个字典dic1.clear()# 删除整个字典del dic1 其他操作： dict.fromkeys 1234567d1 = dict.fromkeys(['host1', 'host2', 'host3'], 'Mac')print(d1) # &#123;'host1': 'Mac', 'host2': 'Mac', 'host3': 'Mac'&#125;d1['host2'] = 'abc'print(d1)# &#123;'host1': 'Mac', 'host2': 'abc', 'host3': 'Mac'&#125; 字典的嵌套 1234567province_city = &#123; '河北': &#123; '石家庄': ['长安区', '桥东区', '桥西区', '新华区', '井陉矿区', '裕华区', '井陉县', '正定县', '栾城县', '行唐县', '灵寿县', '高邑县', '深泽县', '赞皇县', '无极县', '平山县', '元氏县', '赵县', '辛集市', '藁城市', '晋州市', '新乐市', '鹿泉市', '其他'], '唐山': ['路南区', '路北区', '古冶区', '开平区', '丰南区', '丰润区', '滦县', '滦南县', '乐亭县', '迁西县', '玉田县', '唐海县', '遵化市', '迁安市', ' 曹妃甸区', '其他'], '秦皇岛': ['海港区', '山海关区', '北戴河区', '青龙满族自治县', '昌黎县', '抚宁县', '卢龙县', '其他'] &#125;&#125; sorted(dict) : 返回一个有序的包含字典所有 key 的列表 。 123456789dic = &#123;5: '555', 2: '666', 4: '444'&#125;print(sorted(dic))# [2, 4, 5]print(sorted(dic.values()))# ['444', '555', '666']print(sorted(dic.items()))# [(2, '666'), (4, '444'), (5, '555')] 字典的遍历字典的 itmes 指的是键值对，在遍历的时候存在一个转换过程，因此如果数据量大的情况下效率比较低，不建议采用这种方法迭代，而建议使用 for k in dic: 的方法遍历。 123456789dic5=&#123;'name': 'tom', 'age': 18&#125; for key in dic5: print(key,dic5[key]) for items in dic5.items(): print(items)for keys,values in dic5.items(): print(keys,values) 判断字典中有没有某个 key要判断字典中是否有某个键 k，一般使用 dic.get(&#39;k&#39;) 的方法来实现。 12345678910&gt;&gt;&gt; dic = &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'sex': 'male'&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; dic.get('name')'Jerry'&gt;&gt;&gt; if dic.get('name'):... print('"name" is in dict dic')... else:... print('"name" is not in dict dic')..."name" is in dict dic&gt;&gt;&gt; 但是如果字典中的键 k 所对应的值是 None 的时候就会出现严重的问题，这时候就会认为没有这个键 k。例如： 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; dic = &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': None&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; dic.get('hobby')&gt;&gt;&gt; if dic.get('hobby'):... print('"hobby" is in dict dic')... else:... print('"hobby" is not in dict dic')..."hobby" is not in dict dic&gt;&gt;&gt; 为了避免这种情况影响到程序的判断，应该使用成员判断操作符 in 的方法。 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "hobby" in dicTrue 但是多数情况下除了判断字典中是否有对应的键，还有可能需要操作键所对应的值。所以，使用 for k in dic: 的方法遍历字典是最为合适的。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; dic = &#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': None&#125;&gt;&gt;&gt; for k in dic:... if dic[k]:... pass... else:... dic[k] = 'study'...&gt;&gt;&gt; dic&#123;'name': 'Jerry', 'sex': 'male', 'hobby': 'study'&#125;]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -99,7 +217,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的组合数据类型-元组]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F07%2F085510-Python%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B-%E5%85%83%E7%BB%84%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[元组元组是有序序列，其中包含0个或多个对象引用。元组被称为只读列表，即数据可以被查询但不能被修改，所以列表的切片操作同样适用于元组。如果需要修改有序序列应该使用列表而非元组。如果有一个元组需要对其进行修改，则可以使用 list() 转换函数将其转换为列表之后在产生的列表之上进行适当修改。 tuple 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用，tuple()——不带参数将返回一个空元组，带一个 tuple 类参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝，对其他任意参数将尝试把给定的对象转换为 tuple 类型。该函数最多只能接受一个参数。虽然 tuple 的元素不可改变，但它可以包含可变的对象，比如 list 列表 如何创建元组元组写在小括号()，元素之间用逗号隔开。元组也可以使用 tuple() 函数创建，空元组是使用空的圆括号 () 创建的，包含一个或多个项的元组则可以使用逗号分隔进行创建。有时元组必须包含在圆括号中，以避免发生歧义。如果需要将元组 1,2,3 传递给一个函数，就应该写成 function((1,2,3)) 的形式 构造包含 0 个或 1 个元素的元组比较特殊，所以有一些额外的语法规则： 12tup1 = () # 空元组tup2 = (20,) # 一个元素，需要在元素后添加逗号 元组的作用 对于一些数据我们不想被修改，可以使用元组； 元组可以在映射（和集合的成员）中当作键使用——而列表则不行；元组作为很多内建函数和方法的返回值存在 元组的方法元组只提供了两种方法：t.count(x) ,返回对象 x 在元组中出现的次数；t.index(x) ,返回对象在元组 t 中出现的最左边位置——元组中不包含 x 时则产生ValueError异常。 元组操作符元组可以使用操作符 + (连接)、* (复制) 与 [] (分片)，也可以使用 in 与 not in 来测试成员关系。虽然元组是固定对象，但 += 与 *= 这两个增强的赋值运算符也可以使用——实际上是 Python 创建了新元组用于存放结果，并将左边的对象引用设置为指向新元组。元组可以使用标准的比较操作符（&lt;、&lt;=、==、!=、&gt;=、&gt;)进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套项，比如元组内的元组，递归进行处理)。示例: 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; hair = "black", "brown", "blonde", "red"&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[2]'blonde'&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[-3:] # same as: hair[l:]('brown', 'blonde', 'red') 12&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[:2], "gray", hair[2:](('black', 'brown'), 'gray', ('blonde', 'red')) 这里本来是想创建一个新的五元组，但结果是一个三元组，其中包含两个二元组，之所以会这样是因为在3个项（一个元组，一个字符串，一个元组)之间使用了逗号操作符。要得到一个单独的元组，并包含所需项必须对其进行连接： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[:2] + ("gray",) + hair[2:]('black', 'brown', 'gray', 'blonde', 'red') 要构成一个一元组逗号是必需的，但在这一情况下，将逗号放置在其中，就会产生一个 TypeError (因为 Python 会认为我们试图将字符串与元组进行连接)，因此必须同时使用逗号与圆括号]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[元组元组是有序序列，其中包含0个或多个对象引用。元组被称为只读列表，即数据可以被查询但不能被修改，所以列表的切片操作同样适用于元组。如果需要修改有序序列应该使用列表而非元组。如果有一个元组需要对其进行修改，则可以使用 list() 转换函数将其转换为列表之后在产生的列表之上进行适当修改。 tuple 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用，tuple()——不带参数将返回一个空元组，带一个 tuple 类参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝，对其他任意参数将尝试把给定的对象转换为 tuple 类型。该函数最多只能接受一个参数。虽然 tuple 的元素不可改变，但它可以包含可变的对象，比如 list 列表 如何创建元组元组写在小括号()，元素之间用逗号隔开。元组也可以使用 tuple() 函数创建，空元组是使用空的圆括号 () 创建的，包含一个或多个项的元组则可以使用逗号分隔进行创建。有时元组必须包含在圆括号中，以避免发生歧义。如果需要将元组 1,2,3 传递给一个函数，就应该写成 function((1,2,3)) 的形式 构造包含 0 个或 1 个元素的元组比较特殊，所以有一些额外的语法规则： 12tup1 = () # 空元组tup2 = (20,) # 一个元素，需要在元素后添加逗号 元组的作用 对于一些数据我们不想被修改，可以使用元组； 元组可以在映射（和集合的成员）中当作键使用——而列表则不行；元组作为很多内建函数和方法的返回值存在 元组的方法元组只提供了两种方法：t.count(x) ,返回对象 x 在元组中出现的次数；t.index(x) ,返回对象在元组 t 中出现的最左边位置——元组中不包含 x 时则产生ValueError异常。 元组操作符元组可以使用操作符 + (连接)、* (复制) 与 [] (分片)，也可以使用 in 与 not in 来测试成员关系。虽然元组是固定对象，但 += 与 *= 这两个增强的赋值运算符也可以使用——实际上是 Python 创建了新元组用于存放结果，并将左边的对象引用设置为指向新元组。元组可以使用标准的比较操作符（ &lt;、&lt;=、==、!=、&gt;=、&gt; ）进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套项，比如元组内的元组，递归进行处理)。示例: 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; hair = "black", "brown", "blonde", "red"&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[2]'blonde'&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[-3:] # same as: hair[l:]('brown', 'blonde', 'red') 12&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[:2], "gray", hair[2:](('black', 'brown'), 'gray', ('blonde', 'red')) 这里本来是想创建一个新的五元组，但结果是一个三元组，其中包含两个二元组，之所以会这样是因为在3个项（一个元组，一个字符串，一个元组)之间使用了逗号操作符。要得到一个单独的元组，并包含所需项必须对其进行连接： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; hair[:2] + ("gray",) + hair[2:]('black', 'brown', 'gray', 'blonde', 'red') 要构成一个一元组逗号是必需的，但在这一情况下，将逗号放置在其中，就会产生一个 TypeError (因为 Python 会认为我们试图将字符串与元组进行连接)，因此必须同时使用逗号与圆括号]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -107,7 +225,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的列表生成式]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2F191925-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在 Python 中小列表通常可以使用列表字面值直接创建，但长一些的列表通常则需要使用程序进行创建。对一系列整数我们可以使用 list(range(n)) 创建，或者如果只需要一个整数迭代子则使用 range() 就足以完成任务，但对更复杂一些的列表，使用 for...in 循环创建是一种更常见的做法。比如生成 Linux 系统 DNS 地址的列表，可以使用如下语句： 1234567891011#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-def get_dns_ip(): '''获取系统默认的 DNS 地址''' dns_list = [] with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: for line in f: if line.startswith('nameserver '): dns_list.append(line.strip().split()[1]) return dns_list 再比如生成给定时间范围内的闰年列表，可以使用如下的语句： 123456789#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-leaps = []for year in range(1900, 1940): if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0): leaps.append(year)print(leaps) 在为内置的 range() 函数指定两个整数参数 n 与 m 时，该函数返回的迭代子 iterator 将生成整数n,n+l,...,m-1 列表生成式也是一个循环，该循环有一个可选的、包含在 [] 中的条件，作用是为列表生成数据项，并且可以使用条件过滤掉不需要的数据项。列表生成式最简单的形式如下： 1[item for item in iterable] 上面的语句将返回一个列表，其中包含 iterable 中的每个数据项，在语义上与 list(iterable) 是一致的。示例： 123&gt;&gt;&gt; alist=[x for x in range(0,11)]&gt;&gt;&gt; alist[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] 有两个特点使得列表生成式具有更强大的功能，一个是可以使用表达式，另一个是可以附加条件——由此带来如下两种实现列表生成式的常见语法格式： 12345678[expression for item in iterable][expression for item in iterable if condition]# 第二种语法格式实际上等价于：temp = []for item in iterable: if condition: temp.append(expression) 通常在上面的语法中，expression 要么是数据项本身，要么与数据项相关。当然列表生成式不需要 for x in 循环中使用的 temp 变量 现在我们可以使用列表生成式编写代码，以便生成列表 leaps 。分三个阶段开发这段代码 首先生成一个列表，其中包含给定时间范围内的所有年份 123leaps = [y for y in range(1900, 1940)]# 或者leaps = list(range(1900，1940)) 接下来，为该语句添加一个简单的条件，以便每隔4年获取一次 1leaps = [y for y in range(900, 1940) if y % 4 == 0] 最后，给出完整的代码： 1leaps = [y for y in range(900, 1940) if (y % 4 == 0 and y % 100 != 0) or (y % 400 == 0)] 使用生成式的获取系统 DNS 地址的函数代码： 12345def get_dns_ip(): '''获取系统默认的 DNS 地址''' with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: dns_list = [line.split()[1] for line in f if line.startswith('nameserver')] return dns_list 由于列表生成式会生成列表，也就是 iterable ，同时用于列表生成式的语法需要使用 iterable，因此对列表生成式进行嵌套也是可以的。这与嵌套的 for...in 循环是等价的。比如，对给定的性别、尺寸、颜色集需要生成所有可能的服装标号，但排除肥胖女士的标号，因为时装工业会忽视这一类女性。使用嵌套的 for...in 循环可以完成这一任务: 1234567codes = []for sex in "MF": # Male, Female for size in "SMLX": # Small, Medium, Large, extra large if sex == "F" and size == "X": continue for color in "BGW": # Black, Gray, White codes.append(sex + size + color) 使用列表生成式，只需要两行代码就可以实现相同的功能： 12codes = [sex + size + color for sex in "MF" for size in "SMLX" for color in "BGW" if not (size == "F" and size == "X")] 这里列表中的每个数据项都是使用表达式 sex + size + color 生成的。并且跳过无效的 sex/size 组合是在最内部的循环中实现的，而嵌套的 for...in 循环版本中，跳过无效的组合是在中间循环中实现的。任何列表生成式都可以使用一个或多个 for...in 循环重写 如果生成的列表非常大，那么根据需要去生成每个数据项会比一次生成整个列表更高效。这可以通过使用生成器实现，而不使用列表生成式]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在 Python 中小列表通常可以使用列表字面值直接创建，但长一些的列表通常则需要使用程序进行创建。对一系列整数我们可以使用 list(range(n)) 创建，或者如果只需要一个整数迭代子则使用 range() 就足以完成任务，但对更复杂一些的列表，使用 for...in 循环创建是一种更常见的做法。比如生成 Linux 系统 DNS 地址的列表，可以使用如下语句： 1234567891011#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-def get_dns_ip(): '''获取系统默认的 DNS 地址''' dns_list = [] with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: for line in f: if line.startswith('nameserver '): dns_list.append(line.strip().split()[1]) return dns_list 再比如生成给定时间范围内的闰年列表，可以使用如下的语句： 123456789#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-leaps = []for year in range(1900, 1940): if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0): leaps.append(year)print(leaps) 在为内置的 range() 函数指定两个整数参数 n 与 m 时，该函数返回的迭代子 iterator 将生成整数 n,n+l,...,m-1 。 列表生成式也是一个循环，该循环有一个可选的、包含在 [] 中的条件，作用是为列表生成数据项，并且可以使用条件过滤掉不需要的数据项。列表生成式最简单的形式如下： 1[item for item in iterable] 上面的语句将返回一个列表，其中包含 iterable 中的每个数据项，在语义上与 list(iterable) 是一致的。示例： 123&gt;&gt;&gt; alist=[x for x in range(0,11)]&gt;&gt;&gt; alist[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] 有两个特点使得列表生成式具有更强大的功能，一个是可以使用表达式，另一个是可以附加条件——由此带来如下两种实现列表生成式的常见语法格式： 12345678[expression for item in iterable][expression for item in iterable if condition]# 第二种语法格式实际上等价于：temp = []for item in iterable: if condition: temp.append(expression) 通常在上面的语法中，expression 要么是数据项本身，要么与数据项相关。当然列表生成式不需要 for x in 循环中使用的 temp 变量 现在我们可以使用列表生成式编写代码，以便生成列表 leaps 。分三个阶段开发这段代码： 首先生成一个列表，其中包含给定时间范围内的所有年份 123leaps = [y for y in range(1900, 1940)]# 或者leaps = list(range(1900，1940)) 接下来，为该语句添加一个简单的条件，以便每隔4年获取一次 1leaps = [y for y in range(900, 1940) if y % 4 == 0] 最后，给出完整的代码： 1leaps = [y for y in range(900, 1940) if (y % 4 == 0 and y % 100 != 0) or (y % 400 == 0)] 使用生成式的获取系统 DNS 地址的函数代码： 12345def get_dns_ip(): '''获取系统默认的 DNS 地址''' with open('/etc/resolv.conf', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: dns_list = [line.split()[1] for line in f if line.startswith('nameserver')] return dns_list 由于列表生成式会生成列表，也就是 iterable ，同时用于列表生成式的语法需要使用 iterable，因此对列表生成式进行嵌套也是可以的。这与嵌套的 for...in 循环是等价的。比如，对给定的性别、尺寸、颜色集需要生成所有可能的服装标号，但排除肥胖女士的标号，因为时装工业会忽视这一类女性。使用嵌套的 for...in 循环可以完成这一任务: 1234567codes = []for sex in "MF": # Male, Female for size in "SMLX": # Small, Medium, Large, extra large if sex == "F" and size == "X": continue for color in "BGW": # Black, Gray, White codes.append(sex + size + color) 使用列表生成式，只需要两行代码就可以实现相同的功能： 12codes = [sex + size + color for sex in "MF" for size in "SMLX" for color in "BGW" if not (size == "F" and size == "X")] 这里列表中的每个数据项都是使用表达式 sex + size + color 生成的。并且跳过无效的 sex/size 组合是在最内部的循环中实现的，而嵌套的 for...in 循环版本中，跳过无效的组合是在中间循环中实现的。任何列表生成式都可以使用一个或多个 for...in 循环重写。 如果生成的列表非常大，那么根据需要去生成每个数据项会比一次生成整个列表更高效。这可以通过使用生成器实现，而不使用列表生成式。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -123,7 +241,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的组合数据类型-列表]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2F084510-Python%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B-%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[列表列表是有序的序列而且是可变对象，它包含了0个或多个对象引用。因为可变，我们可以对列表中的元素进行删除或替换操作，还可以插入、替换或删除列表中的分片。 list 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用， list() ——不指定参数将返回一个空列表；带一个 list 类型的参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝：对任意其他参数 list() 将尝试把给定的对象转换为 list 类型。该函数只能接受一个参数。列表也可以不使用 list() 函数创建，空列表可以使用空的方括号 [] 来创建，包含一个或多个元素的列表则可以使用逗号分隔并且被包含在 [] 中来创建。另一种创建列表的方法是使用列表生成式 列表中所有元素实际上都是对象引用，因此列表也可以存放任意数据类型的元素，包括组合数据类型，比如列表与元组。列表可以使用标准的比较操作符 ( &lt; 、&lt;= 、 == 、 != 、 &gt;= 、 &gt; ) 进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套元素，比如列表内的元组或列表，则递归进行处理) 列表操作符 表达式 结果 描述 [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] 两个列表进行组合 [‘Hi!’] * 4 [‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’] 元素复制 3 in [1, 2, 3] True 成员比较 for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, 1 2 3 迭代 列表分片1L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!'] 表达式 结果 描述 L[2] ‘SPAM!’ 读取列表中第三个元素 L[-2] ‘Spam’ 读取列表中倒数第二个元素 L[1:] [‘Spam’, ‘SPAM!’] 从第二个元素开始截取列表 L[2] ‘SPAM!’ 读取列表中第三个元素 L[::-1] [‘SPAM!’, ‘Spam’, ‘spam’] 将列表倒序 示例 12345a = ['zhangsan', 'lisi', 'wangwu', 'tom', 'jerry']print(a[1:]) # 从左向右取到最后print(a[1:-1]) # 从左向右取到倒数第二个值print(a[1:-1:1]) # 从左向右取到倒数第二个值，步进长度为1去取print(a[1::2]) # 从左向右取到最后，步进长度为2 常用函数 len(L) 取得列表的长度 max(L) 返回列表元素中的最大值，列表里面是嵌套的对象构成元素时，按照嵌套对象的元素里面的第一个元素的排列顺序，输出最大值（如果第一个元素相同，则比较第二个元素，输出最大值），按照 ASCII 码进行排序 min(L) 返回列表元素中的最小值 list(X) 将对象 X 转为列表 列表常用的方法 方法 描述 L.append(x) 将元素 x 追加到列表 L 的尾部 L.count(x) 返回元素 x 在列表 L 中出现的次数 L.extend(m) 或 L+=m 将 iterable 对象m的元素和 L 进行连接 L.index(x, start, end) 返回数据项x在列表 L 中（或L的start,end分片中）最左边出现的索引位置，否则会产生—个ValueError异常 L.insert(i, x) 在索引位置 i 处将元素 x 插入列表 L L.pop() 返回并移除列表 L 最右边的元素 L.pop(i) 返回并移除L中索引位置 i 处的元素 L.remove(x) 从list L中移除最左边出现的元素 x，如果找不到 x 就产生ValueError异常 L.reverse() 对列表 L 进行反转 L.sort(…) 对列表 L 进行排序，与内置的 sorted() 函数一样，这一方法可以接受可选的 key 与 reverse 参数 拆分操作符进行赋值数据类型都可以使用序列拆分操作符 * 进行拆分。 在进行赋值操时，= 左边如果有两个或多个变量时对其中的一个使用 * 进行引导，元素将赋值给对应的未使用 * 引导的变量，而所有剩下的元素将赋值给带星号的变量： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; first, *rest = [9, 2, -4, 8, 7]&gt;&gt;&gt; first9&gt;&gt;&gt; rest[2, -4, 8, 7] 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; first, *mid, last = "Charles Philip Arthur George Windsor".split()&gt;&gt;&gt; first'Charles'&gt;&gt;&gt; mid['Philip', 'Arthur', 'George']&gt;&gt;&gt; last'Windsor' 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; *directories, executable = "/usr/local/bin/gvim".split("/")&gt;&gt;&gt; directories['', 'usr', 'local', 'bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; executable'gvim' del语句虽然从名称上看，del 语句代表的是删除，但是实际上 del 语句的作用并不一定是删除数据。 应用于某些对象引用（引用的是非组合类型的数据项）时，del语句的作用是取消该对象引用到数据项的绑定，并删除对象引用，例如： 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 8143 # object ref.'x' created; int of value 8143 created&gt;&gt;&gt; x8143&gt;&gt;&gt; del x&gt;&gt;&gt; xTraceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;NameError: name 'x' is not defined 对象引用被删除后，如果该对象引用所引用的数据项没有被其他对象引用进行引用，那么该数据项将进入垃圾收集流程。在垃圾收集是否自动进行不能确定时，如果需要进行清理，就必须自己手动进行处理。对垃圾收集的不确定性，Python 提供了两种方案，一种是使用 try ... finally 语句块，确保垃圾收集得以进行；另一种是使用 with 语句]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[列表列表是有序的序列而且是可变对象，它包含了0个或多个对象引用。因为可变，我们可以对列表中的元素进行删除或替换操作，还可以插入、替换或删除列表中的分片。 list 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用， list() ——不指定参数将返回一个空列表；带一个 list 类型的参数将返回该参数的浅拷贝：对任意其他参数 list() 将尝试把给定的对象转换为 list 类型。该函数只能接受一个参数。列表也可以不使用 list() 函数创建，空列表可以使用空的方括号 [] 来创建，包含一个或多个元素的列表则可以使用逗号分隔并且被包含在 [] 中来创建。另一种创建列表的方法是使用列表生成式。 列表中所有元素实际上都是对象引用，因此列表也可以存放任意数据类型的元素，包括组合数据类型，比如列表与元组。列表可以使用标准的比较操作符 ( &lt; 、&lt;= 、 == 、 != 、 &gt;= 、 &gt; ) 进行比较，这种比较实际是逐项进行的（对嵌套元素，比如列表内的元组或列表，则递归进行处理)。 列表操作符 表达式 结果 描述 [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] 两个列表进行组合 [‘Hi!’] * 4 [‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’] 元素复制 3 in [1, 2, 3] True 成员比较 for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x 1 2 3 迭代 列表分片1L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!'] 表达式 结果 描述 L[2] ‘SPAM!’ 读取列表中第三个元素 L[-2] ‘Spam’ 读取列表中倒数第二个元素 L[1:] [‘Spam’, ‘SPAM!’] 从第二个元素开始截取列表 L[2] ‘SPAM!’ 读取列表中第三个元素 L[::-1] [‘SPAM!’, ‘Spam’, ‘spam’] 将列表倒序 示例 12345a = ['zhangsan', 'lisi', 'wangwu', 'tom', 'jerry']print(a[1:]) # 从左向右取到最后print(a[1:-1]) # 从左向右取到倒数第二个值print(a[1:-1:1]) # 从左向右取到倒数第二个值，步进长度为1去取print(a[1::2]) # 从左向右取到最后，步进长度为2 相关函数len(L) 取得列表的长度。 max(L) 返回列表元素中的最大值，列表里面是嵌套的对象构成元素时，按照嵌套对象的元素里面的第一个元素的排列顺序，输出最大值（如果第一个元素相同，则比较第二个元素，输出最大值），按照 ASCII 码进行排序。 min(L) 返回列表元素中的最小值。 list(X) 将对象 X 转为列表。 列表常用的方法 方法 描述 L.append(x) 将元素 x 追加到列表 L 的尾部 L.count(x) 返回元素 x 在列表 L 中出现的次数 L.extend(m) 或 L+=m 将 iterable 对象m的元素和 L 进行连接 L.index(x, start, end) 返回数据项x在列表 L 中（或L的start,end分片中）最左边出现的索引位置，否则会产生—个ValueError异常 L.insert(i, x) 在索引位置 i 处将元素 x 插入列表 L L.pop() 返回并移除列表 L 最右边的元素 L.pop(i) 返回并移除L中索引位置 i 处的元素 L.remove(x) 从list L中移除最左边出现的元素 x，如果找不到 x 就产生ValueError异常 L.reverse() 对列表 L 进行反转 L.sort(…) 对列表 L 进行排序，与内置的 sorted() 函数一样，这一方法可以接受可选的 key 与 reverse 参数 拆分操作符进行赋值数据类型都可以使用序列拆分操作符 * 进行拆分。在进行赋值操时，= 左边如果有两个或多个变量时对其中的一个使用 * 进行引导，元素将赋值给对应的未使用 * 引导的变量，而所有剩下的元素将赋值给带星号的变量： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; first, *rest = [9, 2, -4, 8, 7]&gt;&gt;&gt; first9&gt;&gt;&gt; rest[2, -4, 8, 7] 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; first, *mid, last = "Charles Philip Arthur George Windsor".split()&gt;&gt;&gt; first'Charles'&gt;&gt;&gt; mid['Philip', 'Arthur', 'George']&gt;&gt;&gt; last'Windsor' 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; *directories, executable = "/usr/local/bin/gvim".split("/")&gt;&gt;&gt; directories['', 'usr', 'local', 'bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; executable'gvim' del语句虽然从名称上看，del 语句代表的是删除，但是实际上 del 语句的作用并不一定是删除数据。 应用于某些对象引用（引用的是非组合类型的数据项）时，del 语句的作用是取消该对象引用到数据项的绑定，并删除对象引用，例如： 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 8143 # object ref.'x' created; int of value 8143 created&gt;&gt;&gt; x8143&gt;&gt;&gt; del x&gt;&gt;&gt; xTraceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;NameError: name 'x' is not defined 对象引用被删除后，如果该对象引用所引用的数据项没有被其他对象引用进行引用，那么该数据项将进入垃圾收集流程。在垃圾收集是否自动进行不能确定时，如果需要进行清理，就必须自己手动进行处理。对垃圾收集的不确定性，Python 提供了两种方案，一种是使用 try ... finally 语句块，确保垃圾收集得以进行；另一种是使用 with 语句。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -131,7 +249,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2F213839-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E4%B8%B2%E7%BB%83%E4%B9%A0-%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96tag%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[需求说明 已知变量和值如下 1aline = '&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;' 取出 &lt;title&gt; 和 &lt;/title&gt; 之间的内容 示例代码12345678910111213141516171819#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-aline = '&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'def content_in_tag(s, tag): if tag in s: tag_open = '&lt;' + tag + '&gt;' tag_close = '&lt;/' + tag + '&gt;' index_tag_open = s.index(tag_open) index_tag_close = s.index(tag_close) index_content = index_tag_open + len(tag_open) print(s[index_content:index_tag_close]) else: print('%s not in %s' % (tag, s))content_in_tag(aline, 'title')]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[已知变量和值如下： 1aline = '&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;' 要求取出 &lt;title&gt; 和 &lt;/title&gt; 之间的内容。 1Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容 以下是示例代码： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-aline = '&lt;title&gt;Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容&lt;/title&gt;'def get_content_in_tag(s, tag): if tag in s: tag_open = '&lt;' + tag + '&gt;' tag_close = '&lt;/' + tag + '&gt;' idx_tag_open = aline.index(tag_open) idx_content = idx_tag_open + len(tag_open) idx_tag_close = aline.index(tag_close) print(aline[idx_content:idx_tag_close]) else: print( 'Error: \033[031m%s\033[0m is not in string \033[0;32m%s\033[0m' % (tag, s) )get_content_in_tag(aline, 'title')]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -139,7 +257,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python中字符串的format方法]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2F204910-Python%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E4%B8%B2%E7%9A%84format%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[字符串的格式化字符串的 s.format() 方法会返回一个新字符串，在新字符串中原字符串的替换字段被适当格式化后的参数所替代 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "The novel '&#123;0&#125;' was published in &#123;1&#125;".format("Hard Times", 1854)"The novel 'Hard Times' was published in 1854" 每个替换字段都是由包含在花括号中的字段名标识的 如果字段名是简单的整数，就将被作为传递给 s.format() 方法的一个参数的索引位置。因此在这种情况下，名为 0 的字段被第一个参数所替代，名为 1 的字段则被第二个参数所替代。如果需要在格式化字符串中包含花括号，就需要将其复写，下面给出一个实例： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "&#123;&#123;&#123;0&#125;&#125;&#125; &#123;1&#125;;-&#125;&#125;".format("I'm in braces", "I'm not")"&#123;I'm in braces&#125; I'm not;-&#125;" 如果我们试图连接字符串与数字将产生 TypeError 异常，但使用 str.format() 方法可以很容易地做到这一点： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "&#123;0&#125;&#123;1&#125;".format("The amount due is $",200)'The amount due is $200' 字段名可以是一个与某个 s.format() 方法参数对应的整数，也可以是方法的某个关键字参数的名称 使用关键字参数 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; string="My name is &#123;who&#125; , I am is &#123;age&#125; years old "&gt;&gt;&gt; print(string.format(who="Linux",age=18))My name is Linux , I am is 18 years old&gt;&gt;&gt; print(string.format_map(&#123;"who":"Litingjie","age":"18"&#125;))My name is Litingjie , I am is 18 years old 使用位置参数和关键字参数 123&gt;&gt;&gt; string="My name is &#123;who&#125; , I am is &#123;0&#125; years old "&gt;&gt;&gt; print(string.format(18,who="Linux"))My name is Linux , I am is 18 years old 注意：在参数列表中，关键字参数总是在位置参数之后 字段名可以引用组合数据类型——比如列表。在这样的情况下，我们可以包含一个索引（不是一个分片）来标识特定的数据项 123&gt;&gt;&gt; stock = ["paper", "envelopes", "notepads", "pens", "paper clips"]&gt;&gt;&gt; "We have &#123;0[1]&#125; and &#123;0[2]&#125; in stock".format(stock)'We have envelopes and notepads in stock' 0 引用的是位置参数，因此 {0[1]}是列表 stock 参数的第二个数据项，{0[2]} 是 列表 stock 参数的第三个数据项。字典对象也可以用于 s.format() 方法： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "The &#123;0[animal]&#125; weighs &#123;0[weight]&#125;kg".format(d)'The elephantn weighs 12000kg']]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[字符串的格式化字符串的 s.format() 方法会返回一个新字符串，在新字符串中原字符串的替换字段被适当格式化后的参数所替代： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "The novel '&#123;0&#125;' was published in &#123;1&#125;".format("Hard Times", 1854)"The novel 'Hard Times' was published in 1854" 每个替换字段都是由包含在花括号中的字段名标识的，如果字段名是简单的整数，就将被作为传递给 s.format() 方法的一个参数的索引位置。因此在这种情况下，名为 0 的字段被第一个参数所替代，名为 1 的字段则被第二个参数所替代。如果需要在格式化字符串中包含花括号，就需要将其复写： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "&#123;&#123;&#123;0&#125;&#125;&#125; &#123;1&#125;;-&#125;&#125;".format("I'm in braces", "I'm not")"&#123;I'm in braces&#125; I'm not;-&#125;" 如果我们试图连接字符串与数字将产生 TypeError 异常，但使用 str.format() 方法可以很容易地做到这一点： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "&#123;0&#125;&#123;1&#125;".format("The amount due is $",200)'The amount due is $200' 字段名除了可以是一个与某个 s.format() 方法参数对应的整数，也可以是方法的某个关键字参数的名称。 使用关键字参数 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; string="My name is &#123;who&#125; , I am is &#123;age&#125; years old "&gt;&gt;&gt; print(string.format(who="Linux",age=18))My name is Linux , I am is 18 years old&gt;&gt;&gt; print(string.format_map(&#123;"who":"Litingjie","age":"18"&#125;))My name is Litingjie , I am is 18 years old 使用位置参数和关键字参数 123&gt;&gt;&gt; string="My name is &#123;who&#125; , I am is &#123;0&#125; years old "&gt;&gt;&gt; print(string.format(18,who="Linux"))My name is Linux , I am is 18 years old 注意：在参数列表中，关键字参数总是在位置参数之后 字段名可以引用组合数据类型——比如列表。在这样的情况下，我们可以包含一个索引（不是一个分片）来标识特定的数据项： 123&gt;&gt;&gt; stock = ["paper", "envelopes", "notepads", "pens", "paper clips"]&gt;&gt;&gt; "We have &#123;0[1]&#125; and &#123;0[2]&#125; in stock".format(stock)'We have envelopes and notepads in stock' 在上述示例中， 0 引用的是位置参数，因此 {0[1]} 是列表 stock 参数的第二个数据项，{0[2]} 是 列表 stock 参数的第三个数据项。 字典对象也可以用于 s.format() 方法： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; "The &#123;0[animal]&#125; weighs &#123;0[weight]&#125;kg".format(d)'The elephantn weighs 12000kg']]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -147,7 +265,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的组合数据类型-字符串]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2F201910-Python%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B-%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E4%B8%B2%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[字符串Python 字符串不可以被更改，它们是不可变的 。因此，赋值给字符串索引的位置会导致错误。字符串是使用固定不变的 str 数据类型表示的，其中存放 Unicode 字符序列。 str 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用，用于创建字符串对象： 参数为空时返回一个空字符串 参数为非字符串类型时返回该参数的字符串形式 参数为字符串时返回该字符串的拷贝 str() 函数也可以用作一个转换函数，此时要求第一个参数为字符串或可以转换为字符串的其他数据类型，其后跟随至多两个可选的字符串参数，其中一个用于指定要使用的编码格式，另一个用于指定如何处理编码错误。 引号的使用字符串是使用引号创建的，可以使用单引号也可以使用双引号，但是字符串两端必须相同。此外还可以使用三引号包含的字符串——这是 Python 对起始端与终端都使用3个引号包含的字符串的叫法，例如： 123text = """A triple quoted string like this can include 'quotes' and "quotes" without formality. We can also escape newlines \ so this particular string is actually only two lines long.""" 如果需要在通常的、引号包含的字符串中使用引号，在要使用的引号与包含字符串的引号不同时，可以直接使用该引号，而不需要进行格式化处理操作，但是如果相同，就必须对其进行转义： 12a = "Single 'quotes' are fine; \"doubles\" must be escaped." b = 'Single \'quotes\' must be escaped; "doubles" are fine.' 换行Python 使用换行作为其语句终结符，但是如果在圆括号、方括号、花括号内或三引号包含的字符串内则是例外。在三引号包含的字符串中，可以直接使用换行而不需要进行格式化处理操作。通过使用 \n 转义，也可以在任何字符串中包含换行。 有些情况下——比如编写正则表达式时, 需要创建带有大量字面意义反斜杠的字符串。由于每个反斜杠都必须进行转义处理，从而造成了不便： 12import rephone1 = re.compile("^((?:[(]\\d+[)])?\\s*\\d+(?:-\\d+)?)$") 解决方法是使用原始的字符串，这种引号包含的或三引号包含的字符串的第一个引号由字面意义的 r 引导。在这种字符串内部，所有字符都按其字面意义理解，因此不再需要进行转义。下面给出了使用原始字符串的 phone 正则表达式： 1phone2 = re.compile(r"^((?:[()\d+[]])?\s*\d+(?:-\d+)?)$") 再比如： 12print('C:\some\name') # 这里的\n意味着换行print(r'C:\some\name') # 在引号前使用r来引导，则\n就按照字面意义理解 如果变量中有特殊字符串，但不希望被引用，则可以使用 repr() 方法使用字符串原意(方便机器阅读，而不是方便人阅读) 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; line = 'Hello Tom ! \n Hi'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(line)Hello Tom ! Hi&gt;&gt;&gt; print(repr(line))'Hello Tom ! \n Hi'&gt;&gt;&gt; 连接 字符串可以由 + 操作符连接(粘到一起)，可以由 * 表示重复 123&gt;&gt;&gt; # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'&gt;&gt;&gt; 3 * 'un' + 'ium''unununium' 相邻的两个字符串文本自动连接在一起 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; 'Py' 'thon''Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; 'Py''thon''Python' 这种方法只用于两个字符串文本，不能用于字符串表达式 12345678910111213&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix = 'Py'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix 'thon' # # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1 prefix 'thon' ^SyntaxError: invalid syntax&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; ('un' * 3) 'ium' File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1 ('un' * 3) 'ium' ^SyntaxError: invalid syntax&gt;&gt;&gt; 使用 + 将多个变量连成字符串，或将一个变量和一个字符串文本连接成字符串 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix + 'thon''Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix='Py';suffix='thon'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix + suffix'Python' 使用 , 连接成元组 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix='Py';suffix='thon'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix , suffix('Py', 'thon')&gt;&gt;&gt; a= prefix , suffix&gt;&gt;&gt; a('Py', 'thon') 用 % 连接一个字符串和一组变量，字符串中的特殊标记会被自动用右边变量组中的变量替换，功能比较强大，借鉴了 C 语言中 printf 函数的功能： 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; a='Tom' &gt;&gt;&gt; b='Jerry'&gt;&gt;&gt; '%s %s %s' %(a,'and',b)'Tom and Jerry' 较长字符串的表示方法如果需要写一个长字符串，跨越了2行或更多行，则可以使用三种方法： 使用三引号，行尾换行符会被自动包含到字符串中，但是可以在行尾加上 \ 来避免这个行为。下面的示例： 可以使用反斜杠作为行结尾的连续字符串，它表示下一行在逻辑上是本行的后续内容 12345print("""\Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to \""") 由 + 操作符连接 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; t = "This is not the best way to join two long strings " + \... "together since it relies on ugly newline escaping"&gt;&gt;&gt; t'This is not the best way to join two long strings together since it relies on ugly newline escaping'&gt;&gt;&gt; 使用圆括号构成一个单独的表达式，如果不使用圆括号，就只有第一个字符串对变量进行赋值，第二个字符串则会导致 IndentationError 异常。建议总是使用圆括号将跨越多行的任何语句进行封装而不使用转义的换行符。 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; s = ("This is the nice way to join two long strings "... "together; it relies on string literal concatenation.")&gt;&gt;&gt; s'This is the nice way to join two long strings together; it relies on string literal concatenation.'&gt;&gt;&gt; 操作符由于字符串是固定序列，所有可用于固定序列的功能都可用于字符串，包括使用 in 进行成员关系测试，使用 += 进行追加操作，使用 * 进行复制，使用 *= 进行增强的赋值复制等。 * 操作符提供了字符串复制功能 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; s='#'&gt;&gt;&gt; s*5'#####'&gt;&gt;&gt; s*=50&gt;&gt;&gt; s'##################################################' 在用于字符串时，如果成员关系操作符 in 左边的字符串是右边字符串的一部分或者相等，就返回 True 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; 'usr' in '/usr/local/bin'True&gt;&gt;&gt; 'usr' in '/usfr/local/bin'False 字符串支持通常的比较操作符 &lt; 、&lt;= 、= 、!= 、&gt; 与 &gt;= ，这些操作符在内存中逐个字节对字符串进行比较 作为一种策略（以便防止出错)，Python 并不进行推测字符串是哪个国家的语言字符。在字符串比较时，Python 使用的是字符串的内存字节的形式，此时的排序是基于 Unicode 编码格式的，比如对英语就是按 ASCII 顺序。对要比较的字符串进行小写或大写，会产生更贴近自然英语的排序。 字符串的切片与步距字符串也可以被截取(检索)。字符串的索引位置从0开始，直至字符串长度值减去1。索引用于获得单个字符，切片则可以获得一个子字符串 单个字符的提取 Python 没有单独的字符类型；一个字符就是一个简单的长度为1的字符串。 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; word = 'Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[0] # character in position 0'P'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[5] # character in position 5'n' 使用负索引位置也是可以的一一此时的计数方式是从最后一个字符到第一个字符。 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; word[-1] # last character'n'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[-2] # second-last character'o'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[-6]'P' 注意： -0 实际上就是 0，所以它不会导致从右边开始计算。-1 这个值总是代表字符串的最后一个字符。 存取超过范围的索引位置（或空字符串中的索引位置）会产生 IndexError 异常 分片操作分片操作符 [] 有3种语法格式： seq 可以是任意序列，比如列表、字符串或元组。start 、end 与 step 必须都是整数（或存放整数的变量)： seq [start] ,从序列中提取从start开始的数据项 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; s = "The waxwork man"&gt;&gt;&gt; s[0]'T'&gt;&gt;&gt; s[1]'h' seq[start:end]，一个冒号，从(包含) start 开始的数据项到(不包含) end 结束的数据项提取一个分片。如果使用这种语法格式就可以省略任意的整数索引值。 如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0； 如果省略了终点索引值，就默认为 len(seq)，即要切片的字符串的长度； 如果省略了两个索引值，比如 s[:] 则与 s[0:len(s)] 是一样的，作用都是提取也就是复制整个序列 给定赋值操作 s = &quot;The waxwork man&quot;，图2-2展示了字符串s的一些实例分片 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; s = "The waxwork man"&gt;&gt;&gt; len(s)15&gt;&gt;&gt; s = s[:12] + "wo" + s[12:]&gt;&gt;&gt; s'The waxwork woman' 实际上由于文本 wo 在原始字符串中，因此我们也可以写成 s[:12] + s[7:9] + s[12:] 达到同样的效果。在涉及很多字符串时，使用 + 进行连接、使用 += 进行追加等操作并不是特别高效，如果需要连接大量的字符串，通常最好使用 str.join() 方法 seq[start:end:step]，两个冒号，与上面用法类似，区别在于不是提取每一个字符，每隔 step 个字符进行提取；也可以省略两个索引 如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0 ——除非给定的是负的step值，此时起点索引值默认为-1 如果省略了终点索引值，那么默认为 len(seq)——除非给定的是负的step值， 此时终点索引值默认为字符串起点前面 不能忽略 step，并且 step 不能为0。如果不需要step，那么应该使用不包含 step 的第二种语法（一个冒号） 给定赋值操作 s = &quot;he ate camel food&quot; 下图2-3展示了字符串带步距的分片的两个实例 更常见的情况下，步距是与字符串之外的序列类型一起使用的，但是也存在用于字符串的情况： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; s, s[::-1]('The waxwork woman', 'namow krowxaw ehT') step 为 -1 意味着每个字符都将被提取，方向为从终点到起点，因此会产生反转的字符串。 注意： 包含起始的字符，不包含末尾的字符。这使得 s[:i] + s[i:] 永远等于 s： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; word = 'Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[:2] + word[2:]'Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[:4] + word[4:]'Python' 常用方法大小写转换 s.title()：返回字符串s的副本并将每个单词的首字母变为大写，其他字母变为小写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='hello world'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.title()'Hello World' s.capitalize()：返回字符串s的副本并将首字母变为大写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='jerry'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.capitalize()'Jerry' s.lower()：将字符串转为小写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='Jerry'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.lower()'jerry' s.upper()：将字符串转为大写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='hwaddr=00:0c:29:85:60:ee'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.upper()'HWADDR=00:0C:29:85:60:EE' s.swapcase()：交换大小写，返回s的副本并将其中大写字符变为小写，小写字符变为大写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='hwaddr=00:0C:29:85:60:EE'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.swapcase()'HWADDR=00:0c:29:85:60:ee' 剔除字符串 s.strip(chars)：返回s的副本，并将两边(开头和结尾)的空白字符（或字符串为 chars 的字符）移除 s.lstrip(chars)：返回s的副本，并将左边(开头)的空白字符（或字符串为 chars 的字符）移除 s.rstrip(chars)：返回s的副本，并将右边(结尾)的空白字符（或字符串为 chars 的字符）移除 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233&gt;&gt;&gt; s=" \n\nMy name is Linux. \n I'm 18 years old.\n\n "&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s)My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.strip())My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.lstrip())My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.rstrip())My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; "&lt;[unbracketed]&gt;".strip("[]()&#123;&#125;&lt;&gt;")&gt;&gt;&gt; 'unbracketed' 填充字符串 s.center(width,char)：返回一个长度为 width 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 居中 位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 char (长度为1的字符串)进行填充 s.ljust(width,char)： 返回一个长度为 width 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 左 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 char (长度为1的字符串)进行填充 s.rjust(width,char)： 返回一个长度为 width 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于右 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 char (长度为1的字符串)进行填充 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s='Shopping list'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.center(50)' Shopping list '&gt;&gt;&gt; s.center(50,'=')'==================Shopping list==================='&gt;&gt;&gt; s.ljust(50,'=')'Shopping list====================================='&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rjust(50,'=')'=====================================Shopping list' s.zfill(w)：返回s的副本，如果 s 的长度比 w 短，就在开头使用 0 填充，使其长度为 w ，其中 w 必须为整数 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='10'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.zfill(8)'00000010' 统计字符串次数 s.count(t,start,end)：返回字符串 s 中(或在 s 的 start:end 切片中)字符串 t 出现的次数 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s="You're so You're so... sexy sexy sexy I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.count('sexy')3&gt;&gt;&gt; s.count('so',0,15)1&gt;&gt;&gt; s.count('so',0,20)2 匹配开头和结尾 s.startswith(x,start,end)：如果 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片)以字符串 x (或以元组 x 中的任意字符串)开始，就返回 True ，否则返回 False s.endswith(x,start,end)：如果 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片)以字符串 x (或以元组 x 中的任意字符串)结尾，就返回 True ，否则返回 False 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s='jerry and tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.startswith('jerry')True&gt;&gt;&gt; s.endswith('jerry')False&gt;&gt;&gt; s.endswith('tom')True 分隔 s.split(t,n)：以 t 作为分隔符，分隔 n 次，并返回结果。如果 t 未指定则默认以空白符作为分隔，如果 n 未指定则尽可能多地分隔。使用 s.rsplit(t,n) 可以从右往左进行分割——只有在指定了 n 并且 n 小于可能分割的最大次数是才能起作用 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.split(':',1)['/usr/local/sbin', '/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; s.split(':',2)['/usr/local/sbin', '/usr/local/bin', '/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rsplit('/',2)['/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:', 'root', 'bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; s.partition(t)：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从左往右 第一个 t 的左边的部分，t ， 从左往右 第一个 t 右边的部分。如果 t 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。 s.rpartition(t) ：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从右往左 第一个 t 的左边的部分，t ， 从右往左 第一个 t 右边的部分。如果 t 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/bin/firefox'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.partition('/')('', '/', 'usr/local/bin/firefox')&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rpartition('/')('/usr/local/bin', '/', 'firefox')&gt;&gt;&gt; s.partition('fdas')('/usr/local/bin/firefox', '', '')&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rpartition('fdas')('', '', '/usr/local/bin/firefox') 位置检索 s.index(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从左往右 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最左边 的 t 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 ValueError 异常； s.rindex(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从右往左 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最右边 的 t 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 ValueError 异常； s.find(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从左往右 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最左边 的t的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1； s.rfind(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从右往左 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最右边 的 t 的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1； 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.index('local')5&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rindex('local')21&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; s.index('localsf')Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;ValueError: substring not found&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; s.rindex('localsf')Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;ValueError: substring not found&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; s.find('usr')1&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rfind('usr')42&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rfind('usrf')-1&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rfind('usrf')-1 替换 s.replace(t,u,n)：返回 s 的副本，其中每个(或最多 n 个，若指定了n)字符串 t 使用 u 进行替换 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s="You're so You're so... sex sex sex I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.replace('sex','sexy')"You're so You're so... sexy sexy sexy I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.replace('sex','sexy',0)"You're so You're so... sex sex sex I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.replace('sex','sexy',1)"You're so You're so... sexy sex sex I need your love" 可迭代数据类型转为字符串 x.join(seq)：以 x (可以为空)作为连接符，将可迭代对象 seq 中的每个元素连接起来 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s=['usr','local','bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; ''.join(s)'usrlocalbin'&gt;&gt;&gt; '/'.join(s)'usr/local/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; '/'.join(s).replace('usr','/usr')'/usr/local/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; print('+'.join(["1","2","3"]))1+2+3 x.join() 方法也可以与内置的 reversed() 函数一起使用，以实现对字符串的反转，例如&quot;&quot;.join(reversed(s))。当然通过步距也可以更精确地获取同样的结果，比如s[::-1] 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; s=['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']&gt;&gt;&gt; ''.join(s[::-1])'54321'&gt;&gt;&gt; ''.join(reversed(s))'54321' 其他 s.isidentifier()：如果 s 非空，并且是一个有效的标识符（变量名），则返回 True s.isalnum()：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是字母或数字，则返回 True s.isdigit()：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是一个 ASCII 数字，则返回 True 1234567891011121314151617181920&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isidentifier()False&gt;&gt;&gt; s='Name'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isidentifier()True&gt;&gt;&gt; s='abc234,'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isalnum()False&gt;&gt;&gt; s='abc23'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isalnum()True&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isdigit()False&gt;&gt;&gt; s='023'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isdigit()True&gt;&gt;&gt; s='abc23.12'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isdigit()False 连接效率测试与总结实验比较 + 和 x.join(s) 的连接效率 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from time import timedef test1(): """ 使用 + 连接100个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s='python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python' print(time()-time_begin)def test2(): """ 使用join连接100个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s=''.join(['python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python']) print(time()-time_begin)def test3(): """ 使用 + 连接3个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s='python'+'python'+'python' print(time()-time_begin)def test4(): """ 使用join连接3个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s=''.join(['python','python','python']) print(time()-time_begin)test1()test2()print('-'*50)test3()test4() 运行结果 123456[user1@CentOS-7.3 tmp]$ ./test.py0.9836847782135010.21014761924743652--------------------------------------------------0.0030026435852050780.02301621437072754 总结 使用 + 连接效率低是在连续进行多个字符串连接的时候出现的，如果连接的个数较少，加号连接效率反而比 join 连接效率高 join 使用略复杂，但对多个字符进行连接时效率高，只会有一次内存的申请。而且如果是对 list 的字符进行连接的时候，这种方法必须是首选 使用 + 进行字符串连接，操作效率低下，因为 Python 中字符串是不可变的类型，使用 + 连接两个字符串时会生成一个新的字符串，生成新的字符串就需要重新申请内存，当连续相加的字符串很多时效率低下就很显然了]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[字符串Python 字符串不可以被更改，它们是不可变的 。因此，赋值给字符串索引的位置会导致错误。字符串是使用固定不变的 str 数据类型表示的，其中存放 Unicode 字符序列。 str 数据类型可以作为函数进行调用，用于创建字符串对象： 参数为空时返回一个空字符串，例如 x = str() ； 参数为非字符串类型时返回该参数的字符串形式，例如 x = str(3) ； 参数为字符串时返回该字符串的拷贝，例如 x = str(&#39;Hello&#39;) 。 str() 函数也可以用作一个转换函数，此时要求第一个参数为字符串或可以转换为字符串的其他数据类型，其后跟随至多两个可选的字符串参数，其中一个用于指定要使用的编码格式，另一个用于指定如何处理编码错误。 引号的使用字符串是使用引号创建的，可以使用单引号也可以使用双引号，但是字符串两端必须相同。此外还可以使用三引号包含的字符串——这是 Python 对起始端与终端都使用3个引号包含的字符串的叫法，例如： 123text = """A triple quoted string like this can include 'quotes' and "quotes" without formality. We can also escape newlines \ so this particular string is actually only two lines long.""" 如果需要在通常的、引号包含的字符串中使用引号，在要使用的引号与包含字符串的引号不同时，可以直接使用该引号，而不需要进行格式化处理操作，但是如果相同，就必须对其进行转义： 12a = "Single 'quotes' are fine; \"doubles\" must be escaped." b = 'Single \'quotes\' must be escaped; "doubles" are fine.' 换行Python 使用换行作为其语句终止符，但是如果在圆括号、方括号、花括号内或三引号包含的字符串内则是例外。在三引号包含的字符串中，可以直接使用换行而不需要进行格式化处理操作。通过使用 \n 转义，也可以在任何字符串中包含换行。 有些情况下——比如编写正则表达式时, 需要创建带有大量字面意义反斜杠的字符串。由于每个反斜杠都必须进行转义处理，从而造成了不便： 12import rephone1 = re.compile("^((?:[(]\\d+[)])?\\s*\\d+(?:-\\d+)?)$") 解决方法是使用原始的字符串，这种引号包含的或三引号包含的字符串的第一个引号由字面意义的 r 引导。在这种字符串内部，所有字符都按其字面意义理解，因此不再需要进行转义。下面给出了使用原始字符串的 phone 正则表达式： 1phone2 = re.compile(r"^((?:[()\d+[]])?\s*\d+(?:-\d+)?)$") 再比如： 12print('C:\some\name') # 这里的\n意味着换行print(r'C:\some\name') # 在引号前使用r来引导，则\n就按照字面意义理解 如果变量中有特殊字符串，但不希望被引用，则可以使用 repr() 方法使用字符串原意(方便机器阅读，而不是方便人阅读) 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; line = 'Hello Tom ! \n Hi'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(line)Hello Tom ! Hi&gt;&gt;&gt; print(repr(line))'Hello Tom ! \n Hi'&gt;&gt;&gt; 连接字符串可以由 + 操作符连接(粘到一起)，可以由 * 表示重复 123&gt;&gt;&gt; # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'&gt;&gt;&gt; 3 * 'un' + 'ium''unununium' 相邻的两个字符串文本自动连接在一起 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; 'Py' 'thon''Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; 'Py''thon''Python' 这种方法只用于字面意义上的两个字符串文本，不能用于 变量 和 字符串表达式： 12345678910111213&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix = 'Py'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1 prefix 'thon' ^SyntaxError: invalid syntax&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; ('un' * 3) 'ium' File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1 ('un' * 3) 'ium' ^SyntaxError: invalid syntax&gt;&gt;&gt; 使用 + 将多个变量连成字符串，或将一个变量和一个字符串文本连接成字符串 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix + 'thon''Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix='Py'; suffix='thon'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix + suffix'Python' 使用 , 连接成元组 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix='Py'; suffix='thon'&gt;&gt;&gt; prefix , suffix('Py', 'thon')&gt;&gt;&gt; a= prefix , suffix&gt;&gt;&gt; a('Py', 'thon') 用 % 连接一个字符串和一组变量，字符串中的特殊标记会被自动用右边变量组中的变量替换，功能比较强大，借鉴了 C 语言中 printf 函数的功能： 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; a='Tom' &gt;&gt;&gt; b='Jerry'&gt;&gt;&gt; '%s %s %s' %(a,'and',b)'Tom and Jerry' 较长字符串的表示方法如果需要写一个长字符串，跨越了2行或更多行，则可以使用三种方法： 使用三引号，行尾换行符会被自动包含到字符串中，但是可以在行尾加上 \ 来避免这个行为。下面的示例： 可以使用反斜杠作为行结尾的连续字符串，它表示下一行在逻辑上是本行的后续内容： 12345print("""\Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to \""") 由 + 操作符连接： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; t = "This is not the best way to join two long strings " + \... "together since it relies on ugly newline escaping"&gt;&gt;&gt; t'This is not the best way to join two long strings together since it relies on ugly newline escaping'&gt;&gt;&gt; 使用圆括号构成一个单独的表达式，如果不使用圆括号，就只有第一个字符串对变量进行赋值，第二个字符串则会导致 IndentationError 异常。建议总是使用圆括号将跨越多行的任何语句进行封装而不使用转义的换行符。 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; s = ("This is the nice way to join two long strings "... "together; it relies on string literal concatenation.")&gt;&gt;&gt; s'This is the nice way to join two long strings together; it relies on string literal concatenation.'&gt;&gt;&gt; 操作符由于字符串是固定序列，所有可用于固定序列的功能都可用于字符串，包括使用 in 进行成员关系测试，使用 += 进行追加操作，使用 * 进行复制，使用 *= 进行增强的赋值复制等。 * 操作符提供了字符串复制功能： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; s='#'&gt;&gt;&gt; s*5'#####'&gt;&gt;&gt; s*=50&gt;&gt;&gt; s'##################################################' 在用于字符串时，如果成员关系操作符 in 左边的字符串是右边字符串的一部分或者相等，就返回 True 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; 'usr' in '/usr/local/bin'True&gt;&gt;&gt; 'usr' in '/usfr/local/bin'False 字符串支持通常的比较操作符 &lt; 、&lt;= 、= 、!= 、&gt; 与 &gt;= ，这些操作符在内存中逐个字节对字符串进行比较 作为一种策略（以便防止出错)，Python 并不进行推测字符串是哪个国家的语言字符。在字符串比较时，Python 使用的是字符串的内存字节的形式，此时的排序是基于 Unicode 编码格式的，比如对英语就是按 ASCII 顺序。对要比较的字符串进行小写或大写，会产生更贴近自然英语的排序。 字符串的切片与步距字符串也可以被截取(检索)。字符串的索引位置从0开始，直至字符串长度值减去1。索引用于获得单个字符，切片则可以获得一个子字符串 单个字符的提取Python 没有单独的字符类型；一个字符就是一个简单的长度为 1 的字符串。 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; word = 'Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[0] # character in position 0'P'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[5] # character in position 5'n' 使用负索引位置也是可以的一一此时的计数方式是从最后一个字符到第一个字符。 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; word[-1] # last character'n'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[-2] # second-last character'o'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[-6]'P' 注意： -0 实际上就是 0，所以它不会导致从右边开始计算。-1 这个值总是代表字符串的最后一个字符。 存取超过范围的索引位置（或空字符串中的索引位置）会产生 IndexError 异常。 分片操作下面提到的 seq 可以是任意序列，比如列表、字符串或元组。start 、end 与 step 必须都是整数（或存放整数的变量)。 分片操作符 [] 有三种语法格式： 语法格式一：seq [start] ：从序列中提取从start开始的数据项： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; s = "The waxwork man"&gt;&gt;&gt; s[0]'T'&gt;&gt;&gt; s[1]'h' 语法格式二：seq[start:end]，一个冒号，从(包含) start 开始的数据项到(不包含) end 结束的数据项提取一个分片。如果使用这种语法格式就可以省略任意的整数索引值。 如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0； 如果省略了终点索引值，就默认为 len(seq)，即要切片的字符串的长度； 如果省略了两个索引值，比如 s[:] 则与 s[0:len(s)] 是一样的，作用都是提取也就是复制整个序列 给定赋值操作 s = &quot;The waxwork man&quot;，图2-2展示了字符串s的一些实例分片 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; s = "The waxwork man"&gt;&gt;&gt; len(s)15&gt;&gt;&gt; s = s[:12] + "wo" + s[12:]&gt;&gt;&gt; s'The waxwork woman' 实际上由于文本 wo 在原始字符串中，因此我们也可以写成 s[:12] + s[7:9] + s[12:] 达到同样的效果。在涉及很多字符串时，使用 + 进行连接、使用 += 进行追加等操作并不是特别高效，如果需要连接大量的字符串，通常最好使用 str.join() 方法。 语法格式三：seq[start:end:step]，两个冒号，与上面用法类似，区别在于不是提取每一个字符，每隔 step 个字符进行提取；也可以省略两个索引 如果省略了起点索引值，就默认为0 ——除非给定的是负的step值，此时起点索引值默认为-1 如果省略了终点索引值，那么默认为 len(seq)——除非给定的是负的step值， 此时终点索引值默认为字符串起点前面 不能忽略 step，并且 step 不能为 0。如果不需要 step，那么应该使用不包含 step 的第二种语法（一个冒号） 给定赋值操作 s = &quot;he ate camel food&quot; 下图展示了字符串带步距的分片的两个实例： 更常见的情况下，步距是与字符串之外的序列类型一起使用的，但是也存在用于字符串的情况： 12&gt;&gt;&gt; s, s[::-1]('The waxwork woman', 'namow krowxaw ehT') step 为 -1 意味着每个字符都将被提取，方向为从终点到起点，因此会产生反转的字符串。 注意： 包含起始的字符，不包含末尾的字符，这使得 s[:i] + s[i:] 永远等于 s： 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; word = 'Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[:2] + word[2:]'Python'&gt;&gt;&gt; word[:4] + word[4:]'Python' 常用方法大小写转换s.title()：返回字符串s的副本并将每个单词的首字母变为大写，其他字母变为小写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='hello world'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.title()'Hello World' s.capitalize()：返回字符串s的副本并将首字母变为大写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='jerry'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.capitalize()'Jerry' s.lower()：将字符串转为小写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='Jerry'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.lower()'jerry' s.upper()：将字符串转为大写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='hwaddr=00:0c:29:85:60:ee'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.upper()'HWADDR=00:0C:29:85:60:EE' s.swapcase()：交换大小写，返回s的副本并将其中大写字符变为小写，小写字符变为大写 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='hwaddr=00:0C:29:85:60:EE'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.swapcase()'HWADDR=00:0c:29:85:60:ee' 剔除字符串s.strip(chars)：返回s的副本，并将两边(开头和结尾)的空白字符（或字符串为 chars 的字符）移除。 s.lstrip(chars)：返回s的副本，并将左边(开头)的空白字符（或字符串为 chars 的字符）移除。 s.rstrip(chars)：返回s的副本，并将右边(结尾)的空白字符（或字符串为 chars 的字符）移除。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233&gt;&gt;&gt; s=" \n\nMy name is Linux. \n I'm 18 years old.\n\n "&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s)My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.strip())My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.lstrip())My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; print(s.rstrip())My name is Linux. I'm 18 years old.&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; "&lt;[unbracketed]&gt;".strip("[]()&#123;&#125;&lt;&gt;")&gt;&gt;&gt; 'unbracketed' 填充字符串s.center(width,char)：返回一个长度为 width 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 居中 位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 char (长度为1的字符串)进行填充。 s.ljust(width,char)： 返回一个长度为 width 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于 左 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 char (长度为1的字符串)进行填充。 s.rjust(width,char)： 返回一个长度为 width 的字符串，并且s在这个字符串中处于右 对齐位置，不足部分使用空格或可选的 char (长度为1的字符串)进行填充。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s='Shopping list'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.center(50)' Shopping list '&gt;&gt;&gt; s.center(50,'=')'==================Shopping list==================='&gt;&gt;&gt; s.ljust(50,'=')'Shopping list====================================='&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rjust(50,'=')'=====================================Shopping list' s.zfill(w)：返回s的副本，如果 s 的长度比 w 短，就在开头使用 0 填充，使其长度为 w ，其中 w 必须为整数： 123&gt;&gt;&gt; s='10'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.zfill(8)'00000010' 统计字符串次数s.count(t,start,end)：返回字符串 s 中(或在 s 的 start:end 切片中)字符串 t 出现的次数 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s="You're so You're so... sexy sexy sexy I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.count('sexy')3&gt;&gt;&gt; s.count('so',0,15)1&gt;&gt;&gt; s.count('so',0,20)2 匹配开头和结尾s.startswith(x,start,end)：如果 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片)以字符串 x (或以元组 x 中的任意字符串)开始，就返回 True ，否则返回 False。 s.endswith(x,start,end)：如果 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片)以字符串 x (或以元组 x 中的任意字符串)结尾，就返回 True ，否则返回 False。 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s='jerry and tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.startswith('jerry')True&gt;&gt;&gt; s.endswith('jerry')False&gt;&gt;&gt; s.endswith('tom')True 分隔s.split(t,n)：以 t 作为分隔符，分隔 n 次，并返回结果。如果 t 未指定则默认以空白符作为分隔，如果 n 未指定则尽可能多地分隔。使用 s.rsplit(t,n) 可以从右往左进行分割——只有在指定了 n 并且 n 小于可能分割的最大次数是才能起作用。 12345678&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.split(':',1)['/usr/local/sbin', '/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; s.split(':',2)['/usr/local/sbin', '/usr/local/bin', '/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rsplit('/',2)['/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:', 'root', 'bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; s.partition(t)：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从左往右 第一个 t 的左边的部分，t ， 从左往右 第一个 t 右边的部分。如果 t 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。 s.rpartition(t) ：返回包含3个字符串的元组，字符串 s 中 从右往左 第一个 t 的左边的部分，t ， 从右往左 第一个 t 右边的部分。如果 t 不在 s 内则返回 s 与两个空字符串。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/bin/firefox'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.partition('/')('', '/', 'usr/local/bin/firefox')&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rpartition('/')('/usr/local/bin', '/', 'firefox')&gt;&gt;&gt; s.partition('fdas')('/usr/local/bin/firefox', '', '')&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rpartition('fdas')('', '', '/usr/local/bin/firefox') 位置检索s.index(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从左往右 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最左边 的 t 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 ValueError 异常； s.rindex(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从右往左 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最右边 的 t 的位置；如果没有找到则产生 ValueError 异常； s.find(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从左往右 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最左边 的t的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1； s.rfind(t,start,end)：如果在 s (或 s 的 start:end 分片 )中 从右往左 能找到字符串 t ，则返回 最右边 的 t 的位置；如果没有找到则返回 -1； 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.index('local')5&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rindex('local')21&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; s.index('localsf')Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;ValueError: substring not found&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; s.rindex('localsf')Traceback (most recent call last): File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;ValueError: substring not found&gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; &gt;&gt;&gt; s.find('usr')1&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rfind('usr')42&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rfind('usrf')-1&gt;&gt;&gt; s.rfind('usrf')-1 替换s.replace(t,u,n)：返回 s 的副本，其中每个(或最多 n 个，若指定了n)字符串 t 使用 u 进行替换。 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; s="You're so You're so... sex sex sex I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.replace('sex','sexy')"You're so You're so... sexy sexy sexy I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.replace('sex','sexy',0)"You're so You're so... sex sex sex I need your love"&gt;&gt;&gt; s.replace('sex','sexy',1)"You're so You're so... sexy sex sex I need your love" 可迭代数据类型转为字符串x.join(seq)：以 x (可以为空)作为连接符，将可迭代对象 seq 中的每个元素连接起来。 123456789&gt;&gt;&gt; s=['usr','local','bin']&gt;&gt;&gt; ''.join(s)'usrlocalbin'&gt;&gt;&gt; '/'.join(s)'usr/local/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; '/'.join(s).replace('usr','/usr')'/usr/local/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; print('+'.join(["1","2","3"]))1+2+3 x.join() 方法也可以与内置的 reversed() 函数一起使用，以实现对字符串的反转，例如 &quot;&quot;.join(reversed(s))。当然通过步距也可以更精确地获取同样的结果，比如 s[::-1] 。 12345&gt;&gt;&gt; s=['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']&gt;&gt;&gt; ''.join(s[::-1])'54321'&gt;&gt;&gt; ''.join(reversed(s))'54321' 其他s.isidentifier()：如果 s 非空，并且是一个有效的标识符（变量名），则返回 True。 s.isalnum()：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是字母或数字，则返回 True。 s.isdigit()：如果 s 非空，并且其中每一个字符都是一个 ASCII 数字，则返回 True。 1234567891011121314151617181920&gt;&gt;&gt; s='/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isidentifier()False&gt;&gt;&gt; s='Name'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isidentifier()True&gt;&gt;&gt; s='abc234,'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isalnum()False&gt;&gt;&gt; s='abc23'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isalnum()True&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isdigit()False&gt;&gt;&gt; s='023'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isdigit()True&gt;&gt;&gt; s='abc23.12'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.isdigit()False 连接效率测试与总结实验比较 + 和 x.join(s) 的连接效率 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from time import timedef test1(): """ 使用 + 连接100个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s='python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python'+'python' print(time()-time_begin)def test2(): """ 使用join连接100个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s=''.join(['python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python','python']) print(time()-time_begin)def test3(): """ 使用 + 连接3个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s='python'+'python'+'python' print(time()-time_begin)def test4(): """ 使用join连接3个字符串 'python' """ time_begin=time() for i in range(100000): s=''.join(['python','python','python']) print(time()-time_begin)test1()test2()print('-'*50)test3()test4() 运行结果 123456[user1@CentOS-7.3 tmp]$ ./test.py0.9836847782135010.21014761924743652--------------------------------------------------0.0030026435852050780.02301621437072754 总结： 使用 + 连接效率低是在连续进行多个字符串连接的时候出现的，如果连接的个数较少，加号连接效率反而比 join 连接效率高。 join 使用略复杂，但对多个字符进行连接时效率高，只会有一次内存的申请。而且如果是对 list 的字符进行连接的时候，这种方法必须是首选。 使用 + 进行字符串连接，操作效率低下，因为 Python 中字符串是不可变的类型，使用 + 连接两个字符串时会生成一个新的字符串，生成新的字符串就需要重新申请内存，当连续相加的字符串很多时效率低下就很显然了。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -155,7 +273,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2F164610-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B-%E6%95%B4%E5%9E%8B%E5%92%8C%E6%B5%AE%E7%82%B9%E5%9E%8B%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python提供了两种内置的 Integral 类型，即 int 与 bool 。整数与布尔型值都是固定的，但由于Python提供了增强的赋值操作符，使得这一约束极少导致实际问题。在布尔表达式中， 0 与 False 表示 False ，其他任意整数与 true 都表示 true 。在数字表达式中，True表示1，False表示0。这意味着有些看起来很怪异的表达式也是有效的。 例如可以使用表达式 i += True 来对整型变量 i 进行递增操作，当然最自然的方法还是 i+=1 Integral (整型)整数整数的大小只受限于机器的内存大小，因此包含几百个数字的整数可以很容易地创建与操纵。默认情况下整数采用的是十进制，但在方便的时候也可以使用其他进制 12345678910&gt;&gt;&gt; 14600926 #decimal14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 0b110111101100101011011110 #binary14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 0o67545336 #octal14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 0xDECADE #hexadecimal14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 二进制数以0b引导，八进制数以0o引导，十六进制数则以0x引导，大写字母也可以使用。 语法 描述 x + y 将数x与数y相加 x - y 从x减去y x * y 将x与y相乘 x / y 用x除以y ,产生一个浮点值(若x或y是一个复数就产生一个复数) x // y 用x除以y ,舍弃小数部分,结果总为整数,参见round() x % y 用 x 除以 y ,取模(余数) x ** y 计算x的y次幂,参见pow() -x 对x取负数,若x为0不做任何操作,否则改变其符号 +x 不做任何操作,有时候用于澄清代码 abs(x) 返回x的绝对值 divmod() 以二元组的形式返回x除以y所得的商和余数(两个整数) pow(x,y) 计算x的y次幂,与操作符**相同 pow(x,y,z) (x**y)%z的另一种写法 round(x,n) 返回浮点数x四舍五入后的整数(或给定n将浮点数转换为小数点后有n位) 所有二元数学操作符(+、-、/、//、％与)都有相应的增强版赋值操作符(+=、 -=、/=、//=、％=与=) 对象的创建可以通过给变量赋字面意义上的值，比如 x=17，或者将相关的数据类型作为函数进行调用，比如x=int(17)。使用数据类型创建对象时，有3种用例： 第一种情况，不使用参数调用数据类型函数，这种情况下对象会被赋值为一个默认值，比如 x=int() 会创建一个值为0的整数。所有内置的数据类型都可以作为函数并不带任何参数进行调用。 第二种情况，使用一个参数调用数据类型函数。若给定的参数是同样的数据类型,就将创建一个新对象，新对象是原始对象的一个浅拷贝。如果给定的参数不是同样的数据类型，就会尝试进行转换。如果给定参数支持到给定数据类型的转换，但是转换失败，就会产生一个 ValueError 异常，否则返回给定类型的对象。如果给定参数不知道到给定数据类型的转换，就会产生一个TypeError 异常。内置的 float 与 str 类型都支持到整数的转换。 第三种情况，给定两个或多个参数但不是所有数据类型都支持，而对支持这一情况的数据类型，参数类型以及内涵都是变化的。对于 int 类型，允许给定两个参数，其中第一个参数是一个表示整数的字符串，第二个参数则是字符串表示的 base。 比如，int(&quot;A4&quot;,16) 会创建一个值为164的整数。 布尔型有两个内置的布尔型对象：True 与 False。布尔数据类型也可以当作函数进行调用——不指定参数时将返回False，给定的是布尔型参数时，会返回该参数的一个拷贝，给定的是其他类型的参数时，则会尝试将其转换为布尔数据类型。所有内置的数据类型与标准库提供的数据类型都可以转换为一个布尔型值，为自定义数据类型提供布尔型转换也很容易。下面给出了两个布尔型赋值操作以及两个布尔表达式： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; t = True&gt;&gt;&gt; f = False&gt;&gt;&gt; t and fFalse&gt;&gt;&gt; t and TrueTrue 浮点型浮点数也就是小数，之所以称为浮点数，是因为按照科学记数法表示时，一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的，比如，1.23x10^9和12.3x10^8是完全相等的。浮点数可以用数学写法，如1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数，就必须用科学计数法表示，把10用e替代，1.23x10^9就是1.23e9，或者12.3e8，0.000012可以写成1.2e-5等等。 整数和浮点数在计算机内部存储的方式是不同的，整数运算永远是精确的（除法也是精确的），而浮点数运算则可能会有四舍五入的误差。 浮点数有完整的支持；整数和浮点数的混合计算中，整数会被转换为浮点数]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python提供了两种内置的 Integral 类型，即 int 与 bool 。整数与布尔型值都是固定的，但由于Python提供了增强的赋值操作符，使得这一约束极少导致实际问题。在布尔表达式中， 0 与 False 表示 False ，其他任意整数与 true 都表示 true 。在数字表达式中，True表示1，False表示0。这意味着有些看起来很怪异的表达式也是有效的。 例如可以使用表达式 i += True 来对整型变量 i 进行递增操作，当然最自然的方法还是 i+=1 Integral (整型)整数整数的大小只受限于机器的内存大小，因此包含几百个数字的整数可以很容易地创建与操纵。默认情况下整数采用的是十进制，但在方便的时候也可以使用其他进制 12345678910&gt;&gt;&gt; 14600926 #decimal14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 0b110111101100101011011110 #binary14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 0o67545336 #octal14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 0xDECADE #hexadecimal14600926&gt;&gt;&gt; 二进制数以0b引导，八进制数以0o引导，十六进制数则以0x引导，大写字母也可以使用。 语法 描述 x + y 将数x与数y相加 x - y 从x减去y x * y 将x与y相乘 x / y 用x除以y ,产生一个浮点值(若x或y是一个复数就产生一个复数) x // y 用x除以y ,舍弃小数部分,结果总为整数,参见round() x % y 用 x 除以 y ,取模(余数) x ** y 计算x的y次幂,参见pow() -x 对x取负数,若x为0不做任何操作,否则改变其符号 +x 不做任何操作,有时候用于澄清代码 abs(x) 返回x的绝对值 divmod() 以二元组的形式返回x除以y所得的商和余数(两个整数) pow(x,y) 计算x的y次幂,与操作符 ** 相同 pow(x,y,z) (x**y)%z 的另一种写法 round(x,n) 返回浮点数x四舍五入后的整数(或给定n将浮点数转换为小数点后有n位) 所有二元数学操作符(+、-、/、//、％ 与 ** )都有相应的增强版赋值操作符(+=、-=、/=、//=、％= 与 **= )。 对象的创建可以通过给变量赋字面意义上的值，比如 x=17，或者将相关的数据类型作为函数进行调用，比如 x=int(17) 。使用数据类型创建对象时，有三种用例： 第一种情况，不使用参数调用的数据类型函数，这种情况下对象会被赋值为一个默认值，比如 x=int() 会创建一个值为 0 的整数。所有内置的数据类型都可以作为函数并不带任何参数进行调用。 第二种情况，使用一个有参数调用的数据类型函数。若给定的参数是同样的数据类型，就将创建一个新对象，新对象是原始对象的一个浅拷贝，例如 x = [1, 2]; y = list(x)。如果给定的参数不是同样的数据类型，就会尝试进行转换。如果给定参数支持到给定数据类型的转换，但是转换失败，就会产生一个 ValueError 异常，否则返回给定类型的对象。如果给定参数不知道到给定数据类型的转换，就会产生一个TypeError 异常。内置的 float 与 str 类型都支持到整数的转换。 第三种情况，给定两个或多个参数但不是所有数据类型都支持，而对支持这一情况的数据类型，参数类型以及内涵都是变化的。对于 int 类型，允许给定两个参数，其中第一个参数是一个表示整数的字符串，第二个参数则是字符串表示的 base 。 比如，int(&quot;A4&quot;,16) 会创建一个值为164的整数。 布尔型有两个内置的布尔型对象：True 与 False。布尔数据类型也可以当作函数进行调用——不指定参数时将返回 False，给定的是布尔型参数时，会返回该参数的一个拷贝，给定的是其他类型的参数时，则会尝试将其转换为布尔数据类型。所有内置的数据类型与标准库提供的数据类型都可以转换为一个布尔型值，为自定义数据类型提供布尔型转换也很容易。下面给出了两个布尔型赋值操作以及两个布尔表达式： 123456&gt;&gt;&gt; t = True&gt;&gt;&gt; f = False&gt;&gt;&gt; t and fFalse&gt;&gt;&gt; t and TrueTrue 浮点型浮点数也就是小数，之所以称为浮点数，是因为按照科学记数法表示时，一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的，比如，1.23x10^9 和 12.3x10^8 是完全相等的。浮点数可以用数学写法，如 1.23，3.14，-9.01，等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数，就必须用科学计数法表示，把 10 用 e 替代，1.23x10^9 就是 1.23e9，或者 12.3e8，0.000012 可以写成 1.2e-5 等等。 整数和浮点数在计算机内部存储的方式是不同的，整数运算永远是精确的（除法也是精确的），而浮点数运算则可能会有四舍五入的误差。 浮点数有完整的支持；整数和浮点数的混合计算中，整数会被转换为浮点数。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -171,7 +289,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python中的input和print方法]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2F083910-Python%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84input%E5%92%8Cprint%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[input很多情况下运行的 Python 程序并没有和用户交互，程序运行后就等待结果的输出。而有些程序是需要用户输入才能继续向下执行。Python 中使用 input() 函数可以很便捷地获取用户的输入 12name = input("What's your name ? ")print("Your name is", name) 输出结果 12What&apos;s your name ? TomYour name is Tom 需要注意的是， input() 返回的数据类型都是字符串 print使用帮助print() 函数是 Python 的内置方法，用于将指定的值打印到屏幕输出，或文件流。它的参数如下： 123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; help(print)Help on built-in function print in module builtins:print(...) print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False) Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default. Optional keyword arguments: file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout. sep: string inserted between values, default a space. end: string appended after the last value, default a newline. flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream. 参数说明 *values : 表示要打印的值，任何多个无名参数, 各个值之间用 , 隔开，打印出来的各个值之间默认是以空格隔开 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; age = '18'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name, age)Tom 18 sep=&#39; &#39;： 表示当输入多个打印的值时，各个值之间分割方式， 默认是空格，也可以自定义，例如 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; age = '18'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name, age, sep = '---' )Tom---18 end=&#39;\n&#39;: 控制 print() 中传入值输出完后的结束符号，默认是换行，也可以自定义，例如： 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; age = '18'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name);print(age)Tom18&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name, end=' is ');print(age, end=' years old ')Tom is 18 years old file=sys.stdout：在 Linux 中一切皆文件，包括屏幕终端输出，file 用来设置输出到哪里，默认是输出到屏幕(标准输出)，在 Python 中就是 sys.stdout 。我们可以设置 file=&#39;/tmp/test.txt&#39;，把内容存到该文件中 123f = open(r'/tmp/test.txt', 'w')print('Tom is 18 years old', file=f)f.close() flush=False：刷新内存中的缓冲区数据，是否立刻将缓冲区的数据写入硬盘中的文件，默认为 False 。默认情况下 print() 将内容输出到 sys.stdout ，即标准输出（屏幕）文件，比较下面两种的参数实现进度条的效果 默认情况，flush=False，当所有 sleep 完成之后才会写到屏幕输出文件 12345import timefor i in range(30): print('*', end='') time.sleep(0.1) 人为干预，flush=True，每次输出都会写到屏幕输出文件 12345import timefor i in range(30): print('*', end='', flush=True) time.sleep(0.1) 另一种实现效果 123456789import timefor i in range(0, 101, 2): time.sleep(0.3) char_num = i // 2 # 打印多少个'*' per_str = '\r%s%% : %s' % (i, '*' * char_num) print(per_str, end='', flush=True)print('')# \r 可以把光标移动到行首但不换行，覆盖之前行的内容 格式化输出Python 中的 print 继承了 C 中的 printf，例如 12&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%s x %s = %s' % (5, 6, 5 * 6))5 x 6 = 30 %：占位符，标记了转换说明符的开始 转换标志 - 表示左对齐 + 表示在转换值之前要加上正负号 （空白字符）表示正数之前保留空格 0 表示转换值若位数不够则用0填充 最小字段宽度：转换后的字符串至少应该具有该值指定的宽度。如果是 *，则宽度值会从元组中读出 . 后跟精度值： 如果转换的是实数，精度值就表示出现在小数点后的位数。 如果转换的是字符串，那么该数字就表示最大字段宽度。 如果是 *，那么精度将从元组中读出 字符串格式化转换类型 转换类型 含义 d,i 带符号的十进制整数 o 不带符号的八进制 u 不带符号的十进制 x 不带符号的十六进制(小写) X 不带符号的十六进制(大写) e 科学计数法表示的浮点数（小写） E 科学计数法表示的浮点数（大写） f,F 十进制浮点数 g 如果指数大于-4或者小于精度值则和e相同，其他情况和f相同 G 如果指数大于-4或者小于精度值则和E相同，其他情况和F相同 C 单字符（接受整数或者单字符字符串） r 字符串（使用repr转换任意python对象) s 字符串（使用str转换任意python对象） 示例 12345678910111213# 最小宽度为2，默认右对齐&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%2sx%2s=%2s' % (5, 6, 5 * 6)) 5x 6=30# 最小宽度为2，左对齐&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%-2sx%-2s=%-2s' % (5, 6, 5 * 6))5 x6 =30# 最小宽度为8,&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%8d' % 9) 9# 最小宽度为8，位数不够用0填充 &gt;&gt;&gt; print('%08d' % 9)00000009 颜色输出示例和说明 示例 123print('\033[0;31m Hello \033[0;39m')# print('\033[字背景颜色;文字颜色m 字符串\033[0m') print('\033[1;36;41m Something here \033[0m') 说明 \ 代表转义 033 代表键盘的Control键 1 字体行为(高亮，闪烁，下划线等)； 36 字体颜色 41 字体背景色 注： 字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号’;’ 文字颜色后面有个m 字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格 文字和背景颜色搭配 字体颜色范围值 30~37 12345678"\033[30m 黑色字 \033[0m""\033[31m 红色字 \033[0m""\033[32m 绿色字 \033[0m""\033[33m 黄色字 \033[0m""\033[34m 蓝色字 \033[0m""\033[35m 紫色字 \033[0m""\033[36m 天蓝字 \033[0m""\033[37m 白色字 \033[0m" 字体背景颜色范围值 40~47 12345678"\033[40;37m 黑底白字 \033[0m" "\033[41;37m 红底白字 \033[0m" "\033[42;37m 绿底白字 \033[0m" "\033[43;37m 黄底白字 \033[0m" "\033[44;37m 蓝底白字 \033[0m" "\033[45;37m 紫底白字 \033[0m" "\033[46;37m 天蓝底白字 \033[0m" "\033[47;30m 白底黑字 \033[0m" 控制选项说明 1234567891011121314151617181920\033[0m # 关闭所有属性 \033[1m # 设置高亮度 \033[4m # 下划线 \033[5m # 闪烁 \033[7m # 反显 \033[8m # 消隐 \033[30m — \33[37m # 设置前景色 \033[40m — \33[47m # 设置背景色 \033[60A # 光标上移60行 \033[60B # 光标下移60行 \033[60C # 光标右移60行 \033[60G # 光标右移60行\033[60D # 光标左移60行 \033[y;xH # 设置光标位置 \033[2J # 清屏 \033[K # 清除从光标到行尾的内容 \033[s # 保存光标位置 \033[u # 恢复光标位置 \033[?25l # 隐藏光标 \033[?25h # 显示光标 额外说明 前景颜色各数字是对应背景颜色减去10 结束非常规字符序列的 m 要紧跟前面的数字，不能有空格 练习输入的内容如下 1234name = input(&quot;Input your name : &quot;)age = input(&quot;Input your age : &quot;)job = input(&quot;input your job : &quot;)salary = input(&quot;input your salary : &quot;) 输出格式： 123456---------- Info of Jerry ----------Name : JerryAge : 18Job : ITSalary : 1000------------ End ------------------- 示例代码： 1234567891011121314151617181920name = input("Input your name : ")age = input("Input your age : ")job = input("input your job : ")salary = input("input your salary : ")if salary.isdigit(): salary = int(salary)else: exit('Must input digit')msg = '''---------- Info of %s ----------Name : %sAge : %sJob : %sSalary : %s------------ End ---------------''' % (name, name, age, job, salary)print(msg)]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[input很多情况下运行的 Python 程序并没有和用户交互，程序运行后就等待结果的输出。而有些程序是需要用户输入才能继续向下执行。Python 中使用 input() 函数可以很便捷地获取用户的输入： 12name = input("What's your name ? ")print("Your name is", name) 输出结果 12What&apos;s your name ? TomYour name is Tom 需要注意的是， input() 返回的数据类型都是字符串 print使用帮助print() 函数是 Python 的内置方法，用于将指定的值打印到屏幕输出，或文件流。它的参数如下： 123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; help(print)Help on built-in function print in module builtins:print(...) print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False) Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default. Optional keyword arguments: file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout. sep: string inserted between values, default a space. end: string appended after the last value, default a newline. flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream. 参数说明*values : 表示要打印的值，任何多个无名参数, 各个值之间用 , 隔开，打印出来的各个值之间默认是以空格隔开 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; age = '18'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name, age)Tom 18 sep=&#39; &#39;： 表示当输入多个打印的值时，各个值之间分割方式， 默认是空格，也可以自定义，例如 1234&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; age = '18'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name, age, sep = '---' )Tom---18 end=&#39;\n&#39;: 控制 print() 中传入值输出完后的结束符号，默认是换行，也可以自定义，例如： 1234567&gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'Tom'&gt;&gt;&gt; age = '18'&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name);print(age)Tom18&gt;&gt;&gt; print(name, end=' is ');print(age, end=' years old ')Tom is 18 years old file=sys.stdout：在 Linux 中一切皆文件，包括屏幕终端输出，file 用来设置输出到哪里，默认是输出到屏幕(标准输出)，在 Python 中就是 sys.stdout 。我们可以设置 file=&#39;/tmp/test.txt&#39;，把内容存到该文件中 123f = open(r'/tmp/test.txt', 'w')print('Tom is 18 years old', file=f)f.close() flush=False：刷新内存中的缓冲区数据，是否立刻将缓冲区的数据写入 file= 所指定的输出位置，默认为 False 。默认情况下 print() 将内容输出到 sys.stdout ，即标准输出（屏幕）文件，比较下面两种的参数实现进度条的效果 默认情况，flush=False，当所有 sleep 完成之后才会写到屏幕输出文件 12345import timefor i in range(30): print('*', end='') time.sleep(0.1) 人为干预，flush=True，每次输出都会写到屏幕输出文件 12345import timefor i in range(30): print('*', end='', flush=True) time.sleep(0.1) 另一种实现效果 123456789import timefor i in range(0, 101, 2): time.sleep(0.3) char_num = i // 2 # 打印多少个'*' per_str = '\r%s%% : %s' % (i, '*' * char_num) print(per_str, end='', flush=True)print('')# \r 可以把光标移动到行首但不换行，覆盖之前行的内容 请注意，如果使用了 Pycharm 在远程调试 Linux 的代码时，会给解释器添加 -u 选项，这样将会导致看不出来实际效果： 1ssh://root@192.168.127.129:22/opt/python3-venv/bin/python3 -u /Python3/everyday/test.py 这时候应该在 Linux 终端执行代码查看效果。 格式化输出Python 中的 print 继承了 C 中的 printf，例如 12&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%s x %s = %s' % (5, 6, 5 * 6))5 x 6 = 30 %：占位符，标记了转换说明符的开始 转换标志 - 表示左对齐 + 表示在转换值之前要加上正负号 （空白字符）表示正数之前保留空格 0 表示转换值若位数不够则用0填充 最小字段宽度：转换后的字符串至少应该具有该值指定的宽度。如果是 *，则宽度值会从元组中读出 . 后跟精度值： 如果转换的是实数，精度值就表示出现在小数点后的位数。 如果转换的是字符串，那么该数字就表示最大字段宽度。 如果是 *，那么精度将从元组中读出 字符串格式化转换类型 转换类型 含义 d,i 带符号的十进制整数 o 不带符号的八进制 u 不带符号的十进制 x 不带符号的十六进制(小写) X 不带符号的十六进制(大写) e 科学计数法表示的浮点数（小写） E 科学计数法表示的浮点数（大写） f,F 十进制浮点数 g 如果指数大于-4或者小于精度值则和e相同，其他情况和f相同 G 如果指数大于-4或者小于精度值则和E相同，其他情况和F相同 C 单字符（接受整数或者单字符字符串） r 字符串（使用repr转换任意python对象) s 字符串（使用str转换任意python对象） 示例 12345678910111213# 最小宽度为2，默认右对齐&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%2sx%2s=%2s' % (5, 6, 5 * 6)) 5x 6=30# 最小宽度为2，左对齐&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%-2sx%-2s=%-2s' % (5, 6, 5 * 6))5 x6 =30# 最小宽度为8,&gt;&gt;&gt; print('%8d' % 9) 9# 最小宽度为8，位数不够用0填充 &gt;&gt;&gt; print('%08d' % 9)00000009 颜色输出示例 123print('\033[0;31m Hello \033[0;39m')# print('\033[字背景颜色;文字颜色m 字符串\033[0m') print('\033[1;36;41m Something here \033[0m') 说明 \ 代表转义 033 代表键盘的Control键 1 字体行为(高亮，闪烁，下划线等)； 36 字体颜色 41 字体背景色 注： 字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号 ; 文字颜色后面有个m 字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格 文字和背景颜色搭配字体颜色范围值 30~37 12345678"\033[30m 黑色字 \033[0m""\033[31m 红色字 \033[0m""\033[32m 绿色字 \033[0m""\033[33m 黄色字 \033[0m""\033[34m 蓝色字 \033[0m""\033[35m 紫色字 \033[0m""\033[36m 天蓝字 \033[0m""\033[37m 白色字 \033[0m" 字体背景颜色范围值 40~47 12345678"\033[40;37m 黑底白字 \033[0m" "\033[41;37m 红底白字 \033[0m" "\033[42;37m 绿底白字 \033[0m" "\033[43;37m 黄底白字 \033[0m" "\033[44;37m 蓝底白字 \033[0m" "\033[45;37m 紫底白字 \033[0m" "\033[46;37m 天蓝底白字 \033[0m" "\033[47;30m 白底黑字 \033[0m" 控制选项说明 1234567891011121314151617181920\033[0m # 关闭所有属性 \033[1m # 设置高亮度 \033[4m # 下划线 \033[5m # 闪烁 \033[7m # 反显 \033[8m # 消隐 \033[30m — \33[37m # 设置前景色 \033[40m — \33[47m # 设置背景色 \033[60A # 光标上移60行 \033[60B # 光标下移60行 \033[60C # 光标右移60行 \033[60G # 光标右移60行\033[60D # 光标左移60行 \033[y;xH # 设置光标位置 \033[2J # 清屏 \033[K # 清除从光标到行尾的内容 \033[s # 保存光标位置 \033[u # 恢复光标位置 \033[?25l # 隐藏光标 \033[?25h # 显示光标 额外说明 前景颜色各数字是对应背景颜色减去10 结束非常规字符序列的 m 要紧跟前面的数字，不能有空格 练习输入的内容如下 1234name = input(&quot;Input your name : &quot;)age = input(&quot;Input your age : &quot;)job = input(&quot;input your job : &quot;)salary = input(&quot;input your salary : &quot;) 输出格式： 123456---------- Info of Jerry ----------Name : JerryAge : 18Job : ITSalary : 1000------------ End ------------------- 示例代码： 1234567891011121314151617181920name = input("Input your name : ")age = input("Input your age : ")job = input("input your job : ")salary = input("input your salary : ")if salary.isdigit(): salary = int(salary)else: exit('Must input digit')msg = '''---------- Info of %s ----------Name : %sAge : %sJob : %sSalary : %s------------ End ---------------''' % (name, name, age, job, salary)print(msg)]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -219,7 +337,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[第一个Python程序]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F03%2F080810-%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AAPython%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python程序的文件结构Python的源程序文件通常以 .py 结尾，第一行为 shellbang，即执行脚本时通知文件内容要使用哪个解释器来解释，Python 当中一切皆对象。 Python程序可以分解成模块、语句、表达式和对象。程序由模块组成，模块包含语句，语句包含表达式，表达式建立并处理对象 查看python版本我们可以使用以下命令来查看我们使用的 Python 版本： 1python -V 以上命令执行结果如下： 1Python 3.6.4 也可以进入 Python 的交互式模式，查看版本： 1python 直接在命令行界面执行 Python 即可进入交互式 123Python 3.6.4 (v3.6.4:d48eceb, Dec 19 2017, 06:04:45) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.&gt;&gt;&gt; 编写和执行第一个Python程序对于大多数程序语言，第一个入门编程代码便是 Hello World !，可以通过以下两种方式来实现 交互式解释器1python 直接在命令行界面执行 Python 即可进入交互式 12345Python 3.6.4 (v3.6.4:d48eceb, Dec 19 2017, 06:04:45) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello world!") Hello world!&gt;&gt;&gt; python程序文件交互模式下的程序执行完成后难以再次运行，将编写的程序保存至文件（.py结尾）则很方便地多次运行。Python 的此类包含了一系列预先写好的语句程序文件称作 “ 模块 ”。能够直接运行的模块文件通常称作脚本（即程序的顶层文件） 123#!/usr/bin/python3 print("Hello, World!"); 第1行为注释。在 Python 中，注释以 # 开始，作用范围为该行。第2行为空行，Python 会忽视空行，但空行通常有助于将大块代码分割，以便于阅读。第3行为 Python 代码，其中调用了 print() 函数 在UNIX上，当某程序在控制台中被引用时，该文件的头两个字节先被读入。如果这两个字节是ASCII字符 #! ， shell 就会认为该文件将要由解释器执行，并且该文件的首行指定了要使用哪个解释器。该行称为 shebang ( shell 执行)行，如果存在，就必须为可执行文件的首行。shebang 行通常呈现为如下两种形式之一： 1#!/usr/bin/python3 1#!/usr/bin/env python3 如果是第一种形式，就会使用指定的解释器。如果是第二种形式， 就会使用在 shell 当前环境中发现的第一个 python 解释器。第二种形式具有更强的适应性，因为这种情况考虑了 Python 解释器位于 /usr/bin 之外（比如，安装在 /usr/local/bin 或 $HOME 等目录之下）的可能性。 将以上代码保存在 hello.py 文件中并使用 python 命令执行该脚本文件。 1python3 hello.py 以上命令输出结果为： 1Hello, World! 关于实例中第一行代码 #!/usr/bin/python3 的理解，如果调用 python 脚本时分成两种情况： 使用 python script.py 时，#!/usr/bin/python 被忽略，等同于注释 使用:./script.py 时，#!/usr/bin/python 指定解释器的路径 这句话仅仅在 linux 或 unix 系统下有作用，在 windows 下无论在代码里加什么都无法直接运行一个文件名后缀为.py的脚本，因在windows下文件名对文件的打开方式起了决定性作用]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python程序的文件结构Python的源程序文件通常以 .py 结尾，第一行为 shellbang，即执行脚本时通知文件内容要使用哪个解释器来解释，Python 当中一切皆对象。 Python程序可以分解成模块、语句、表达式和对象。程序由模块组成，模块包含语句，语句包含表达式，表达式建立并处理对象 查看python版本我们可以使用以下命令来查看我们使用的 Python 版本： 1python -V 以上命令执行结果如下： 1Python 3.7.3 也可以进入 Python 的交互式模式，查看版本： 1python 直接在命令行界面执行 Python 即可进入交互式 1234Python 3.7.3 (default, Jun 24 2019, 15:02:19) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28)] on linuxType "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.&gt;&gt;&gt; 编写和执行第一个Python程序对于大多数程序语言，第一个入门编程代码便是 Hello World !，可以通过以下两种方式来实现 交互式解释器1python 直接在命令行界面执行 Python 即可进入交互式 12345Python 3.6.4 (v3.6.4:d48eceb, Dec 19 2017, 06:04:45) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello world!") Hello world!&gt;&gt;&gt; Python 程序文件交互模式下的程序执行完成后难以再次运行，将编写的程序保存至文件（.py结尾）则很方便地多次运行。Python 的此类包含了一系列预先写好的语句程序文件称作 “ 模块 ”。能够直接运行的模块文件通常称作脚本（即程序的顶层文件） 123#!/usr/bin/python3 print("Hello, World!"); 第1行为注释。在 Python 中，注释以 # 开始，作用范围为该行。第2行为空行，Python 会忽视空行，但空行通常有助于将大块代码分割，以便于阅读。第3行为 Python 代码，其中调用了 print() 函数 在UNIX上，当某程序在控制台中被引用时，该文件的头两个字节先被读入。如果这两个字节是ASCII字符 #! ， shell 就会认为该文件将要由解释器执行，并且该文件的首行指定了要使用哪个解释器。该行称为 shebang ( shell 执行)行，如果存在，就必须为可执行文件的首行。shebang 行通常呈现为如下两种形式之一： 1#!/usr/bin/python3 1#!/usr/bin/env python3 如果是第一种形式，就会使用指定的解释器。如果是第二种形式， 就会使用在 shell 当前环境中发现的第一个 python 解释器。第二种形式具有更强的适应性，因为这种情况考虑了 Python 解释器位于 /usr/bin 之外（比如，安装在 /usr/local/bin 或 $HOME 等目录之下）的可能性。 将以上代码保存在 hello.py 文件中并使用 python 命令执行该脚本文件。 1python3 hello.py 以上命令输出结果为： 1Hello, World! 关于实例中第一行代码 #!/usr/bin/python3 的理解，如果调用 python 脚本时分成两种情况： 使用 python script.py 时，#!/usr/bin/python 被忽略，等同于注释 使用:./script.py 时，#!/usr/bin/python 指定解释器的路径 这句话仅仅在 linux 或 unix 系统下有作用，在 windows 下无论在代码里加什么都无法直接运行一个文件名后缀为.py的脚本，因在windows下文件名对文件的打开方式起了决定性作用]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -227,15 +345,24 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python的字符编码]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F02%2F200410-Python%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[二进制与数字通过烽火戏诸侯的历史典故，我们能知道在古代的曾经使用的通信方式是使用烽火台，如果出现战事有敌人来了则会点燃烽火用烟来传递信息。光信号的传递速度很快，所以古代的这种信息传递方式是非常高效的。 假设长城足够长的话，通过烽火依次传递消息，能很快的传递信息给盟友。点火代就表敌人来了，不点火则代表没有敌人。 但是这种信息传递方式有一个缺点，那就是无法精确的传递敌人的规模。假设敌人有十万大军，我们该怎样向盟军传递信息呢？显然，我们用一根烟代表一个敌人没有办法在短时间内表示十万。于是我们可以使用这种方法：点燃第一根则代表敌人规模是1-100，点燃第二根则代表敌人规模是101-1000，以此类推 1231-100 101-1000 1001-5000第一根 第二根 第三根# 如果我们需要精确的传递敌人的个数，这种方法就不可行了 烟只有两种状态，那么如何才能表示精确的数字呢？一根烟可以表示两个状态，两根烟便可以表示四个状态。那么我们就可以约定，第一根烟代表1，第二根代表2，第三根代表4….. 来了一个敌人 1234# 从左往右表示0 1 # 代表的敌人：0+1=1-----------------------------------0 1 # 第一根亮，第二根灭 来了两个敌人 1234# 从左往右表示2 0 # 代表的敌人：2+0=2-----------------------------------1 0 # 第一根灭，第二根亮 来了三个敌人 1234# 从左往右表示2 1 # 代表的敌人：2+1=3-----------------------------------1 1 # 第一根亮，第二根亮 来了四个敌人 1234# 从左往右表示4 0 0 # 代表的敌人：4+0=4-----------------------------------1 0 0 # 第三根亮，第二根第一根都灭 来了五个敌人 1234# 从左往右表示4 0 1 # 代表的敌人：4+1=5-----------------------------------1 0 1 # 第三根亮，第二根灭，第一根亮 借位 利用前三位我们可以表示的数字有1、2、3、4、5、6、7，最多能表示7 如果想要表示8，我们可以借一位，用这个位加上前面的三个位最大表示8 每一个位最大能表示的数都是前面的位所能表示的最大数的和加1，并且依次是2的0次幂、1次幂、….. 123456# 从左往右表示16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1-----------------------------------16 = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 +18 = 4 + 2 + 1 +1 利用这种表示方法，我们就可以根据使用0和1的不同序列来表示不同的数字。 计算机必须在通电情况下工作，它在物理层面上只能表示两种状态：低电压和高电压，或者我们可以简单的理解为电路的通电和不通电。通电用1表示，不同电则用0表示。 在拆开的硬盘盘片上我们看不到所谓的 0 和 1 ，但是如果使用足够大的放大镜能看到磁盘的表面有着无数的凹凸不平的元件，凹下去的代表0，凸出的代表1，这就是计算机用来表现二进制的方式。计算机中的所有数据，不论是文字、图片、视频、还是音频文件，本质上最终都是按照类似 01010101 的二进制存储的。 ASCII码通过二进制的1和0的不同序列边可以表示我们平常说的十进制数字了，但是每个国家都有各自的语言，相比在计算机上去读很难读懂的不同序列的0101二进制，我们更愿意在计算机上使用人类自己的语言。 计算机诞生在美国，为了让计算机表示不同的英文字母、数字和特殊符号，美国人便在计算机上使用了字符编码。字符编码是如何让二进制来表示字母的呢？字符编码规定了哪些数字表示哪些字母，只要计算机用二进制能表示出这些数字，便可以通过编码来表示字母了。最早的编码便是ASCII码对照表，全称是American Standard Code for Information Interchange , 美国信息交换标准代码。 ASCII 码使用指定的 7 位或 8 位二进制数组合来表示128 或 256 种可能的字符，但是最早的时候只用了 7 位二进制，已经完全能够来表示所有的大写和小写字母，数字0 到9、标点符号， 以及在美式英语中使用的特殊控制字符。 后来为了将拉丁文也编码进了ASCII表，将最高位也占用了，这就是扩展ASCII码。 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 00000000 0 NUT 00100000 32 (space) 01000000 64 @ 01100000 96 、 00000001 1 SOH 00100001 33 ! 01000001 65 A 01100001 97 a 00000010 2 STX 00100010 34 “ 01000010 66 B 01100010 98 b 00000011 3 ETX 00100011 35 # 01000011 67 C 01100011 99 c 00000100 4 EOT 00100100 36 $ 01000100 68 D 01100100 100 d 00000101 5 ENQ 00100101 37 % 01000101 69 E 01100101 101 e 00000110 6 ACK 00100110 38 &amp; 01000110 70 F 01100110 102 f 00000111 7 BEL 00100111 39 , 01000111 71 G 01100111 103 g 00001000 8 BS 00101000 40 ( 01001000 72 H 01101000 104 h 00001001 9 HT 00101001 41 ) 01001001 73 I 01101001 105 i 00001010 10 LF 00101010 42 * 01001010 74 J 01101010 106 j 00001011 11 VT 00101011 43 + 01001011 75 K 01101011 107 k 00001100 12 FF 00101100 44 , 01001100 76 L 01101100 108 l 00001101 13 CR 00101101 45 - 01001101 77 M 01101101 109 m 00001110 14 SO 00101110 46 . 01001110 78 N 01101110 110 n 00001111 15 SI 00101111 47 / 01001111 79 O 01101111 111 o 00010000 16 DLE 00110000 48 0 01010000 80 P 01110000 112 p 00010001 17 DCI 00110001 49 1 01010001 81 Q 01110001 113 q 00010010 18 DC2 00110010 50 2 01010010 82 R 01110010 114 r 00010011 19 DC3 00110011 51 3 01010011 83 S 01110011 115 s 00010100 20 DC4 00110100 52 4 01010100 84 T 01110100 116 t 00010101 21 NAK 00110101 53 5 01010101 85 U 01110101 117 u 00010110 22 SYN 00110110 54 6 01010110 86 V 01110110 118 v 00010111 23 TB 00110111 55 7 01010111 87 W 01110111 119 w 00011000 24 CAN 00111000 56 8 01011000 88 X 01111000 120 x 00011001 25 EM 00111001 57 9 01011001 89 Y 01111001 121 y 00011010 26 SUB 00111010 58 : 01011010 90 Z 01111010 122 z 00011011 27 ESC 00111011 59 ; 01011011 91 [ 01111011 123 { 00011100 28 FS 00111100 60 &lt; 01011100 92 / 01111100 124 00011101 29 GS 00111101 61 = 01011101 93 ] 01111101 125 } 00011110 30 RS 00111110 62 &gt; 01011110 94 ^ 01111110 126 ` 00011111 31 US 00111111 63 ? 01011111 95 _ 01111111 127 DEL 字符编码的发展史计算机开始普遍在其他国家开始使用，但是ASCII只能表示英文，无法表示中文、日文、韩文等。一个字节是8个比特，这意味着1个比特并没有被使用，也就是从128到255的编码并没有被制定ASCII标准的人所规定。其它国家的人趁这个机会开始使用128到255范围内的编码来表达自己语言中的字符。例如，144在阿拉伯人的ASCII码中是گ，而在俄罗斯的ASCII码中是ђ。ASCII码的问题在于尽管所有人都在0-127号字符的使用上达成了一致，但对于128-255号字符却有很多很多不同的解释。你必须告诉计算机使用哪种风格的ASCII码才能正确显示128-255号的字符。 关于中文为了处理汉字，程序员设计了用于简体中文的GB2312和用于繁体中文的big5 GB2312(1980年)一共收录了7445个字符，包括6763个汉字和682个其它符号。 GB2312 支持的汉字太少。1995年的汉字扩展规范GBK1.0收录了21886个符号，它分为汉字区和图形符号区。汉字区包括21003个字符。2000年的 GB18030 是取代GBK1.0的正式国家标准。该标准收录了27484个汉字，同时还收录了藏文、蒙文、维吾尔文等主要的少数民族文字。现在的PC平台必须支持 GB18030，对嵌入式产品暂不作要求。所以手机、MP3一般只支持GB2312。 从ASCII、GB2312、GBK 到 GB18030，这些编码方法是向下兼容的，即同一个字符在这些方案中总是有相同的编码，后面的标准支持更多的字符。在这些编码中，英文和中文可以统一地处理。区分中文编码的方法是高字节的最高位不为0。按照程序员的称呼，GB2312、GBK到GB18030都属于双字节字符集 (DBCS)。 有的中文Windows的缺省内码还是GBK，可以通过GB18030升级包升级到GB18030。不过GB18030相对GBK增加的字符，普通人是很难用到的，通常我们还是用GBK指代中文Windows内码。 unicode全世界有上百种语言，日本把日文编到Shift_JIS里，韩国把韩文编到Euc-kr里，各国有各国的标准，就会不可避免地出现冲突，结果就是，在多语言混合的文本中，显示出来会有乱码。比如如果中国的软件出口到美国，在美国人的电脑上就会显示乱码，因为他们没有gbk编码。 因此，Unicode（统一码、万国码、单一码）应运而生。Unicode把所有语言都统一到一套编码里，这样就不会再有乱码问题了。规定所有的字符和符号统一最少由 16 位(2Bytes)代表一个字符，2**16-1=65535，可代表6万多个字符，因而兼容万国语言。 utf-8但对于通篇都是英文的文本来说，本来用一个字节就可以表示的内容，用unicode这种编码方式无疑是多了一倍的存储空间。本着节约的精神，于是产生了UTF-8，对英文字符只用1Bytes表示，对中文字符用3Bytes。如果你要传输的文本包含大量英文字符，用UTF-8编码就能节省空间： 字符 ASCII Unicode UTF-8 A 01000001 00000000 01000001 01000001 中 无法表示 01001110 00101101 11100100 10111000 10101101 总结 为了处理英文字符，产生了ASCII码为了处理中文字符，产生了GB2312为了处理各国字符，产生了Unicode为了提高Unicode存储和传输性能，产生了UTF-8，它是Unicode的一种实现形式 unicode 所有字符都是2Bytes，兼容所有语言字符，优点是字符-&gt;数字的转换速度快，缺点是占用空间大 utf-8 精准，对不同的字符用不同的长度表示，优点是节省空间，缺点是：字符-&gt;数字的转换速度慢，因为每次都需要计算出字符需要多长的Bytes才能够准确表示 内存中使用的编码是unicode 用空间换时间（程序都需要加载到内存才能运行，因而内存应该是尽可能的保证快） 硬盘中或者网络传输用 utf-8 网络I/O延迟或磁盘I/O延迟要远大与utf-8的转换延迟，而且I/O应该是尽可能地节省带宽，保证数据传输的稳定性。 编码的使用计算机中所有程序的运行都是在内存中进行的。内存 ( Memory ) 也被称为内存储器，其作用是用于暂时存放CPU中的运算数据，以及与硬盘等外部存储器交换的数据。只要计算机在运行中，CPU就会把需要运算的数据调到内存中进行运算，当运算完成后CPU再将结果传送出来。 当我们在计算机上打开一个文本编辑器的时候，计算机实际上就是在内存中启动了一个相应的进程，所以我们所有编辑的内容也都在内存中存放，只有当我们点击保存的时候才会将数据写入硬盘，没有保存之前一旦断电，内存中未保存的数据就会丢失。 在计算机内存中，统一使用Unicode编码，当需要保存到硬盘或者需要传输的时候，就转换为UTF-8编码。需要注意的是 文件以什么编码保存的，就以什么编码方式打开 Python的编码存取过程1python test.py 上面是一个在命令行使用python解释器来执行写好的 python 程序，这个过程大致可以分成三个步骤： 启动解释器，进程运行在内存中 解释器将 test.py 从硬盘读入内存 解释器执行内存中的代码 python 中关于编码出现的问题: 如果不在 python 文件指定头信息 ＃-*-coding:utf-8-*- ，在 python2 中就默认使用 ascii 读取文件，python3 中默认使用 utf-8 读取文件。我们使用以下代码做个演示 12345import sysprint(sys.getdefaultencoding())s="你好"print(s) python2的运行结果 12 File "encode.py", line 4SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xe4' in file encode.py on line 4, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details python3的运行结果 12utf-8你好 在 python 文件中使用utf-8编码进行存取 123456#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-import sysprint(sys.getdefaultencoding())s="你好"print(s) python2的运行结果 12ascii你好 python3的运行结果 12utf-8你好 内存中的执行python 读取已经加载到内存的代码（unicode 编码的二进制），然后执行，执行过程中可能会开辟新的内存空间，比如 x=&quot;hello&quot; 内存的编码使用 unicode，不代表内存中全都是 unicode 编码的二进制，在程序执行之前，内存中确实都是 unicode 编码的二进制，比如从文件中读取了一行x=&quot;hello&quot;，其中的x，等号，引号，地位都一样，都是普通字符而已，都是以unicode编码的二进制形式存放与内存中的。但是程序在执行过程中，会申请内存（与程序代码所存在的内存是两个空间），可以存放任意编码格式的数据，比如x=&quot;hello&quot;，会被python解释器识别为字符串，会申请内存空间来存放hello，然后让x指向该内存地址，此时新申请的该内存地址保存也是unicode编码的hello，如果代码换成x=&quot;hello&quot;.encode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)，那么新申请的内存空间里存放的就是utf-8编码的字符串hello了. Python2与python3编码区别Python2在 python2 中有两种字符串类型 str 和 unicode str类型 当 python 解释器执行到产生字符串的代码时（例如 s = &#39;好&#39;），会申请新的内存地址，然后将 &#39;好&#39; 编码成文件开头指定的编码格式，这已经是encode(编码)之后的结果了，所以 s 只能 decode(解码)。再次 encode 就会报错。 123456#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-s = "好"# print s.encode("utf-8") # 报错print s.decode("utf-8") # 结果：好 在 python2 中，str 就是编码后的结果 bytes，str=bytes，所以在 python2 中，unicode 字符编码的结果是 str/bytes 123456789#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-s = '好' # 在执行时,'好'会被以conding:utf-8的形式保存到新的内存空间中print repr(s) #'\xe5\xa5\xbd' 三个Bytes,证明确实是utf-8print type(s) # &lt;type 'str'&gt;s.decode('utf-8')# s.encode('utf-8') # 报错，s为编码后的结果bytes，所以只能decode unicode类型 当 python 解释器执行到产生字符串的代码时（例如 s = u&#39;好&#39;），会申请新的内存地址，然后将 &#39;好&#39; 以 unicode 的格式存放到新的内存空间中，所以 s 只能 encode ，不能 decode. 1234567s = u'好'print repr(s) # u'\u597d'print type(s) # &lt;type 'unicode'&gt;# s.decode('utf-8') # 报错，s为unicode，所以只能encodes.encode('utf-8') Python3在 python3 中也有两种字符串类型 str 和 bytes python3中，str 类型在内存中默认以 unicode 编码保存到新的内存空间中 12345678# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-s = '好' # 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中# s可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式s.encode('utf-8')s.encode('gbk')print(type(s)) # &lt;class 'str'&gt; bytes类型 12345678910111213141516# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-s = '好' # 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中# s可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式s1 = s.encode('utf-8')s2 = s.encode('gbk')print(type(s)) # &lt;class 'str'&gt;print(s) # 好print(s1) # b'\xe6\x9e\x97' 在 python3 中，是什么就打印什么print(s2) # b'\xc1\xd6' 同上print(type(s)) # &lt;class 'str'&gt;print(type(s1)) # &lt;class 'bytes'&gt;print(type(s2)) # &lt;class 'bytes'&gt; 注意事项当数据要打印到终端时，要注意一些问题. 当程序执行时，比如: x = &#39;好&#39;;print(x) ，这一步是将 x 指向的那块新的内存空间（非代码所在的内存空间）中的内存，打印到终端，而终端仍然是运行于内存中的，所以这打印可以理解为从内存打印到内存，即内存-&gt;内存，unicode -&gt; unicode，对于 unicode 格式的数据来说，无论怎么打印都不会乱码。 python3 中的字符串与 python2 中的 u’字符串’，都是 unicode，所以无论如何打印都不会乱码。 在 windows 终端（终端编码为gbk，文件编码为 utf-8，乱码产生） 总结 在ASCII中一个中文字符占用几个字节？答：ASCII无法表示中文字符 Python2 的默认文件编码是 ascii Python3 的默认文件编码是 utf-8，所有字符串都是 unicode unicode 中一个中文占用两个字节空间，utf-8 中一个中文占用三个字节 参考链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/vipchenwei/p/6993788.htmlhttp://blog.csdn.net/apache0554/article/details/53889253]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[二进制与数字在古代，曾经使用的通信方式是使用烽火台，一旦出现战事，有敌人发起攻击，则会点燃烽火用烟来传递信息。因为光信号的传递速度很快，所以古代的这种信息传递方式是非常高效的。假设长城足够长的话，通过烽火依次传递消息，能很快的传递信息给盟友。点火代就表敌人来了，不点火则代表没有敌人。但是这种信息传递方式有一个缺点，那就是无法精确传递敌人的规模。 假设敌人有十万大军，这时候应该怎样向盟军传递信息呢？如果点燃一根火把来代表一个敌人，则没有办法在短时间内表示十万；于是可以点燃一根火把来代表敌人规模是 1~100，再点燃第二根则代表敌人规模是 101~1000，点燃第三根则代表敌人规模是 1001~5000 。以此类推： 如果需要精确传递敌人的个数，这种方法就不可行了。火把只有亮和灭两种状态，那么如何才能表示精确的数字呢？ 既然一根火把可以表示两个状态，那么两根火把便可以表示四个状态。三根火把便可以表示八个状态。因此我们就可以约定，第一根火把亮了代表 1（2 的 0 次幂），第二根火把亮了代表2（2 的 1 次幂），第三根火把亮了代表 4（2 的 2 次幂），不亮的位置代表的就是 0 。那么对于位置 n 的火把，他亮了就代表 2^(n-1) 。因此，可以通过以下的方式来表示精确数值： 从右向左，第一根火把亮代表 2^(1-1)=1，第二根火把灭代表 0，那么代表的敌人数量就是 2^(1-1) + 0 = 1 ： 从右向左，第一根火把灭代表 0 ，第二根火把亮代表 2^(2-1)=2，那么代表的敌人数量就是 0 + 2^(2-1) = 2 ： 从右向左，第一根火把亮代表 2^(1-1)=1，第二根火把亮代表 2^(2-1)=2，那么代表的敌人数量就是 2^(1-1) + 2^(2-1) = 3 ： 从右向左，第一、二根火把灭都代表 0 ，第三根火把亮代表 2^(3-1)=4，那么代表的敌人数量就是 0 + 0 + 2^(3-1) = 4 ： 从右向左，第一根火把亮代表 2^(1-1)=1，第二根火把灭代表 0，第三根火把亮代表 2^(3-1)=4，那么代表的敌人数量就是 2^(1-1) + 0 + 2^(3-1) = 5 ： 按照这样的方式来表示，我们发现利用前三位可以表示的数字有 0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7，最多能表示 7 。如果想要表示 8，我们可以再借一个位置，即第四个位，用这个位加上前面的三个位来表示 8 ： 0 + 0 + 0 + 2^(4-1) = 8 ： 利用这种表示方法，我们就可以使用 0 代表火把灭，使用 1 代表火把亮，从而就会有不同序列，来表示不同的数字： 上图中用 0 和 1 表示出来的序列就是 1010110，那么他所表示的数字就是 0 + 2^1 + 2^2 + 0 + 2^4 + 0 + 2^6 即 0 + 2 + 4 + 0+ 16 + 0 + 64 = 86。 计算机必须在通电情况下工作，它在物理层面上只能表示两种状态：低电压和高电压，或者可以简单地理解为电路的通电和不通电。通电用 1 表示，不通电则用 0 表示。在拆开的硬盘盘片上我们看不到所谓的 0 和 1 ，但是如果使用足够大的放大镜，则能看到磁盘的表面有着无数的凹凸不平的元件，凹下去的代表 0 ，凸出的代表 1，这就是计算机用来表现二进制的方式。计算机中的所有数据，不论是文字、图片、视频、还是音频文件，本质上最终都是按照类似 01010101 的二进制存储的。 ASCII码通过二进制的 1 和 0 的不同序列边就可以表示平常所说的十进制数字了，但是每个国家都有各自的语言，相比在计算机上去读很难读懂的不同序列的 0101 二进制，我们更愿意在计算机上使用人类自己的语言。 计算机诞生在美国，为了让计算机表示不同的英文字母、数字和特殊符号，美国人便在计算机上使用了字符编码。字符编码是如何让二进制来表示字母的呢？字符编码专门规定了哪些数字表示哪些字母，只要计算机用二进制能表示出这些数字，便可以通过编码来表示字母了。 比如计算机中是用二进制 01000001 表示的十进制数字是 65，那么人就规定数字 65 代表大写字母 A： 以此类推，所有的人为规定就形成了一张对照表，最早的编码便是 ASCII 码对照表，全称是 American Standard Code for Information Interchange , 美国信息交换标准代码。ASCII 码使用指定的 7 位或 8 位二进制数组合来表示128 或 256 种可能的字符，但是最早的时候只用了 7 位二进制，已经完全能够来表示所有的大写和小写字母，数字 0 到 9、标点符号， 以及在美式英语中使用的特殊控制字符。后来为了将拉丁文也编码进了 ASCII 表，将最高位也占用了，这就是扩展 ASCII 码。 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 二进制 ASCII值 控制字符 00000000 0 NUT 00100000 32 (space) 01000000 64 @ 01100000 96 、 00000001 1 SOH 00100001 33 ! 01000001 65 A 01100001 97 a 00000010 2 STX 00100010 34 “ 01000010 66 B 01100010 98 b 00000011 3 ETX 00100011 35 # 01000011 67 C 01100011 99 c 00000100 4 EOT 00100100 36 $ 01000100 68 D 01100100 100 d 00000101 5 ENQ 00100101 37 % 01000101 69 E 01100101 101 e 00000110 6 ACK 00100110 38 &amp; 01000110 70 F 01100110 102 f 00000111 7 BEL 00100111 39 , 01000111 71 G 01100111 103 g 00001000 8 BS 00101000 40 ( 01001000 72 H 01101000 104 h 00001001 9 HT 00101001 41 ) 01001001 73 I 01101001 105 i 00001010 10 LF 00101010 42 * 01001010 74 J 01101010 106 j 00001011 11 VT 00101011 43 + 01001011 75 K 01101011 107 k 00001100 12 FF 00101100 44 , 01001100 76 L 01101100 108 l 00001101 13 CR 00101101 45 - 01001101 77 M 01101101 109 m 00001110 14 SO 00101110 46 . 01001110 78 N 01101110 110 n 00001111 15 SI 00101111 47 / 01001111 79 O 01101111 111 o 00010000 16 DLE 00110000 48 0 01010000 80 P 01110000 112 p 00010001 17 DCI 00110001 49 1 01010001 81 Q 01110001 113 q 00010010 18 DC2 00110010 50 2 01010010 82 R 01110010 114 r 00010011 19 DC3 00110011 51 3 01010011 83 S 01110011 115 s 00010100 20 DC4 00110100 52 4 01010100 84 T 01110100 116 t 00010101 21 NAK 00110101 53 5 01010101 85 U 01110101 117 u 00010110 22 SYN 00110110 54 6 01010110 86 V 01110110 118 v 00010111 23 TB 00110111 55 7 01010111 87 W 01110111 119 w 00011000 24 CAN 00111000 56 8 01011000 88 X 01111000 120 x 00011001 25 EM 00111001 57 9 01011001 89 Y 01111001 121 y 00011010 26 SUB 00111010 58 : 01011010 90 Z 01111010 122 z 00011011 27 ESC 00111011 59 ; 01011011 91 [ 01111011 123 { 00011100 28 FS 00111100 60 &lt; 01011100 92 / 01111100 124 00011101 29 GS 00111101 61 = 01011101 93 ] 01111101 125 } 00011110 30 RS 00111110 62 &gt; 01011110 94 ^ 01111110 126 ` 00011111 31 US 00111111 63 ? 01011111 95 _ 01111111 127 DEL 字符编码的发展史计算机开始普遍在其他国家开始使用，但是 ASCII 只能表示英文，无法表示中文、日文、韩文等。一个字节是 8 个比特，这意味着 1 个比特并没有被使用，也就是从 128 到 255 的编码并没有被制定 ASCII 标准的人所规定。其它国家的人趁这个机会开始使用 128 到 255 范围内的编码来表达自己语言中的字符。例如，144 在阿拉伯人的 ASCII 码中是 گ，而在俄罗斯的 ASCII 码中是 ђ。ASCII 码的问题在于尽管所有人都在 0-127 号字符的使用上达成了一致，但对于 128-255 号字符却有很多很多不同的解释。你必须告诉计算机使用哪种风格的 ASCII 码才能正确显示 128-255 号的字符。 中文编码为了处理汉字，程序员设计了用于简体中文的 GB2312 和用于繁体中文的 big5 。GB2312(1980年)一共收录了7445个字符，包括6763个汉字和682个其它符号。 GB2312 支持的汉字太少。1995年的汉字扩展规范 GBK1.0 收录了 21886 个符号，它分为汉字区和图形符号区。汉字区包括 21003 个字符。2000年的 GB18030 是取代 GBK1.0 的正式国家标准。该标准收录了 27484 个汉字，同时还收录了藏文、蒙文、维吾尔文等主要的少数民族文字。现在的 PC 平台必须支持 GB18030，对嵌入式产品暂不作要求。所以手机、MP3 一般只支持 GB2312。 从 ASCII、GB2312、GBK 到 GB18030，这些编码方法是向下兼容的，即同一个字符在这些方案中总是有相同的编码，后面的标准支持更多的字符。在这些编码中，英文和中文可以统一地处理。区分中文编码的方法是高字节的最高位不为0。按照程序员的称呼，GB2312、GBK 到 GB18030 都属于双字节字符集 (DBCS)。 有的中文 Windows 的缺省内码还是 GBK，可以通过 GB18030 升级包升级到 GB18030。不过 GB18030 相对 GBK 增加的字符，普通人是很难用到的，通常我们还是用 GBK 作为中文 Windows 系统的缺省编码。 Unicode全世界有上百种语言，日本把日文编到 Shift_JIS 里，韩国把韩文编到 Euc-kr 里，各国有各国的标准，就会不可避免地出现冲突，结果就是，在多语言混合的文本中，显示出来会有乱码。比如如果中国的软件出口到美国，在美国人的电脑上就会显示乱码，因为他们没有 GBK 编码。 因此，Unicode（统一码、万国码、单一码）应运而生。Unicode 把所有语言都统一到一套编码里，这样就不会再有乱码问题了。规定所有的字符和符号统一最少由 16 位(2Bytes)代表一个字符，2**16-1=65535，可代表6万多个字符，因而兼容万国语言。 UTF-8但对于通篇都是英文的文本来说，本来用一个字节就可以表示的内容，用 Unicode 这种编码方式无疑是多了一倍的存储空间。本着节约的精神，于是产生了 UTF-8，对英文字符只用 1Bytes 表示，对中文字符用 3Bytes 。如果要传输的文本包含大量英文字符，用 UTF-8 编码就能节省空间： 字符 ASCII Unicode UTF-8 ‘A’ 01000001 00000000 01000001 01000001 ‘中’ 无法表示 01001110 00101101 11100100 10111000 10101101 总结：为了处理英文字符，产生了 ASCII 码。为了处理中文字符，产生了 GB2312。 为了处理各国字符，产生了 Unicode 。在 Unicode 中所有字符都是 2Bytes，兼容所有语言字符，优点是字符 =&gt; 数字的转换速度快，缺点是占用空间大。 为了提高 Unicode 存储和传输性能，产生了 UTF-8，它是 Unicode 的一种实现形式，对于不同的字符用不同的长度表示，优点是节省空间，缺点是：字符 =&gt; 数字的转换速度慢，因为每次都需要计算出字符需要多长的 Bytes 才能够准确表示。 内存中使用的编码是 Unicode：用空间换时间（程序都需要加载到内存才能运行，因而内存应该是尽可能的保证快）。 硬盘中或者网络传输用 UTF-8：网络 I/O 的延迟或磁盘 I/O 的延迟要远大与 UTF-8 的转换延迟，而且 I/O 应该是尽可能地节省带宽，保证数据传输的稳定性。 编码的使用计算机中所有程序的运行都是在内存中进行的。内存 ( Memory ) 也被称为内存储器，其作用是用于暂时存放CPU中的运算数据，以及与硬盘等外部存储器交换的数据。只要计算机在运行中，CPU就会把需要运算的数据调到内存中进行运算，当运算完成后CPU再将结果传送出来。 当我们在计算机上打开一个文本编辑器的时候，计算机实际上就是在内存中启动了一个相应的进程，所以我们所有编辑的内容也都在内存中存放，只有当我们点击保存的时候才会将数据写入硬盘，没有保存之前一旦断电，内存中未保存的数据就会丢失。 在计算机内存中，统一使用 Unicode 编码，当需要保存到硬盘或者需要传输的时候，就转换为 UTF-8 编码。需要注意的是 文件以什么编码方式保存的，就以什么编码方式打开。 Python的编码普通文件的编码1python test.py 如上所示的，一个在命令行使用 Python 解释器来执行写好的 Python 程序文件，整个过程大致可以分成三个步骤： 启动解释器，进程运行在内存中。 解释器将 test.py 从硬盘读入内存，读入文件内容到内存时用的编码方式和文件保存时用到的编码是一样的。 解释器执行内存中的代码。 当我们在 windows 创建一个记事本文件 notepad.txt，写入以下内容： 123Python是一种计算机程序设计语言。是一种面向对象的动态类型语言，最初被设计用于编写自动化脚本(shell)，随着版本的不断更新和语言新功能的添加，越来越多被用于独立的、大型项目的开发。Python在设计上坚持了清晰划一的风格，这使得Python成为一门易读、易维护，并且被大量用户所欢迎的、用途广泛的语言。 保存后传到一台系统编码格式为 UTF-8 的 Linux 服务器上。使用 cat 命令查看文件时出现了乱码，得到的是如下结果： 1234Pythonһhell)ԽPythonһthonһ 这是因为，在 Linux 中常见例如 cat、head 、vim 等命令在读取硬盘中的文件、往硬盘上写入文件时默认用的是系统环境的 UTF-8 编码。而从 Windows 下拷贝过来的文件是以 gbk 编码的二进制，编码不一致导致出现乱码。 Python代码文件头部的编码默认情况下，Python 源码文件是以 UTF-8 编码方式来处理的。在这种编码方式中，世界上绝大多数语言的字符都可以同时用于字符串字面值、变量或函数名称以及注释中。 如果不使用默认编码，要对 Python 解释器声明处理源码文件时所使用的编码，文件第一行或第二行要写成特殊的注释。语法如下所示： 1# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 这一行就告诉了 Python 解释器以 utf-8 的编码处理当前文件的代码。通常情况下我们要想让 Python 脚本可以直接执行，就像 shell 脚本一样，第一行添加： 1#!/usr/bin/env python3 这种情况下，编码声明就要写在文件的第二行。例如： 12#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 当我们在 Python 源码文件中用了中文字符作为字面值时，如果文件头部声明的是日文的字符编码 Shift_JIS： 12345#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: Shift_JIS -*-s = '你好'print(s) 当 Python 解释器处理代码时就会因为无法识别中文的编码就会出现编码问题： 123$ python3 test.py File "test.py", line 2SyntaxError: encoding problem: Shift_JIS 为了说明问题，我们在 Python 代码中使用中文字符作为函数名、参数，如果文件头部声明的是西欧字符编码 Windows-1252： 123456789#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: Windows-1252 -*- 字符串1 = '你好'def 加法(数字一,数字二): print('数字一 加 数字二 等于 %d' %(数字一+数字二))加法(1,2) 当 Python 解释器处理代码时就会因为无法识别中文的编码出现乱码： 12345$ python3 test.py File "test.py", line 4 å­—ç¬¦ä¸²1 = 'ä½ å¥½' ^SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier 将源码文件中的 Windows-125 改为 utf-8 后，Python 解释器便可以成功处理代码： 12$ python3 test.py数字一 加 数字二 等于 3 由此可见，在 Python 源码文件首部的编码声明对 Python 解释器起着至关重要的作用。在 Python 标准库中只用常规的 ASCII 字符作为变量或函数名，对于编写任何可移植的代码，我们都应该遵守此约定。要正确显示这些字符，你的编辑器必须能识别 UTF-8 编码，而且必须使用能支持打开文件中所有字符的字体。 Python内置方法的编码在 Python 代码中对于内置方法 open() 操作文件时，在文本模式下，如果 encoding 没有指定，则根据操作系统的平台来决定使用的编码，如果要读取和写入原始字节，请使用二进制模式并且不要指定 encoding。 对于字符串类型的 encode() 方法和 bytes 类型的 decode() 方法，处理标准流（标准输出、标准输入、标准错误输出）等，默认都使用 UTF-8 作为编码。 例如： 123456789101112&gt;&gt;&gt; s = '你好'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.encode()b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.encode('utf-8')b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.encode('gbk')b'\xc4\xe3\xba\xc3'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.encode('utf-8').decode()'你好'&gt;&gt;&gt; s.encode('utf-8').decode('utf-8')'你好'&gt;&gt;&gt; 请一定要注意，这里说的编码和 Python 源码文件首部的编码不是一回事，一个是内置方法用什么样的编码处理对象，而另一个说的是 Python 解释器是以什么样的编码执行代码。 对于在上面说到的在 Windows 下创建的记事本文件 notepad.txt，如果在 Python 中使用 open() 方法不指定 encoding 则默认使用 Linux 系统的 UTF-8 作为编码： 123456#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-with open('notepad.txt', 'rt') as frd: for line in frd: print(line) 执行后报错： 1UnicodeDecodeError: &apos;utf-8&apos; codec can&apos;t decode byte 0xca in position 6: invalid continuation byte 这是因为文件 notepad.txt 在 Windows 中是以 GBK 编码编辑文件和保存的，到了 Linux 上用 UTF-8 无法打开 GBK 编码的文件，必须使用 GBK 才能正确打开，所以应该为 open() 方法指定 GBK 作为编码方式： 123456#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-with open('notepad.txt', 'rt', encoding='gbk') as frd: for line in frd: print(line) 为了彻底解决这个乱码的问题，我们应该将正确读到的文件再以 UTF-8 的编码方式写入硬盘： 由于不能同时对一个文件对象进行又读又写的操作，所以应将读入内存的内容重新写到另外一个新的文件，最后对文件重命名即可。具体操作代码如下： 1234567891011#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import oswith open('notepad.txt', 'rt', encoding='gbk') as frd, \ open('notepad2.txt', 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as fwt: for line in frd: fwt.write(line)os.rename('notepad2.txt', 'notepad.txt') 这时再使用 cat 查看文件内容就不会再有乱码了。 而对于原本在 Windows 上创建的记事本文件 notepad.txt，在 Windows 下使用 Python 解释器来处理也是用的 utf-8 ，为什么没有出现乱码呢？ 这其实是 Windows 里的某个程序帮你处理了，而 Linux 下没有使用其他程序进行处理，所以会出现乱码问题。 内存中的执行Python 读取已经加载到内存的代码（unicode 编码的二进制），然后执行，在执行过程中可能会开辟新的内存空间，比如 x=&quot;hello&quot; 内存的编码使用 unicode，不代表内存中全都是 unicode 编码的二进制，在程序执行之前，内存中确实都是 unicode 编码的二进制，比如从文件中读取了一行 x=&quot;hello&quot; ，其中的 x，等号，引号，地位都一样，都是普通字符而已，都是以 unicode 编码的二进制形式存放于内存中的。但是程序在执行过程中，会申请内存（与程序代码所存在的内存是两个空间），可以存放任意编码格式的数据，比如 x=&quot;hello&quot; ，会被 Python 解释器识别为字符串，会申请内存空间来存放字符串 hello，然后让 x 指向该内存地址，此时新申请的该内存地址保存也是 unicode 编码的 hello ，如果代码换成 x=&quot;hello&quot;.encode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)，那么新申请的内存空间里存放的就是 utf-8 编码的字符串 hello 了. str 与 bytes在 Python3 中有两种字符类型 str 和 bytes ，并且在 Python3 以后，这两种类型彻底分开了。 str 类型以字符为单位进行处理，在内存中默认以 unicode 编码保存到新的内存空间中。 1234567s = '好' # 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中# s 可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式s.encode('utf-8')s.encode('gbk')print(type(s)) # &lt;class 'str'&gt; bytes 类型是以字节为单位处理，在所有的操作和使用甚至内置方法上和字符串数据类型基本一样，也是不可变的序列对象。 bytes 对象只负责以二进制字节序列的形式记录所需记录的对象，至于该对象到底表示什么（比如到底是什么字符）则由相应的编码格式解码所决定。Python3 中 bytes 通常用于网络数据传输、二进制图片和文件的保存等等。 12345678910111213141516s = '好' # 当程序执行时，无需加 u，默认以 unicode 形式保存新的内存空间中# s 可以直接 encode 成任意编码格式s1 = s.encode()# 等同于 s1 = s.encode(‘utf-8')，encode、decode方法默认使用 utf-8 作为编码格式s2 = s.encode('gbk')print(type(s)) # &lt;class 'str'&gt;print(s) # 好print(s1) # b'\xe6\x9e\x97' 用 utf-8 编码后的 bytes 类型，在 Python3 中，是什么就打印什么print(s2) # b'\xc1\xd6' 用 gbk 编码后的 bytes 类型。print(type(s)) # &lt;class 'str'&gt;print(type(s1)) # &lt;class 'bytes'&gt;print(type(s2)) # &lt;class 'bytes'&gt; 我们可以通过调用内置的方法 bytes() 生成 bytes 实例，其值的形式为 b&#39;xxxxx&#39;，其中 &#39;xxxxx&#39; 为一到多个转义的十六进制字符串（单个 x 的形式为 \x12，其中 \x 为小写的十六进制转义字符，12 为二位十六进制数）组成的序列，每个十六进制数代表一个字节（八位二进制数，取值范围 0-255），对于同一个字符串如果采用不同的编码方式生成 bytes 对象，就会形成不同的值。 12345678910#!/usr/bin/env python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-b1 = b'' # 创建一个空的 bytesb2 = bytes() # 创建一个空的 bytesb3 = b'hello' # 直接指定字符串为 bytes 类型b4 = bytes('hello', encoding='utf-8') # 利用内置的 bytes() 方法将字符串转为指定编码类型的 bytesb5 = 'hello'.encode() # 利用字符串的 encode 方法编码成 bytes，默认使用 utf-8 编码b6 = b3.decode() # 将 bytes 对象解码成字符串，默认使用 utf-8 进行解码。 总结在 ASCII 中一个中文字符占用几个字节？答：ASCII无法表示中文字符。 Python2 的默认文件编码是 ascii。Python3 的默认文件编码是 utf-8，所有字符串都是 unicode。unicode 中一个中文占用两个字节空间，utf-8 中一个中文占用三个字节 当数据要打印到终端时，要注意的问题： 当程序执行时，比如: x = &#39;好&#39;;print(x) ，这一步是将 x 指向的那块新的内存空间（非代码所在的内存空间）中的内容打印到终端，而终端仍然是运行于内存中的，所以这打印可以理解为从内存打印到内存，即内存 =&gt; 内存，unicode =&gt; unicode，对于 unicode 格式的数据来说，无论怎么打印都不会乱码。 参考链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/vipchenwei/p/6993788.htmlhttp://blog.csdn.net/apache0554/article/details/53889253]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Python3</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[在Linux上编译安装Python3]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F02%2F132127-%E5%9C%A8Linux%E4%B8%8A%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85Python3%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[目前在 Redhat 系列系统上，默认装的是 python2，在 RHEL8 及以上系统可以使用 yum 命令直接进行 rpm 包的安装。为了能够在 CentOS 上进行 Python 解释器多版本共存，就需要编译安装了。这里我结合了自身的经验，总结了一下 Python3 的编译安装。 首先要解决依赖关系。 1yum -y install zlib zlib-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel readline readline-devel openssl openssl-devel openssl-static xz lzma xz-devel sqlite sqlite-devel gdbm gdbm-devel tk tk-devel libffi-devel 下载源码包解压并安装。为了方便以后能将编译好的解释器程序移植到其他机器，我的编译安装目录选择在 opt 下。 123456cd /opt/wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.3/Python-3.7.3.tgztar xf Python-3.7.3.tgz -C /tmp/cd /tmp/Python-3.7.3/./configure --prefix=/opt/Python-3.7.3/make &amp;&amp; make install 使用绝对路径执行 python3 有可能会提示无法加载动态库，这是因为上面指定了安装目录，编译后的库也在安装目录下而不是系统的库目录。手动创建一个动态库加载路径的配置文件即可。 12345[root@m1 ~]# echo /opt/Python-3.7.3/lib/ &gt; /etc/ld.so.conf.d/python-3.7.3.conf[root@m1 ~]# ldconfig [root@m1 ~]# /opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3 -V Python 3.7.3[root@m1 ~]# 每次执行 python3 都用绝对路径会非常不人性化，因此做个软连接。 12345[root@m1 ~]# ln -sv /opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3‘/usr/bin/python3’ -&gt; ‘/opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3’[root@m1 ~]# python3 -VPython 3.7.3[root@m1 ~]# 如果要查看 man 文档，需要使用 man 命令及其 -M 选项指定 manpath。 1[root@m1 ~]# man -M /opt/Python-3.7.3/share/man/ python3 如果你不想这样做，也可以通过修改 /etc/man_db.conf 或者拷贝安装目录中的 man 文件到系统的 man 目录下。 在 m1 机器上编译安装一次之后，在其他机器（例如 m2 机器）就不需要再次编译安装了，在 m1 上把编译好的文件压缩打包，直接拷贝到 m2 上然后做几步配置即可。 1234[root@m1 ~]# cd /opt/[root@m1 opt]# tar -jcf Python-3.7.3-MakeInstall.tar.bz2 Python-3.7.3[root@m1 opt]# scp Python-3.7.3-MakeInstall.tar.bz2 192.168.127.132:/opt/[root@m1 opt]# 在 m2 机器上的安装 123456789[root@m2 ~]# cd /opt/[root@m2 opt]# tar xf Python-3.7.3-MakeInstall.tar.bz2 [root@m2 opt]# echo /opt/Python-3.7.3/lib/ &gt; /etc/ld.so.conf.d/python-3.7.3.conf[root@m2 opt]# ldconfig[root@m2 opt]# ln -sv /opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3‘/usr/bin/python3’ -&gt; ‘/opt/Python-3.7.3/bin/python3’[root@m2 opt]# python3 -VPython 3.7.3[root@m2 opt]# 如果在后期出现了更新的版本，我们可以在 m1 上按照上述方法再次进行新版本的编译安装，这样就可以达到多版本共存的效果了。]]></content>
       <tags>
+        <tag>make install</tag>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Python初识]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F01%2F105110-Python%E5%88%9D%E8%AF%86%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python介绍Python的创始人为吉多·范罗苏姆（Guido van Rossum）。1989年荷兰的圣诞节期间，吉多·范罗苏姆为了在阿姆斯特丹打发时间，决心开发一个新的脚本解释程序，作为ABC语言的一种继承。 最新的 TIOBE排行榜，Python 赶超 PHP 占据第三， Python 崇尚优美、清晰、简单，是一个优秀并广泛使用的语言。 Python的应用Python可以应用于众多领域，如：数据分析、组件集成、网络服务、图像处理、数值计算和科学计算等众多领域。目前业内几乎所有大中型互联网企业都在使用Python，如：Youtube、Dropbox、BT、Quora（中国知乎）、豆瓣、知乎、Google、Yahoo!、Facebook、NASA、百度、腾讯、汽车之家、美团等。 Python目前主要应用领域 云计算: 云计算最火的语言， 典型应用OpenStack WEB开发: 众多优秀的WEB框架，众多大型网站均为Python开发，Youtube，Dropbox，豆瓣， 典型WEB框架有Django 科学运算、人工智能: 典型库 NumPy，SciPy，Matplotlib，Enthought librarys，pandas 系统运维: 运维人员必备语言 金融：量化交易，金融分析，在金融工程领域，Python 不但在用，且用的最多，而且重要性逐年提高。原因：作为动态语言的 Python，语言结构清晰简单，库丰富，成熟稳定，科学计算和统计分析都很出色，生产效率远远高于c，c++，java，尤其擅长策略回测 图形GUI: PyQT, WxPython,TkInter Python在公司的应用 谷歌：Google App Engine 、code.google.com 、Google earth 、谷歌爬虫、Google广告等项目都在大量使用Python开发 CIA: 美国中情局网站就是用Python开发的 NASA: 美国航天局(NASA)大量使用Python进行数据分析和运算 YouTube:世界上最大的视频网站YouTube就是用Python开发的 Dropbox:美国最大的在线云存储网站，全部用Python实现，每天网站处理10亿个文件的上传和下载 Instagram:美国最大的图片分享社交网站，每天超过3千万张照片被分享，全部用python开发 Facebook:大量的基础库均通过Python实现的 Redhat: 世界上最流行的Linux发行版本中的yum包管理工具就是用python开发的 豆瓣: 公司几乎所有的业务均是通过Python开发的 知乎: 国内最大的问答社区，通过Python开发(国外Quora) 春雨医生：国内知名的在线医疗网站是用Python开发的 除上面之外，还有搜狐、金山、腾讯、盛大、网易、百度、阿里、淘宝 、土豆、新浪、果壳等公司都在使用Python完成各种各样的任务。 Python是什么样的语言？经过上节的阅读，了解编程语言及分类之后我们便知道，Python是一门动态解释性的强类型定义语言。 Python的优缺点 优点 简单易学、功能强大 python的定位时“优雅”、“明确”、“简单”，但是功能却很强大； 丰富的库、开发效率高 python有非常强大的第三方库，基本上你想通过计算机实现的任何功能，python官方库里都有相应的模块进行支持；在基础库的基础上进行开发，大大降低开发周期，提高了开发效率； 高级语言、抽象程度高 用Python编写程序的时候无需考虑过多底层细节，如如何管理程序使用的内存等； 面向过程、面向对象 Python及支持面向过程编程，也支持面向对象编程；在面向过程的语言中，程序是由过程或仅仅是可重用代码的函数构建起来的；而在面向对象的语言中，程序数据（属性）和功能（函数/方法）组合而成的对象构建起来的； 可移植性 由于它开源的本质、Python已经被移植在许多平台上（经过改动使它能够工作在不同平台上）；如果你小心的避免使用依赖于特定系统的特性，那么你的python程序无需修改就可以在几乎所有的系统平台上运行； 可扩展性 如果需要一段关键代码运行得更快或者希望某些算法不公开，可以将这部分程序用C/C++编写，然后再Python中调用。 缺点： 线程不能利用多CPU 这是Python被人诟病最多的一个缺点。Python的线程是操作系统的原生线程，在Linux上为pthread，在Windows上为Win thread，完全由操作系统调度线程执行。一个Python解释器进程内有一条主线程，以及多条用户程序的执行子线程。由于GIL（Global Interpreter Lock，全局解释器锁，它是计算机程序设计语言解释器用于同步线程的工具，使得任何时刻仅有一个线程在执行）的存在，使得即使在多核CPU平台上，还是会禁止多线程的并行执行。 代码不能加密 由于Python是一个解释型语言，其源代码都是以明文存在的。 执行速度慢 这里是指与C和C++相比，Python确实要慢很多，这是由语言特性确定的；另外Python比Java也会慢一点，JVM比PVM的实现更底层一些，因此JVM在将字节码翻译为机器码的速度也就更快一些。 多行语句与命令行输出问题 由于Python规定用缩进来表示代码结构，而不支持分号分割，因此在大多数情况下不能将多条程序语句写成一行；如果在shell下要使用多条python语句来完成一个功能时，必须将程序写入.py文件中。 任何一门语言都不是完美的，都有擅长和不擅长做的事情，所以不建议拿一个语言的劣势去跟另一个语言的优势来去比较，语言只是一个工具，是实现程序设计师思想的工具，就像我们之前中学学几何时，有的时候需要要圆规，有的时候需要用三角尺一样，拿相应的工具去做它最擅长的事才是正确的选择。 Python的运行过程Python 和 Java/C# 一样，也是一门基于虚拟机的语言，我们先从表面上简单地了解一下 Python 程序的运行过程。 当我们在命令行中输入 python hello.py 时，其实是激活了 Python 的 “解释器”，告诉 “解释器”：你要开始工作了。可是在“解释”之前，其实执行的第一项工作和 Java 一样，是编译。 所以我们应该这样来描述Python，Python是一门先编译后解释的语言。 PyCodeObject和pyc文件当 python 程序运行时，编译的结果则是保存在位于内存中的 PyCodeObject （Python编译器真正编译成的结果）中，当 Python 程序运行结束时，Python 解释器则将 PyCodeObject 写回到pyc文件中。 当 python 程序第二次运行时，首先程序会在硬盘中寻找 pyc 文件，如果找到则直接载入，否则就重复上图的过程。 所以我们应该这样来定位 PyCodeObject 和 pyc 文件，我们说 pyc 文件其实是 PyCodeObject 的一种持久化保存方式。 Python解释器的分类当我们编写 Python 代码时，我们得到的是一个包含Python代码的以 .py 为扩展名的文本文件。要运行代码，就需要 Python 解释器去执行 .py 文件。 由于整个 Python 语言从规范到解释器都是开源的，所以理论上，只要水平够高，任何人都可以编写 Python 解释器来执行 Python 代码（当然难度很大）。事实上，确实存在多种 Python 解释器。 CPython当我们从 Python官方网站 下载并安装好 Python 3.7 后，就直接获得了一个官方版本的解释器：CPython。这个解释器是用C语言开发的，所以叫 CPython。在命令行下运行 python 就是启动 CPython 解释器。CPython 是使用最广的 Python 解释器 IPythonIPython 是基于 CPython 之上的一个交互式解释器，也就是说 IPython 只是在交互方式上有所增强，但是执行 Python 代码的功能和 CPython 是完全一样的。好比很多国产浏览器虽然外观不同，但内核其实都是调用了IE。 CPython用 &gt;&gt;&gt; 作为提示符，而IPython用 In [``序号``]: 作为提示符。 PyPyPyPy 是另一个 Python 解释器，它的目标是执行速度。PyPy 采用 JIT技术 ，对 Python 代码进行动态编译（注意不是解释），所以可以显著提高Python代码的执行速度。 绝大部分 Python 代码都可以在 PyPy下 运行，但是 PyPy 和 CPython 有一些是不同的，这就导致相同的 Python 代码在两种解释器下执行可能会有不同的结果。如果你的代码要放到 PyPy 下执行，就需要了解 PyPy和CPython的不同点。 JythonJython 是运行在 Java 平台上的 Python 解释器，可以直接把 Python 代码编译成 Java 字节码执行。 IronPythonIronPython和 Jython 类似，只不过 IronPython 是运行在微软 .Net 平台上的 Python 解释器，可以直接把 Python 代码编译成 .Net 的字节码。 总结Python 的解释器很多，但使用最广泛的还是 CPython。如果要和 Java 或 .Net 平台交互，最好的办法不是用 Jython 或 IronPython ，而是通过网络调用来交互，确保各程序之间的独立性。]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Python 的创始人为吉多·范罗苏姆（Guido van Rossum），在 1989 年荷兰的圣诞节期间，吉多·范罗苏姆为了在阿姆斯特丹打发时间，决心开发一个新的脚本解释程序，作为 ABC 语言的一种继承。 最新的 TIOBE排行榜，Python 赶超 PHP 占据第三， Python 崇尚优美、清晰、简单，是一个优秀并广泛使用的语言。 Python的应用Python 可以应用于众多领域，如：数据分析、组件集成、网络服务、图像处理、数值计算和科学计算等众多领域。 Python目前主要应用领域 云计算: 云计算最火的语言， 典型应用 OpenStack WEB开发: 众多优秀的WEB框架，众多大型网站均为 Python 开发，Youtube，Dropbox，豆瓣， 典型WEB框架有 Django 科学运算、人工智能: 典型库 NumPy，SciPy，Matplotlib，Enthought librarys，pandas 系统运维: 运维人员必备语言 金融：量化交易，金融分析，在金融工程领域，Python 不但在用，且用的最多，而且重要性逐年提高。原因：作为动态语言的 Python，语言结构清晰简单，库丰富，成熟稳定，科学计算和统计分析都很出色，生产效率远远高于c，c++，java，尤其擅长策略回测 图形GUI: PyQT, WxPython,TkInter Python在公司的应用 谷歌：Google App Engine 、code.google.com 、Google earth 、谷歌爬虫、Google广告等项目都在大量使用Python开发 CIA: 美国中情局网站就是用 Python 开发的 NASA: 美国航天局(NASA)大量使用Python进行数据分析和运算 YouTube:世界上最大的视频网站YouTube就是用Python开发的 Dropbox:美国最大的在线云存储网站，全部用Python实现，每天网站处理10亿个文件的上传和下载 Instagram:美国最大的图片分享社交网站，每天超过3千万张照片被分享，全部用python开发 Facebook:大量的基础库均通过Python实现的 Redhat: 世界上最流行的 Linux 发行版本中的 yum 包管理工具就是用 Python 开发的 Python是什么样的语言？经过上节的阅读，了解编程语言及分类之后我们便知道，Python 是一门动态解释性的强类型定义语言。 Python的优缺点 优点 简单易学、功能强大 Python 的定位时“优雅”、“明确”、“简单”，但是功能却很强大； 丰富的库、开发效率高 Python 有非常强大的第三方库，基本上你想通过计算机实现的任何功能，Python 官方库里都有相应的模块进行支持；在基础库的基础上进行开发，大大降低开发周期，提高了开发效率； 高级语言、抽象程度高 用 Python 编写程序的时候无需考虑过多底层细节，如如何管理程序使用的内存等； 面向过程、面向对象 Python 及支持面向过程编程，也支持面向对象编程；在面向过程的语言中，程序是由过程或仅仅是可重用代码的函数构建起来的；而在面向对象的语言中，程序数据（属性）和功能（函数/方法）组合而成的对象构建起来的； 可移植性 由于它开源的本质、Python 已经被移植在许多平台上（经过改动使它能够工作在不同平台上）；如果你小心的避免使用依赖于特定系统的特性，那么你的 Python 程序无需修改就可以在几乎所有的系统平台上运行； 可扩展性 如果需要一段关键代码运行得更快或者希望某些算法不公开，可以将这部分程序用 C/C++ 编写，然后在 Python 中调用。 缺点： 线程不能利用多CPU 这是 Python 被人诟病最多的一个缺点。Python 的线程是操作系统的原生线程，在Linux上为 pthread ，在 Windows 上为 Win thread ，完全由操作系统调度线程执行。一个 Python 解释器进程内有一条主线程，以及多条用户程序的执行子线程。由于 GIL（Global Interpreter Lock，全局解释器锁，它是计算机程序设计语言解释器用于同步线程的工具，使得任何时刻仅有一个线程在执行）的存在，使得即使在多核 CPU 平台上，还是会禁止多线程的并行执行。 代码不能加密 由于 Python 是一个解释型语言，其源代码都是以明文存在的。 执行速度慢 与 C 和 C++ 相比，Python 确实要慢很多，这是由语言特性确定的；另外 Python 比 Java 也会慢一点，JVM 比 PVM 的实现更底层一些，因此 JVM 在将字节码翻译为机器码的速度也就更快一些。 多行语句与命令行输出问题 由于 Python 规定用缩进来表示代码结构，而不支持分号分割，因此在大多数情况下不能将多条程序语句写成一行；如果在 shell 下要使用多条 Python 语句来完成一个功能时，必须将程序写入 .py 文件中。 任何一门语言都不是完美的，都有擅长和不擅长做的事情，所以不建议拿一个语言的劣势去跟另一个语言的优势来去比较，语言只是一个工具，是实现程序设计师思想的工具，就像我们之前中学学几何时，有的时候需要要圆规，有的时候需要用三角尺一样，拿相应的工具去做它最擅长的事才是正确的选择。 Python程序的运行过程Python 和 Java/C# 一样，也是一门基于虚拟机的语言，我们先从表面上简单地了解一下 Python 程序的运行过程。 当我们在命令行中输入 python hello.py 时，其实是激活了 Python 的 “解释器”，告诉 “解释器”：你要开始工作了。可是在“解释”之前，其实执行的第一项工作和 Java 一样，是编译。 所以我们应该这样来描述 Python 语言：Python 是一门先编译后解释的语言。 PyCodeObject和pyc文件当 Python 程序运行时，编译的结果则是保存在位于内存中的 PyCodeObject （Python编译器真正编译成的结果）中，当 Python 程序运行结束时，Python 解释器则将 PyCodeObject 写回到 pyc 文件中。 当 python 程序第二次运行时，首先程序会在硬盘中寻找 pyc 文件，如果找到则直接载入，否则就重复上图的过程。 所以我们应该这样来定位 PyCodeObject 和 pyc 文件，我们说 pyc 文件其实是 PyCodeObject 的一种持久化保存方式。 Python解释器的分类当我们编写 Python 代码时，我们得到的是一个包含Python代码的以 .py 为扩展名的文本文件。要运行代码，就需要 Python 解释器去执行 .py 文件。 由于整个 Python 语言从规范到解释器都是开源的，所以理论上，只要水平够高，任何人都可以编写 Python 解释器来执行 Python 代码（当然难度很大）。事实上，确实存在多种 Python 解释器。 CPython当我们从 Python官方网站 下载并安装好 Python 3.7 后，就直接获得了一个官方版本的解释器：CPython。这个解释器是用C语言开发的，所以叫 CPython。在命令行下运行 python 就是启动 CPython 解释器。CPython 是使用最广的 Python 解释器 IPythonIPython 是基于 CPython 之上的一个交互式解释器，也就是说 IPython 只是在交互方式上有所增强，但是执行 Python 代码的功能和 CPython 是完全一样的。好比很多国产浏览器虽然外观不同，但内核其实都是调用了IE。 CPython用 &gt;&gt;&gt; 作为提示符，而 IPython用 In [ 序号 ]: 作为提示符。 PyPyPyPy 是另一个 Python 解释器，它的目标是执行速度。PyPy 采用 JIT技术 ，对 Python 代码进行动态编译（注意不是解释），所以可以显著提高 Python 代码的执行速度。 绝大部分 Python 代码都可以在 PyPy下 运行，但是 PyPy 和 CPython 有一些是不同的，这就导致相同的 Python 代码在两种解释器下执行可能会有不同的结果。如果你的代码要放到 PyPy 下执行，就需要了解 PyPy 和 CPython 的不同点。 JythonJython 是运行在 Java 平台上的 Python 解释器，可以直接把 Python 代码编译成 Java 字节码执行。 IronPythonIronPython 和 Jython 类似，只不过 IronPython 是运行在微软 .Net 平台上的 Python 解释器，可以直接把 Python 代码编译成 .Net 的字节码。 总结Python 的解释器很多，但使用最广泛的还是 CPython。如果要和 Java 或 .Net 平台交互，最好的办法不是用 Jython 或 IronPython ，而是通过网络调用来交互，确保各程序之间的独立性。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -243,7 +370,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[编程语言简介]]></title>
     <url>%2F2019%2F03%2F01%2F083210-%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[编程语言编程语言（programming language），是用来定义计算机程序的形式语言。它是一种被标准化的交流技巧，用来向计算机发出指令。一种计算机语言让程序员能够准确地定义计算机所需要使用的数据，并精确地定义在不同情况下所应当采取的行动 编程语言的分类编程语言主要从以下几个角度为进行分类 编译型和解释型 编译型，其实它和汇编语言是一样的：也是有一个负责翻译的程序来对我们的源代码进行转换，生成相对应的可执行代码。这个过程说得专业一点，就称为编译（Compile），而负责编译的程序自然就称为编译器（Compiler）。如果我们写的程序代码都包含在一个源文件中，那么通常编译之后就会直接生成一个可执行文件，我们就可以直接运行了。但对于一个比较复杂的项目，为了方便管理，我们通常把代码分散在各个源文件中，作为不同的模块来组织。这时编译各个文件时就会生成目标文件（Object file）而不是前面说的可执行文件。一般一个源文件的编译都会对应一个目标文件。这些目标文件里的内容基本上已经是可执行代码了，但由于只是整个项目的一部分，所以我们还不能直接运行。待所有的源文件的编译都大功告成，我们就可以最后把这些半成品的目标文件“打包”成一个可执行文件了，这个工作由另一个程序负责完成，由于此过程好像是把包含可执行代码的目标文件连接装配起来，所以又称为链接（Link），而负责链接的程序就叫链接程序（Linker）。链接程序除了链接目标文件外，可能还有各种资源，例如图标文件、声音文件等等，还要负责去除目标文件之间的冗余重复代码，等等。链接完成之后，一般就可以得到我们想要的可执行文件了。 解释型，从字面上看，“编译”和“解释”的确都有“翻译”的意思，它们的区别则在于翻译的时机安排不大一样。打个比方：假如你打算阅读一本外文书，而你不知道这门外语，那么你可以找一名翻译，给他足够的时间让他从头到尾把整本书翻译好，然后把书的母语版交给你阅读；或者你也立刻让这名翻译辅助你阅读，让他一句一句给你翻译，如果你想往回看某个章节，他也得重新给你翻译。 两种方式，前者就相当于我们刚才所说的编译型：一次把所有的代码转换成机器语言，然后写成可执行文件；而后者就相当于我们要说的解释型：在程序运行的前一刻，还只有源程序而没有可执行程序；而程序每执行到源程序的某一条指令，则会有一个称之为解释程序的外壳程序将源代码转换成二进制代码以供执行，总言之，就是不断地解释、执行、解释、执行……所以，解释型程序是离不开解释程序的。像早期的BASIC就是一门经典的解释型语言，要执行BASIC程序，就得进入BASIC环境，然后才能加载程序源文件、运行。解释型程序中，由于程序总是以源代码的形式出现，因此只要有相应的解释器，移植几乎不成问题。编译型程序虽然源代码也可以移植，但前提是必须针对不同的系统分别进行编译，对于复杂的工程来说，的确是一件不小的时间消耗，况且很可能一些细节的地方还是要修改源代码。而且，解释型程序省却了编译的步骤，修改调试也非常方便，编辑完毕之后即可立即运行，不必像编译型程序一样每次进行小小改动都要耐心等待漫长的Compiling…Linking…这样的编译链接过程。不过凡事有利有弊，由于解释型程序是将编译的过程放到执行过程中，这就决定了解释型程序注定要比编译型慢上一大截，像几百倍的速度差距也是不足为奇的。 编译型与解释型，两者各有利弊。前者由于程序执行速度快，同等条件下对系统要求较低，因此像开发操作系统、大型应用程序、数据库系统等时都采用它，像C/C++、Pascal/Object Pascal（Delphi）、VB等基本都可视为编译语言，而一些网页脚本、服务器脚本及辅助开发接口这样的对速度要求不高、对不同系统平台间的兼容性有一定要求的程序则通常使用解释性语言，如Java、JavaScript、VBScript、Perl、Python等等。 但既然编译型与解释型各有优缺点又相互对立，所以一批新兴的语言都有把两者折衷起来的趋势，例如 Java语言虽然比较接近解释型语言的特征，但在执行之前已经预先进行一次预编译，生成的代码是介于机器码和Java源代码之间的中介代码，运行的时候则由JVM（Java的虚拟机平台，可视为解释器）解释执行。它既保留了源代码的高抽象、可移植的特点，又已经完成了对源代码的大部分预编译工作，所以执行起来比“纯解释型”程序要快许多。 而像VB6（或者以前版本）、C#这样的语言，虽然表面上看生成的是.exe可执行程序文件，但VB6编译之后实际生成的也是一种中介码，只不过编译器在前面安插了一段自动调用某个外部解释器的代码（该解释程序独立于用户编写的程序，存放于系统的某个DLL文件中，所有以VB6编译生成的可执行程序都要用到它），以解释执行实际的程序体。 C#（以及其它.net的语言编译器）则是生成.net目标代码，实际执行时则由.net解释系统（就像JVM一样，也是一个虚拟机平台）进行执行。当然.net目标代码已经相当“低级”，比较接近机器语言了，所以仍将其视为编译语言，而且其可移植程度也没有Java号称的这么强大，Java号称是“一次编译，到处执行”，而.net则是“一次编码，到处编译”。当然这些都是题外话了。总之随着设计技术与硬件的不断发展，编译型与解释型两种方式的界限正在不断变得模糊。 编译型 解释型 混合型 C JavaScript Java C++ Python C# GO Ruby Swift PHP Object-C Perl Pascal Erlang 编译器和解释器的区别 编译器是把源程序的每一条语句都编译成机器语言，并保存成二进制文件，这样运行时计算机可以直接以机器语言来运行此程序，速度很快 解释器则是只在执行程序时，才一条一条的解释成机器语言给计算机来执行，所以运行速度是不如编译后的程序运行的快的，这是因为计算机不能直接认识并执行我们写的语句，它只能认识机器语言(二进制的形式) 编译型和解释型的优缺点 编译型 优点：编译器一般会有预编译的过程对代码进行优化。因为编译只做一次，运行时不需要编译，所以编译型语言的程序执行效率高。可以脱离语言环境独立运行。 缺点：编译之后如果需要修改就需要整个模块重新编译。编译的时候根据对应的运行环境生成机器码，不同的操作系统之间移植就会有问题，需要根据运行的操作系统环境编译不同的可执行文件。 解释型 优点：有良好的平台兼容性，在任何环境中都可以运行，前提是安装了解释器（虚拟机）。灵活，修改代码的时候直接修改就可以，可以快速部署，不用停机维护。 缺点：每次运行的时候都要解释一遍，性能上不如编译型语言。 静态语言和动态语言通常我们所说的动态语言、静态语言是指动态类型语言和静态类型语言 动态类型语言：动态类型语言是指在运行期间才去做数据类型检查的语言，也就是说，在用动态类型的语言编程时，永远也不用给任何变量指定数据类型，该语言会在你第一次赋值给变量时，在内部将数据类型记录下来。Python和Ruby就是一种典型的动态类型语言，其他的各种脚本语言如VBScript也多少属于动态类型语言。 静态类型语言：静态类型语言与动态类型语言刚好相反，它的数据类型是在编译其间检查的，也就是说在写程序时要声明所有变量的数据类型，C/C++是静态类型语言的典型代表，其他的静态类型语言还有C#、JAVA等。 强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言 强类型定义语言：强制数据类型定义的语言。也就是说一旦一个变量被指定了某个数据类型，如果不经过强制转换，那么它就永远是这个数据类型了。举个例子：如果你定义了一个整型变量a，那么程序根本不可能将a当作字符串类型处理。强类型定义语言是类型安全的语言。 弱类型定义语言：数据类型可以被忽略的语言。它与强类型定义语言相反，一个变量可以赋不同数据类型的值。 强类型定义语言在速度上可能略逊色于弱类型定义语言，但是强类型定义语言带来的严谨性能够有效的避免许多错误。另外，“这门语言是不是动态语言”与“这门语言是否类型安全”之间是完全没有联系的！例如：Python是动态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）; VBScript是动态语言，是弱类型定义语言（类型不安全的语言）; JAVA是静态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）。]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[编程语言编程语言（programming language），是用来定义计算机程序的形式语言。它是一种被标准化的交流技巧，用来向计算机发出指令。一种计算机语言让程序员能够准确地定义计算机所需要使用的数据，并精确地定义在不同情况下所应当采取的行动 编程语言的分类编程语言主要从以下几个角度为进行分类 编译型和解释型编译型 和汇编语言是一样的，也有一个负责翻译的程序来对我们的源代码进行转换，生成相对应的可执行代码。这个过程说得专业一点，就称为编译（Compile），而负责编译的程序自然就称为编译器（Compiler）。如果我们写的程序代码都包含在一个源文件中，那么通常编译之后就会直接生成一个可执行文件，我们就可以直接运行了。但对于一个比较复杂的项目，为了方便管理，我们通常把代码分散在各个源文件中，作为不同的模块来组织。这时编译各个文件时就会生成目标文件（Object file）而不是前面说的可执行文件。一般一个源文件的编译都会对应一个目标文件。这些目标文件里的内容基本上已经是可执行代码了，但由于只是整个项目的一部分，所以我们还不能直接运行。待所有的源文件的编译都大功告成，我们就可以最后把这些半成品的目标文件“打包”成一个可执行文件了，这个工作由另一个程序负责完成，由于此过程好像是把包含可执行代码的目标文件连接装配起来，所以又称为链接（Link），而负责链接的程序就叫链接程序（Linker）。链接程序除了链接目标文件外，可能还有各种资源，例如图标文件、声音文件等等，还要负责去除目标文件之间的冗余重复代码，等等。链接完成之后，一般就可以得到我们想要的可执行文件了。 解释型，从字面上看，“编译” 和 “解释” 的确都有 “翻译” 的意思，它们的区别则在于翻译的时机安排不大一样。打个比方：假如你打算阅读一本外文书，而你不知道这门外语，那么你可以找一名翻译，给他足够的时间让他从头到尾把整本书翻译好，然后把书的母语版交给你阅读；或者你也立刻让这名翻译辅助你阅读，让他一句一句给你翻译，如果你想往回看某个章节，他也得重新给你翻译。 这两种方式，前者就相当于我们刚才所说的编译型：一次把所有的代码转换成机器语言，然后写成可执行文件；而后者就相当于我们要说的解释型：在程序运行的前一刻，还只有源程序而没有可执行程序；而程序每执行到源程序的某一条指令，则会有一个称之为解释器的外壳程序将源代码转换成二进制代码以供执行，总言之，就是不断地解释、执行、解释、执行……所以，解释型程序是离不开解释器的。像早期的BASIC就是一门经典的解释型语言，要执行 BASIC 程序，就得进入 BASIC 环境，然后才能加载程序源文件、运行。解释型程序中，由于程序总是以源代码的形式出现，因此只要有相应的解释器，移植几乎不成问题。编译型程序虽然源代码也可以移植，但前提是必须针对不同的系统分别进行编译，对于复杂的工程来说，的确是一件不小的时间消耗，况且很可能一些细节的地方还是要修改源代码。而且，解释型程序省却了编译的步骤，修改调试也非常方便，编辑完毕之后即可立即运行，不必像编译型程序一样每次进行小小改动都要耐心等待漫长的 Compiling…Linking…这样的编译链接过程。不过凡事有利有弊，由于解释型程序是将编译的过程放到执行过程中，这就决定了解释型程序注定要比编译型慢上一大截，像几百倍的速度差距也是不足为奇的。 编译型与解释型，两者各有利弊。前者由于程序执行速度快，同等条件下对系统要求较低，因此像开发操作系统、大型应用程序、数据库系统等时都采用它，像 C/C++、Pascal/Object Pascal（Delphi）、VB 等基本都可视为编译语言，而一些网页脚本、服务器脚本及辅助开发接口这样的对速度要求不高、对不同系统平台间的兼容性有一定要求的程序则通常使用解释性语言，如 JavaScript、VBScript、Perl、Python 等等。 既然编译型与解释型各有优缺点又相互对立，所以一批新兴的语言都有把两者折衷起来的趋势，例如 Java 语言虽然比较接近解释型语言的特征，但在执行之前已经预先进行一次预编译，生成的代码是介于机器码和 Java 源代码之间的中介代码，运行的时候则由 JVM（ Java 的虚拟机平台，可视为解释器）解释执行。它既保留了源代码的高抽象、可移植的特点，又已经完成了对源代码的大部分预编译工作，所以执行起来比“纯解释型”程序要快许多。 而像 VB6（或者以前版本）、C# 这样的语言，虽然表面上看生成的是 .exe 可执行程序文件，但 VB6 编译之后实际生成的也是一种中介码，只不过编译器在前面安插了一段自动调用某个外部解释器的代码（该解释程序独立于用户编写的程序，存放于系统的某个 DLL 文件中，所有以 VB6 编译生成的可执行程序都要用到它），以解释执行实际的程序体。 C#（以及其它.net的语言编译器）则是生成 .net 目标代码，实际执行时则由 .net 解释系统（就像 JVM 一样，也是一个虚拟机平台）进行执行。当然 .net 目标代码已经相当“低级”，比较接近机器语言了，所以仍将其视为编译语言，而且其可移植程度也没有 Java 号称的这么强大， Java 号称是“一次编译，到处执行”，而 .net 则是“一次编码，到处编译”。随着设计技术与硬件的不断发展，编译型与解释型两种方式的界限正在不断变得模糊。 编译器和解释器的区别编译器 是把源程序的每一条语句都编译成机器语言，并保存成二进制文件，这样运行时计算机可以直接以机器语言来运行此程序，速度很快。 解释器 只在执行程序时，才一条一条的解释成机器语言给计算机来执行，所以运行速度不如编译后的程序运行快，这是因为计算机不能直接认识并执行我们写的语句，它只能认识机器语言(二进制的形式)。 编译型和解释型的优缺点编译型 优点：编译器一般会有预编译的过程对代码进行优化。因为编译只做一次，运行时不需要编译，所以编译型语言的程序执行效率高。可以脱离语言环境独立运行。 缺点：编译之后如果需要修改就需要整个模块重新编译。编译的时候根据对应的运行环境生成机器码，不同的操作系统之间移植就会有问题，需要根据运行的操作系统环境编译不同的可执行文件。 解释型 优点：有良好的平台兼容性，在任何环境中都可以运行，前提是安装了解释器（虚拟机）。灵活，修改代码的时候直接修改就可以，可以快速部署，不用停机维护。 缺点：每次运行的时候都要解释一遍，性能上不如编译型语言。 静态语言和动态语言通常我们所说的动态语言、静态语言是指动态类型语言和静态类型语言 动态类型语言 是指在运行期间才去做数据类型检查的语言，也就是说，在用动态类型的语言编程时，永远也不用给任何变量指定数据类型，该语言会在你第一次赋值给变量时，在内部将数据类型记录下来。Python 和 Ruby 就是一种典型的动态类型语言，其他的各种脚本语言如 VBScript 也多少属于动态类型语言。 静态类型语言 与动态类型语言刚好相反，它的数据类型是在编译其间检查的，也就是说在写程序时要声明所有变量的数据类型，C/C++ 是静态类型语言的典型代表，其他的静态类型语言还有 C#、JAVA 等。 强类型定义语言和弱类型定义语言强类型定义语言：强制数据类型定义的语言。也就是说一旦一个变量被指定了某个数据类型，如果不经过强制转换，那么它就永远是这个数据类型了。举个例子：如果你定义了一个整型变量 a，那么程序根本不可能将 a 当作字符串类型处理。强类型定义语言是类型安全的语言。 弱类型定义语言：数据类型可以被忽略的语言。它与强类型定义语言相反，一个变量可以赋不同数据类型的值。 强类型定义语言在速度上可能略逊色于弱类型定义语言，但是强类型定义语言带来的严谨性能够有效的避免许多错误。另外，“这门语言是不是动态语言” 与 “这门语言是否类型安全” 之间是完全没有联系的！例如：Python 是动态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）; VBScript 是动态语言，是弱类型定义语言（类型不安全的语言）; JAVA 是静态语言，是强类型定义语言（类型安全的语言）。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Python3</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -286,19 +413,19 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS]]></title>
     <url>%2F2018%2F01%2F23%2F205210-Cobbler%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%BA%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%88%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85CentOS%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[简介Cobbler 是一个 Linux 服务器快速网络安装的服务，而且在经过调整也可以支持网络安装 windows。该工具使用 Python 开发，小巧轻便（才15k行 Python 代码），可以通过网络启动（PXE ）的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理 DHCP，DNS，TFTP、RSYNC 以及 yum 仓库、构造系统 ISO 镜像。 Cobbler 是较早前的 Kickstart 的升级版，优点是比较容易配置。它可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基于 Web 的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，还提供了 API 接口，可以方便二次开发使用。 Cobbler 内置了一个轻量级配置管理系统，但它也支持和其它配置管理系统集成，如 Puppet，暂时不支持 SaltStack。Cobbler 客户端 Koan 支持虚拟机安装和操作系统重新安装，使重装系统更便捷。 核心组件 Distros distro(发行版)，这里指的是操作系统的发行版 每一个要装的发行版操作系统都应该被单独定义成一个distro 常见的 distro 如 CentOS 6.8 ，CentOS 6.9，CentOS 7.4等发行版 Profiles and Sub-Profiles 基于 distro (可以是一个也可以是多个)，借助不同的 Kickstart 文件配置出不同的业务环境来，这每一个环境就是一个 profile 一个 distro 和一个与之相关联的配置文件( Kickstart )并结合其他的环境配置构成了一个 profile，Kickstart 是这其中的关键点 一个 profile 是构建在 distro 之上的，能适用于多种服务器角色部署的一个逻辑组件 sub-profile 是子 profile ，只有在构建极为复杂的环境时才有可能会用到 sub-profile Systems 在 profile 的基础之上，为特定主机指派上特定的、独有的一些系统级别的配置信息，从而实现定义至操作系统级别 Repos repository，仓库。Kickstart 需要借助 yum 的 repository 才能安装完成操作系统。 Repos 主要用于定义 repository Images 用于实现在虚拟化环境当中，用来管理虚拟机的磁盘映像文件 Management Classes File Resources Package Resources 集成的服务 PXE 服务支持 DHCP 服务管理 DNS 服务管理(可选bind,dnsmasq) 电源管理 Kickstart 服务支持 YUM 仓库管理 TFTP(PXE启动时需要) Apache(提供 Kickstart 的安装源，并提供定制化的 Kickstart 配置) 基本工作流程服务器端 123456789第一步，启动Cobbler服务第二步，进行Cobbler错误检查，执行cobbler check命令第三步，进行配置同步，执行cobbler sync命令第四步，复制相关启动文件文件到TFTP目录中第五步，启动DHCP服务，提供地址分配第六步，DHCP服务分配IP地址第七步，TFTP传输启动文件第八步，Server端接收安装信息第九步，Server端发送ISO镜像与Kickstart文件 客户端 123456789第一步，客户端以PXE模式启动第二步，客户端获取IP地址第三步，通过TFTP服务器获取启动文件第四步，进入Cobbler安装选择界面第五步，客户端确定加载信息第六步，根据配置信息准备安装系统第七步，加载Kickstart文件第八步，传输系统安装的其它文件第九步，进行安装系统 安装和配置官方手册 环境说明 虚拟机版本：VMware® Workstation 14 Pro Cobbler 服务器上需要搭建 DHCP 服务器为新安装的操作系统分配 IP 地址，但在同一局域网多个 DHCP 服务会有冲突，因此虚拟机采用 NAT 模式 避免出现依赖关系上的错误，使用全新的操作系统，这里使用的是 CentOS 7.4.1708 Cobbler 的 IP 地址为 192.168.127.10 cobbler 的安装需要依赖 epel 源，使用 yum 查看 Cobbler 的信息，可以看到 Repo 字段对应的源是 epel 12curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repoyum info cobbler 设置语言环境、禁用 SELINUX 、停用防火墙等配置 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546# install vimyum -y install vim-enhanced# Set languagelangfile='/etc/locale.conf'export LANG="en_US.UTF-8";sed -ri '/LANG/s/=.*/="en_US.UTF-8"/' $&#123;langfile&#125;# Turn off selinuxsetenforce 0fileList=(/etc/sysconfig/selinux /etc/selinux/config)for f in $&#123;fileList[@]&#125;;do sed -ri 's/(^SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/' $&#123;f&#125;done# Disable the DNS function of sshdegrep -q '^UseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || \sed -ri '/#UseDNS /aUseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config# Turn off some services/usr/bin/systemctl stop firewalld.service;/usr/bin/systemctl disable firewalld.service;/usr/bin/systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service;# Add firewall policyIPT='/sbin/iptables'# ---------------------------------------for chain in INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -t filter -P $&#123;chain&#125; ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldoneunset chain# ---------------------------------------for chain in PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -t nat -P $&#123;chain&#125; ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldoneunset chain# ---------------------------------------for chain in PREROUTING INPUT FORWARD OUTPUT POSTROUTING;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -t mangle -P $&#123;chain&#125; ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldoneunset chain# ---------------------------------------for table in filter nat mangle;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -F -t $&#123;table&#125; &amp;&gt;/dev/null $&#123;IPT&#125; -X -t $&#123;table&#125; &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldone 添加了 epel 源后直接 yum 安装 1234567yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart httpd dhcp tftp-server# cobbler # cobbler程序包# cobbler-web # cobbler的web端程序包# pykickstart # 用于cobbler检查kickstart语法错误# httpd # Apache的web服务# dhcp # dhcp服务程序包，也可以使用dnsmasq配置成DHCP服务器# tftp-server # tftp服务 查看包中生成了哪些文件 123456789101112131415161718192021222324[root@cobbler ~]# rpm -ql cobbler # 查看安装的文件，下面列出部分。/etc/cobbler # 配置文件目录/etc/cobbler/settings # cobbler主配置文件，yaml格式，cobbler是python写的程序。/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # dhcp服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template # tftp服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/rsync.template # rsync服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/iso # iso模板配置文件目录/etc/cobbler/pxe # pxe模板文件目录/etc/cobbler/power # 电源的配置文件目录/etc/cobbler/users.conf # web服务授权配置文件/etc/cobbler/users.digest # web访问的用户名密码配置文件/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/modules.conf # cobbler模块配置文件/var/lib/cobbler # cobbler数据目录/var/lib/cobbler/config # 配置文件/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts # 默认存放kickstart文件/var/lib/cobbler/loaders # 存放的各种引导程序/var/www/cobbler # 系统安装镜像目录/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror # 导入的系统镜像列表/var/www/cobbler/images # 导入的系统镜像启动文件/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror # yum源存储目录/var/log/cobbler # 日志目录/var/log/cobbler/install.log # 客户端系统安装日志/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log # cobbler日志 依赖关系说明 Cobbler的运行依赖于dhcp、tftp、rsync 及 dns 服务 dhcp 可由 dhcpd（isc）提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供； tftp 可由 tftp-server 程序包提供，也可由 cobbler 功能提供； rsync 由 rsync 程序包提供，dns 可由 bind 提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供； Cobbler 可自行管理这些服务中的部分甚至是全部，但需要配置文件 /etc/cobbler/settings 中的manange_dhcp、manager_tftpd、manager_rsync、manager_dns 分别来进行定义 由于各种服务都有着不同的实现方式，如若需要进行自定义，需要通过修改/etc/cobbler/modules.conf配置文件中各服务的模块参数的值来实现。 将 httpd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 123systemctl enable httpd --nowsystemctl is-enabled httpdsystemctl status httpd 修改 cobbler 的 dhcp 模版文件 /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template，此模板会覆盖 dhcp 本身的配置文件，所以在此之前 确保没有启动dhcp服务也没有修改dhcp的配置文件 123456789101112131415161718192021222324subnet 192.168.127.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123; option routers 192.168.127.2; option domain-name-servers 192.168.127.2; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; range dynamic-bootp 192.168.127.130 192.168.127.230; default-lease-time 21600; max-lease-time 43200; next-server $next_server; class "pxeclients" &#123; match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient"; if option pxe-system-type = 00:02 &#123; filename "ia64/elilo.efi"; &#125; else if option pxe-system-type = 00:06 &#123; filename "grub/grub-x86.efi"; &#125; else if option pxe-system-type = 00:07 &#123; filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi"; &#125; else if option pxe-system-type = 00:09 &#123; filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi"; &#125; else &#123; filename "pxelinux.0"; &#125; &#125;&#125; 如果是多网卡环境还需要指定 dhcp 使用的网卡，修改 /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service 文件中 ExecStart 最后面加上网卡名称，然后重载 systemctl，将 dhcpd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 1234systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl enable dhcpd --nowsystemctl is-enabled dhcpdsystemctl status dhcpd 将 cobblerd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 123systemctl enable cobblerd --nowsystemctl is-enabled cobblerdsystemctl status cobblerd 配置检查使用 Cobbler 的检查工具检查配置存在的问题并依次解决 12345678910111213[root@Cobbler ~]# cobbler checkThe following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp4 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories7 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one8 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use themRestart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes. 修改 /etc/cobbler/settings 文件中的 server 参数的值为提供 cobbler 服务的主机相应的 IP 地址或主机名，如server: 192.168.127.10 12cp /etc/cobbler/settings&#123;,.bak&#125;sed -ri 's#^server: 127.0.0.1#server: 192.168.127.10#' /etc/cobbler/settings 修改 /etc/cobbler/settings 文件中的 next_server 参数的值为提供 PXE 服务的主机相应的IP地址，如next_server: 192.168.127.10。server，pxe服务器的IP由于这里使用的是同一台机器，所以填 Cobbler 服务器的 IP 即可 1sed -ri 's#^next_server: 127.0.0.1#next_server: 192.168.127.10#' /etc/cobbler/settings 修改 /etc/xinetd.d/tftp 文件中的 disable 参数修改为 disable = no 1234567891011cp /etc/xinetd.d/tftp&#123;,.bak&#125;sed -ri '/disable(\t| )*=/s#yes#no#g' /etc/xinetd.d/tftpsystemctl enable tftp.socket --nowsystemctl status tftp.socketchmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local echo 'systemctl enable tftp.socket --now' &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.d/rc.localsystemctl enable tftp.service --nowsystemctl status tftp.service 根据提示执行 cobbler get-lders 命令，最后提示 *** TASK COMPLETE *** 表示成功 将 rsyncd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 123systemctl enable rsyncd.service --nowsystemctl is-enabled rsyncd.servicesystemctl status rsyncd.service 使用 yum 安装 debmirror 12yum -y install debmirrorsed -ri '/^(@dists=|@arches).*/s/^/#/g' /etc/debmirror.conf 生成自定义密码密码来取代默认的密码，为了更安全，建议使用复杂度较高的密码 123openssl passwd -1 -salt litingjie 123456$1$litingji$qUWL9htxlLybWLhSuyL8g/sed -ri 's#^(default_password_crypted:).*#\1 "$1$litingji$qUWL9htxlLybWLhSuyL8g/"#' /etc/cobbler/settings 使用 yum 安装 cman fence-agents 1yum -y install cman fence-agents 配置使用用 cobbler 管理DHCP 1sed -ri 's#^(manage_dhcp:).*#\1 1#g' /etc/cobbler/settings 为防止循环装系统，适用于服务器第一启动项是PXE启动 1sed -ri '/^pxe_just_once:.*/s#0#1#g' /etc/cobbler/settings 重启 cobblerd 服务，再次检查 123systemctl restart cobblerd.service[root@Cobbler ~]# cobbler checkNo configuration problems found. All systems go. 同步 cobbler 的配置，可以看到同步做了哪些操作 1cobbler sync 获取 Usage 1234cobblercobbler --helpcobbler distro --helpcobbler profile --help 选项说明 12345678cobbler check 核对当前设置是否有问题cobbler list 列出所有的cobbler元素cobbler report 列出元素的详细信息cobbler sync 同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下cobbler reposync 同步yum仓库cobbler distro 查看导入的发行版系统信息cobbler system 查看添加的系统信息cobbler profile 查看配置信息 安装CentOS6.9Cobbler基本配置做好之后便可以创建多个 distro (发行版)来安装不同版本系统了 挂载 CentOS 6.9 镜像 12mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/ls /mnt/ 创建ks(ksckstart)文件 12cp /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.9.cfgvim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.9.cfg 配置后的文件内容 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788# This kickstart file should only be used with EL &gt; 5 and/or Fedora &gt; 7.# For older versions please use the sample.ks kickstart file.#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T# System authorization information#auth --useshadow --enablemd5authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512# System bootloader configurationbootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="nomodeset crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"# Partition clearing informationclearpart --all --initlabel# Use text mode installtext# Firewall configurationfirewall --enabled# Run the Setup Agent on first bootfirstboot --disable# System keyboardkeyboard us# System languagelang en_US.UTF-8# Use network installationurl --url=$tree# If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.$yum_repo_stanza# Network information$SNIPPET('network_config')# Reboot after installationreboot# Installation logging levellogging --level=info#Root passwordrootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted# System servicesservices --disabled="NetworkManager"services --disabled="postfix"# SELinux configurationselinux --disabled# Do not configure the X Window Systemskipx# System timezonetimezone Asia/Shanghai# Install OS instead of upgradeinstall# Clear the Master Boot Recordzerombr# Allow anaconda to partition the system as neededautopart%pre$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')# Enable installation monitoring$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')%end%packages@base@compat-libraries@developmentvim-enhancedbind-utils%end%post --nochroot$SNIPPET('log_ks_post_nochroot')%end%post$SNIPPET('log_ks_post')# Start yum configuration$yum_config_stanza# End yum configuration$SNIPPET('post_install_kernel_options')$SNIPPET('post_install_network_config')$SNIPPET('func_register_if_enabled')$SNIPPET('download_config_files')$SNIPPET('koan_environment')$SNIPPET('redhat_register')$SNIPPET('cobbler_register')# Enable post-install boot notification$SNIPPET('post_anamon')# Start final steps$SNIPPET('kickstart_done')# End final steps%end 将镜像中的文件导入Cobbler，创建 distro 1234567891011121314cobbler import --helpcobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name="CentOS-6.9_x86_64" --arch=x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.9.cfg # --path 镜像路径 # --name 为安装源定义一个名字 # --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64 # 安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-6.9_x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。# 导入完成后的文件存放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/下以name命名的目录下ls /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/# 查看元素，同步数据cobbler listcobbler sync# 同步完成后会生成 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 信息查看 12cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64 如果不想要这个 distro 了，则按照下面的方法删除 12cobbler profile remove --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64cobbler distro remove --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64 客户机引导时出现选择页面，local 和CentOS-6.9-x86_64，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default，修改 TIMEOUT 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 ONTIMEOUT 为对应的 Label CentOS-6.9-x86_64 ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。重启服务 systemctl restart cobblerd，需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 cobbler sync 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。 安装CentOS7.4挂载 CentOS 7.4 镜像 123umount /dev/cdrommount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/ls /mnt/ 创建ks(ksckstart)文件 12cp /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.4.cfgvim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.4.cfg 配置后的文件内容 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107# This kickstart file should only be used with EL &gt; 5 and/or Fedora &gt; 7.# For older versions please use the sample.ks kickstart file.#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T# System authorization information#auth --useshadow --enablemd5authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512# System bootloader configurationbootloader --location=mbr# Partition clearing informationclearpart --all --initlabel# Use text mode installtext# Firewall configurationfirewall --disabled# Run the Setup Agent on first bootfirstboot --disable# System keyboardkeyboard us# System languagelang en_US.UTF-8# Use network installationurl --url=$tree# If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.$yum_repo_stanza# Network information$SNIPPET('network_config')# Reboot after installationreboot# Installation logging levellogging --level=info#Root passwordrootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted# System servicesservices --disabled="NetworkManager"services --disabled="postfix"services --disabled="firewalld"# SELinux configurationselinux --disabled# Do not configure the X Window Systemskipx# System timezonetimezone Asia/Shanghai# Install OS instead of upgradeinstall# Clear the Master Boot Recordzerombr# Allow anaconda to partition the system as needed#autopartpart /boot --fstype="xfs" --asprimary --size=200part swap --fstype="swap" --asprimary --size=2000part / --fstype="xfs" --asprimary --size=1 --grow%pre$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')# Enable installation monitoring$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')%end%packages@^minimal@compat-libraries@core@developmentbash-completionkexec-toolstreewgetopenssh-clientsglibcgmpbzip2bind-utilsnet-toolsmtr lrzsznmaptcpdumpdos2unixvim-enhanced%end%post --nochroot$SNIPPET('log_ks_post_nochroot')%end%post$SNIPPET('log_ks_post')# Start yum configuration$yum_config_stanza# End yum configuration$SNIPPET('post_install_kernel_options')$SNIPPET('post_install_network_config')$SNIPPET('func_register_if_enabled')$SNIPPET('download_config_files')$SNIPPET('koan_environment')$SNIPPET('redhat_register')$SNIPPET('cobbler_register')# Enable post-install boot notification$SNIPPET('post_anamon')# Start final steps$SNIPPET('kickstart_done')# End final steps%end 将镜像中的文件导入Cobbler，创建 distro 123456789101112131415cobbler import --helpcobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name="CentOS-7.4-x86_64" --arch=x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.4.cfg # --path 镜像路径# --name 为安装源定义一个名字# --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64# 安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS_7.4.1708_x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。# 导入完成后的文件存放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/下以name命名的目录下ls /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/# 查看元素，同步数据cobbler listcobbler sync# 同步完成后会生成 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 修改安装系统的内核参数：在 CentOS7 系统有一个地方变了，就是网卡名变成 eno***** 这种形式，为了运维标准化，我们需要将它变成我们常用的 eth0 123cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64# 可以看到Kickstart那里的配置cfg文件地址被改变了 信息查看 12cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.4-x86_64 客户机引导时出现选择页面，local 和 CentOS-6.9-x86_64 和 CentOS-7.4-x86_64，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default，修改 TIMEOUT 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 ONTIMEOUT 为对应的 Label CentOS-7.4-x86_64 ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。重启服务 systemctl restart cobblerd，需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 cobbler sync 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。 开机画面显示的修改，需要编辑 /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template 123MENU TITLE Cobbler | http://cobbler.github.io/# 改为自定义title，如下MENU TITLE Cobbler | Cobbler Install 使用web安装CentOS6.8在进行 web 端使用时，我们保持默认直接访问 web 页面即可，账号密码默认均为 cobbler，而且 CentOS7 中 cobbler 只支持 https 访问，浏览器访问 https://192.168.127.10/cobbler_web/ 挂载CentOS6.8镜像 12mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/ls /mnt/ 导入镜像 导入过程使用rsync进行导入，三个进程消失表示导入完毕 12345[root@Cobbler ~]# pgrep -af rsync504 /usr/bin/rsync --daemon --no-detach1177 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.8-x86_64 --progress1178 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.8-x86_64 --progress1179 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.8-x86_64 --progress web 界面也可以看到相关的日志，running 代表正在运行，complete 代表已完成 创建ks文件 编写文件，参照本站的 6.9 系统 ks 文件，编写好后点击 Save 即可保存 为 Profile 选择对应的 ks 文件：依次点击 Profiles =&gt; profile名字 =&gt; Kickstart 选择对应的 ks 文件 其他选项：如果是要安装 CentOS7 及以上的系统，不想使用原有的网卡名称而是想统一成 eth* 格式，需要修改内核参数 方式一：命令行修改 1cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.5-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0' 方式二：web页面修改 依次点击 Profiles =&gt; profile名字 =&gt; Kernel Options =&gt; 填写 biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0 =&gt; Save 查看导入完成的文件并新开机器安装系统进行验证 1cat /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default web端的用户认证方式cobbler_web 支持多种认证方式，如 authn_configfile、authn_ldap 或 authn_pam 等，查看 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf 中 [authentication] 段的 module 参数及其注释说明，可以知道值默认为authn_denyall，即拒绝所有用户登录。如果需要自定义认证功能，请根据下面两种能认证用户登录 cobbler_web 的方式。 使用authn_pam模块认证cobbler_web用户 首先修改 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf 中 [authentication] 段的 module 参数的值为 authn_pam，接着添加系统用户，用户名和密码按需设定即可 12useradd cblradminecho 'cblrpass' | passwd --stdin cblradmin 而后将 cblradmin 用户添加至 cobbler_web 的 admin 组中。修改 /etc/cobbler/users.conf 文件，将 cblradmin 用户名添加为 admin 参数的值即可 12[admins]admin = "cblradmin" 最后重启cobblerd服务，通过 http://YOUR_COBBLERD_IP/cobbler_web 访问即可 使用authn_configfile模块认证cobbler_web用户 首先修改 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf 中 [authentication] 段的 module 参数的值为 authn_configfile 接着创建其认证文件 /etc/cobbler/users.digest，并添加所需的用户即可。需要注意的是，添加第一个用户时，需要为 htdigest 命令使用 -c 选项，后续添加其他用户时不能再使用 -c；另外，cobbler_web 的 realm 只能为 Cobbler。如下所示。 1htdigest -c /etc/cobbler/users.digest Cobbler cblradmin 最后重启 cobblerd 服务，通过 http://YOUR_COBBLERD_IP/cobbler_web 访问即可 常见错误tftp 启动异常 123[root@Cobbler ~]# netstat -tunlp | grep 69[root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl start tftpA dependency job for tftp.service failed. See 'journalctl -xe' for details. 这是因为 tftp socket 的问题，启动 tftp socke 并将其加入开机启动列表，当有需要的时候 systemd 会自动启动 tftp 服务 1234567[root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl enable tftp.socket --now[root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl status tftp.socket [root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl start tftp.service[root@Cobbler ~]# netstat -tunlp | grep 69 udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:69 0.0.0.0:* 1/systemd [root@Cobbler ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local [root@Cobbler ~]# echo &apos;systemctl enable tftp.socket --now&apos; &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.d/rc.local 参考链接：https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/23/html/Installation_Guide/pxe-tftpd.html No space left on device 12umount: /run/initramfs/squashfs: not mounted/sbin/dmsquash-live-root: line 273: printf: write error: No space left on device 出现这个错误的原因是内存不足2G，将内存调为2G或以上即可]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[简介Cobbler 是一个 Linux 服务器快速网络安装的服务，而且在经过调整也可以支持网络安装 windows。该工具使用 Python 开发，小巧轻便（才 15k 行 Python 代码），可以通过网络启动（PXE ）的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理 DHCP，DNS，TFTP、RSYNC 以及 yum 仓库、构造系统 ISO 镜像。 Cobbler 是较早前的 Kickstart 的升级版，优点是比较容易配置。它可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基于 Web 的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，还提供了 API 接口，可以方便二次开发使用。 Cobbler 内置了一个轻量级配置管理系统，但它也支持和其它配置管理系统集成，如 Puppet，暂时不支持 SaltStack。Cobbler 客户端 Koan 支持虚拟机安装和操作系统重新安装，使重装系统更便捷。 核心组件 Distros distro(发行版)，这里指的是操作系统的发行版 每一个要装的发行版操作系统都应该被单独定义成一个distro 常见的 distro 如 CentOS 6.8 ，CentOS 6.9，CentOS 7.4等发行版 Profiles and Sub-Profiles 基于 distro (可以是一个也可以是多个)，借助不同的 Kickstart 文件配置出不同的业务环境来，这每一个环境就是一个 profile 一个 distro 和一个与之相关联的配置文件( Kickstart )并结合其他的环境配置构成了一个 profile，Kickstart 是这其中的关键点 一个 profile 是构建在 distro 之上的，能适用于多种服务器角色部署的一个逻辑组件 sub-profile 是子 profile ，只有在构建极为复杂的环境时才有可能会用到 sub-profile Systems 在 profile 的基础之上，为特定主机指派上特定的、独有的一些系统级别的配置信息，从而实现定义至操作系统级别 Repos repository，仓库。Kickstart 需要借助 yum 的 repository 才能安装完成操作系统。 Repos 主要用于定义 repository Images 用于实现在虚拟化环境当中，用来管理虚拟机的磁盘映像文件 Management Classes File Resources Package Resources 集成的服务 PXE 服务支持 DHCP 服务管理 DNS 服务管理(可选bind,dnsmasq) 电源管理 Kickstart 服务支持 YUM 仓库管理 TFTP(PXE启动时需要) Apache(提供 Kickstart 的安装源，并提供定制化的 Kickstart 配置) 基本工作流程服务器端 1、启动 Cobbler 服务2、执行 cobbler check 命令进行 Cobbler 错误检查3、执行 cobbler sync 命令进行配置同步4、复制相关启动文件文件到 TFTP 目录中5、启动 DHCP 服务，提供地址分配6、DHCP 服务分配 IP 地址7、TFTP 传输启动文件8、Server 端接收安装信息9、Server 端发送 ISO 镜像与 Kickstart 文件 客户端 1、客户端以 PXE 模式启动2、客户端获取 IP 地址3、通过 TFTP 服务器获取启动文件4、进入 Cobbler 安装选择界面5、客户端确定加载信息6、根据配置信息准备安装系统7、加载 Kickstart 文件8、传输系统安装的其它文件9、开始安装系统 安装和配置官方手册 环境说明：整个操作过程均使用 Vmware 虚拟机进行，因为 Cobbler 服务器上需要搭建 DHCP 服务器为新安装的操作系统分配 IP 地址，但在同一局域网多个 DHCP 服务会有冲突，因此 Cobbler 虚拟机采用 NAT 模式。为了避免出现依赖关系上的错误，使用全新的操作系统，这里使用的是 CentOS 7 作为 Cobbler 服务器，并且配置的 IP 地址为 192.168.127.10： 1234567ONBOOT=yesIPADDR=192.168.127.10NETMASK=255.255.255.0PREFIX=24BROADCAST=192.168.127.255NETWORK=192.168.127.0GATEWAY=192.168.127.2 Cobbler 的安装需要依赖 epel 源，使用 yum 查看 Cobbler 的信息，可以看到 Repo 字段对应的源是 epel 12curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repoyum info cobbler 设置语言环境、禁用 SELINUX 、停用防火墙等配置 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041# install vimyum -y install vim-enhanced# Set languagelocalectl set-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 # Turn off selinuxsetenforce 0fileList=(/etc/sysconfig/selinux /etc/selinux/config)for f in $&#123;fileList[@]&#125;;do sed -ri 's/(^SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/' $&#123;f&#125;done# Disable the DNS function of sshdegrep -q '^UseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sed -ri '/#UseDNS /aUseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config# Turn off some services/usr/bin/systemctl disable --now firewalld.service;# Add firewall policyIPT='/sbin/iptables'# ---------------------------------------for chain in INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -t filter -P $&#123;chain&#125; ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldoneunset chain# ---------------------------------------for chain in PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -t nat -P $&#123;chain&#125; ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldoneunset chain# ---------------------------------------for chain in PREROUTING INPUT FORWARD OUTPUT POSTROUTING;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -t mangle -P $&#123;chain&#125; ACCEPT &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldoneunset chain# ---------------------------------------for table in filter nat mangle;do $&#123;IPT&#125; -F -t $&#123;table&#125; &amp;&gt;/dev/null $&#123;IPT&#125; -X -t $&#123;table&#125; &amp;&gt;/dev/nulldone 添加了 epel 源后直接 yum 安装 1234567yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart httpd dhcp tftp-server# cobbler # cobbler程序包# cobbler-web # cobbler的web端程序包# pykickstart # 用于cobbler检查kickstart语法错误# httpd # Apache的web服务# dhcp # dhcp服务程序包，也可以使用dnsmasq配置成DHCP服务器# tftp-server # tftp服务 查看包中生成了哪些文件 123456789101112131415161718192021222324[root@cobbler ~]# rpm -ql cobbler # 查看安装的文件，下面列出其中一部分。/etc/cobbler # 配置文件目录/etc/cobbler/settings # cobbler主配置文件，yaml格式，cobbler是python写的程序。/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # dhcp服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template # tftp服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/rsync.template # rsync服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/iso # iso模板配置文件目录/etc/cobbler/pxe # pxe模板文件目录/etc/cobbler/power # 电源的配置文件目录/etc/cobbler/users.conf # web服务授权配置文件/etc/cobbler/users.digest # web访问的用户名密码配置文件/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板/etc/cobbler/modules.conf # cobbler模块配置文件/var/lib/cobbler # cobbler数据目录/var/lib/cobbler/config # 配置文件/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts # 默认存放kickstart文件/var/lib/cobbler/loaders # 存放的各种引导程序/var/www/cobbler # 系统安装镜像目录/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror # 导入的系统镜像列表/var/www/cobbler/images # 导入的系统镜像启动文件/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror # yum源存储目录/var/log/cobbler # 日志目录/var/log/cobbler/install.log # 客户端系统安装日志/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log # cobbler日志 依赖关系说明： Cobbler 的运行依赖于 dhcp、tftp、rsync 及 dns 服务。其中，dhcp 可由 dhcpd（isc）提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供；tftp 可由 tftp-server 程序包提供，也可由 cobbler 功能提供；rsync 由 rsync 程序包提供，dns 可由 bind 提供，也可由 dnsmasq 提供。 Cobbler 可自行管理这些服务中的部分甚至是全部，但需要配置文件 /etc/cobbler/settings 中的manange_dhcp、manager_tftpd、manager_rsync、manager_dns 分别来进行定义。 由于各种服务都有着不同的实现方式，如若需要进行自定义，需要通过修改 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf 配置文件中各服务的模块参数的值来实现。 将 httpd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 123systemctl enable httpd --nowsystemctl is-enabled httpdsystemctl status httpd 将 cobblerd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 123systemctl enable cobblerd --nowsystemctl is-enabled cobblerdsystemctl status cobblerd 配置检查使用 Cobbler 的检查工具检查配置存在的问题并依次解决 12345678910111213[root@Cobbler ~]# cobbler checkThe following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp4 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories7 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one8 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use themRestart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes. 修改 /etc/cobbler/settings 文件中的 server 参数的值为提供 cobbler 服务的主机相应的 IP 地址或主机名，如server: 192.168.127.10 12cp /etc/cobbler/settings&#123;,.bak&#125;sed -ri 's#^server: 127.0.0.1#server: 192.168.127.10#' /etc/cobbler/settings 修改 /etc/cobbler/settings 文件中的 next_server 参数的值为提供 PXE 服务的主机相应的IP地址，如next_server: 192.168.127.10。server，pxe服务器的IP由于这里使用的是同一台机器，所以填 Cobbler 服务器的 IP 即可 1sed -ri 's#^next_server: 127.0.0.1#next_server: 192.168.127.10#' /etc/cobbler/settings 修改 /etc/xinetd.d/tftp 文件中的 disable 参数修改为 disable = no 12345cp /etc/xinetd.d/tftp&#123;,.bak&#125;sed -ri '/disable(\t| )*=/s#yes#no#g' /etc/xinetd.d/tftpsystemctl enable tftp.socket tftp.service --nowsystemctl status tftp.socket tftp.service 根据提示执行 cobbler get-lders 命令，最后提示 *** TASK COMPLETE *** 表示成功 将 rsyncd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 123systemctl enable rsyncd.service --nowsystemctl is-enabled rsyncd.servicesystemctl status rsyncd.service 使用 yum 安装 debmirror 12yum -y install debmirrorsed -ri '/^(@dists=|@arches).*/s/^/#/g' /etc/debmirror.conf 生成自定义密码密码来取代默认的密码，为了更安全，建议使用复杂度较高的密码 123openssl passwd -1 -salt AbCdE 123456$1$AbCdE$hu5kOjLA9s7z3NR.4cqmU/sed -ri 's#^(default_password_crypted:).*#\1 "$1$AbCdE$hu5kOjLA9s7z3NR.4cqmU/"#' /etc/cobbler/settings 使用 yum 安装 cman fence-agents 1yum -y install cman fence-agents 配置使用用 cobbler 管理DHCP 1sed -ri 's#^(manage_dhcp:).*#\1 1#g' /etc/cobbler/settings 修改 Cobbler 的 dhcp 模版文件 /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template，此模板会覆盖 dhcp 本身的配置文件，所以在此之前 确保没有启动dhcp服务也没有修改dhcp的配置文件 123456789101112131415161718192021222324subnet 192.168.127.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123; option routers 192.168.127.2; option domain-name-servers 192.168.127.2; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; range dynamic-bootp 192.168.127.130 192.168.127.230; default-lease-time 21600; max-lease-time 43200; next-server $next_server; class "pxeclients" &#123; match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient"; if option pxe-system-type = 00:02 &#123; filename "ia64/elilo.efi"; &#125; else if option pxe-system-type = 00:06 &#123; filename "grub/grub-x86.efi"; &#125; else if option pxe-system-type = 00:07 &#123; filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi"; &#125; else if option pxe-system-type = 00:09 &#123; filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi"; &#125; else &#123; filename "pxelinux.0"; &#125; &#125;&#125; 如果 Cobbler 是多网卡环境还需要指定 dhcp 使用的网卡，修改 /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service 文件中 ExecStart 最后面加上网卡名称 1ExecStart=/usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -user dhcpd -group dhcpd --no-pid &lt;your_interface_name(s)&gt; 为防止循环装系统，适用于服务器第一启动项是PXE启动 1sed -ri '/^pxe_just_once:.*/s#0#1#g' /etc/cobbler/settings 重启 cobblerd 服务，再次检查 123systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart cobblerd.servicecobbler check 同步 cobbler 的配置，可以看到同步做了哪些操作 1cobbler sync 然后将 dhcpd 加入开机启动服务列表并立即启动服务 1234systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl enable dhcpd --nowsystemctl is-enabled dhcpdsystemctl status dhcpd 获取 Usage 1234cobblercobbler --helpcobbler distro --helpcobbler profile --help 选项说明 12345678cobbler check 核对当前设置是否有问题cobbler list 列出所有的cobbler元素cobbler cobbler report 列出元素的详细信息cobbler sync 同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下cobbler reposync 同步yum仓库cobbler distro 查看导入的发行版系统信息cobbler system 查看添加的系统信息cobbler profile 查看配置信息 安装 CentOS 6.9Cobbler基本配置做好之后便可以创建多个 distro (发行版)来安装不同版本系统了 挂载 CentOS 6.9 镜像 12mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/ls /mnt/ 创建ks(ksckstart)文件 12cp /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.9.cfgvim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.9.cfg 配置后的文件内容 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788# This kickstart file should only be used with EL &gt; 5 and/or Fedora &gt; 7.# For older versions please use the sample.ks kickstart file.#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T# System authorization information#auth --useshadow --enablemd5authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512# System bootloader configurationbootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="nomodeset crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"# Partition clearing informationclearpart --all --initlabel# Use text mode installtext# Firewall configurationfirewall --enabled# Run the Setup Agent on first bootfirstboot --disable# System keyboardkeyboard us# System languagelang en_US.UTF-8# Use network installationurl --url=$tree# If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.$yum_repo_stanza# Network information$SNIPPET('network_config')# Reboot after installationreboot# Installation logging levellogging --level=info#Root passwordrootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted# System servicesservices --disabled="NetworkManager"services --disabled="postfix"# SELinux configurationselinux --disabled# Do not configure the X Window Systemskipx# System timezonetimezone Asia/Shanghai# Install OS instead of upgradeinstall# Clear the Master Boot Recordzerombr# Allow anaconda to partition the system as neededautopart%pre$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')# Enable installation monitoring$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')%end%packages@base@compat-libraries@developmentvim-enhancedbind-utils%end%post --nochroot$SNIPPET('log_ks_post_nochroot')%end%post$SNIPPET('log_ks_post')# Start yum configuration$yum_config_stanza# End yum configuration$SNIPPET('post_install_kernel_options')$SNIPPET('post_install_network_config')$SNIPPET('func_register_if_enabled')$SNIPPET('download_config_files')$SNIPPET('koan_environment')$SNIPPET('redhat_register')$SNIPPET('cobbler_register')# Enable post-install boot notification$SNIPPET('post_anamon')# Start final steps$SNIPPET('kickstart_done')# End final steps%end 将镜像中的文件导入Cobbler，创建 distro 1234567891011121314cobbler import --helpcobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name="CentOS-6.9_x86_64" --arch=x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6.9.cfg # --path 镜像路径 # --name 为安装源定义一个名字 # --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64 # 安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-6.9_x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。# 导入完成后的文件存放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/下以name命名的目录下ls /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/# 查看元素，同步数据cobbler listcobbler sync# 同步完成后会生成 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 信息查看 12cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64 如果不想要这个 distro 了，则按照下面的方法删除 12cobbler profile remove --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64cobbler distro remove --name=CentOS-6.9-x86_64 客户机引导时出现选择页面，local 和 CentOS-6.9-x86_64，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default，修改 TIMEOUT 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 ONTIMEOUT 为对应的 Label CentOS-6.9-x86_64 ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。重启服务 systemctl restart cobblerd，需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 cobbler sync 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。 安装 CentOS 7.7挂载 CentOS 7.7 镜像 123umount /dev/cdrommount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/ls /mnt/ 创建 ks(ksckstart) 文件 12cp /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.7.cfgvim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.7.cfg 配置后的文件内容 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109# This kickstart file should only be used with EL &gt; 5 and/or Fedora &gt; 7.# For older versions please use the sample.ks kickstart file.#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T# System authorization information#auth --useshadow --enablemd5authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512# System bootloader configurationbootloader --location=mbr# Partition clearing informationclearpart --all --initlabel# Use text mode installtext# Firewall configurationfirewall --disabled# Run the Setup Agent on first bootfirstboot --disable# System keyboardkeyboard us# System languagelang en_US.UTF-8# Use network installationurl --url=$tree# If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.$yum_repo_stanza# Network information$SNIPPET('network_config')# Reboot after installationreboot# Installation logging levellogging --level=info#Root passwordrootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted# System servicesservices --disabled="NetworkManager"services --disabled="postfix"services --disabled="firewalld"# SELinux configurationselinux --disabled# Do not configure the X Window Systemskipx# System timezonetimezone Asia/Shanghai# Install OS instead of upgradeinstall# Clear the Master Boot Recordzerombr# Allow anaconda to partition the system as needed#autopartpart /boot --fstype="xfs" --asprimary --size=200part swap --fstype="swap" --asprimary --size=2000part / --fstype="xfs" --asprimary --size=1 --grow%pre$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')# Enable installation monitoring$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')%end%packages@^minimal@compat-libraries@core@developmentbash-completionkexec-toolstreewgetopenssh-clientsglibcgmpbzip2bind-utilsnet-toolsmtr lrzsznmaptcpdumpdos2unixvim-enhancedlsofbash-completion%end%post --nochroot$SNIPPET('log_ks_post_nochroot')%end%post$SNIPPET('log_ks_post')# Start yum configuration$yum_config_stanza# End yum configuration$SNIPPET('post_install_kernel_options')$SNIPPET('post_install_network_config')$SNIPPET('func_register_if_enabled')$SNIPPET('download_config_files')$SNIPPET('koan_environment')$SNIPPET('redhat_register')$SNIPPET('cobbler_register')# Enable post-install boot notification$SNIPPET('post_anamon')# Start final steps$SNIPPET('kickstart_done')# End final steps%end 将镜像中的文件导入Cobbler，创建 distro 123456cobbler import --helpcobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name='CentOS-7.7' --arch=x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.7.cfg# --path 镜像路径# --name 为安装源定义一个名字# --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64 安装源的唯一标示就是根据 name 参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-7.7-x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。导入完成后的文件存放在 /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/ 下以 name 和 arch 命名的目录下： 12# ls /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.7-x86_64 config 查看元素，同步数据，同步完成后会生成 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 12cobbler listcobbler sync 修改安装系统的内核参数：在 CentOS7 系统有一个地方变了，就是网卡名变成 eno***** 这种形式，为了运维标准化，我们需要将它变成我们常用的 eth0： 1cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.7-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0' 信息查看，可以看到 Kickstart 那里的配置 cfg 文件地址被改变了： 12cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.7-x86_64cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-7.7-x86_64 开机画面显示的修改，需要编辑 /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template： 123MENU TITLE Cobbler | http://cobbler.github.io/# 改为自定义title，如下MENU TITLE Cobbler | Cobbler Install 然后执行 cobbler sync 重新生成 defatul 文件。客户机引导时出现选择页面，local 和 CentOS-7.7-x86_64 ，干扰自动部署。此时需要编辑 /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default，修改 TIMEOUT 为 100，即等待时间为 10 秒，修改 ONTIMEOUT 为对应的 Label CentOS-7.7-x86_64 ，即超过了等待时间后默认安装哪个系统。 然后重启服务。需要注意的是，如果此时执行了 cobbler sync 就会重新生成 defatul 文件，之前的配置将被覆盖。 1systemctl restart cobblerd.service 使用 web 安装 CentOS 8在进行 web 端使用时，我们保持默认直接访问 web 页面即可，账号密码默认均为 cobbler，而且 CentOS7 中 cobbler 只支持 https 访问，浏览器访问 https://192.168.127.10/cobbler_web/ 挂载 CentOS 8.0 镜像 12mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/ls /mnt/ 导入镜像 导入过程使用 rsync 进行导入，三个进程消失表示导入完毕 12345[root@Cobbler ~]# pgrep -af rsync595 /usr/bin/rsync --daemon --no-detach1691 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --progress1692 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --progress1693 rsync -a /mnt/ /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --progress 在 web 界面也可以看到相关的日志，running 代表正在进行，complete 代表已完成 创建 ks 文件 编写文件，参照 7.7 系统 ks 文件，编写好后点击 Save 即可保存。要注意 CentOS 8.x 开始已经用 NetworkMana个人 淘汰掉 network 服务了，因此请不要在 ks 文件中禁用 NetworkManager 服务。 最好不要在 ks 文件中选择要安装的包组、包等，否则可能在安装过程中会出现下面的问题： 为相应的 Profile 选择指定的 ks 文件： 如果不想使用原有的网卡名称而是想统一成 eth* 格式，可以加入内核参数 除了在 web 界面添加，还可以使用命令行修改： 1cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-8.0-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0' 完成之后，查看菜单文件可以看到新的菜单生成： 1cat /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 这个文件被同步更新后会导致一些选项恢复默认，此时请根据实际需要再次进行人为修改，比如 TIMEOUT 和 ONTIMEOUT 选项的值的更改。 这一列操作完成后就可以新开机器测试了。 web端的用户认证方式cobbler_web 支持多种认证方式，如 authn_configfile、authn_ldap 或 authn_pam 等，查看 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf 中 [authentication] 段的 module 参数及其注释说明，可以知道值默认为 authn_denyall，即拒绝所有用户登录。如果需要自定义认证功能，请根据下面两种能认证用户登录 cobbler_web 的方式。 使用authn_pam模块认证cobbler_web用户 首先修改 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf 中 [authentication] 段的 module 参数的值为 authn_pam，接着添加系统用户，用户名和密码按需设定即可 12useradd cblradminecho 'cblrpass' | passwd --stdin cblradmin 而后将 cblradmin 用户添加至 cobbler_web 的 admin 组中。修改 /etc/cobbler/users.conf 文件，将 cblradmin 用户名添加为 admin 参数的值即可 12[admins]admin = "cblradmin" 最后重启 cobblerd 服务，通过 http://YOUR_COBBLERD_IP/cobbler_web 访问即可 使用authn_configfile模块认证cobbler_web用户 首先修改 /etc/cobbler/modules.conf 中 [authentication] 段的 module 参数的值为 authn_configfile 接着创建其认证文件 /etc/cobbler/users.digest，并添加所需的用户即可。需要注意的是，添加第一个用户时，需要为 htdigest 命令使用 -c 选项，后续添加其他用户时不能再使用 -c；另外，cobbler_web 的 realm 只能为 Cobbler。如下所示。 1htdigest -c /etc/cobbler/users.digest Cobbler cblradmin 最后重启 cobblerd 服务，通过 http://YOUR_COBBLERD_IP/cobbler_web 访问即可 常见错误tftp 启动异常 123[root@Cobbler ~]# netstat -tunlp | grep 69[root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl start tftpA dependency job for tftp.service failed. See 'journalctl -xe' for details. 这是因为 tftp socket 的问题，启动 tftp socke 并将其加入开机启动列表，当有需要的时候 systemd 会自动启动 tftp 服务 1234567[root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl enable tftp.socket --now[root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl status tftp.socket [root@Cobbler ~]# systemctl start tftp.service[root@Cobbler ~]# netstat -tunlp | grep 69 udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:69 0.0.0.0:* 1/systemd [root@Cobbler ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local [root@Cobbler ~]# echo &apos;systemctl enable tftp.socket --now&apos; &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.d/rc.local 参考链接：https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/23/html/Installation_Guide/pxe-tftpd.html No space left on device 12umount: /run/initramfs/squashfs: not mounted/sbin/dmsquash-live-root: line 273: printf: write error: No space left on device 出现这个错误的原因是内存不足 2G，将内存调为2G或以上即可]]></content>
       <tags>
-        <tag>Cobbler</tag>
         <tag>Kickstart</tag>
+        <tag>Cobbler</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8]]></title>
     <url>%2F2018%2F01%2F22%2F162310-Kickstart%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%BA%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%88%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85CentOS6.8%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ks.cfg 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的参数，便会弹出对话框让安装者手工填写。所以，如果 ks.cfg 文件涵盖了安装过程中所有需要填写的参数，那么安装者完全可以只告诉安装程序从何处下载 ks.cfg 文件，然后就去忙自己的事情。等安装完毕，安装程序会根据 ks.cfg 中的设置重启/关闭系统，并结束安装。 Cobbler 集中和简化了通过网络安装操作系统需要使用到的 DHCP、TFTP 和 DNS 服务的配置，它不仅有一个命令行界面，还提供了一个 Web 界面，大大降低了使用者的入门水平。 简单地说，Cobbler 是对 Kickstart 的封装，简化安装步骤、使用流程，降低使用者的门槛 PXE什么是PXE？ PXE(Pre-boot Execution Environment，预启动执行环境)是由Intel公司开发的最新技术，工作于Client/Server的网络模式，支持工作站通过网络从远端服务器下载映像，并由此支持通过网络启动操作系统。 通过网络接口启动计算机，不依赖本地存储设备（如硬盘）或本地已安装的操作系统 在启动过程中，PXE客户端会调用网际协议(IP)、用户数据报协议(UDP)、动态主机设定协议(DHCP)、小型文件传输协议(TFTP)等网络协议。 终端要求服务器分配IP地址，再用TFTP（trivial file transfer protocol）或MTFTP(multicast trivial file transfer protocol)协议下载一个启动软件包到本机内存中执行，由这个启动软件包完成终端基本软件设置，从而引导预先安装在服务器中的终端操作系统。 严格来说，PXE 并不是一种安装方式，而是一种引导方式。进行 PXE 安装的必要条件是在要安装的计算机中必须包含一个 PXE 支持的网卡（NIC），即网卡中必须要有 PXE Client。PXE 协议可以使计算机通过网络启动。此协议分为 Client端 和 Server 端，而PXE Client则在网卡的 ROM 中。当计算机引导时，BIOS 把 PXE Client 调入内存中执行，然后由 PXE Client 将放置在远端的文件通过网络下载到本地运行。运行 PXE 协议需要设置 DHCP 服务器和 TFTP 服务器。DHCP 服务器会给 PXE Client（将要安装系统的主机）分配一个 IP 地址，由于是给 PXE Client 分配 IP 地址，所以在配置 DHCP 服务器时需要增加相应的 PXE 设置。此外，在 PXE Client 的 ROM 中，已经存在了 TFTP Client，那么它就可以通过 TFTP 协议到 TFTP Server 上下载所需的文件了。 PXE技术与RPL技术不同之处为RPL是静态路由，PXE是动态路由。RPL是根据网卡上的ID号加上其他记录组成的一个Frame（帧）向服务器发出请求。而服务器中已有这个ID数据，匹配成功则进行远程启动。PXE则是根据服务器端收到的工件站MAC地址，使用DHCP服务为这个MAC地址指定个IP地址。每次启动可能同一台工作站有与上次启动有不同的IP，即动态分配地址。 PXE工作过程 1、PXE Client向DHCP发送请求 PXE Client开机后，PXE BootROM（自启动芯片）获得控制权之前执行自我测试，然后以UDP发送一个广播请求（FIND帧） ，向本网络中的DHCP服务器索取IP； 2、DHCP服务器提供信息 DHCP 收到客户端的请求，送回DHCP响应应，包括用户端的IP地址、预设通信通道、PXE文件的放置位置(一般放在一台TFTP服务器上) 以及开机映像文件； 3、 PXE客户端请求下载启动文件 客户端收到服务器发回的响应后则会回应一个帧，以请求传送启动所需文件，并把自己的MAC地址写到服务器端的Netnames.db文件中。 启动所需文件包含：pxelinux.0、pxelinux.cfg / default、vmlinuz、initrd.img等文件。 4、Boot Server响应客户端请求并传送文件 当服务器收到客户端的请求后，他们之间之后将有更多的信息在客户端与服务器之间作应答, 用以决定启动参数。 BootROM基于TFTP通讯协议从Boot Server下载启动安装程序所必须的文件(pxelinux.0、pxelinux.cfg / default)。default文件下载完成后，会根据该文件中定义的引导顺序，启动Linux安装程序的引导内核。 5、请求下载自动应答文件 客户端通过pxelinux.cfg / default文件成功的引导Linux安装内核后，安装程序首先必须确定你通过什么安装介质来安装linux，如果是通过网络安装(NFS, FTP, HTTP)，则会在这个时候初始化网络，并定位安装源位置。接着会读取default文件中指定的自动应答文件ks.cfg所在位置，根据该位置请求下载该文件。 注意： 在第2步和第5步初始化2次网络，这是由于PXE获取的是安装用的内核以及安装程序等，而安装程序要获取的是安装系统所需的二进制包以及配置文件。因此PXE模块和安装程序是相对独立的，PXE的网络配置并不能传递给安装程序，从而进行两次获取IP地址过程，但IP地址在DHCP的租期内是一样的。 6、客户端安装操作系统 将ks.cfg文件下载回来后，通过该文件找到OS Server，并按照该文件的配置请求下载安装过程需要的软件包。OS Server和客户端建立连接后，将开始传输软件包，客户端将开始安装操作系统。安装完成后，将提示重新引导计算机。 PXE + Kickstart 配置并安装系统流程图 系统服务器 OS Server 可以使用 http、nfs、ftp 服务器，此处使用 http 作为系统文件下载服务器 系统环境 虚拟机：VMware® Workstation 12 Pro系统：CentOS release 6.8 12service iptables stopsetenforce permissive 网络环境 虚拟机NAT8模式的地址段 192.168.247.0 255.255.255.0，可以在虚拟网络编辑器自定义设定 Windows的物理机将自己可以上网的网卡在属性中共享给 VMware Network Adapter VMnet8，确保虚拟机可以联网，以便网络yum源安装软件 DHCP、TFTP、HTTP均安装在一台服务器，IP地址为 192.168.247.6，网络模式为NAT8 注意： 虚拟机网卡采用NAT模式，不要使用桥接模式，因为后续会搭建DHCP服务器，在同一局域网多个DHCP服务会有冲突。 VMware的NAT模式的dhcp服务也关闭，避免干扰。 “编辑” - “虚拟网络编辑器” - “使用本地DHCP服务将IP地址分配给虚拟机”，将其关闭 基本设置完成后，Windows物理机中VMware Network Adapter VMnet8的网卡上的IP为192.168.247.1，netmask为255.255.255.0，此网卡作为本子网的网关 DHCP配置123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930yum -y install dhcp# 安装DHCP\cp -arf /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.?.?/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf # 清注意，问号区域视dhcp版本而定cp /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf&#123;,.bak&#125;;cat &gt;| /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf &lt;&lt; 'EOF'ddns-update-style interim;ignore client-updates;allow booting; # 定义能够PXE启动allow bootp; # 定义支持bootpsubnet 192.168.247.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123; range 192.168.247.100 192.168.247.200; # 可分配的起始IP-结束IP option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # 子网掩码 option routers 192.168.247.1; # 设置路由器地址（网关） default-lease-time 21600; # 设置默认的IP租用期限 max-lease-time 43200; # 设置最大的IP租用期限 filename "pxelinux.0"; # 告知客户端从TFTP根目录下载pxelinux.0文件 next-server 192.168.247.6; # 告知客户端TFTP服务器的ip ，此处为本机IP &#125; EOF# 配置dchpdsed -i 's@\(DHCPDARGS=\).*@\1eth0@' /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd# 绑定网卡/etc/init.d/dhcpd start# 服务启动chkconfig dhcpd on# 添加开机启动 TFTP配置TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol,简单文件传输协议）是TCP/IP协议族中的一个用来在客户机与服务器之间进行简单文件传输的协议，提供不复杂、开销不大的文件传输服务。端口号为69。 1234567891011yum -y install tftp-server# 安装sed -ri 'sS(disable( |\t)+= ).*S\1noS' /etc/xinetd.d/tftp# 将disable后的值改为no/etc/init.d/xinetd restartchkconfig xinetd on# 因为tftp服务是挂载在超级进程xinetd 下的，所以通过启动xinetd 来启动tftp服务。netstat -unlpt | grep --color 69 HTTP配置可以用Apache或Nginx提供HTTP服务。Python的模块web服务会有报错，不建议采用。 12345678yum -y install httpd# 安装/etc/init.d/httpd start# 启动chkconfig --level 2345 httpd on# 添加开机自启 OS Server准备CentOS6.8的镜像，插入服务器，拷贝系统安装文件。 1234install -cdv /mnt/cdrommount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdromdf -hcp -r /mnt/cdrom /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8 浏览器访问 http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/ 检验配置是否正确 配置 PXE 启动程序syslinux是一个功能强大的引导加载程序，而且兼容各种介质。它是一个小型的 Linux 操作系统，它的目的是简化首次安装 Linux 的时间，并建立修护或其它特殊用途的启动盘。如果没有找到 pxelinux.0 这个文件，可以安装一下。 123456789101112yum -y install syslinux# 安装cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/# 复制启动菜单程序文件cp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/* /var/lib/tftpboot/ls /var/lib/tftpboot/mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfgcp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default# 新建一个pxelinux.cfg目录，存放客户端的配置文件 pxe的配置文件default参数配置 1vim /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 配置后的文件内容 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940default linux # 默认启动的是 'label linux' 中标记的启动内核prompt 1 # 开启会显示命令行'boot: '提示符。prompt值为0时则不提示，将会直接启动'default'参数中指定的内容。timeout 30 # timeout时间是引导时等待用户手动选择的时间，设为1可直接引导，单位为1/10秒。display boot.msg# 菜单背景图片、标题、颜色。menu background splash.jpgmenu title Welcome to CentOS 6.8!menu color border 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color sel 7 #ffffffff #ff000000menu color title 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color tabmsg 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color unsel 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color hotsel 0 #ff000000 #ffffffffmenu color hotkey 7 #ffffffff #ff000000menu color scrollbar 0 #ffffffff #00000000# label指定在boot:提示符下输入的关键字，比如boot:linux[ENTER]，这个会启动label linux下标记的kernel和initrd.img文件。label linux # 一个标签就是前面图片的一行选项。 menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system menu default kernel vmlinuz # 指定要启动的内核。同样要注意路径，默认是/var/lib/tftpboot目录。 append ks=http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/ks.cfg initrd=initrd.img ksdevice=eth0 # 指定追加给内核的参数，告诉系统，从哪里获取ks.cfg文件# initrd.img是一个最小的linux系统.# 如果有多张网卡，默认会弹出让你选择需要从哪张网卡获取，导致无法实现全自动化,使用ksdevice指定默认网卡label vesa menu label Install system with ^basic video driver kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img nomodesetlabel rescue menu label ^Rescue installed system kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img rescuelabel local menu label Boot from ^local drive localboot 0xfffflabel memtest86 menu label ^Memory test kernel memtest append - ks.cfg通常，在安装操作系统的过程中，需要大量的和服务器交互操作，为了减少这个交互过程，Kickstart 就诞生了。使用这种 Kickstart，只需事先定义好一个 Kickstart 自动应答配置文件 ks.cfg（通常存放在安装服务器上），并让安装程序知道该配置文件的位置，在安装过程中安装程序就可以自己从该文件中读取安装配置，这样就避免了在安装过程中多次的人机交互，从而实现无人值守的自动化安装。 生成 Kickstart 配置文件的三种方法 每安装好一台 CentOS 机器，CentOS 安装程序都会创建一个 Kickstart 配置文件，记录你的真实安装配置（生成的文件 /root/anaconda-ks.cfg）。如果你希望实现和某系统类似的安装，可以基于该系统的 Kickstart 配置文件来生成你自己的 Kickstart 配置文件。 CentOS 提供了一个图形化的 Kickstart 配置工具。在任何一个安装好的 Linux 系统上运行该工具，就可以很容易地创建你自己的 Kickstart 配置文件。Kickstart 配置工具命令为 redhat-config-kickstart （RHEL3）或 system-config-kickstart （RHEL4，RHEL5）。网上有很多用 CentOS 桌面版生成 ks 文件的文章。 阅读 Kickstart 配置文件的手册。用任何一个文本编辑器都可以创建你自己的 Kickstart 配置文件。 ks.cfg文件组成 命令段：键盘类型，语言，安装方式等系统的配置，有必选项和可选项，如果缺少某项必选项，安装时会中断并提示用户选择此项的选项 软件包段：在安装过程中默认安装的软件包，安装软件时会自动分析依赖关系。 123456%packages@compat-libraries@development# @groupname：指定安装的包组# package_name：指定安装的包# -package_name：指定不安装的包 脚本段(可选) 12345%pre# 安装系统前执行的命令或脚本(由于只依赖于启动镜像，支持的命令很少)%post# 安装系统后执行的命令或脚本(基本支持所有命令) 这里使用 anaconda-ks.cfg 并做了更改，内容如下： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140# Kickstart file automatically generated by anaconda.# CentOS 6.8 # Platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T #version=DEVELfirstboot --disable# Firewall configurationfirewall --disabled# Install OS instead of upgrade install# Use text mode install #text# 6.X系统可能文本模式安装导致初始化失败，此项注释# Use graphical installgraphical# Use network installationurl --url="http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8"# 这个选项告诉安装程序：到服务器192.168.247.6 的HTTP根目录下的CentOS-6.8目录下寻找安装介质# System languagelang en_US.UTF-8# System keyboardkeyboard us# System timezonetimezone Asia/Shanghai# Network informationnetwork --onboot no --device eth0 --bootproto dhcp --noipv6# Root passwordrootpw --iscrypted $6$ZE3J70TVR5F1LApI$N.4/XjFTpzcwe3fdbBda4RACxjJWNcBZ0WWe57goL2prx1xjk0ayhVL42uEVdyh5A1tu0BMqUb7/UjEk4QJhX0# System authorization informationauth --useshadow --passalgo=sha512# Do not configure the X Window Systemskipx# SELinux configurationselinux --disabled# Installation logging levellogging --level=info# Reboot after installationreboot# 此选项必须存在，也必须文中设定位置，不然kickstart显示一条消息，并等待用户按任意键后才重新引导；# System bootloader configurationbootloader --location=mbr --password="hehedadada"key --skip# 如果是红帽系统，此选项可以跳过输入序列号过程；如果是CentOS 系列，则可以不保留此项内容；# Clear the Master Boot Recordzerombr# Partition clearing informationclearpart --all --initlabel# 此条命令必须添加，不然系统会让用户手动选择是否清除所有数据，这就需要人为干预了，从而导致自动化过程失败；# Disk partitioning informationpart /boot --asprimary --fstype="ext4" --size=500part swap --fstype="swap" --size=2048part / --asprimary --fstype="ext4" --grow --size=1%packages@base@compat-libraries@developmentvim-enhancedbind-utilsntpdatenmaptcpdumpdos2unix%post# 禁用 ctrl+alt+del/bin/sed -ri 'sSexec /sbin/shutdown -r now.*S#&amp;Sg' /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf # 关闭 IPv6if test -s /etc/modprobe.conf;then /bin/sed -ri 's#(^options ipv6 disable=).*#\11#;s#(^alias net-pf-10 ).*#\1off#' /etc/modprobe.conf;else &#123;/bin/cat &gt;&gt;/etc/modprobe.conf &lt;&lt;- 'EOF'options ip_conntrack hashsize=65536options ipv6 disable=1alias net-pf-10 offEOF &#125;fi/sbin/chkconfig ip6tables off# 禁用Zero Configuration Network# 当系统无法连接DHCP server的时候，就会尝试通过ZEROCONF来获取IP,并添加一条169.254.0.0/16的路由条目Netwfile="/etc/sysconfig/network"if /bin/fgrep -q 'NOZEROCONF=' $&#123;Netwfile&#125;;then /bin/sed -ri 's#(NOZEROCONF=).*#\1yes#' $&#123;Netwfile&#125;else echo 'NOZEROCONF=yes' &gt;&gt; $&#123;Netwfile&#125;fi# 禁用sshd使用DNS功能/bin/egrep -q '^UseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || /bin/sed -ri '/#UseDNS /aUseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config# 对grep系列命令添加别名，支持颜色高亮显示echo "alias grep='grep --color'" &gt;&gt; /root/.bashrc;echo "alias egrep='egrep --color'" &gt;&gt; /root/.bashrc;echo "alias fgrep='fgrep --color'" &gt;&gt; /root/.bashrc;# 记录bash历史命令的执行时间time='HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d\ %H:%M:%S "'if /bin/egrep -qs "$&#123;time&#125;" /etc/profile;then :else /bin/sed -ri '/export PATH USER.*HISTSIZE/a'"$&#123;time&#125;"'\nexport HISTTIMEFORMAT' /etc/profilefi# 启用vim的语法高亮/bin/egrep -q '^syntax' /root/.vimrc || echo 'syntax on' &gt;&gt; /root/.vimrc# 关闭不常用服务for i in `/sbin/chkconfig --list | /bin/awk '/2:on/&#123;if($1~/apmd|crond|network|snmpd|sshd|syslog/)&#123;&#125;else&#123;print $1&#125;&#125;'`;do /sbin/chkconfig --level 2345 $&#123;i&#125; offdoneunset i/bin/sed -r -i 's/(^id:)./\12/' /etc/inittab%end 注意事项 保证网络配置正常，避免发生网络冲突（比如虚拟机使用本网段的第二个地址作为tftp服务器有可能导致tftp无法响应客户端） iptables 均为关闭状态 安装模式最好保持默认（某些系统使用文本模式安装将导致失败） 确保配置了自动清除分区的参数 如果有多网卡环境的待安装服务器，pxelinux.cfg/default 中要使用 ksdevice 选择默认网卡 确保 selinux 状态 setenforce 0 ks.cfg文件参数 关键字 含义 install 告知安装程序，这是一次全新安装，而不是upgrade(升级) url --url=”http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/“ 通过HTTP从远程服务器上的安装树中安装。 url --url ftp://:@/ 通过FTP从远程服务器上的安装树中安装。 nfs --server=nfsserver.example.com --dir=/tmp/install-tree 从指定的NFS服务器安装 text 使用文本模式安装 lang 设置在安装过程中使用的语言以及系统的缺省语言。lang en_US.UTF-8 keyboard 设置系统键盘类型。keyboard us zerombr 清除mbr引导信息。 bootloader bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append=”crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet” --location= 指定引导记录被写入的位置.有效的值如下:mbr(缺省),partition(在包含内核的分区的第一个扇区安装引导装载程序)或none(不安装引导装载程序)。 --driveorder,指定在BIOS引导顺序中居首的驱动器。 --append=,指定内核参数.要指定多个参数,使用空格分隔它们。 network 为通过网络的kickstart安装以及所安装的系统配置联网信息。 network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=yes --noipv6 --hostname=CentOS6 --bootproto=[dhcp/bootp/static]中的一种，缺省值是dhcp。bootp和dhcp被认为是相同的。 static方法要求在kickstart文件里输入所有的网络信息。 network --bootproto=static --ip=10.0.0.100 --netmask=255.255.255.0 --gateway=10.0.0.2 --nameserver=10.0.0.2 请注意所有配置信息都必须在一行上指定,不能使用反斜线来换行。 --ip=,要安装的机器的IP地址. --gateway=,IP地址格式的默认网关. --netmask=,安装的系统的子网掩码. --hostname=,安装的系统的主机名. --onboot=,是否在引导时启用该设备. --noipv6=,禁用此设备的IPv6. --nameserver=,配置dns解析. timezone 设置系统时区 timezone Asia/Shanghai authconfig 系统认证信息。authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512 设置密码加密方式为sha512 启用shadow文件。 rootpw root密码 clearpart 清空分区。clearpart --all --initlabel --all 从系统中清除所有分区--initlable 初始化磁盘标签 part 磁盘分区。 part /boot --fstype=ext4 --asprimary –size=500 part swap --size=2048 part / --fstype=ext4 --grow --asprimary --size=200 --fstype=,为分区设置文件系统类型.有效的类型为ext2,ext3,ext4,swap和vfat。 --asprimary,强迫把分区分配为主分区,否则提示分区失败。 --size=,以MB为单位的分区最小值.在此处指定一个整数值,如500.不要在数字后面加MB。 --grow,告诉分区使用所有可用空间(若有),或使用设置的最大值。 selinux 关闭selinux。selinux –disabled firewall 关闭防火墙。firewall –disabled logging 设置日志级别。logging --level=info 参考文档：https://access.redhat.com/documentation/zh-TW/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[要想同时上线几十甚至上百台服务器，在短时间内完成系统安装，如果通过光驱、U盘的方式逐台安装，不仅效率低，也不利于维护。 Kickstart 是一种无人值守的安装方式。它的工作原理是在安装过程中记录人工干预填写的各种参数，并生成一个名为 ks.cfg 的文件。如果在自动安装过程中出现要填写参数的情况，安装程序首先会去查找 ks.cfg 文件，如果找到合适的参数，就采用所找到的参数；如果没有找到合适的参数，便会弹出对话框让安装者手工填写。所以，如果 ks.cfg 文件涵盖了安装过程中所有需要填写的参数，那么安装者完全可以只告诉安装程序从何处下载 ks.cfg 文件，然后就去忙自己的事情。等安装完毕，安装程序会根据 ks.cfg 中的设置重启/关闭系统，并结束安装。 题外话： Cobbler 集中和简化了通过网络安装操作系统需要使用到的 DHCP、TFTP 和 DNS 服务的配置，它不仅有一个命令行界面，还提供了一个 Web 界面，大大降低了使用者的入门水平。 简单地说，Cobbler 是对 Kickstart 的封装，简化安装步骤、使用流程，降低使用者的门槛 PXE什么是PXE？ PXE(Pre-boot Execution Environment，预启动执行环境)是由 Intel 公司开发的最新技术，工作于 Client/Serve r的网络模式，支持工作站通过网络从远端服务器下载映像，并由此支持通过网络启动操作系统。 通过网络接口启动计算机，不依赖本地存储设备（如硬盘）或本地已安装的操作系统。 在启动过程中，PXE 客户端会调用网际协议(IP)、用户数据报协议(UDP)、动态主机设定协议(DHCP)、小型文件传输协议(TFTP)等网络协议。 终端要求服务器分配IP地址，再用 TFTP（trivial file transfer protocol）或 MTFTP(multicast trivial file transfer protocol) 协议下载一个启动软件包到本机内存中执行，由这个启动软件包完成终端基本软件设置，从而引导预先安装在服务器中的终端操作系统。 严格来说，PXE 并不是一种安装方式，而是一种引导方式。进行 PXE 安装的必要条件是在要安装的计算机中必须包含一个 PXE 支持的网卡（NIC），即网卡中必须要有 PXE Client。PXE 协议可以使计算机通过网络启动。此协议分为 Client端 和 Server 端，而 PXE Client 则在网卡的 ROM 中。当计算机引导时，BIOS 把 PXE Client 调入内存中执行，然后由 PXE Client 将放置在远端的文件通过网络下载到本地运行。运行 PXE 协议需要设置 DHCP 服务器和 TFTP 服务器。DHCP 服务器会给 PXE Client（将要安装系统的主机）分配一个 IP 地址，由于是给 PXE Client 分配 IP 地址，所以在配置 DHCP 服务器时需要增加相应的 PXE 设置。此外，在 PXE Client 的 ROM 中，已经存在了 TFTP Client，那么它就可以通过 TFTP 协议到 TFTP Server 上下载所需的文件了。 PXE 技术与 RPL 技术不同之处为 RPL 是静态路由，PXE 是动态路由。RPL 是根据网卡上的ID号加上其他记录组成的一个 Frame（帧）向服务器发出请求。而服务器中已有这个ID数据，匹配成功则进行远程启动。PXE 则是根据服务器端收到的工件站MAC地址，使用DHCP 服务为这个MAC地址指定一个IP地址。每次启动可能同一台工作站有与上次启动有不同的IP，即动态分配地址。 PXE工作过程 1、PXE Client 向 DHCP 发送请求 PXE Client开机后，PXE BootROM（自启动芯片）获得控制权之前执行自我测试，然后以UDP发送一个广播请求（FIND帧） ，向本网络中的DHCP服务器索取IP； 2、DHCP服务器提供信息 DHCP 收到客户端的请求，送回DHCP响应应，包括用户端的IP地址、预设通信通道、PXE文件的放置位置(一般放在一台TFTP服务器上) 以及开机映像文件； 3、 PXE客户端请求下载启动文件 客户端收到服务器发回的响应后则会回应一个帧，以请求传送启动所需文件，并把自己的MAC地址写到服务器端的Netnames.db文件中。 启动所需文件包含：pxelinux.0、pxelinux.cfg / default、vmlinuz、initrd.img等文件。 4、Boot Server响应客户端请求并传送文件 当服务器收到客户端的请求后，他们之间之后将有更多的信息在客户端与服务器之间作应答, 用以决定启动参数。 BootROM基于TFTP通讯协议从Boot Server下载启动安装程序所必须的文件(pxelinux.0、pxelinux.cfg / default)。default文件下载完成后，会根据该文件中定义的引导顺序，启动Linux安装程序的引导内核。 5、请求下载自动应答文件 客户端通过pxelinux.cfg / default文件成功的引导Linux安装内核后，安装程序首先必须确定你通过什么安装介质来安装linux，如果是通过网络安装(NFS, FTP, HTTP)，则会在这个时候初始化网络，并定位安装源位置。接着会读取default文件中指定的自动应答文件ks.cfg所在位置，根据该位置请求下载该文件。 注意： 在第2步和第5步初始化2次网络，这是由于PXE获取的是安装用的内核以及安装程序等，而安装程序要获取的是安装系统所需的二进制包以及配置文件。因此PXE模块和安装程序是相对独立的，PXE的网络配置并不能传递给安装程序，从而进行两次获取IP地址过程，但IP地址在DHCP的租期内是一样的。 6、客户端安装操作系统 将ks.cfg文件下载回来后，通过该文件找到OS Server，并按照该文件的配置请求下载安装过程需要的软件包。OS Server和客户端建立连接后，将开始传输软件包，客户端将开始安装操作系统。安装完成后，将提示重新引导计算机。 PXE + Kickstart 配置并安装系统流程图 系统服务器 OS Server 可以使用 http、nfs、ftp 服务器，此处使用 http 作为系统文件下载服务器。 系统环境 虚拟机：VMware® Workstation 12 Pro系统：CentOS release 6.8 12service iptables stopsetenforce permissive 网络环境 虚拟机 NAT 模式的地址段 192.168.247.0 255.255.255.0，可以在虚拟网络编辑器自定义。 DHCP、TFTP、HTTP 均安装在一台服务器，IP地址为 192.168.247.6，网络模式为 NAT 注意： 虚拟机网卡采用NAT模式，不要使用桥接模式，因为后续会搭建DHCP服务器，在同一局域网多个DHCP服务会有冲突。 VMware的NAT模式的dhcp服务也关闭，避免干扰。 “编辑” - “虚拟网络编辑器” - “使用本地DHCP服务将IP地址分配给虚拟机”，将其关闭 基本设置完成后，可以在 Windows 物理机中看到 VMware Network Adapter VMnet8 的网卡上的IP为192.168.247.1，子网掩码是 255.255.255.0，此网卡作为本子网的网关。 DHCP配置1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132yum -y install dhcp# 安装DHCP\cp -arf /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.?.?/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf # 清注意，问号区域视dhcp版本而定cp /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf&#123;,.bak&#125;;cat &gt;| /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf &lt;&lt; 'EOF'ddns-update-style interim;ignore client-updates;allow booting; # 定义能够PXE启动allow bootp; # 定义支持bootpsubnet 192.168.247.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 &#123; range 192.168.247.100 192.168.247.200; # 可分配的起始IP-结束IP option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # 子网掩码 option routers 192.168.247.1; # 设置路由器地址（网关） default-lease-time 21600; # 设置默认的IP租用期限 max-lease-time 43200; # 设置最大的IP租用期限 filename "pxelinux.0"; # 告知客户端从TFTP根目录下载pxelinux.0文件 next-server 192.168.247.6; # 告知客户端TFTP服务器的ip ，此处为本机IP &#125; EOF# 配置dchpdsed -i 's@\(DHCPDARGS=\).*@\1eth0@' /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd# 绑定网卡/etc/init.d/dhcpd start# 服务启动chkconfig dhcpd on# 添加开机启动 TFTP配置TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol,简单文件传输协议）是TCP/IP协议族中的一个用来在客户机与服务器之间进行简单文件传输的协议，提供不复杂、开销不大的文件传输服务。端口号为 69 。 1234567891011yum -y install tftp-server# 安装sed -ri 's#(disable( |\t)+= ).*#\1no#' /etc/xinetd.d/tftp# 将disable后的值改为no/etc/init.d/xinetd restartchkconfig xinetd on# 因为tftp服务是挂载在超级进程xinetd 下的，所以通过启动xinetd 来启动tftp服务。netstat -unlpt | grep --color 69 HTTP配置可以用 Apache 或 Nginx 提供 HTTP 服务。Python 的模块 web 服务会有报错，不建议采用。 12345678yum -y install httpd# 安装/etc/init.d/httpd start# 启动chkconfig --level 2345 httpd on# 添加开机自启 OS Server准备 CentOS 6.8 的镜像，插入服务器，拷贝系统安装文件。 12345install -cdv /mnt/cdrommount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdromdf -hcp -r /mnt/cdrom /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8 浏览器访问 http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/ 检验配置是否正确。 配置 PXE 启动程序syslinux 是一个功能强大的引导加载程序，而且兼容各种介质。它是一个小型的 Linux 操作系统，它的目的是简化首次安装 Linux 的时间，并建立修护或其它特殊用途的启动盘。如果没有找到 pxelinux.0 这个文件，可以安装一下。 123456789101112yum -y install syslinux# 安装cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/# 复制启动菜单程序文件cp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/* /var/lib/tftpboot/ls /var/lib/tftpboot/mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfgcp -a /var/www/html/CentOS-6.8/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default# 新建一个 pxelinux.cfg 目录，存放客户端的配置文件 pxe的配置文件default参数配置 1vim /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 配置后的文件内容 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940default linux # 默认启动的是 'label linux' 中标记的启动内核prompt 1 # 开启会显示命令行'boot: '提示符。prompt值为0时则不提示，将会直接启动'default'参数中指定的内容。timeout 30 # timeout时间是引导时等待用户手动选择的时间，设为1可直接引导，单位为1/10秒。display boot.msg# 菜单背景图片、标题、颜色。menu background splash.jpgmenu title Welcome to CentOS 6.8!menu color border 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color sel 7 #ffffffff #ff000000menu color title 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color tabmsg 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color unsel 0 #ffffffff #00000000menu color hotsel 0 #ff000000 #ffffffffmenu color hotkey 7 #ffffffff #ff000000menu color scrollbar 0 #ffffffff #00000000# label指定在boot:提示符下输入的关键字，比如boot:linux[ENTER]，这个会启动label linux下标记的kernel和initrd.img文件。label linux # 一个标签就是前面图片的一行选项。 menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system menu default kernel vmlinuz # 指定要启动的内核。同样要注意路径，默认是/var/lib/tftpboot目录。 append ks=http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/ks.cfg initrd=initrd.img ksdevice=eth0 # 指定追加给内核的参数，告诉系统，从哪里获取ks.cfg文件# initrd.img是一个最小的linux系统.# 如果有多张网卡，默认会弹出让你选择需要从哪张网卡获取，导致无法实现全自动化,使用ksdevice指定默认网卡label vesa menu label Install system with ^basic video driver kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img nomodesetlabel rescue menu label ^Rescue installed system kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img rescuelabel local menu label Boot from ^local drive localboot 0xfffflabel memtest86 menu label ^Memory test kernel memtest append - ks.cfg通常，在安装操作系统的过程中，需要大量的和服务器交互操作，为了减少这个交互过程，Kickstart 就诞生了。使用这种 Kickstart，只需事先定义好一个 Kickstart 自动应答配置文件 ks.cfg（通常存放在安装服务器上），并让安装程序知道该配置文件的位置，在安装过程中安装程序就可以自己从该文件中读取安装配置，这样就避免了在安装过程中多次的人机交互，从而实现无人值守的自动化安装。 生成 Kickstart 配置文件的三种方法 每安装好一台 CentOS 机器，CentOS 安装程序都会创建一个 Kickstart 配置文件，记录你的真实安装配置（生成的文件 /root/anaconda-ks.cfg）。如果你希望实现和某系统类似的安装，可以基于该系统的 Kickstart 配置文件来生成你自己的 Kickstart 配置文件。 CentOS 提供了一个图形化的 Kickstart 配置工具。在任何一个安装好的 Linux 系统上运行该工具，就可以很容易地创建你自己的 Kickstart 配置文件。Kickstart 配置工具命令为 redhat-config-kickstart （RHEL3）或 system-config-kickstart （RHEL4，RHEL5）。网上有很多用 CentOS 桌面版生成 ks 文件的文章。 阅读 Kickstart 配置文件的手册。用任何一个文本编辑器都可以创建你自己的 Kickstart 配置文件。 ks.cfg文件组成 命令段：键盘类型，语言，安装方式等系统的配置，有必选项和可选项，如果缺少某项必选项，安装时会中断并提示用户选择此项的选项 软件包段：在安装过程中默认安装的软件包，安装软件时会自动分析依赖关系。 123456%packages@compat-libraries@development# @groupname：指定安装的包组# package_name：指定安装的包# -package_name：指定不安装的包 脚本段(可选) 12345%pre# 安装系统前执行的命令或脚本(由于只依赖于启动镜像，支持的命令很少)%post# 安装系统后执行的命令或脚本(基本支持所有命令) 这里使用 anaconda-ks.cfg 并做了更改，内容如下： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140# Kickstart file automatically generated by anaconda.# CentOS 6.8 # Platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T #version=DEVELfirstboot --disable# Firewall configurationfirewall --disabled# Install OS instead of upgrade install# Use text mode install #text# 6.X系统可能文本模式安装导致初始化失败，此项注释# Use graphical installgraphical# Use network installationurl --url="http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8"# 这个选项告诉安装程序：到服务器192.168.247.6 的HTTP根目录下的CentOS-6.8目录下寻找安装介质# System languagelang en_US.UTF-8# System keyboardkeyboard us# System timezonetimezone Asia/Shanghai# Network informationnetwork --onboot no --device eth0 --bootproto dhcp --noipv6# Root passwordrootpw --iscrypted $6$ZE3J70TVR5F1LApI$N.4/XjFTpzcwe3fdbBda4RACxjJWNcBZ0WWe57goL2prx1xjk0ayhVL42uEVdyh5A1tu0BMqUb7/UjEk4QJhX0# System authorization informationauth --useshadow --passalgo=sha512# Do not configure the X Window Systemskipx# SELinux configurationselinux --disabled# Installation logging levellogging --level=info# Reboot after installationreboot# 此选项必须存在，也必须文中设定位置，不然kickstart显示一条消息，并等待用户按任意键后才重新引导；# System bootloader configurationbootloader --location=mbr --password="hehedadada"key --skip# 如果是红帽系统，此选项可以跳过输入序列号过程；如果是CentOS 系列，则可以不保留此项内容；# Clear the Master Boot Recordzerombr# Partition clearing informationclearpart --all --initlabel# 此条命令必须添加，不然系统会让用户手动选择是否清除所有数据，这就需要人为干预了，从而导致自动化过程失败；# Disk partitioning informationpart /boot --asprimary --fstype="ext4" --size=500part swap --fstype="swap" --size=2048part / --asprimary --fstype="ext4" --grow --size=1%packages@base@compat-libraries@developmentvim-enhancedbind-utilsntpdatenmaptcpdumpdos2unix%post# 禁用 ctrl+alt+del/bin/sed -ri 'sSexec /sbin/shutdown -r now.*S#&amp;Sg' /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf # 关闭 IPv6if test -s /etc/modprobe.conf;then /bin/sed -ri 's#(^options ipv6 disable=).*#\11#;s#(^alias net-pf-10 ).*#\1off#' /etc/modprobe.conf;else &#123;/bin/cat &gt;&gt;/etc/modprobe.conf &lt;&lt;- 'EOF'options ip_conntrack hashsize=65536options ipv6 disable=1alias net-pf-10 offEOF &#125;fi/sbin/chkconfig ip6tables off# 禁用Zero Configuration Network# 当系统无法连接DHCP server的时候，就会尝试通过ZEROCONF来获取IP,并添加一条169.254.0.0/16的路由条目Netwfile="/etc/sysconfig/network"if /bin/fgrep -q 'NOZEROCONF=' $&#123;Netwfile&#125;;then /bin/sed -ri 's#(NOZEROCONF=).*#\1yes#' $&#123;Netwfile&#125;else echo 'NOZEROCONF=yes' &gt;&gt; $&#123;Netwfile&#125;fi# 禁用sshd使用DNS功能/bin/egrep -q '^UseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || /bin/sed -ri '/#UseDNS /aUseDNS no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config# 对grep系列命令添加别名，支持颜色高亮显示echo "alias grep='grep --color'" &gt;&gt; /root/.bashrc;echo "alias egrep='egrep --color'" &gt;&gt; /root/.bashrc;echo "alias fgrep='fgrep --color'" &gt;&gt; /root/.bashrc;# 记录bash历史命令的执行时间time='HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d\ %H:%M:%S "'if /bin/egrep -qs "$&#123;time&#125;" /etc/profile;then :else /bin/sed -ri '/export PATH USER.*HISTSIZE/a'"$&#123;time&#125;"'\nexport HISTTIMEFORMAT' /etc/profilefi# 启用vim的语法高亮/bin/egrep -q '^syntax' /root/.vimrc || echo 'syntax on' &gt;&gt; /root/.vimrc# 关闭不常用服务for i in `/sbin/chkconfig --list | /bin/awk '/2:on/&#123;if($1~/apmd|crond|network|snmpd|sshd|syslog/)&#123;&#125;else&#123;print $1&#125;&#125;'`;do /sbin/chkconfig --level 2345 $&#123;i&#125; offdoneunset i/bin/sed -r -i 's/(^id:)./\12/' /etc/inittab%end 注意事项 保证网络配置正常，避免发生网络冲突（比如虚拟机使用本网段的第二个地址作为tftp服务器有可能导致tftp无法响应客户端） iptables 均为关闭状态 安装模式最好保持默认（某些系统使用文本模式安装将导致失败） 确保配置了自动清除分区的参数 如果有多网卡环境的待安装服务器，pxelinux.cfg/default 中要使用 ksdevice 选择默认网卡 确保 selinux 状态 setenforce 0 ks.cfg文件参数 关键字 含义 install 告知安装程序，这是一次全新安装，而不是upgrade(升级) url --url=&quot;http://192.168.247.6/CentOS-6.8/&quot; 通过HTTP从远程服务器上的安装树中安装。 url --url ftp://&lt;username&gt;:&lt;password&gt;@&lt;server&gt;/&lt;dir&gt; 通过FTP从远程服务器上的安装树中安装。 nfs --server=nfsserver.example.com --dir=/tmp/install-tree 从指定的NFS服务器安装 text 使用文本模式安装 lang 设置在安装过程中使用的语言以及系统的缺省语言。lang en_US.UTF-8 keyboard 设置系统键盘类型。keyboard us zerombr 清除mbr引导信息。 bootloader bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append=”crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet” --location= 指定引导记录被写入的位置.有效的值如下:mbr(缺省),partition(在包含内核的分区的第一个扇区安装引导装载程序)或none(不安装引导装载程序)。 --driveorder,指定在BIOS引导顺序中居首的驱动器。 --append=,指定内核参数.要指定多个参数,使用空格分隔它们。 network 为通过网络的kickstart安装以及所安装的系统配置联网信息。 network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=yes --noipv6 --hostname=CentOS6 --bootproto=[dhcp/bootp/static]中的一种，缺省值是dhcp。bootp和dhcp被认为是相同的。 static方法要求在kickstart文件里输入所有的网络信息。 network --bootproto=static --ip=10.0.0.100 --netmask=255.255.255.0 --gateway=10.0.0.2 --nameserver=10.0.0.2 请注意所有配置信息都必须在一行上指定,不能使用反斜线来换行。 --ip=,要安装的机器的IP地址. --gateway=,IP地址格式的默认网关. --netmask=,安装的系统的子网掩码. --hostname=,安装的系统的主机名. --onboot=,是否在引导时启用该设备. --noipv6=,禁用此设备的IPv6. --nameserver=,配置dns解析. timezone 设置系统时区 timezone Asia/Shanghai authconfig 系统认证信息。authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512 设置密码加密方式为sha512 启用shadow文件。 rootpw root密码 clearpart 清空分区。clearpart --all --initlabel --all 从系统中清除所有分区--initlable 初始化磁盘标签 part 磁盘分区。 part /boot --fstype=ext4 --asprimary –size=500 part swap --size=2048 part / --fstype=ext4 --grow --asprimary --size=200 --fstype=,为分区设置文件系统类型.有效的类型为ext2,ext3,ext4,swap和vfat。 --asprimary,强迫把分区分配为主分区,否则提示分区失败。 --size=,以MB为单位的分区最小值.在此处指定一个整数值,如500.不要在数字后面加MB。 --grow,告诉分区使用所有可用空间(若有),或使用设置的最大值。 selinux 关闭selinux。selinux –disabled firewall 关闭防火墙。firewall –disabled logging 设置日志级别。logging --level=info 参考文档： https://access.redhat.com/documentation/zh-TW/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html]]></content>
       <tags>
-        <tag>Cobbler</tag>
         <tag>Kickstart</tag>
+        <tag>Cobbler</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
@@ -324,6 +451,20 @@
       <tags>
         <tag>OpenSSL</tag>
         <tag>curl</tag>
+        <tag>make install</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[基于UDP协议搭建隧道]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2017%2F12%2F26%2F210127-%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8EUDP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[摘要隧道技术在现代网络应用中变得越来越重要，通过把不同的网络连接在一起，隧道技术可以创建虚拟私有网络，访问被防火墙拦住的端口。 隧道技术可以在网络堆栈的不同层实现；SSH 隧道在 TCP 层，而 GRE 和 IPIP 这种隧道协议则直接在 IP 层上。不但如此，还有越来越多的关注集中在 UDP 协议上。Tom Herbert 发布的 foo over UDP（FOU）补丁集，以一种通用的方式实现了 UDP 层的隧道技术，而且已经进入了 3.18 的 net-next tree 了。 为什么选择 UDP 呢？目前几乎所有的网络接口都对 UDP 有硬件支持，并实现了检验校验和等细节操作。UDP 刚好提供了足够的信息（确切的说，就是端口）来轻松地路由数据报文封包。UDP 也可以用于接收端缩放技术（Receive Side Scaling，RSS）和等价多路径协议（ECMP），来提升性能。UDP 隧道的优越之处使很多开发者认为未来几年它将大规模普及。 数据报文封包和 UDP 隧道相对来说还是比较容易理解的概念。试想一个进入隧道的 TCP 数据包： 这个数据报有正常的 IP 和 TCP 头，后面是用户要发送的数据。封包的过程如下： 这样的话，这个数据包就是一个 UDP 数据包，里面封装的是 TCP 数据包。系统可以将像普通的 UDP 数据包一样发送；在接收端，额外的 UDP 头部被去掉后，原始的 TCP 数据包继续进入网络堆栈进行处理。 这个补丁集的一些数据表明 SIT 和 IPIP 的性能有了很大提升；而 GRE 的性能则跟没有用 FOU 的情况差不多。所以，利用已有的对 UDP 收发的优化，这个特性显然能够提升速度。它不需要专门的硬件支持；当前能处理 UDP 协议的硬件就足够了。所以说这是个能工作于当前任何系统的非常简单的解决方案——而且内核 3.18 版本发布时就可以使用了。 搭建我们准备两台主机来配置一个 FOU 隧道，分别为 k1 和 k2 ，配置的 IP 地址分别为 192.168.127.151 和 192.168.127.152，系统版本都是 CentOS 7.6.1810 环境说明 这两台机器都需要比较新的内核，因为从 3.18 版本的内核才支持 fou。 12[root@k1 ~]# uname -r3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 版本过低就意味着内核无法提供 fou 模块，也就无法搭建隧道。 123[root@k1 ~]# modinfo foumodinfo: ERROR: Module fou not found.[root@k1 ~]# 即便是升级了内核，加载了 fou 模块，还需要对 ip_tunnel 模块有依赖，下面的输出如果没有 ip_tunnel 说明环境无法满足需要。 12[root@k1 ~]# modinfo --field=depends fouip6_udp_tunnel,udp_tunnel,ip_tunnel 升级内核 分别为 k1 和 k2 两台主机升级内核。 导入 elrepo 源的公钥 12# Import the public key:rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org 安装 elrepo 源 12# To install ELRepo for RHEL-7, SL-7 or CentOS-7:yum install http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm 使用 yum 安装内核相关的 rpm 包 123# Upgrade kernelyum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml kernel-ml-devel rpm -qa kernel-ml 确认安装成功后，查看和设置内核启动顺序，最后重新生成 grub 配置 1234# Config for grubawk -F'[\047]+' '/^menuentry/&#123;print $2&#125;' /boot/grub2/grub.cfggrub2-set-default 0grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 升级iproute 系统自带的 ip 命令是由 iproute 软件包提供的，要想使用 fou 子命令需要保证软件包的版本是新的。 123[root@k1 ~]# yum -y update iproute[root@k1 ~]# rpm -qf /sbin/ipiproute-4.11.0-14.el7.x86_64 装载模块 重启后查看两台机器的环境是否正常，并装载所需要的 fou 模块 1234567891011121314[root@k1 ~]# systemctl reboot[root@k1 ~]# uname -r5.1.12-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64[root@k1 ~]# modinfo --field=depends fouip6_udp_tunnel,udp_tunnel,ip_tunnel[root@k1 ~]# modprobe fou[root@k1 ~]# modprobe ipip[root@k1 ~]# lsmod | egrep &apos;ipip|fou&apos;ipip 16384 0 tunnel4 16384 1 ipipfou 28672 0 ip_tunnel 24576 2 fou,ipipip6_udp_tunnel 16384 1 fouudp_tunnel 16384 1 fou 另一台机器的环境 123456789101112131415[root@k2 ~]# systemctl reboot[root@k2 ~]# uname -r5.1.12-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64[root@k2 ~]# modinfo --field=depends fouip6_udp_tunnel,udp_tunnel,ip_tunnel[root@k2 ~]# modprobe fou[root@k2 ~]# modprobe ipip[root@k2 ~]# lsmod | egrep &apos;ipip|fou&apos;ipip 16384 0 tunnel4 16384 1 ipipfou 28672 0 ip_tunnel 24576 2 fou,ipipip6_udp_tunnel 16384 1 fouudp_tunnel 16384 1 fou[root@k2 ~]# 配置 FOU 隧道 配置一条 FOU 隧道需要两步。发送端 k1 和接收端 k2 分别设置，这样能允许人们随意配置它们。 在接收端 k2 上只要设置一个端口用于接收封装好的数据报文就行了。有个新的 fou 子命令可用于此： 1[root@k2 ~]# ip fou add port 5555 ipproto 4 此命令在接收端 k2 设置了 5555 端口，指明此端口接收到的数据报的协议号是 4，也就是 IP 封包。此端口接收到的数据包会被拆解掉外面的封装；然后再放入到网络堆栈中，从而发往它的实际目的地址。想要删除这个端口则使用 ip fou del port 5555 ipproto 4 。 在发送端 k1 就稍复杂了点，因为必须指定目的地址，还要能够与已有的封装协议共存。典型的命令如下： 12[root@k1 ~]# ip link add ftok2 type ipip remote 192.168.127.152 local 192.168.127.151 ttl 255 dev eth0 encap fou encap-sport auto encap-dport 5555[root@k1 ~]# 此命令在发送端 k1 设置了一个新的虚拟接口（ftok2），用于 IPIP 封装。数据包的源端口由网络栈决定，而目的端口设置为 5555 。当然要使用这个网络接口还要选择封装协议，目前支持的协议有 IPIP，SIT（IPv4-IPv6隧道协议）和 GRE（用于虚拟专用网）。 配置完成后即可使用 ip tunnel 命令查看隧道信息，其中 tunl0 是 fou 模块装载后系统自动生成的。 1234[root@k1 ~]# ip tunnel showftok2: ip/ip remote 192.168.127.152 local 192.168.127.151 dev eth0 ttl 255tunl0: any/ip remote any local any ttl inherit nopmtudisc[root@k1 ~]# 通信是双向的，因此还需要按照上述的步骤反过来。 k1 作为接收端配置一次。 1[root@k1 ~]# ip fou add port 5555 ipproto 4 k2 作为发送端配置一次。请注意命令中的名称以及 remote 和 local 对应的地址。 12345[root@k2 ~]# ip link add ftok1 type ipip remote 192.168.127.151 local 192.168.127.152 ttl 255 dev eth0 encap fou encap-sport auto encap-dport 5555 [root@k2 ~]# ip tunnel showftok1: ip/ip remote 192.168.127.151 local 192.168.127.152 dev eth0 ttl 255tunl0: any/ip remote any local any ttl inherit nopmtudisc[root@k2 ~]# 配置接口状态 隧道配置完成后虚拟的接口是处于 DOWN 状态的，可以通过 ip link show 命令查看 1234[root@k1 ~]# ip link show ftok24: ftok2@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ipip 192.168.127.151 peer 192.168.127.152[root@k1 ~]# 可以看到 state DOWN，说明接口没有启用 1234[root@k2 ~]# ip link show ftok14: ftok1@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ipip 192.168.127.152 peer 192.168.127.151[root@k2 ~]# 通过 ip link set 命令将接口启用 12345[root@k1 ~]# ip link set ftok2 up[root@k1 ~]# ip link show ftok2 4: ftok2@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ipip 192.168.127.151 peer 192.168.127.152[root@k1 ~]# 另外一台 12345[root@k2 ~]# ip link set ftok1 up[root@k2 ~]# ip link show ftok1 4: ftok1@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ipip 192.168.127.152 peer 192.168.127.151[root@k2 ~]# 现在，隧道就成功地建立起来了。 要想这两台主机成功路由（转发）数据包，还需要开启转发功能。在 k1 和 k2 上分别编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf 并加入如下配置： 12# Controls IP packet forwardingnet.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 然后执行 sysctl -p ，转发功能即可立即生效。 配置路由的下一跳IP 由于隧道属于虚拟接口，因此对于路由的下一跳（下一个越点）的 IP 地址只能配置在本机的虚拟接口上。此处我们称下一跳 IP 为 GWIP（网关IP）。 现在我们在 k1 上配置 GWIP 为 10.10.10.1 1234567[root@k1 ~]# ip addr add 10.10.10.1 dev ftok2[root@k1 ~]# ip addr show dev ftok24: ftok2@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/ipip 192.168.127.151 peer 192.168.127.152 inet 10.10.10.1/32 scope global ftok2 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever[root@k1 ~]# 在 k2 上配置 GWIP 为 10.10.10.2 1234567[root@k2 ~]# ip addr add 10.10.10.2 dev ftok1[root@k2 ~]# ip addr show dev ftok14: ftok1@eth0: &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1472 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/ipip 192.168.127.152 peer 192.168.127.151 inet 10.10.10.2/32 scope global ftok1 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever[root@k2 ~]# 配置路由 要想实现在隧道中进行通信，就需要在两端配置静态路由。使用 ip route 命令可以实现在 Linux 主机添加静态路由。命令格式如下： 1ip route add to 目标网络 via 下一跳IP dev 从本机出去的网卡名称 现在有了 GWIP 就可以通过隧道路由了，我们将这两个 GWIP 做通试试看。 在 k1 上配置到 k2 的路由 1[root@k1 ~]# ip route add to 10.10.10.2 via 10.10.10.1 dev ftok2 在 k2 上配置到 k1 的路由 1[root@k2 ~]# ip route add to 10.10.10.1 via 10.10.10.2 dev ftok1 隧道测试 k1 作为发送端 12345678910[root@k1 ~]# ping -I 10.10.10.1 10.10.10.2 -c 3PING 10.10.10.2 (10.10.10.2) from 10.10.10.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from 10.10.10.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.371 ms64 bytes from 10.10.10.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.767 ms64 bytes from 10.10.10.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.762 ms--- 10.10.10.2 ping statistics ---3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2087msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.371/0.633/0.767/0.186 ms[root@k1 ~]# k2 作为发送端 12345678910[root@k2 ~]# ping -I 10.10.10.2 10.10.10.1 -c 3PING 10.10.10.1 (10.10.10.1) from 10.10.10.2 : 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from 10.10.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.325 ms64 bytes from 10.10.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.929 ms64 bytes from 10.10.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.494 ms--- 10.10.10.1 ping statistics ---3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2010msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.325/0.582/0.929/0.255 ms[root@k2 ~]# 通过抓包可以看到数据包的请求和响应过程中，接收端的端口都是 5555 12345678[root@k2 ~]# tcpdump -nn -i eth0 udp port 5555tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decodelistening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes21:37:55.453105 IP 192.168.127.152.44213 &gt; 192.168.127.151.5555: UDP, length 8421:37:55.453703 IP 192.168.127.151.53964 &gt; 192.168.127.152.5555: UDP, length 8421:37:56.476594 IP 192.168.127.152.44213 &gt; 192.168.127.151.5555: UDP, length 8421:37:56.477170 IP 192.168.127.151.53964 &gt; 192.168.127.152.5555: UDP, length 8421:37:57.504192 IP 192.168.127.152.44213 &gt; 192.168.127.151.5555: UDP, length 84 做了 GWIP 的静态路由之后，两个机器的 GWIP 能互通说明隧道建立成功了，此时你就可以根据实际的情况和需求，添加公网静态路由到隧道了。 参考链接： https://lwn.net/Articles/614348/ https://www.netdevconf.org/0.1/sessions/11.html]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>grub2</tag>
+        <tag>Kernel</tag>
+        <tag>Foo over UDP</tag>
+        <tag>TCP/IP</tag>
+        <tag>fou</tag>
+        <tag>iproute</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
@@ -339,17 +480,26 @@
     <url>%2F2017%2F12%2F24%2F110110-%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E7%9A%84BBR%E6%8B%A5%E5%A1%9E%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%BATCP%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%2F</url>
     <content type="text"><![CDATA[BBR简述Google 开源了其 TCP BBR 拥塞控制算法，并提交到了 Linux 内核，从 4.9 开始，Linux 内核已经用上了该算法。 BBR 算法的目的是要尽量跑满带宽，并且尽量不要有排队的情况。它可以起到单边加速 TCP 连接的效果。 TCP BBR 致力于解决两个问题 在有一定丢包率的网络链路上充分利用带宽 降低网络链路上的 buffer 占用率，从而降低延迟 BBR算法的优势 https://www.zhihu.com/question/53559433 一键配置脚本该脚本用于 CentOS 系列 6 和 7 版本的系统，执行后将升级内核并且通过 yum 安装，可能下载较慢，可手动下载 rpm 包 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282#!/usr/bin/env bash:&lt;&lt;:------------------------------------------------ FileName : google_bbr_centos.sh Author : Silence Create Time : 2017-05-09 15:09:16 Last modified : 2017-11-26 17:56:25 Mail : Version : 0.0.1 Description : Auto install latest kernel for TCP BBR CopyRight :------------------------------------------------:# Set up a default search path.PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/root/bin"export PATH# Make sure umask is saneumask 022# terminal sequence to set color to a 'success' color (currently: green)SETCOLOR_SUCCESS="echo -en \\033[0;32m"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'failure' color (currently: red)SETCOLOR_FAILURE="echo -en \\033[0;31m"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'warning' color (currently: yellow)SETCOLOR_WARNING="echo -en \\033[0;33m"# terminal sequence to reset to the default color.SETCOLOR_NORMAL="echo -en \\033[0;39m"# Log that something succeededecho_info()&#123; echo -en "[ "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_SUCCESS&#125;; echo -en " Info "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;; echo -en " ] "; echo "$@"&#125;# Log that something Errorecho_error()&#123; echo -en "[ "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_FAILURE&#125;; echo -en " Error "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;; echo -en " ] "; echo "$@"&#125;# Log a warningecho_warning()&#123; echo -en "[ "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_WARNING&#125;; echo -en " Warning "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;; echo -en " ] "; echo "$@"&#125;bbr_sysctl_config()&#123; sed -i '/net.core.default_qdisc/d' /etc/sysctl.conf sed -i '/net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control/d' /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.core.default_qdisc = fq" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control = bbr" &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf sysctl -p &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#125;get_os() &#123; [ -f /etc/redhat-release ] &amp;&amp; awk '&#123;print ($1,$3~/^[0-9]/?$3:$4)&#125;' /etc/redhat-release &amp;&amp; return [ -f /etc/os-release ] &amp;&amp; awk -F'[= "]' '/PRETTY_NAME/&#123;print $3,$4,$5&#125;' /etc/os-release &amp;&amp; return [ -f /etc/lsb-release ] &amp;&amp; awk -F'[="]+' '/DESCRIPTION/&#123;print $2&#125;' /etc/lsb-release &amp;&amp; return&#125;get_char() &#123; SAVEDSTTY=`stty -g` stty -echo stty cbreak dd if=/dev/tty bs=1 count=1 2&gt; /dev/null stty -raw stty echo stty $SAVEDSTTY&#125;clearecho "------------- System Information --------------"echoecho " OS : $(get_os)"echo " Arch : $(uname -m) $(getconf LONG_BIT) Bit"echo " Kernel : $(uname -r)"echoecho "-----------------------------------------------"echo " Auto upgrade latest kernel and turn on TCP BBR"echo "-----------------------------------------------"echoecho "Press any key to start...or Press Ctrl+C to cancel"char=$(get_char)echo#------------------------------------------------# Test the operator is root or not#------------------------------------------------if test "$&#123;EUID&#125;" -ne 0 -o "$&#123;USER&#125;" != "root";then echo_error "Only root can run this script ... " exit 5else echo_info "Operator is root "fi#************************************************#------------------------------------------------ # Check network is rechable or not#------------------------------------------------dstname="www.baidu.com"if (ping $&#123;dstname&#125; -c 3 -i 0.01 -w 2 -q 1&gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1)then echo_info "Network is rechable "else RETVAL=$? echo_error "Network is unreachable , please check " exit 5fi#************************************************#------------------------------------------------# Check your OS is Redhat release or not #------------------------------------------------rla="$(egrep -i "centos|red hat|redhat" /etc/issue)"rlb="$(egrep -i "centos|red hat|redhat" /proc/version)"if [ -f /etc/centos-release -o -n "$&#123;rla&#125;" -o -n "$&#123;rlb&#125;" ]; then echo_info "OS is Redhat release" else echo_error "Only support for CentOS" exit 5fi#************************************************#------------------------------------------------# Check bbr status#------------------------------------------------conGestion="$(set -- $(sysctl -n net.ipv4.tcp_available_congestion_control);echo $1)"# Get the congestion_control from Kernel parameterbbrmodules="$(lsmod | fgrep tcp_bbr)"# Show the status of tcp_bbr module in the Linux Kernelif [ "$&#123;conGestion&#125;" = "bbr" -a -n "$&#123;bbrmodules&#125;" ];then echo_info "TCP BBR has been installed. Nothing to do..." exit 5fi#************************************************#------------------------------------------------# Check version of kernel is newer or not#------------------------------------------------kernelRelease="$(uname -r)"newORold=$(set -- $&#123;kernelRelease%%-*&#125; 4.9;test "$(echo -e "$1\n$2" | sort -rV | head -1)" == "$1" &amp;&amp; echo newer || echo older )if test "$&#123;newORold&#125;" == 'newer';then echo_info "Version of your kernel is greater than 4.9 , directly setting TCP BBR..." bbr_sysctl_config echo_info "Setting TCP BBR ..." echo_info 'Complete ! ' exit 5fi#************************************************#------------------------------------------------# Install elrepo#------------------------------------------------OS_X="`grep -Po '(?&lt;=\brelease )[\d]' /etc/redhat-release`"if test ! -z "$&#123;OS_X//[0-9]/&#125;";then echo_error "Not available for your system :("else echo_info "Installing elrepo"firpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.orgcase $OS_X in 6) rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-6-8.el6.elrepo.noarch.rpm ;; 7) rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm ;; *) echo_error "Not support for CentOS$&#123;OS_X&#125;" exit 5 ;;esacif [ ! -s /etc/yum.repos.d/elrepo.repo ]; then echo_error "Install elrepo failed , please check " exit 5fi#************************************************#------------------------------------------------# Upgrade kernel#------------------------------------------------yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel -y install kernel-ml kernel-ml-develecho_info "Query package :"echo '------------------------------------------------'rpm -qa kernel-mlecho '------------------------------------------------'echoif [ $? -ne 0 ]; then echo_error "Install latest kernel failed, please check it." exit 5fi#************************************************#------------------------------------------------# config for grub#------------------------------------------------case $OS_X in 6) if [ ! -s "/boot/grub/grub.conf" ]; then echo_error "/boot/grub/grub.conf wrong, please check it." exit 5 fi echo_info "List of kernel that is available" echo '------------------------------------------------' awk '/title/&#123;$1="";print&#125;' /etc/grub.conf echo '------------------------------------------------' echo sed -ri 's/^default=.*/default=0/g' /boot/grub/grub.conf ;; 7) if [ ! -s "/boot/grub2/grub.cfg" ]; then echo_error "/boot/grub2/grub.cfg wrong, please check it." exit 5 fi echo_info "List of kernel that is available" echo '------------------------------------------------' awk -F'[\047]+' '/^menuentry/&#123;print $2&#125;' /boot/grub2/grub.cfg echo '------------------------------------------------' echo grub_default_kernel=$(awk -F'[\047]+' '/^menuentry/&#123;print "\047"$2"\047";exit&#125;' /boot/grub2/grub.cfg) echo "grub2-set-default 0" echo grub2-set-default 0 echo "grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg" echo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ;; *) echo_error "Not support for CentOS$&#123;OS_X&#125;" exit 5 ;;esac#************************************************bbr_sysctl_config#------------------------------------------------# Waitting for reboot#------------------------------------------------echoecho_warning "The system needs to reboot."echo read -p 'Do you want to restart system ? [yes/no] ' yesOrnocase "$&#123;yesOrno&#125;" in y|Y|[yY][eE]|[yY][eE][sS]) reboot echo "Reboot test" ;; n|N|[nN][oO]) echo_info "Reboot has been canceled..." exit 5 ;;esac#************************************************ 参考命令查看内核模块的信息 1modinfo tcp_bbr 查看可用内核 1awk -F'[\047]+' '/^menuentry/&#123;print $2&#125;' /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 查看当前内核的版本 1uname -r 修改开机时默认使用的内核 123grub2-set-default 'CentOS Linux (4.14.2-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)'# 或使用索引号0、1、2.....grub2-set-default 0 查看内核修改结果 1grub2-editenv list 重新生成 grub2 的配置文件 1grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg GRUB 2 操作帮助： http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/GRUB_2/zh-cn]]></content>
       <tags>
-        <tag>Kernel</tag>
         <tag>grub2</tag>
+        <tag>Kernel</tag>
         <tag>ShellScripts</tag>
-        <tag>BBR</tag>
         <tag>TCP/IP</tag>
+        <tag>BBR</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2017%2F03%2F21%2F174103-Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0arp_ignore%E5%92%8Carp_announce%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[说明内核的 arp_ignore 和 arp_announce 参数都和 ARP 协议相关，主要用于控制系统返回 ARP 响应和发送 ARP 请求时的动作。这两个参数很重要，特别是在 LVS 的 DR 场景下，它们的配置直接影响到 DR 转发是否正常。Linux 内核文档 中的描述： 1234567891011121314151617arp_ignore - INTEGER Define different modes for sending replies in response to received ARP requests that resolve local target IP addresses: 0 - (default): reply for any local target IP address, configured on any interface 1 - reply only if the target IP address is local address configured on the incoming interface 2 - reply only if the target IP address is local address configured on the incoming interface and both with the sender&apos;s IP address are part from same subnet on this interface 3 - do not reply for local addresses configured with scope host, only resolutions for global and link addresses are replied 4-7 - reserved 8 - do not reply for all local addresses The max value from conf/&#123;all,interface&#125;/arp_ignore is used when ARP request is received on the &#123;interface&#125; arp_ignore 参数的作用是控制系统在收到外部的 ARP 请求时，是否要返回 ARP 响应。参数常用到的有 0，1，2 三个值，3 ~ 8 较少用到： 0：响应任意网卡上接收到的对本机IP地址的 ARP 请求（包括环回网卡上的地址），而不管该目的 IP 是否在接收网卡上。 1：只响应目的IP地址为接收网卡上的本地地址的 ARP 请求。 2：只响应目的IP地址为接收网卡上的本地地址的 ARP 请求，并且发送 ARP 请求的源IP必须和接收网卡同网段。 3：如果 ARP 请求数据包所请求的IP地址对应的本地地址其作用域（scope）为主机（host），则不回应 ARP 响应数据包，如果作用域为全局（global）或链路（link），则回应 ARP 响应数据包。 4~7：保留，未使用。 8：不回应所有的 ARP 请求 /etc/sysctl.conf 中包含 all 和 eth/lo（具体网卡）的 arp_ignore 参数，取其中较大的值生效。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930arp_announce - INTEGER Define different restriction levels for announcing the local source IP address from IP packets in ARP requests sent on interface: 0 - (default) Use any local address, configured on any interface 1 - Try to avoid local addresses that are not in the target&apos;s subnet for this interface. This mode is useful when target hosts reachable via this interface require the source IP address in ARP requests to be part of their logical network configured on the receiving interface. When we generate the request we will check all our subnets that include the target IP and will preserve the source address if it is from such subnet. If there is no such subnet we select source address according to the rules for level 2. 2 - Always use the best local address for this target. In this mode we ignore the source address in the IP packet and try to select local address that we prefer for talks with the target host. Such local address is selected by looking for primary IP addresses on all our subnets on the outgoing interface that include the target IP address. If no suitable local address is found we select the first local address we have on the outgoing interface or on all other interfaces, with the hope we will receive reply for our request and even sometimes no matter the source IP address we announce. The max value from conf/&#123;all,interface&#125;/arp_announce is used. Increasing the restriction level gives more chance for receiving answer from the resolved target while decreasing the level announces more valid sender&apos;s information. arp_announce 的作用是控制系统在对外发送 ARP 请求时，如何选择 ARP 请求数据包的源IP地址。arp_announce 参数常用的取值有 0，1，2： 0：允许使用任意网卡上的IP地址作为 ARP 请求的源IP，通常就是使用数据包的源IP。 1：尽量避免使用不属于该发送网卡子网的本地地址作为发送 ARP 请求的源IP地址。 2：忽略IP数据包的源IP地址，选择该发送网卡上最合适的本地地址作为 ARP 请求的源IP地址。 /etc/sysctl.conf 中包含 all 和 eth/lo（具体网卡）的 arp_announce 参数，取其中较大的值生效。 arp_ignore 参数示例 当 arp_ignore 参数配置为 0 时，eth0 网卡上收到目的IP为环回网卡IP的 ARP 请求，但是 eth0 也会返回 ARP 响应，并且把自己的 MAC 地址告诉对端。 当 arp_ignore 参数配置为 1 时，eth0 网卡上收到目的IP为环回网卡IP的 ARP 请求，发现请求的IP不是自己网卡（eth0)上的IP，就不会返回 ARP 响应。 arp_announce 参数示例 当 arp_announce 参数配置为 0 时，系统要发送的IP包源地址为 eth1 的地址，IP包目的地址根据路由表查询判断需要从 eth0 网卡发出，这时会先从 eth0 网卡发起一个 ARP 请求，用于获取目的IP地址的 MAC 地址。该 ARP 请求的源MAC 自然是 eth0 网卡的 MAC 地址，但是源 IP 地址会选择 eth1 网卡的地址。 当 arp_announce 参数配置为 2 时，eth0 网卡发起arp请求时，源IP地址会选择 eth0 网卡自身的IP地址。 DR 模式下的应用arp_ignore 因为 DR 模式下，每个真实服务器节点都要在环回网卡上绑定虚拟服务IP。这时候，如果客户端对于虚拟服务IP的 ARP 请求广播到了各个真实服务器节点，如果 arp_ignore 参数配置为 0，则各个真实服务器节点都会响应该 ARP 请求，此时客户端就无法正确获取 LVS 节点上正确的虚拟服务IP所在网卡的 MAC 地址。假如某个真实服务器节点 A 的网卡 eth1 响应了该 ARP 请求，客户端把 A 节点的 eth1 网卡的 MAC 地址误认为是 LVS 节点的虚拟服务IP所在网卡的 MAC ，从而将业务请求消息直接发到了 A 节点的 eth1 网卡。这时候虽然因为 A 节点在环回网卡上也绑定了虚拟服务IP，所以 A 节点也能正常处理请求，业务暂时不会受到影响。但时此时由于客户端请求没有发到 LVS 的虚拟服务IP上，所以 LVS 的负载均衡能力没有生效。造成的后果就是，A节点一直在单节点运行，业务量过大时可能会出现性能瓶颈。 所以要求 arp_ignore 参数要求配置为1。 arp_announce 每个机器或者交换机中都有一张 ARP 表，该表用于存储对端通信节点IP地址和 MAC 地址的对应关系。当收到一个未知IP地址的 ARP 请求，就会在本机的 ARP 表中新增对端的IP和 MAC 记录；当收到一个已知IP地址（ ARP 表中已有记录的地址）的 ARP 请求，则会根据 ARP 请求中的源 MAC 刷新自己的 ARP 表。 如果 arp_announce 参数配置为0，则网卡在发送 arp 请求时，可能选择的源IP地址并不是该网卡自身的IP地址，这时候收到该 ARP 请求的其他节点或者交换机上的 ARP 表中记录的该网卡IP和 MAC 的对应关系就不正确，可能会引发一些未知的网络问题，存在安全隐患。 所以要求 arp_announce 参数要求配置为2。 配置配置 /etc/sysctl.conf ，然后使用 sysctl -p 刷新到内存即可立即生效： 12net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Network</tag>
+        <tag>Kernel</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Linux内核参数rp_filter]]></title>
     <url>%2F2017%2F03%2F20%2F212135-Linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0rp_filter%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[说明内核的 rp_filter 参数用于控制系统是否开启对数据包源地址的校验，Linux 内核文档 中的描述： 1234567891011121314151617rp_filter - INTEGER0 - No source validation.1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3704 Strict Reverse Path Each incoming packet is tested against the FIB and if the interface is not the best reverse path the packet check will fail. By default failed packets are discarded.2 - Loose mode as defined in RFC3704 Loose Reverse Path Each incoming packet&apos;s source address is also tested against the FIB and if the source address is not reachable via any interface the packet check will fail. Current recommended practice in RFC3704 is to enable strict modeto prevent IP spoofing from DDos attacks. If using asymmetric routingor other complicated routing, then loose mode is recommended. The max value from conf/&#123;all,interface&#125;/rp_filter is usedwhen doing source validation on the &#123;interface&#125;. Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable itin startup scripts. rp_filter参数有三个值： 0：不开启源地址校验 1：开启严格的反向路径校验。对每个进来的数据包，校验其反向路径是否是最佳路径。如果反向路径不是最佳路径，则直接丢弃该数据包 2：开启松散的反向路径校验。对每个进来的数据包，校验其源地址是否可达，即反向路径是否能通（通过任意网口），如果反向路径不通，则直接丢弃该数据包 应用场景假设一台 Linux 服务器在提供 Web 服务的同时又充当了路由器的功能，并且该服务器有多个网卡，配置的 IP 地址也不属于同一运营商。 如图所示，在服务器的 eth0 网卡上配置了电信 IP 125.88.177.76，在 eth1 网卡上配置了移动 IP 183.232.239.248。电信的网络质量比较好，通常配置默认网关为电信 IP 的网关。至于移动 IP 如何到达它的网关并访问互联网的，因为涉及到 Linux 的高级路由，这里不再讨论。 现在来自 IP 是 211.138.190.130 的客户端，向这台机器移动 IP 的 Web 服务服务发送请求，即 eth1 上的183.232.239.248:80。系统 rp_filter 参数的配置为： 1234[root@m1 ~]# sysctl -p --pattern &apos;rp_filter&apos;net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1[root@m1 ~]# 如上图红色箭头所示，客户端发送请求到服务器端的 eth1 网卡，服务器端收到请求开始进行对客户端 211.138.190.130 的响应，此时查看本机的路由表发现到客户端 211.138.190.130 是从 eth0 出去的，并且内核的参数 rp_filter = 1，因此系统会严格校验数据包的反向路径，请求数据包入网卡和响应数据包出网卡不是同一个网卡，这时候系统会判断该反向路径不是最佳路径，而直接丢弃该请求数据包。 为了避免这种问题，配置 /etc/sysctl.conf 禁用 rp_filter ，然后使用 sysctl -p 刷新到内存即可立即生效 123# Controls source route verificationnet.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 0 或者，你还可以指定一条静态路由让响应数据包出网卡和请求数据包入网卡变成一样的，这样反向路径就是最佳路径了，内核不会丢弃。 1ip route add to 211.138.190.130 via 183.232.239.1 dev eth1 作用启用了 rp_filter 之后可以减少 DDoS 攻击：校验数据包的反向路径，如果反向路径不合适，则直接丢弃数据包，避免过多的无效连接消耗系统资源。 还可以防止 IP Spoofing：校验数据包的反向路径，如果客户端伪造的源 IP 地址对应的反向路径不在路由表中，或者反向路径不是最佳路径，则直接丢弃数据包，不会向伪造 IP 的客户端回复响应。]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[说明内核的 rp_filter 参数用于控制系统是否开启对数据包源地址的校验，Linux 内核文档 中的描述： 1234567891011121314151617rp_filter - INTEGER0 - No source validation.1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3704 Strict Reverse Path Each incoming packet is tested against the FIB and if the interface is not the best reverse path the packet check will fail. By default failed packets are discarded.2 - Loose mode as defined in RFC3704 Loose Reverse Path Each incoming packet&apos;s source address is also tested against the FIB and if the source address is not reachable via any interface the packet check will fail. Current recommended practice in RFC3704 is to enable strict modeto prevent IP spoofing from DDos attacks. If using asymmetric routingor other complicated routing, then loose mode is recommended. The max value from conf/&#123;all,interface&#125;/rp_filter is usedwhen doing source validation on the &#123;interface&#125;. Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable itin startup scripts. rp_filter 参数有三个值： 0：不开启源地址校验 1：开启严格的反向路径校验。对每个进来的数据包，校验其反向路径是否是最佳路径。如果反向路径不是最佳路径，则直接丢弃该数据包 2：开启松散的反向路径校验。对每个进来的数据包，校验其源地址是否可达，即反向路径是否能通（通过任意网口），如果反向路径不通，则直接丢弃该数据包 /etc/sysctl.conf 中包含 all 和 eth/lo（具体网卡）的 rp_filter 参数，取其中较大的值生效。 应用场景假设一台 Linux 服务器在提供 Web 服务的同时又充当了路由器的功能，并且该服务器有多个网卡，配置的 IP 地址也不属于同一运营商。 如图所示，在服务器的 eth0 网卡上配置了电信 IP 125.88.177.76，在 eth1 网卡上配置了移动 IP 183.232.239.248。电信的网络质量比较好，通常配置默认网关为电信 IP 的网关。至于移动 IP 如何到达它的网关并访问互联网的，因为涉及到 Linux 的高级路由，这里不再讨论。 现在来自 IP 是 211.138.190.130 的客户端，向这台机器移动 IP 的 Web 服务发送请求，即 eth1 上的183.232.239.248:80。系统 rp_filter 参数的配置为： 1234[root@m1 ~]# sysctl -p --pattern &apos;rp_filter&apos;net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1[root@m1 ~]# 如上图红色箭头所示，客户端发送请求到服务器端的 eth1 网卡，服务器端收到请求开始进行对客户端 211.138.190.130 的响应，此时查看本机的路由表发现到客户端 211.138.190.130 是从 eth0 出去的，并且内核的参数 rp_filter = 1，因此系统会严格校验数据包的反向路径，请求数据包入网卡和响应数据包出网卡不是同一个网卡，这时候系统会判断该反向路径不是最佳路径，而直接丢弃该请求数据包。 为了避免这种问题，配置 /etc/sysctl.conf 禁用 rp_filter ，然后使用 sysctl -p 刷新到内存即可立即生效 123# Controls source route verificationnet.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 0 或者，你还可以指定一条静态路由让响应数据包出网卡和请求数据包入网卡变成一样的，这样反向路径就是最佳路径了，内核不会丢弃。 1ip route add to 211.138.190.130 via 183.232.239.1 dev eth1 作用启用了 rp_filter 之后可以减少 DDoS 攻击：校验数据包的反向路径，如果反向路径不合适，则直接丢弃数据包，避免过多的无效连接消耗系统资源。 还可以防止 IP Spoofing：校验数据包的反向路径，如果客户端伪造的源 IP 地址对应的反向路径不在路由表中，或者反向路径不是最佳路径，则直接丢弃数据包，不会向伪造 IP 的客户端回复响应。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Network</tag>
         <tag>Kernel</tag>
@@ -370,18 +520,18 @@
     <content type="text"><![CDATA[想要从内网直接去访问外网的服务器肯定是不可能的，因为互联网中的机器都是公网通信，它看到内网来源后不知道该响应给谁，这就要用到源地址转换。源地址转换实质上就是把要出去的数据包中的源地址做了修改。 Linux 上基于 iptables 可实现源地址转换，即 SNAT。一般情况下一台主机配置一个公网 IP 就可以了，但是在有些场合因为业务需要，机器上要配置多个地址，这些地址可能是连续的，不连续的，一部分连续，一部分不连续，针对不同的情况，做 SNAT 也不同。 网卡上只有一个 IP 直接 SNAT 即可 12# eth1 111.161.126.234iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth1 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j SNAT --to 111.161.126.234 网卡上有在同一个子网的多个连续的 IP 12345eth0 111.161.74.179eth0 111.161.74.180eth0 111.161.74.181eth0 111.161.74.182eth0 111.161.74.183 这种情况可以选择其中一个 IP 做 SNAT，但是既然已经有这么多 IP 了就应该充分利用资源。使用 - 可以在 SNAT 的时候指定连续的 IP 范围，这样能够达到某种负载均衡的效果 1iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j SNAT --to 111.161.74.179-111.161.74.183 网卡上的 IP 都在同一子网，但是都不连续 123eth0 111.32.133.22eth0 111.32.133.25eth0 111.32.133.29 这种情况在 CentOS 5 上可以使用 SAME 和多个 --to 来达到上面的 SNAT 效果 1iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j SAME --to 111.32.133.22 --to 111.32.133.25 --to 111.32.133.29 但是 CentOS 5 的系统已经很少使用了，并且高版本的系统也不支持这种写法了。要解决这个问题，可以使用 state 模块和 statistic 来根据连接状态做负载均衡。既然是 3 个不连续的地址，我们就可以视为 3 个要 SNAT 的对象，根据这个来匹配 NEW 状态的数据包，匹配到的数据包中每 3 个数据包作为一个循环体，其中第 1 个数据包 SNAT 到第 1 个 IP，第 2 个数据包 SNAT 到第 2 个 IP，以此类推，当前循环体操作完之后将操作下一个循环体的 3 个数据包。要注意一下，我们人所说的第 1 个，在计算机上是从 0 开始的。如果到最后还是没有被匹配到，就 SNAT 到其中任意一个 IP ，这个规则就相当于是默认的 SNAT 规则。 12345iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -m state --state NEW -m statistic --mode nth --every 3 --packet 0 -j SNAT --to 111.32.133.22iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -m state --state NEW -m statistic --mode nth --every 3 --packet 1 -j SNAT --to 111.32.133.25iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -m state --state NEW -m statistic --mode nth --every 3 --packet 2 -j SNAT --to 111.32.133.29iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j SNAT --to 111.32.133.22# 默认 SNAT 规则 同一子网部分连续 123eth1 42.81.58.226eth1 42.81.58.227eth1 42.81.58.230 这种情况我们可以把连续的 IP 当做一个 SNAT 对象，这样就是两个 SNAT 对象。同样还是按照上面的方法处理 1234iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth1 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -m state --state NEW -m statistic --mode nth --every 2 --packet 0 -j SNAT --to 42.81.58.226-42.81.58.227iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth1 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -m state --state NEW -m statistic --mode nth --every 2 --packet 1 -j SNAT --to 42.81.58.230iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth1 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j SNAT --to 42.81.58.226-42.81.58.227# 默认 SNAT 规则 不同子网都是连续 1234567891011eth2 220.181.122.74eth2 220.181.122.75eth2 220.181.122.76eth2 220.181.122.77eth2 220.181.122.78 # -------------------eth2 111.202.106.82eth2 111.202.106.83eth2 111.202.106.84eth2 111.202.106.85eth2 111.202.106.86 还是一样，连续的 IP 当做一个 SNAT 对象 1234iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth2 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -m state --state NEW -m statistic --mode nth --every 2 --packet 0 -j SNAT --to 220.181.122.74-220.181.122.78 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth2 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -m state --state NEW -m statistic --mode nth --every 2 --packet 1 -j SNAT --to 111.202.106.82-111.202.106.86iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth2 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j SNAT --to 220.181.122.74-220.181.122.78# 默认 SNAT 规则]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Network</tag>
-        <tag>iptables</tag>
         <tag>Security</tag>
+        <tag>iptables</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[学习使用iptables]]></title>
     <url>%2F2017%2F03%2F10%2F094107-%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8iptables%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[基础知识防火墙 工作于主机或网络边缘，对于进出的报文根据事先定义的规则做检查，对被匹配到的报文作出相应处理的组件 iptables linux 的包过滤功能，即 linux 防火墙，它由 netfilter 和 iptables 两个组件组成。真正实现防火墙功能的是 netfilter，它是一个 Linux 内核模块，工作于 Kernel space 做实际的包过滤。 Netfilter 的官方站点 http://www.netfilter.org ，此站点的 FAQ 是开始学习 iptables 和 Netfilter 的好地方。 四表五链netfilter 使用表（Tables）和 链（Chains）来组织网络包的处理规则（Rules）。按照从高到低的优先级，它默认定义了以下表和链： 防火墙规则的匹配顺序因为 iptables 是利用数据包过滤的机制， 所以它会分析数据包的表头数据，将表头数据与定义的规则做匹配，根据匹配结果来决定该数据包是否可以进入主机或者是被丢弃。 也就是说如果数据包能被防火墙规则匹配到就进行相应的动作（Target），否则就继续进行下一条规则的匹配，直到有一条规则能匹配到为止，而重点在于规则的匹配顺序。 假设我们在一台主机已经事先定义好了 10 条防火墙规则，那么当互联网中来了一个数据包想要进入这台主机时， 防火墙是如何分析和匹配这个数据包的呢？ 当数据包要进入到主机之前，会先经由 NetFilter 进行检查，也就是 iptables 规则。 检查通过则接受 (ACCEPT) 进入本机取得资源，如果检查不通过，则可能予以丢弃 (DROP) 。 上图主要是为了说明 规则是有顺序的，当数据包被 Rule 1 做匹配时， 如果数据包能被它匹配到，就进行 Action 1 的动作，而不会再被后续的 Rule 2, Rule 3…. 等做匹配了。 而如果这个数据包并没有被 Rule 1 匹配到，那就会开始进行 Rule 2 的匹配，同理数据包就会被一个一个规则做匹配，直到有一条规则能匹配到为止。 如果所有的规则都无法匹配到这个数据包，此时就会交给默认策略( Policy) 来决定数据包的去向。 所以一旦定义的规则顺序排列错误，那就会产生很严重的后果。 比如我们有一台 Linux 服务器提供 Web 服务，那么就要针对 port 80 来启用通过的规则，但是后来发现有一个来源为 192.168.100.100 的 IP 总是恶意地尝试入侵 Web 服务器，所以这时候应该编写规则将这个 IP 拒绝，其他将请求 Web 服务的数据包通过， 最后把所有的不是请求 Web 服务的数据包都给丢弃。就这三个规则而言，应该如何设定匹配顺序呢？ Rule 1 先把来自 192.168.100.100 的 IP 执行丢弃动作 DROP Rule 2 再让请求 Web 服务的数据包通过 Rule 3 将所有的数据包丢弃 这样的排列顺序就能符合我们的需求，一旦你没有搞清楚将顺序排错了，变成： Rule 1 先让请求 Web 服务的数据包通过 Rule 2 再把来自 192.168.100.100 的 IP 执行丢弃动作 DROP Rule 3 将所有的数据包丢弃 此时那个 192.168.100.100 将可以正常请求 Web 服务，因为它会被定义的第一条规则匹配到并且让它通过，一旦有一条规则匹配了，就不会再去进行第二条规则的匹配。 数据包的处理过程暂时不考虑由哪个表处理，在只看链处理过程的情况下，数据包一般是这样来处理的 其中路由判断是判断数据包的目标，也就是判断 Destination = localhost ?? 而实际上的处理过程比较复杂，数据包要经过多个 table 来处理。 对于 Web 服务器来说，要想让客户端对它发送 web 请求，就得处理 filter 的 INPUT 链； 对于用作局域网路由器的 Linux 来说，就得要分析 nat 的各个链以及 filter 的 FORWARD 链才行。 总而言之，各个表以及链之间是有关联的： 上面的图示很复杂，不过基本上 iptables 可以控制三种数据包的流向： 数据包进入 Linux 主机使用资源 (路径 A)，在路由判断后已经确定是向 Linux 主机发送请求的数据包，比如客户端向 web 服务器端发送的请求，主要会经过 filter 的 INPUT 链来进行处理； 数据包的目的地不是本机，而是经过本机做转发，没有使用本机的资源，向其后端主机流动 (路径 B)： 在路由判断之前进行数据包表头的修订作业后，发现到数据包主要是要经过防火墙而去后端，此时就会经过路径 B 来跑动。 主要经过的链是 nat 的 PREROUTING， filter 的 FORWARD 以及 nat 的 POSTROUTING。 数据包由本机发送出去 (路径 C)： 例如服务器端要响应客户端的请求，或者是本机作为客户端向其他服务器主动发送的数据包，都是经过路径 C 来处理的。先是经过路由判断， 决定了输出的路径后，再由 filter 的 OUTPUT 链来处理，当然最终还会经过 nat 的 POSTROUTING 链。 由于 mangle 这个表的过滤很少被使用，将上面图里 mangle 拿掉的话，那就容易看的多了： iptables命令iptables 命令用来编写规则，规则就是指向标，对不同的连接和数据包做过滤，或者允许它们去向什么地方。 它的语法格式如下： 1iptables [-t table] command CHAIN [match] [target/jump] [-t table] 用来指定要操作的表。一般情况下不是必须要指定使用的表，因为 iptables 不指定 table 就默认使用 filter 表来执行所有的命令。 command 告诉程序该做什么，比如插入一条规则还是追加一条规则，或者是删除一条规则。 CHAIN 说明了要操作哪一条链 match 来根据包的特点来匹配数据包，其中会细致地描述包的某个特点，比如来源 IP 地址，网络接口，端口，协议类型等，以使这个包区别于其它所有的包。 target/jump 说明了对 match 到的数据包做什么操作，或者告诉数据包它应该去往何处。若数据包符合所有的 match，内核就用 target 来处理它，或者说把包发往 target。比如我们可以让内核把包发送到当前表中的其他链（可能是自定义链），或者只是丢弃这个包而没有什么处理，或者向发送者返回某个特殊的应答信息。非常重要的一点是 target 指令必须在最后。 iptables 虽然不是服务但在红帽的 5 和 6 版本系统上有服务脚本 /etc/init.d/iptables，服务脚本的主要作用在于生效保存的规则，装载及移除相关内核模块： 123456iptable_natiptable_filteriptable_mangleiptable_rawip_natip_conntrack 在红帽 7 上 ip_nat 换为了 nf_nat ， ip_conntrack 换为了 nf_conntrack，并且它使用 firewalld.service 服务来处理数据包而没有 iptables.service，也没有服务脚本 1234567[root@m1 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service iptables.service● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:firewalld(1)Unit iptables.service could not be found.[root@m1 ~]# 如果想要使用 iptables.service ，通过 yum 直接安装即可 1yum install iptables-services tableraw raw 表优先级最高，它支持一个特殊的 target，即 TRACE ，使用内核记录下每条匹配该包的对应 iptables 规则信息。利用这个 target ，可以实现对 iptables 规则的跟踪调试。 1iptables -t raw -A OUTPUT -p icmp -j TRACE 使用 raw 表添加了 iptables 规则后，将不经过连接跟踪模块，一般是为了不让 iptables 做数据包连接追踪来达到提高性能的目的。比如一台访问量比较高的 web 服务器，可以让 80 端口不再经过 iptables 做数据包的链接跟踪处理，以提高用户的访问速度。 在 raw 表的规则处理完后，将跳过 nat 表和 nf_conntrack 处理，即不再做地址转换和数据包的链接跟踪处理。 1iptables -t raw -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT mangle 在 mangle 表中可以进行高级路由信息数据包的修改。不建议在这个表里做任何过滤性的操作，不管是 DNAT，SNAT 或 MASQUERADE。 nat Network Address Translation 简称 nat ，在 nat 表中主要用来实现网络地址转换，它处理源、目标 IP 和端口的转换，与本机资源无关。 filter filter 表用来匹配并过滤数据包，我们就是在这里根据包的内容对包做 DROP 或 ACCEPT 的。当然也可以预先在其他地方做些过滤，但是 filter 表才是设计用来做过滤的，所以说用它做过滤最合适不过了。 command使用 -L 或 --list 列出指定链中所有的规则，默认列出 filter 表中所有链的内容。. 1iptables -L 结合 -L 使用的还有几个附属选项，-n 或 --numeric 以数字形式显示地址和端口号，不对其进行解析。 1iptables -nL -v 或 --verbose 显示链及规则详细信息。 1iptables -vL --line-numbers 显示规则的序号 1iptables -L --line-numbers 最常用的情况是把这几个选项结合起来，使得其屏幕输出显得更人性化 12345iptables -vnL --line-numbersiptables -vnL INPUT --line-numbersiptables -t nat -vnLiptables -t nat -vnL PREROUTINGiptables -t nat -vnL PREROUTING --line-numbers -x 或 --exact 显示计数器的精确值而不是近似值 1iptables -vnL INPUT -x 使用 -P 或 --policy 设置指定链的默认策略，如果将默认策略设置为 DROP 时，请事先将自己信任的数据放行，比如 TCP 协议的 22 号端口，即 ssh 。在列出规则时，每一个链上都有一个 policy 的信息，它后面第一个字段就是默认的策略 123iptables -P INPUT ACCEPTiptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPTiptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT 使用 -I 或 --insert 在指定链中插入一条新的规则，默认在链的开头插入 123iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 # 不写 -j target 将会交给默认策略处理iptables -t filter -I INPUT 5 -p tcp --dport 22 # 将规则插入到第五条 使用 -A 或 --append 在指定链的末尾处追加一条新的规则 1iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT 使用 -D 或 --delete 删除指定链中的某条规则，可以按照内容确定要删除的规则 1iptables -t filter -D INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT 还可以根据规则的序号删除，规则删除后将重新进行编号，这一点一定要注意 12iptables -t filter -vnL INPUT --line-numbersiptables -t filter -D INPUT 3 使用 -R 或 --replace 修改、替换指定链中的一条规则，按规则序号或内容确定 1iptables -t filter -R INPUT 2 -p icmp -j ACCEPT 使用 -F 或 --flush 清空指定链中的所有规则，默认清空表中所有链的内容 1234iptables -t mangle -F# 清空 mangle 表中所有链中的规则iptables -t filter -F INPUT# 清空 filter 表中 INPUT 链中的所有规则 使用 -N 或 --new-chain 新建一条用户自己定义的规则链 12345678iptables -t filter -N DOCKER# 在 filter 表中新建一个名为 DOCKER 的自定义链iptables -t filter -I DOCKER -j ACCEPT# 在自定义的链 DOCKER 中添加对应匹配条件的处理规则iptables -t filter -I FORWARD -o docker0 -j DOCKER# 在 FORWARD 中添加规则，用来匹配符合条件的数据包，并将其交给自定义链处理 使用 -X 或 --delete-chain 删除指定表中用户自定义的规则链，如果自定义链被其他链中的规则引用则无法删除，需要提前将有引用的规则删除，并清空自定义链中的规则 1234iptables -X DOCKERiptables -D FORWARD -o docker0 -j DOCKERiptables -F DOCKERiptables -X DOCKER 使用 -E 或 --rename-chain 重命名自定义链 12iptables -N 'test-chain'iptables -E 'test-chain' 'TEST-CHAIN' 使用 -Z 或 --zero 将指定链中的所有规则的包字节计数器归零，不指定链则将所有链中的计数器置零 12iptables -Ziptables -Z INPUT 使用 -V 或 --version 查看 iptables 命令工具的版本信息 1iptables -V 使用 -h 或 --help 查看命令帮助信息 1iptables -h chain说到链还是得把简化的处理流程图再拿过来： 默认链 PREROUTING：进入 netfilter 后的数据包在进入路由判断前执行的规则 INPUT：路由判断后，目的地是本机，要进入本机内部获取本地服务资源 FORWARD：路由判断后目的地不是本机，经过本机做转发的数据包而执行的规则。与本机没有关联。 OUTPUT：由本机产生，需向外发的数据包执行的规则 POSTROUTING：路由判断后发送到网卡接口前，数据包准备离开 netfilter 时执行的规则 自定义链 自定义链必须在默认链调用后才能发挥作用，如果没有被自定义链中的任何规则匹配，还应该有返回机制。用户可以删除自定义的空链，但不可以删除默认链。 计数器 每一条规则都有两个内置的计数器，在 pkts 一列将会记录被规则被匹配到的报文个数，bytes 一列将会记录被匹配的报文大小之和 1234[root@study ~]# iptables -vnL INPUTChain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 1608 packets, 176K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination [root@study ~]# match匹配模式分为通用匹配和扩展匹配 通用匹配通用匹配适用于所有的规则，无需依赖模块，自己本身就能完成检查匹配。 匹配参数 说明 ！ 使用叹号对条件取反 -p,--protocol 指定协议（tcp，udp，icmp等），可使用all来指定所有协议 -s,--src,--source 指定数据包源地址，可使用IP地址、网络地址、主机名 -d,--dst,--destination 指定目的地址 -i,--in-interface 指定数据报文流入接口，用于PREROUTING、INPUT、FORWARD -o,--out-interface 指定数据报文流出接口，用于OUTPUT、POSTROUTING、FORWARD 使用 -i 或 -o 可以使用 + 做通配，比如 -i eth+ 指的是从 eth 网卡进入的数据包。 扩展匹配扩展匹配，需要依赖模块来完成检查匹配。扩展匹配比较特殊，其中有些专门针对不同的协议，还有一些针对的是状态（state），所有者（owner），访问的频率限制（limit）等。你可以通过 man iptables-extensions 查看相关的帮助。 扩展匹配又分为了隐式扩展和显式扩展 隐式扩展隐式扩展，不用特别指明由那个模块进行，当使用 -p {tcp|udp|icmp} 中的一种时，可以直接使用扩展专用选项 扩展条件 扩展选项 说明 -p tcp，--protocol tcp --sport，--source-port 来源端口，可以是连续的，例如 1024:65535 --dport，--destination-port 目的端口 --tcp-flags tcp 标志位 --syn 第一次握手 -p udp，--protocol udp --sport，--source-port 来源端口 --dport，--destination-port 目的端口 -p icmp，--protocol icmp --icmp-type icmp 类型 --tcp-flags mask comp 用于匹配 TCP 标志位。其中只检查 mask 指定的 TCP 的标志位（逗号分开的标志位列表），comp 表示此列表出现在 mask 中，且必须为 1。如果没有出现在 mask 中，而 comp 中出现的，必须为 0 匹配 TCP 三次握手的第一次，即匹配四个 TCP 标志位（SYN,FIN,ACK,RST），其中 SYN 为 1，其他为 0 123iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN -j ACCEPT# 等价于iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --syn -j ACCEPT 再比如匹配四个 TCP 标志位（SYN,FIN,ACK,RST），其中 SYN 和 ACK 为 1，其他为 0 1iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN,ACK -j ACCEPT --icmp-type 用来匹配 ICMP 报文类型，可以使报文类型代码。其中 8 等同于 echo-request， 0 等同于 echo-reply。 1234567# 允许本机能 ping 其他主机iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT# -----------------------------------------------# 允许其他主机能 ping 本机iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPTiptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -j ACCEPT 代码的摘要，具体可以参考 rfc文档 以及 网络博客 1234567891011 0 Echo Reply 3 Destination Unreachable 4 Source Quench 5 Redirect 8 Echo11 Time Exceeded12 Parameter Problem13 Timestamp14 Timestamp Reply15 Information Request16 Information Reply 显式扩展显式扩展必须使用 -m 或 --match 选项指明是由哪个模块进行的扩展，此功能可以使用额外的匹配机制 -m state：状态扩展，结合 nf_conntrack 模块追踪回话的状态 --state 匹配连接的状态 NEW 新连接发起的请求 ESTABLISHED 已经建立的连接(即:对于新请求的响应) INVALID 非法连接请求 RELATED 相关连的连接(由命令发起，例如 ftp ) 1234iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT# 将与本机新建立 ssh 连接的数据包放行iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT# 状态为 NEW 或 ESTABLISHED 的 ssh 连接都放行 -m multiport：离散的多端口扩展 --source-ports，--sports 指定多个源端口 --destination-ports，--dports 指定多个目的端口 --ports 源和目的端口 12iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 21,22,80 -j ACCEPT# 将协议为 TCP 目标端口为 21,22,80 的数据包放行 -m iprange：匹配IP范围。 --src-range 匹配源 IP 范围 --dst-range 匹配目的 IP 范围 12iptables -t filter -I INPUT -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.100-192.168.1.200 -j ACCEPT# 将来源IP范围是 192.168.1.100-192.168.1.20 的数据包放行 -m connlimit：连接数限定。 --connlimit-above n，匹配连接数达到 n，一般进行取反使用 12iptables -A INPUT -d 192.168.2.2 -p tcp --dport 80 -m connlimt !--connlimt-above 5 -j ACCEPT# 连接数未达到 5 个则放行，否则按默认规则处理（一般默认规则是丢弃） -m limit：令牌桶过滤器，不控制最大上限。 --limit n[/second|/minute|/hour|/day] 用来在单位时间内最多允许 n 个数据包，3/minute 表示每分钟最多 3 个 --limit-burst 来匹配峰值，即匹配蜂拥而至的连接数有多大，默认为 5 123iptables -I INPUT -d 192.168.2.2 -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -m limit --limit 5/minute --limit-burst 6 -j ACCEPTiptables -I INPUT -d 192.168.2.2 -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j DROP # 目标为本机，协议为 icmp，限定每分钟最多可以连接5个(1/12s)，一批最高峰值为6个，即前6个速度比较快，后面的按照 5/minute 作回应 -m string：匹配请求的报文中的字符串，字符匹配检查高效算法：kmp， bm。 --algo {kmp|bm} 指定算 --string &quot;STRING&quot; 指定普通字符串 --hex-string &quot;HEX_STRING&quot;, 指定编码成16进制格式的字符串 1234iptables -I OUTPUT -s 192.168.2.2 -m string --algo kmp --string "H7N9" -j REJECT# 源地址为 192.168.2.2，并且报文中匹配到 H7N9 则丢弃iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -m string --string "qq.com" --algo bm -j DROPiptables -I FORWARD -p udp -m string --string "qq.com" --algo bm -j DROP -m time：基于时间做访问控制，在有些限制时间段访问网络的情况下十分有用 --datestart YYYY[-MM][-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss]]]] 起始日期 --datestop YYYY[-MM][-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss]]]] 终止日期 --timestart hh:mm[:ss] 起始时间 --timestop hh:mm[:ss] 终止时间 --weekdays Sa[,Su] 一周中的哪些天 12iptables -I INPUT -d 172.16.100.7 -p tcp --dport 80 -m time --timestart 08:20 --timestop 18:40 --weekdays Mon,Tue,Thu,Fri -j REJECT# 周一、二、四、五的 8:20 到 18:40 禁止其他主机访问本机（172.16.100.7）的80端口 -m mac：基于包的 MAC 源地址做访问控制，它也可以用叹号 ! 取反。因为 MAC addresses 只用于 Ethernet 类型的网络，所以只能用于 Ethernet 接口。而且它只能在 PREROUTING，FORWARD 和 INPUT 链里使用。 --mac-source 指定源 MAC 地址，格式只能是 XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX， 1iptables -A FORWARD -m mac --mac-source 00:00:00:00:00:01 -j DROP 在局域网中如果有人在下载比较大的文件，会占用极大的带宽而影响到了其他人的网络访问，这时候我们在防火墙上针对这个来源的 IP 做 limit 或者直接 DROP 就好了，但是如果这个人发现自己被封网了，就自己指定了静态地址并且换了另外一个 IP ，这时候就需要针对 MAC 地址做限制了，限制了 MAC 来源之后，不管怎么换 IP 地址都无济于事。 -m comment：对规则做说明、注释 --comment &#39;string&#39; 指定注释为 string，注释最长 256 个字符 1iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -m comment --comment "This is my local Lan" 添加了注释的规则，即便是在很久以后回头查看规则的时候你就能很直观地知道这个规则是用来做什么的 12345[root@m2 ~]# iptables -vnL INPUTChain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 34 packets, 3072 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 192.168.1.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 /* This is my local Lan */[root@m2 ~]# Targettarget 指的是由规则指定的操作，对规则匹配到的包做什么样的动作 ACCEPT使用 -j ACCEPT 放行，一旦数据包满足了指定的匹配条件就允许数据包通过，并且不会再去匹配当前链中的其他规则或同一个表内的其他规则，但它还要通过其他表中的链，而且在那儿可能会被 DROP 也说不准。 放行 TCP 协议目标端口是 22 的数据包 123iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 22 -j ACCEPT# 等价于iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT 放行本机到本机的连接 12iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPTiptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT DROP使用 -j DROP 丢弃，不做任何回应。在某些情况下，这个 target 会引起意外的结果，因为它不会向发送者返回任何信息，也不会向路由器返回信息，这就可能会使连接的另一方的 sockets 因苦等回音而亡。解决这个问题的较好的办法是使用 REJECT 1iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP 很多情况下我们并不期望所有的来源都能访问某些服务器，只允许一个或多个 IP ，一个或多个网段来访问。比如，在局域网中有一个 Web 服务器为 192.168.100.100，只允许 192.168.1.0/24 来访问，其他的拒绝。要实现这样的功能，在 Web 服务器上有两种做法，我们假设两种情况下的默认策略都是 ACCEPT 。 一种是先允许信任的地址段，最后再拒绝所有的。也就是说来自 192.168.1.0/24 匹配到第一条规则，否则就被第二条规则匹配到并丢弃 12iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.1.0/24 --dport 80 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP 另一种则把不是我们信任的地址段直接丢弃，如果是信任的地址段就不会被这个规则匹配到，然后交给默认规则处理。看上去这种方法更好，一条就搞定了。 1iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp ! -s 192.168.1.0/24 --dport 80 -j DROP 现在由于业务有了新的变动，需要再加入一个信任的地址段 192.168.2.0/24，于是你又按照第二种方法加入了一条规则 1iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp ! -s 192.168.2.0/24 --dport 80 -j DROP 看上去把来源不是 192.168.1.0/24 内的包丢弃，然后再把来源不是 192.168.2.0/24 内的包丢弃就可以了，但是最后测试的时候你发现 Web 服务器好像谁都不能访问了。我们来分析一下原因： 当来源是 192.168.1.123 发起的请求时，第一条规则没有被匹配，继续向下走让第二条做匹配，匹配成功然后被丢弃，也就是上图中蓝色箭头所指向的方向 当来源是 192.168.2.123 发起的请求时，第一条规则匹配成功然后被丢弃，也就是上图中蓝色箭头所指向的方向 这样一来，不管谁来请求都被 DROP 掉了。所以应当使用第一种先允许再拒绝的方法 123iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.1.0/24 --dport 80 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.2.0/24 --dport 80 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP 当来源是 192.168.3.123 发起的请求时，第一条规则没有匹配到，然后交给第二条规则，也没有匹配到，再交给第三条规则，匹配成功然后被丢弃，也就是上图中蓝色箭头所指向的方向 REJECT使用 -j REJECT 拒绝数据包通过，并且向发送者返回错误信息。这个 target 只能用在 filter表中 INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPU和它们的子链里，而且包含 REJECT 的链也只能被它们调用，否则不能发挥作用。它只有一个选项 --reject-with，是用来控制返回的错误信息的种类的。可用的信息类型有： icmp-net-unreachable icmp-host-unreachable icmp-port-unreachable icmp-proto-unreachable icmp-net-prohibited icmp-host-prohibited 。 其中缺省的是 icmp-port-unreachable。 1iptables -I INPUT -p icmp -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable 另外一个类型是 tcp-reset，只能用于TCP协议。 它的作用是告诉 REJECT 返回一个 TCP RST 包（这个包以文雅的方式关闭TCP连接，正如 iptables 的 man page 中说的，tcpreset 主要用来阻止身份识别探针（即113/tcp，当向被破坏的邮件主机发送邮件时，探针常被用到，否则它不会接受你的信） 1iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --sport 113 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset SNAT这个 target 是用来做来源IP地址转换的，就是重写包的源IP地址。SNAT 只能用在 nat 表的 POSTROUTING 链里。只要会话连接中的的第一个符合条件的包被 SNAT 了，那么这个连接的其他所有的包都会自动地被 SNAT，而且这个规则还会应用于这个连接所在流的所有数据包。 局域网中的主机想要通过防火墙访问互联网时，就需要用到它。先在内核里打开 ip 转发功能，然后再写一个 SNAT 规则，就可以把所有从本地网络出去的包的源地址改为外网地址了。如果不这样做而是直接转发本地网的包的话，互联网中的服务器发现是个内网 IP 发送过来的请求，就不知道往哪儿发送响应了，因为内网属于私有专用网络，不能在互联网上直接使用的。 在这里 SNAT 的作用就是让所有从局域网发出去的的包看起来都是从防火墙发出的。 123echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward# 临时开启转发iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to 12.34.56.78 要永久开启转发需要编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf，并配置 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1，再执行 sysctl -p 即可 如果一个网卡上有多个连续的 IP 还可以对一个范围内的 IP 做 SNAT，以达到负载均衡的效果，每个会话流被随机分配一个 IP，但对于同一个会话，在会话期间使用的是同一个 IP 。 1iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to 12.34.56.78-12.34.56.80 在指定 -p tcp 或 -p udp 的前提下在 SNAT 的时候还可以指定源端口的范围 1iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -p tcp -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to 12.34.56.78-12.34.56.80:1024-32000 这样的话包的源端口就被限制在 1024-32000了。注意，如果可能的话 iptables 总是想尽可能避免任何的端口的变更，也就是说，它总是尽力使用建立连接时所用的端口。 但是如果两台主机使用了相同的源端口，iptables 将会把他们的其中之一映射到另外的一个端口。如果没有指定端口范围， 所有的在 512 以内的源端口会被映射到 512 以内的另一个端口，512 和 1023 之间的将会被映射到 1024 内的另一个端口，其他的将会被映射到大于或等于于 1024 的另一个端口，即同范围映射。这种映射和目的端口无关，因此，如果客户端想要发送请求到防火墙外的 HTTP 服务器，它是不会被映射到 FTP 所用的端口的。 MASQUERADE这个 target 和 SNAT 的作用是一样的，但是它可以自动获得可用的 IP 而不是像 SNAT 那样需要指定 --to-source。 MASQUERADE 是被专门设计用于那些动态获取 IP 地址的连接的，比如拨号上网、DHCP连接等，这些情况下 SNAT 就会有很大的局限性。如果有固定的 IP 地址的话，最好还是用SNAT，因为 MASQUERADE 在获取可用 IP 的时候会带来额外的资源消耗。 另外，当网卡停用时 MASQUERADE 不会记住任何连接，而 SNAT 是会将连接跟踪的数据保留下来一段时间，并且 SNAT 会占用很多链接追踪的内存资源。 所以当 IP 地址是动态获取而不固定时，使用 MASQUERADE，有固定的 IP 地址时最好用 SNAT。 还要注意 MASQUERADE 和 SNAT 一样，只能用于 nat 表的 POSTROUTING 链。它也可以指定源端口或范围，如果是指定单个端口用 --to-ports 1025，指定端口范围用 --to-1024-3000 12iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 j MASQUERADE# 不管现在 eth0上获得了怎样的动态 IP，使用 MASQUERADE 都会自动读取网卡上可用 IP 然后做 SNAT 出去，这样就实现了很好的动态SNAT地址转换 DNAT这个 target 是用来做目标 IP 地址转换的，就是重写包的目的 IP 地址。如果一个包被匹配了，那么和它属于同一个流的所有的包都会被自动转换，然后就可以被路由到正确的主机或网络。目的地址也可以是一个范围，这样的话 DNAT会为每一个流随机分配一个地址。因此可以用这个 target 做某种类型的负载均衡。为了便于理解，下面阐述为映射。 注意，DNAT 必须在 POSTROUTING 之前进行，因为交给 POSTROUTING 的时候目标地址就已经确定了，此时做 DNAT 已经为时已晚。并且 DNAT 只能用在 nat 表的 PREROUTING 和 OUTPUT 链中，或者是被这两条链调用的链里。 如图所示，如果你的 Web 、MySQL、FTP 服务器在局域网内部，而且没有外网 IP 地址，那就可以使用这个 target 让防火墙把所有到它自己的端口的分别映射到局域网内部的各个主机上。 123iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.101:80iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 3306 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:3306iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 3 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 21 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.103:21 在默认情况下，很多服务器的 SSH 服务都监听在 22 号端口，如果是 ssh 到局域网的一台服务器查看配置，执行一些维护命令该怎么办呢？ 第一个想到的就是按照刚才的方式再做 22 端口的映射 123iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 22 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.101:22iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 22 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:22iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 3 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 22 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.103:22 根据匹配规则的顺序，结果可想而知，最后只映射到了局域网其中一台机器上。当再次 ssh 连接 Firewall 时发现连接的却是其他机器，这是因为到它的 ssh 连接被 DNAT 到了局域网内部的主机，这显然是不切合实际的。要解决这个问题，除了修改 SSH 服务的端口号，还可以在 Firewall 上映射不同端口到不同机器的 22 端口 123456iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1231 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.101:22# 1231 端口映射为 Web Server 的 22 端口iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1232 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:22# 1232 端口映射为 MySQL Server 的 22 端口iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 3 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1233 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.103:22# 1233 端口映射为 FTP Server 的 22 端口 由此一来，想要 ssh 连接局域网内部多个主机只需要指定对应的端口号就可以了。 对于访问量比较高的 Web 服务器，可以通过 Squid 做缓存来提高访问效率。通常会把客户端发送的资源请求映射到 Squid 缓存服务器上，如果没有现有的缓存则回源站服务器请求。 12iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.106:3128iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 443 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.106:3128 在规则越来越多的时候，要匹配的规则就会越来越多，处理速度就会随之越来越慢，所以规则的精简是十分重要的，上面的规则可以使用 multiport 简化为一条： 1iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.106:3128 现在，我们已经把所有从互联网来的到防火墙的 1232 端口去的包都映射到在局域网内部的 MySQL 服务器的 22 端口上，并且在这之前为了能让内网访问外网我们还做了 SNAT。如果在外网机器上试验一下，一切正常。但是再从内网机器里试验一下，却完全不能用，这其实是路由的问题。下面我们来好好分析这个问题。 包从 User1 发起，他的外网是 1.2.3.4 ，向 12.34.56.78 的 1232 端口发送请求 包到达防火墙，然后被防火墙做 DNAT，目标变成了向 192.168.1.102 的 22 端口发送请求 防火墙转发这个包，而且包会经过很多其他的链检验及处理 包离开防火墙走并到达 192.168.102，即 MySQL 服务器 此时 MySQL 服务器看到的来源没有变化，还是 1.2.3.4 MySQL 服务器试图进行数据包的响应，此时变成了 MySQL 作为源，User1 作为目标进行响应 MySQL 服务器在路由数据库中看到他要响应的目标是 1.2.3.4 ，这属于来自外网的一个IP（scope global），因此经过默认网关，即防火墙做出响应。一般情况下，防火墙就是内网服务器的缺省网关。 防火墙再对返回包做 SNAT，这样 User1 看到的就是防火墙回复了之前的请求。 那么，从局域网内部发起的请求时如何处理的呢？ 包从 User2 发起，他的地址为局域网的 192.168.1.110，向 12.34.56.78 的 1232 端口发送请求，上图绿色箭头 包到达防火墙，然后被防火墙做 DNAT，目标变成了向 192.168.1.102 的 22 端口发送请求 防火墙转发这个包，而且还会经过其他的处理。 包离开防火墙走并到达 192.168.102，即 MySQL 服务器，上图红色箭头 此时 MySQL 服务器看到的来源没有变化，还是 192.168.1.110 MySQL 服务器试图进行数据包的响应，此时变成了 MySQL 作为源，User2 作为目标进行响应 MySQL 服务器试图响应这个包，但是它在路由数据库中看到包是来自同一个网络的 192.168.1.110 ，也就是 User2，这属于直连网络（scope link）不需要防火墙转发 。因此 MySQL 服务器会把响应的包直接发送给 User2 。上图黑色箭头 响应的包的确到达了 User2，但它会很困惑，因为他是把请求发送给了防火墙，结果防火墙没有响应自己，却莫名其妙收到了一个其他机器的包。这样肯定没有办法建立连接，但 User2 会等待防火墙的响应，最终超过指定的时间会话被关闭（Connection timed out）。 这就是 IP 传输包的特点，只根据目的地的不同改变目的地址，但不因传输过程中要经过很多路由器而随着路由器改变其源地址，除非你单独进行源地址的改变。其实这一步的处理和对外来包的处理是一样的，只不过内网包的问题就在于此。 针对这个问题有个简单的解决办法，因为这些包都要进入防火墙，而且它们都去往需要做 DNAT 才能到达的那个地址，所以我们只要对做了 DNAT 的这些包再做 SNAT 操作即可。 12iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1232 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:22iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 192.168.1.102 --dport 22 -j SNAT --to 192.168.1.100 对照规则和上面的流程图你应该很容易就搞清楚是到底如何工作的了。 REDIRECT这个 target 把要转发的包的目的地址改写为我们自己机器的 IP 和端口，这个在局域网中相当于做了透明代理，客户机根本不知道有代理的存在，并且可以正常上网。 REDIRECT 只能用在 nat 表的 PREROUTING、OUTPUT 链和被它们调用的自定义链里。它只有一个选项 --to ，其完整格式是 --to-ports 在使用 -p tcp 或 -p udp 的前提下，有三种指定端口的方式：1、不使用这个选项，目的端口不会被改变2、指定一个端口，用 --to-ports 80803、指定端口范围，用 --to-ports 8080-8090 别人都使用 80 端口提供 Web 服务，如果你想要把 8080 映射到自己的 80 而不是直接 80 对外提供 Web 服务，用 REDIRECT 就能完美地解决这个问题，本机生成的包都会被映射到 127.0.0.1 1iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 8080 -j REDIRECT --to 80 RETURN它使包返回上一层，顺序是：子链 =&gt; 父链 =&gt; 默认策略。具体地说，就是若包在子链中遇到了 RETURN，则返回父链的下一条规则继续进行匹配，若是在父链（或称主链，比如INPUT）中遇到了RETURN，就要被缺省的策略（一般是ACCEPT或DROP）操作了。 举个例子说明一下，假设一个包进入了 INPUT 链，匹配了某条规则并且 target 为 -j DOCKER ，然后数据包进入了子链 DOCKER 。在子链中又匹配了某条规则，恰巧 target 为 -j RETURN，那包就返回父链 INPUT 链并继续进行下一条规则的匹配。如果在 INPUT链里又遇到了 -j RETURN，那这个包就要被缺省的策略（一般是ACCEPT 或 DROP）处理了。 TOSTOS 是用来设置 IP 头中的 Type of Service 字段的。这个字段长一个字节，可以控制包的路由情况。它也是 iproute2 及其子系统可以直接使用的字段之一。值得注意的是，如果你有几个独立的防火墙和路由器，而且还想在他们之间利用包的头部来传递路由信息，TOS 是唯一的办法。 -p 选项除了可以指定 tcp 或 udp 还可以使用协议号来代替协议，比如： 123iptables -I INPUT -p 6 -j ACCEPT# 等价于iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -j ACCEPT 不同的协议都有各自的协议号，具体可以参照本篇文章末尾的表格 TOS 只能在 mangle 表内使用，要想设置 TOS 的值，值的形式可以是名字或者使相应的数值（十进制或16进制的）。一般情况下，建议使用名字而不使用数值形式，因为以后这些数值可能会有所改变， 而名字一般是固定的。TOS 字段有 8 个二进制位，所以可能的值是 0-255（十进制）或 0x00-0xFF（16进制）。 123iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p 135 -m tos ! --tos 0 -j TOS --set-tos=0iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p 47 -m tos ! --tos 0 -j TOS --set-tos=0iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 22 -j TOS --set-tos 0x10 如前所述，最好使用预定义的值：1、Minimize-Delay 16 (0x10)，要求找一条路径使延时最小，一些标准服务如 telnet、SSH、FTP- control 就需要这个选项。2、Maximize-Throughput 8 (0x08)，要求找一条路径能使吞吐量最大，标准服务 FTP-data 能用到这个。3、Maximize-Reliability4 (0x04)，要求找一条路径能使可靠性最高，使用它的有 BOOTP 和 TFTP。4、Minimize-Cost 2 (0x02)，要求找一条路径能使费用最低，一般情况下使用这个选项的是一些视频音频流协议，如RTSP（Real Time Stream Control Protocol）。5、Normal-Service 0 (0x00)，一般服务，没有什么特殊要求。这个值也是大部分包的缺省值。 完整的列表可以通过命令 iptables -j TOS -h 得到 1234567891011TOS target vlibxtables.so.10 options: --set-tos value[/mask] Set Type of Service/Priority field to value (Zero out bits in mask and XOR value into TOS) --set-tos symbol Set TOS field (IPv4 only) by symbol (this zeroes the 4-bit Precedence part!) Accepted symbolic names for value are: (0x10) 16 Minimize-Delay (0x08) 8 Maximize-Throughput (0x04) 4 Maximize-Reliability (0x02) 2 Minimize-Cost (0x00) 0 Normal-Service TTLTTL 可以修改 IP 头中 Time To Live 字段的值。它有很大的作用，我们可以把所有外出包的 Time To Live 值都改为一样的，比如 64，这是 Linux 的默认值。 有些 ISP 不允许我们共享连接（他们可以通过 TTL 的值来区分是不是有多个机器使用同一个连接），如果我们把 TTL 都改为一样的值，他们就不能再根据 TTL 来判断了。 TTL 只能在 mangle 表内使用，它有 3 个选项 1234TTL target options --ttl-set value Set TTL to &lt;value 0-255&gt; --ttl-dec value Decrement TTL by &lt;value 1-255&gt; --ttl-inc value Increment TTL by &lt;value 1-255&gt; --ttl-set 用来设置 TTL 的值。 这个值不要太大也不要太小，大约 64 就很好。值太大会影响网络，而且有点不道德，为什么这样说呢？如果有些路由器的配置不太正确，包的 TTL 又非常大，那它们就会在这些路由器之间往返很多次，值越大，占用的带宽越多。这个 target 就可以被用来限制包能走多远，一个比较恰当的距离是刚好能到达 DNS 服务器的距离。 1iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -j TTL --ttl-set 64 --ttl-dec 设定 TTL要被减掉的值 1iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -i eth1 -j TTL --ttl-dec 3 假设一个进来的包的 TTL 是 53，那么当它离开我们这台机子时，TTL 就变为 49 了。为什么不是 50 呢？ 因为经过我们这台机器，TTL 本身就要减 1，还要被 iptables 的 TTL 再减 3，当然总共就是减去 4 了。 使用这个 target 可以限制“使用我们的服务的用户” 离我们有多远。比如用户总是使用比较近的 DNS，那我们就可以对我们的 DNS 服务器发出的包进行几个 --ttl-dec。意思也就是，我们只想让距离 DNS 服务器近一些的用户访问我们的服务，当然用 --set-ttl 控制会更方便。 --ttl-inc 设定 TTL 要被增加的值 1iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -j TTL --ttl-inc 4 假设一个进来的包的 TTL 是 53，那么当它离开我们这台机子时，TTL 应是多少呢？答案是 53+4-1=56，原因同 --ttl-dec。 在防火墙上没有操作 TTL 之前，从局域网的机器使用 traceroute 做路由追踪可以看到经过了防火墙（网关） 1234567891011traceroute to 182.61.200.7 (182.61.200.7), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 192.168.1.101 0.237 ms 0.224 ms 0.440 ms 2 192.168.127.2 0.403 ms 0.364 ms 0.310 ms 3 * * * 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 * * * 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * *10 * * * 使用 --ttl-inc 这个选项可以使我们的防火墙更加隐蔽，而不被 traceroute 发现， 方法就是设置 --ttl-inc 1 。原因很简单，数据包每经过一个路由器，TTL 就要自动减 1，但在我们的防火墙里这个 1 又被补上了，也就是说 TTL 的值没变，那么 traceroute 就会认为我们的防火墙是不存在的。 1234567891011traceroute to 182.61.200.7 (182.61.200.7), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 * * * 2 * * * 3 * * * 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 * * * 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * *10 * * * 实际上使用三个选项中的任意一个，只要修改了 TTL 的值就可以不被 traceroute 追踪到。 MARK为数据包做 mark 标记，这个值只能在 mangle 表里使用。因为 mark 比较特殊，它不是包本身的一部分，而是在包穿越计算机的过程中由内核分配的和它相关联的一个字段。它可以和本地的高级路由功能联用，以使不同的包能使用不同的策略路由，队列要求等等。 12345iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p tcp -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 31.13.95.48 --dport 80 -j MARK --set-mark 2# 对相应符合条件的数据包进行标记 ip rule add fwmark 2 lookup 12 prio 997# 对标记的数据包做策略路由 TCPMSS在 ip foward 的时候内核会检查 mss 和 mtu 值来决定是否分片，而 mss 和 tcp 连接有关。为达到最佳的传输效能 TCP 在建立连接时会协商 MSS（最大分段长度，一般为1460字节）值，即 MTU（最大传输单元，不超过1500字节）减去 IP 数据包包头 20 字节和 TCP 数据包头 20 字节，取最小的 MSS 值为本次连接的最大 MSS 值。一般 tcp 通信中一些数据包不允许分片，所以需要在发送的时候，直接发送一个比较小的数据报文，不然就会被网络处理的时候丢弃掉。在 ADSL 拨号环境中由于 PPP 包头占用 8 字节，MTU 为 1492 字节，MSS 为 1452 字节，如果不能正确设置会导致网络不正常。 iptables 中 TCPMSS 就是用来调整 TCP 数据包中 MSS 的数值的，配合使用的有两个选项 123TCPMSS target mutually-exclusive options: --set-mss value explicitly set MSS option to specified value --clamp-mss-to-pmtu automatically clamp MSS value to (path_MTU - 20) --set-mss value 将设置手动指定的 MSS 值 1234iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -i pppoe-wan -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360# 从 pppoe-wan 进来，握手信号的包iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o pppoe-wan -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN,ACK -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360# 从 pppoe-wan 出去，响应握手信号的包 --clamp-mss-to-pmtu 将根据 MTU 自动调整 MSS，它只能用在 FORWARD, OUTPUT 和 POSTROUTING 链 1iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o pppoe-wan -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --clamp-mss-to-pmtu 如果想匹配指定的 MSS 范围的包，并且把它的 MSS 值改为特定的，则需要依赖于显示扩展的 tcpmss 模块 12iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -i ppp+ -p tcp --syn -m tcpmss --mss 1400:1500 -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o ppp+ -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST -m tcpmss --mss 1400:1500 -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360 LOG这个 target 是专门用来记录包的有关信息的。这些信息可能是非法的，那就可以用来除错。LOG 会返回包的有关细节，如 IP 头的大部分和其他有趣的信息。这个功能是通过内核的日志工具完成的，一般是 rsyslogd。返回的信息可用 dmesg 阅读，或者可以直接查看 rsyslogd 的日志文件，也可以用其他的什么程序来看。 LOG 对调试规则有很大的帮助，你可以看到包去了哪里、经过了什么规则的处理，什么样的规则处理什么样的包，等等。当你在生产服务器上调试一个不敢保证 100% 正常的规则集时，用 LOG 代替 DROP 是比较好的，有详细的信息可看，错误就容易定位解决了。 LOG 有5个选项，你可以用它们指定需要的信息类型或针对不同的信息设定一 些值以便在记录中使用。 123456LOG target options: --log-level level Level of logging (numeric or see syslog.conf) --log-prefix prefix Prefix log messages with this prefix. --log-tcp-sequence Log TCP sequence numbers. --log-tcp-options Log TCP options. --log-ip-options Log IP options. --log-level 告诉 iptables 和 rsyslog 使用哪个记录等级。记录等级的详细信息可以查看文件 /etc/rsyslog.conf，一般来说有以下几种，它们的级别依次是：debug，info，notice，warning，warn，err，error，crit，alert， emerg，panic。其中，error 和 err、warn 和 warning、panic 和 emerg 分别是同义词，也就是说作用完全一样的。这三种级别的信息量太大，所以不太建议使用。信息级别说明了被记录信息所反映的问题的严重程度。所有信息都是通过内核的功能被记录的。 先在文件 /etc/rsyslog.conf 里设置 kern.=info /var/log/iptables，然后再让所有关于 iptables 的 LOG 信息使用级别 info，就可以把所有的信息存入文件 /var/log/iptables 内。其中也可能会有其他的信息，它们是内核中使用 info 这个等级的其他部分产生的。如果你不想这样做，那么所有日志默认在 /var/log/messages 文件中记录，然后将数据包传递给下一条规则。 12iptables -I INPUT -p ICMP -j LOG --log-level infoiptables -I INPUT -p ICMP -j LOG --log-level notice 在其他机器做 ping 测试后，回来查看 tail /var/log/messages 你将看到相关的日志信息。 --log-prefix 告诉 iptables 在记录的信息之前加上指定的前缀。这样用 grep 或其他工具就容易追踪特定的问题，而且也方便从不同的规则输出。前缀最多能有 29 个英文字符，这已经是包括空白字符和其他特殊符号的总长度了。 1iptables -I INPUT -p ICMP -j LOG --log-level info --log-prefix "INPUT icmp packets: " --log-tcp-sequence 把包的 TCP 序列号和其他日志信息一起记录下来。TCP 序列号可以唯一标识一个包，在重组时也是用它来确定每个分组在包里的位置。注意，这个选项可能会带来危险， 因为这些记录被未授权的用户看到的话，可能会使他们更容易地破坏系统。其实任何 iptables 的输出信息都增加了这种危险，“言多必失”，“沉默是金”。 1iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j LOG --log-tcp-sequence --log-tcp-options 记录 TCP 包头中的字段大小不变的选项。这对一些除错是很有价值的，通过它提供的信息，可以知道哪里可能出错，或者哪里已经出了错。 1iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -j LOG --log-tcp-options --log-ip-options 记录IP包头中的字段大小不变的选项。这对一些除错是很有价值的，还可以用来跟踪特定地址的包。 1iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -j LOG --log-ip-options 连接跟踪机制 conntrack在 iptables 里，包是和被跟踪连接的四种不同状态有关的。它们是 NEW，ESTABLISHED，RELATED 和 INVALID 。使用 --state 匹配操作，就能很容易地控制 “谁或什么能发起新的会话”。 所有在内核中由 Netfilter 的特定框架做的连接跟踪称作 conntrack（connection tracking）。 除了本机产生的包由 OUTPUT 链处理外，所有连接跟踪都是在 PREROUTING 链里进行处理的，也就是说 iptables 会在 PREROUTING 链里重新计算所有的状态。如果我们发送一个初始包出去，状态就会在 OUTPUT 链里被设置为 NEW，当我们收到回应的包时，状态就会在 PREROUTING 链里被设置为 ESTABLISHED。如果第一个包不是本机产生的，那就会在 PREROUTING 链里被设置为 NEW 状态。 nf_conntracknf_conntrack 是 Linux 内核 NAT 的模块，实时记录当前主机上 client 和 server 彼此建立的连接关系，且可以追踪某个连接和其他某个连接处于何种状态，既可以追踪 TCP 协议，也可以追踪 UDP 协议和 ICMP 协议。 默认的 timeout 是 432000秒（五天）。每个 nf_conntrack 记录约会占用 292 Bytes 的内存，所以系统所能记录的nf_conntrack 也是有限的，如果超过了这个限度，就会出现内核级错误 nf_conntrack: table full, dropping packet，其结果就是无法再有任何的网络连接了。另外，在使用 iptables 命令查看 nat 表时，由于内核模块的依赖关系，将会自动激活 nf_conntrack 模块，如果在访问量非常繁忙的服务器上执行此操作将会导致大量请求被丢弃。这时候就需要修改它能记录的最大值了。你也可以在 /proc/sys/net/nf_conntrack_max 里查看、设置，也可以编辑文件 /etc/sysctl.conf 来实现。 conntrack记录在 /proc/net/nf_conntrack 中记录了当前被跟踪的连接 12ipv4 2 tcp 6 300 SYN_SENT src=192.168.127.1 dst=192.168.127.131 sport=3069 dport=22 \[UNREPLIED] src=192.168.127.131 dst=192.168.127.1 sport=22 dport=3069 [ASSURED] mark=0 zone=0 use=2 通过这个文件就可以知道某个特定的连接处于什么状态。首先显示的是协议，这里是 tcp，接着是十进制的 6 即 tcp 的协议类型代码。之后的 300 是这条 conntrack 记录的生存时间，它会有规律地被消耗，直到收到这个连接的更多的包。那时这个值就被设为当时那个状态的缺省值。接下来的是这个连接在当前时间点的状态。上面的例子说明这个包处在 SYN_SENT 状态，这个值是 iptables 显示的，以便我们好理解，而内部用的值稍有不同。SYN_SENT 说明我们正在观察的这个连接只在一个方向发送了一 TCP SYN 包。再下面是源地址、目的地址、源端口和目的端口。其中有个特殊的词 UNREPLIED，说明这个连接还没有收到任何回应。最后是希望接收的应答包的信息，他们的地址和端口和前面是相反的。 连接跟踪记录的信息依据 IP 所包含的协议不同而不同，所有相应的值都是在头文件中定义的，即 1/usr/include/linux/netfilter/nf_conntrack*.h 当一个连接在两个方向上都有传输时，conntrack 记录就删除 [UNREPLIED] 标志，然后重置。在末尾有 [ASSURED] 的记录说明两个方向已没有流量。这样的记录是确定的，在连接跟踪表满时，是不会被删除的， 没有 [ASSURED] 的记录就要被删除。连接跟踪表能容纳多少记录是被一个变量控制的，它可由内核中的 ip- sysctl 函数设置。默认值取决于你的内存大小，128MB 可以包含 8192 条目录，256MB 是 16376 条。所以，需要合理调整 nf_conntrack_max 的值。 数据包在用户空间的状态NEW 说明这个包是我们看到的第一个包。意思就是这是 conntrack 模块看到的某个连接第一个包，它即将被匹配了。比如我们看到一个 SYN 包，是我们所留意的连接的第一个包，就要匹配它。第一个包也可能不是 SYN 包，但它仍会被认为是 NEW 状态。 ESTABLISHED 已经注意到两个方向上的数据传输，而且会继续匹配这个连接的包。只要发送请求并收到响应，连接就是 ESTABLISHED 的了。一个连接要从 NEW 变 为 ESTABLISHED，只需要接到响应包即可，不管这个包是发往防火墙的，还是要由防火墙转发的。ICMP 的错误和重定向等信息包也被看作是 ESTABLISHED，只要它们是发出请求后得到的响应。 RELATED 当一个连接和某个已处于 ESTABLISHED 状态的连接有关系时，就被认为是 RELATED 的了。换句话说，一个连接要想是 RELATED 的，首先要有一个 ESTABLISHED 的连接。这个 ESTABLISHED 连接再产生一个主连接之外的连接，这个新的连接就是 RELATED 的了，当然前提是 conntrack 模块要能理解 RELATED。ftp 就是个很好的例子，FTP-data 连接就是和 FTP-control 有 RELATED 的。注意，大部分还有一些 UDP 协议都依赖这个机制。这些协议是很复杂的，它们把连接信息放在数据包里，并且要求这些信息能被正确理解。 INVALID 说明数据包不能被识别属于哪个连接或没有任何状态。有几个原因可以产生这种情况，比如，内存溢出，收到不知属于哪个连接的 ICMP 错误信息。一般这种状态的数据包都最好 DROP 。 这些状态可以一起使用，以便匹配数据包。这可以使我们的防火墙非常强壮和有效。以前我们经常打开 1024 以上的所有端口来放行应答的数据。现在有了状态机制就不需再这样了。因为我们可以只开放那些有应答数据的端口，其他的都可以关闭，这样就安全多了。 对于本机 SSH 服务的 22 号端口，就可以通过状态机制处理了。 1234iptables -I INPUT -d 192.168.2.133 -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT# 将目的地为本机，目的端口 22，状态为新请求或者已建立的连接放行iptables -A OUTPUT -s 192.168.2.133 -m state --state ESTABLISED -j ACCEPT# 将本机发出去的，状态为已建立的连接放行 对于 FTP 连接的规则，需要事先装载 nf_conntrack_ftp 和 nf_nat_ftp 模块 1234modprobe nf_conntrack_ftpmodprobe nf_nat_ftpiptables -A INPUT -d 192.168.2.133 -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPTiptables -I OUTPUT -s 192.168.2.133 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT 规则的保存和恢复iptables 提供了两个工具来处理大规则集： iptables-save 和 iptables-restore，iptables-save 用来把规则集保存到一个特殊格式的文本文件里，而 iptables-restore 是用来把这个文件重新装入内核空间的。 处理效率使用 iptables-save 和 iptables-restore 的一个最重要的原因是，它们能提高装载、保存规则的速度。 iptables-save 运行一次就可以把整个规则集从内核里提取出来，并保存到文件里，而 iptables-restore 是每次将规则装入一个表。使用脚本更改规则的问题是，改动每个规则都要调用 iptables 命令，而每一次调用 iptables，它首先要把 Netfilter 内核空间中的整个规则集都提取出来， 然后再插入或追加，或做其他的改动，最后再把新的规则集从它的内存空间插入到内核空间中。相对于一次操作一个表而言，这会花费很多时间。 iptables-restore的不足iptables-restore 最大的缺点就是不能替代所有的脚本来设置规则，也就是不能用来做复杂的规则集。最常见的情况就是，一个动态获取 IP 的主机，使用脚本就可以很方便地得到这个 IP，用 iptables-restore 却是无法实现的。 有一个笨办法是先装入 iptables-restore 文件，再运行一个特定的脚本把动态的规则载入。虽然可行，但是 iptables-restore 并不适合于使用动态 IP 的场合，如果你想在配置文件里使用选项来实现不同的要求，iptables-restore 也不适用。 iptables-saveiptables-save 用来把当前的规则存入一个文件里以备 iptables-restore 使用。它的使用很简单，只有两个参数： 1iptables-save [-c] [-t table] 使用 -c 保存包和字节计数器的值，这可以使我们在重启防火墙后不丢失对包和字节的统计。默认情况下是不保存的计数器的数值的。 使用 -t 指定要保存的表，默认是保存所有的表。 1234567891011121314151617181920212223# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002*filter:INPUT ACCEPT [404:19766]:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]:OUTPUT ACCEPT [530:43376]COMMIT# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002*mangle:PREROUTING ACCEPT [451:22060]:INPUT ACCEPT [451:22060]:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]:OUTPUT ACCEPT [594:47151]:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [594:47151]COMMIT# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002*nat:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [3:450]:OUTPUT ACCEPT [3:450]COMMIT# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002 上面的输出格式中 # 后面的是注释，表都以 *&lt;table-name&gt; 开始。每个表都包含链和规则，链的详细说明是 &lt;chain-name&gt; &lt;chain-policy&gt; [&lt;packet-counter&gt;:&lt;byte-counter&gt;]。每个表的描述都以关键字 COMMIT 结束，在 iptables-restore 的时候遇到它就说明此时要把规则装入内核了。 默认情况下命令的执行结果会输出到屏幕，想要保存到文件，直接输出重定向即可： 1iptables-save -c &gt; /etc/iptables.save iptables-restoreiptables-restore 用来载入由 iptables-save 保存的规则集。它不能直接读取文件，只能通过标准输入重定向载入规则。 1iptables-restore [-c] [-n] 使用 -c 要求载入包和字节计数器，如果你用 iptables-save 保存了计数器，现在想重新装入，就必须用这个参数。它的长选项格式是 --counters。 使用 -n 告诉 iptables-restore 不要覆盖已有的表或表内的规则。默认情况是清除所有已存在的规则。它的长选项格式是 --noflush。如果使用了这个选项，你的规则就很有可能出现很多重复，所以不太建议使用。 1iptables-restore -c &lt; /etc/iptables.save 这样规则集应该正确地装入内核并正常工作了。如果有问题，就要开始排错了。 iptables.service如果你用的是红帽 7 系列的系统，并且安装了 iptables-services，那么 /etc/sysconfig/iptables 就作为了 iptables.service 规则存放的文件， /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config 作为 iptables.service 的服务配置文件 。你可以使用 /usr/libexec/iptables/iptables.init save 保存规则。 编写规则抵御常见攻击SYN FLOOD 方法一，限制请求速度 1234567iptables -N SYN_FLOOD# 自定义链 SYN_FLOODiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn -j SYN_FLOOD # 对第一次握手 SYN 包进行 jump ，跳转到自定义链 iptables -A SYN_FLOOD -m limit --limit 1/s --limit-burst 4 -j RETURN iptables -A SYN_FLOOD -j DROP# 限定每秒最多可以连接1个，一批最高峰值为4个，即前4个速度比较快，后面的按照1/s返回主链进行回应。否则将丢弃 方法二，限制单个IP最大连接数，也可以用于限制访问量过大的IP 12iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --syn -m connlimit --connlimit-above 15 -j DROP# 限定单个 IP 连接，超过15个就丢弃 Dos 123456iptables -I INPUT 1 -p tcp -m multiport --dport 22 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 5 -j DROP# 单个 IP 最多 5 个会话iptables -I INPUT 2 -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set --name SSH # 只要是新的连接请求，就把它加入到 SSH 列表中，此处需要使用 recent 模块iptables -I INPUT 3 -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 300 --hitcount 3 --name SSH -j DROP# 5分钟(300s)内尝试次数达到3次，就拒绝为 SSH 列表中的这个 IP 提供服务。被限制5分钟后即可恢复访问。 反弹木马 12iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW -j DROP# 防止本机向外发送连接请求（如果本机有类似 DNS 请求的数据则据具体情况而待） ping攻击 12iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -m limit --limit 1/m -j ACCEPT# 限制连接速率 防火墙脚本清除规则脚本 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283#!/usr/bin/env bash:&lt;&lt;:------------------------------------------------ FileName : flush-iptables-rules.sh Author : Silence Version : 0.0.1 Description :------------------------------------------------ :# Check if iptable module is loadedPROC_iptables_NAMES=/proc/net/ip_tables_names[ ! -e "$PROC_iptables_NAMES" ] &amp;&amp; exit 0# Get active tablesNF_TABLES=$(cat "$PROC_iptables_NAMES" 2&gt;/dev/null)# Check if firewall is configured (has tables)[ -z "$NF_TABLES" ] &amp;&amp; exit 1# only usable for rootif [ $EUID != 0 ]; then echo -n $"iptables: Only usable by root."; exit 4fiif [ ! -x /sbin/iptables ]; then echo -n $"iptables: /sbin/iptables does not exist."; warning; echo exit 5fi# Flush firewall rules and delete chains.echo -n $"iptables: Flushing firewall rules: "# For all tablesfor i in $NF_TABLES; do # Flush firewall rules. iptables -t $i -F; # Delete firewall chains. iptables -t $i -X; # Set counter to zero. iptables -t $i -Z; # Set policy for configured tables. policy=ACCEPT echo -n "$i " case "$i" in raw) for chain in PREROUTING OUTPUT;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; filter) for chain in INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; nat) for chain in PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; mangle) for chain in PREROUTING POSTROUTING INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; security) : Ignore the security table ;; *) : Do nothing ;; esacdoneecho TCP/IP协议号https://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/cn/other/protocols.txt 协议号 协议类型 说明 0 HOPOPT IPv6 逐跳选项 1 ICMP Internet 控制消息 2 IGMP Internet 组管理 3 GGP 网关对网关 4 IP IP 中的 IP（封装） 5 ST 流 6 TCP 传输控制 7 CBT CBT 8 EGP 外部网关协议 9 IGP 任何专用内部网关 （Cisco 将其用于 IGRP） 10 BBN-RCC-MON BBN RCC 监视 11 NVP-II 网络语音协议 12 PUP PUP 13 ARGUS ARGUS 14 EMCON EMCON 15 XNET 跨网调试器 16 CHAOS Chaos 17 UDP 用户数据报 18 MUX 多路复用 19 DCN-MEAS DCN 测量子系统 20 HMP 主机监视 21 PRM 数据包无线测量 22 XNS-IDP XEROX NS IDP 23 TRUNK-1 第 1 主干 24 TRUNK-2 第 2 主干 25 LEAF-1 第 1 叶 26 LEAF-2 第 2 叶 27 RDP 可靠数据协议 28 IRTP Internet 可靠事务 29 ISO-TP4 ISO 传输协议第 4 类 30 NETBLT 批量数据传输协议 31 MFE-NSP MFE 网络服务协议 32 MERIT-INP MERIT 节点间协议 33 SEP 顺序交换协议 34 3PC 第三方连接协议 35 IDPR 域间策略路由协议 36 XTP XTP 37 DDP 数据报传送协议 38 IDPR-CMTP IDPR 控制消息传输协议 39 TP++ TP++ 传输协议 40 IL IL 传输协议 41 IPv6 Ipv6 42 SDRP 源要求路由协议 43 IPv6-Route IPv6 的路由标头 44 IPv6-Frag IPv6 的片断标头 45 IDRP 域间路由协议 46 RSVP 保留协议 47 GRE 通用路由封装 48 MHRP 移动主机路由协议 49 BNA BNA 50 ESP IPv6 的封装安全负载 51 AH IPv6 的身份验证标头 52 I-NLSP 集成网络层安全性 TUBA 53 SWIPE 采用加密的 IP 54 NARP NBMA 地址解析协议 55 MOBILE IP 移动性 56 TLSP 传输层安全协议 使用 Kryptonet 密钥管理 57 SKIP SKIP 58 IPv6-ICMP 用于 IPv6 的 ICMP 59 IPv6-NoNxt 用于 IPv6 的无下一个标头 60 IPv6-Opts IPv6 的目标选项 61 任意主机内部协议 62 CFTP CFTP 63 任意本地网络 64 SAT-EXPAK SATNET 与后台 EXPAK 65 KRYPTOLAN Kryptolan 66 RVD MIT 远程虚拟磁盘协议 67 IPPC Internet Pluribus 数据包核心 68 任意分布式文件系统 69 SAT-MON SATNET 监视 70 VISA VISA 协议 71 IPCV Internet 数据包核心工具 72 CPNX 计算机协议网络管理 73 CPHB 计算机协议检测信号 74 WSN 王安电脑网络 75 PVP 数据包视频协议 76 BR-SAT-MON 后台 SATNET 监视 77 SUN-ND SUN ND PROTOCOL-Temporary 78 WB-MON WIDEBAND 监视 79 WB-EXPAK WIDEBAND EXPAK 80 ISO-IP ISO Internet 协议 81 VMTP VMTP 82 SECURE-VMTP SECURE-VMTP 83 VINES VINES 84 TTP TTP 85 NSFNET-IGP NSFNET-IGP 86 DGP 异类网关协议 87 TCF TCF 88 EIGRP EIGRP 89 OSPFIGP OSPFIGP 90 Sprite-RPC Sprite RPC 协议 91 LARP 轨迹地址解析协议 92 MTP 多播传输协议 93 AX.25 AX.25 帧 94 IPIP IP 中的 IP 封装协议 95 MICP 移动互联控制协议 96 SCC-SP 信号通讯安全协议 97 ETHERIP IP 中的以太网封装 98 ENCAP 封装标头 99 任意专用加密方案 100 GMTP GMTP 101 IFMP Ipsilon 流量管理协议 102 PNNI IP 上的 PNNI 103 PIM 独立于协议的多播 104 ARIS ARIS 105 SCPS SCPS 106 QNX QNX 107 A/N 活动网络 108 IPComp IP 负载压缩协议 109 SNP Sitara 网络协议 110 Compaq-Peer Compaq 对等协议 111 IPX-in-IP IP 中的 IPX 112 VRRP 虚拟路由器冗余协议 113 PGM PGM 可靠传输协议 114 任意 0 跳协议 115 L2TP 第二层隧道协议 116 DDX D-II 数据交换 (DDX) 117 IATP 交互式代理传输协议 118 STP 计划传输协议 119 SRP SpectraLink 无线协议 120 UTI UTI 121 SMP 简单邮件协议 122 SM SM 123 PTP 性能透明协议 124 ISIS over IPv4 125 FIRE 126 CRTP Combat 无线传输协议 127 CRUDP Combat 无线用户数据报 128 SSCOPMCE 129 IPLT 130 SPS 安全数据包防护 131 PIPE IP 中的专用 IP 封装 132 SCTP 流控制传输协议 133 FC 光纤通道 134-254 未分配 255 保留 参考链接：https://www.linuxtopia.org/Linux_Firewall_iptables/https://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/cn/iptables-tutorial-cn-1.1.19.htmlhttp://cn.linux.vbird.org/linux_server/0250simple_firewall_3.php]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[基础知识防火墙 工作于主机或网络边缘，对于进出的报文根据事先定义的规则做检查，对被匹配到的报文作出相应处理的组件 iptables linux 的包过滤功能，即 linux 防火墙，它由 netfilter 和 iptables 两个组件组成。真正实现防火墙功能的是 netfilter，它是一个 Linux 内核模块，工作于 Kernel space 做实际的包过滤。 Netfilter 的官方站点 http://www.netfilter.org ，此站点的 FAQ 是开始学习 iptables 和 Netfilter 的好地方。 四表五链netfilter 使用表（Tables）和 链（Chains）来组织网络包的处理规则（Rules）。按照从高到低的优先级，它默认定义了以下表和链： 防火墙规则的匹配顺序因为 iptables 是利用数据包过滤的机制， 所以它会分析数据包的表头数据，将表头数据与定义的规则做匹配，根据匹配结果来决定该数据包是否可以进入主机或者是被丢弃。 也就是说如果数据包能被防火墙规则匹配到就进行相应的动作（Target），否则就继续进行下一条规则的匹配，直到有一条规则能匹配到为止，而重点在于规则的匹配顺序。 假设我们在一台主机已经事先定义好了 10 条防火墙规则，那么当互联网中来了一个数据包想要进入这台主机时， 防火墙是如何分析和匹配这个数据包的呢？ 当数据包要进入到主机之前，会先经由 NetFilter 进行检查，也就是 iptables 规则。 检查通过则接受 (ACCEPT) 进入本机取得资源，如果检查不通过，则可能予以丢弃 (DROP) 。 上图主要是为了说明 规则是有顺序的，当数据包被 Rule 1 做匹配时， 如果数据包能被它匹配到，就进行 Action 1 的动作，而不会再被后续的 Rule 2, Rule 3…. 等做匹配了。 而如果这个数据包并没有被 Rule 1 匹配到，那就会开始进行 Rule 2 的匹配，同理数据包就会被一个一个规则做匹配，直到有一条规则能匹配到为止。 如果所有的规则都无法匹配到这个数据包，此时就会交给默认策略( Policy) 来决定数据包的去向。 所以一旦定义的规则顺序排列错误，那就会产生很严重的后果。 比如我们有一台 Linux 服务器提供 Web 服务，那么就要针对 port 80 来启用通过的规则，但是后来发现有一个来源为 192.168.100.100 的 IP 总是恶意地尝试入侵 Web 服务器，所以这时候应该编写规则将这个 IP 拒绝，其他将请求 Web 服务的数据包通过， 最后把所有的不是请求 Web 服务的数据包都给丢弃。就这三个规则而言，应该如何设定匹配顺序呢？ Rule 1 先把来自 192.168.100.100 的 IP 执行丢弃动作 DROP Rule 2 再让请求 Web 服务的数据包通过 Rule 3 将所有的数据包丢弃 这样的排列顺序就能符合我们的需求，一旦你没有搞清楚将顺序排错了，变成： Rule 1 先让请求 Web 服务的数据包通过 Rule 2 再把来自 192.168.100.100 的 IP 执行丢弃动作 DROP Rule 3 将所有的数据包丢弃 此时那个 192.168.100.100 将可以正常请求 Web 服务，因为它会被定义的第一条规则匹配到并且让它通过，一旦有一条规则匹配了，就不会再去进行第二条规则的匹配。 数据包的处理过程暂时不考虑由哪个表处理，在只看链处理过程的情况下，数据包一般是这样来处理的 其中路由判断是判断数据包的目标，也就是判断 Destination = localhost ?? 而实际上的处理过程比较复杂，数据包要经过多个 table 来处理。 对于 Web 服务器来说，要想让客户端对它发送 web 请求，就得处理 filter 的 INPUT 链； 对于用作局域网路由器的 Linux 来说，就得要分析 nat 的各个链以及 filter 的 FORWARD 链才行。 总而言之，各个表以及链之间是有关联的： 上面的图示很复杂，不过基本上 iptables 可以控制三种数据包的流向： 数据包进入 Linux 主机使用资源 (路径 A)，在路由判断后已经确定是向 Linux 主机发送请求的数据包，比如客户端向 web 服务器端发送的请求，主要会经过 filter 表的 INPUT 链来进行处理； 数据包的目的地不是本机，而是经过本机做转发，没有使用本机的资源，向其后端主机流动 (路径 B)： 在路由判断之前进行数据包表头的修订作业后，发现到数据包主要是要经过防火墙而去后端，此时就会经过路径 B 来跑动。 主要经过的链是 nat 表的 PREROUTING， filter 表的 FORWARD 以及 nat表 的 POSTROUTING。 数据包由本机发送出去 (路径 C)： 例如服务器端要响应客户端的请求，或者是本机作为客户端向其他服务器主动发送的数据包，都是经过路径 C 来处理的。先是经过路由判断， 决定了输出的路径后，再由 filter 表的 OUTPUT 链来处理，当然最终还会经过 nat 的 POSTROUTING 链。 事实上，不建议使用 raw 和 mangle 做包的过滤，因为他们是用来做高级操作的。在不考虑搭建隧道的情况下，将上面图简化后，那就容易看的多了： iptables命令iptables 命令用来编写规则，规则就是指向标，对不同的连接和数据包做过滤，或者允许它们去向什么地方。 它的语法格式如下： 1iptables [-t table] command CHAIN [match] [target/jump] [-t table] 用来指定要操作的表。一般情况下不是必须要指定使用的表，因为 iptables 不指定 table 就默认使用 filter 表来执行所有的命令。 command 告诉程序该做什么，比如插入一条规则还是追加一条规则，或者是删除一条规则。 CHAIN 说明了要操作哪一条链 match 来根据包的特点来匹配数据包，其中会细致地描述包的某个特点，比如来源 IP 地址，网络接口，端口，协议类型等，以使这个包区别于其它所有的包。 target/jump 说明了对 match 到的数据包做什么操作，或者告诉数据包它应该去往何处。若数据包符合所有的 match，内核就用 target 来处理它，或者说把包发往 target。比如我们可以让内核把包发送到当前表中的其他链（可能是自定义链），或者只是丢弃这个包而没有什么处理，或者向发送者返回某个特殊的应答信息。非常重要的一点是 target 指令必须在最后。 iptables 虽然不是服务但在红帽的 5 和 6 版本系统上有服务脚本 /etc/init.d/iptables，服务脚本的主要作用在于生效保存的规则，装载及移除相关内核模块： 123456iptable_natiptable_filteriptable_mangleiptable_rawip_natip_conntrack 在红帽 7 上 ip_nat 换为了 nf_nat ， ip_conntrack 换为了 nf_conntrack，并且它使用 firewalld.service 服务来处理数据包而没有 iptables.service，也没有服务脚本 1234567[root@m1 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service iptables.service● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:firewalld(1)Unit iptables.service could not be found.[root@m1 ~]# 如果想要使用 iptables.service ，通过 yum 直接安装即可 1yum install iptables-services tableraw raw 表优先级最高，它支持一个特殊的 target，即 TRACE ，使用内核记录下每条匹配该包的对应 iptables 规则信息。利用这个 target ，可以实现对 iptables 规则的跟踪调试。 1iptables -t raw -A OUTPUT -p icmp -j TRACE 使用 raw 表添加了 iptables 规则后，将不经过连接跟踪模块，一般是为了不让 iptables 做数据包连接追踪来达到提高性能的目的。比如一台访问量比较高的 web 服务器，可以让 80 端口不再经过 iptables 做数据包的链接跟踪处理，以提高用户的访问速度。 在 raw 表的规则处理完后，将跳过 nat 表和 nf_conntrack 处理，即不再做地址转换和数据包的链接跟踪处理。 1iptables -t raw -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT mangle 在 mangle 表中可以进行高级路由信息数据包的修改。不建议在这个表里做任何过滤性的操作，不管是 DNAT，SNAT 或 MASQUERADE。 nat Network Address Translation 简称 nat ，在 nat 表中主要用来实现网络地址转换，它处理源、目标 IP 和端口的转换，与本机资源无关。 filter filter 表用来匹配并过滤数据包，我们就是在这里根据包的内容对包做 DROP 或 ACCEPT 的。当然也可以预先在其他地方做些过滤，但是 filter 表才是设计用来做过滤的，所以说用它做过滤最合适不过了。 command使用 -L 或 --list 列出指定链中所有的规则，默认列出 filter 表中所有链的内容。. 1iptables -L 结合 -L 使用的还有几个附属选项，-n 或 --numeric 以数字形式显示地址和端口号，不对其进行解析。 1iptables -nL -v 或 --verbose 显示链及规则详细信息。 1iptables -vL --line-numbers 显示规则的序号 1iptables -L --line-numbers 最常用的情况是把这几个选项结合起来，使得其屏幕输出显得更人性化 12345iptables -vnL --line-numbersiptables -vnL INPUT --line-numbersiptables -t nat -vnLiptables -t nat -vnL PREROUTINGiptables -t nat -vnL PREROUTING --line-numbers -x 或 --exact 显示计数器的精确值而不是近似值 1iptables -vnL INPUT -x 使用 -P 或 --policy 设置指定链的默认策略，如果将默认策略设置为 DROP 时，请事先将自己信任的数据放行，比如 TCP 协议的 22 号端口，即 ssh 。在列出规则时，每一个链上都有一个 policy 的信息，它后面第一个字段就是默认的策略 123iptables -P INPUT ACCEPTiptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPTiptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT 使用 -I 或 --insert 在指定链中插入一条新的规则，默认在链的开头插入 123iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 # 不写 -j target 将会交给默认策略处理iptables -t filter -I INPUT 5 -p tcp --dport 22 # 将规则插入到第五条 使用 -A 或 --append 在指定链的末尾处追加一条新的规则 1iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT 使用 -D 或 --delete 删除指定链中的某条规则，可以按照内容确定要删除的规则 1iptables -t filter -D INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT 还可以根据规则的序号删除，规则删除后将重新进行编号，这一点一定要注意 12iptables -t filter -vnL INPUT --line-numbersiptables -t filter -D INPUT 3 使用 -R 或 --replace 修改、替换指定链中的一条规则，按规则序号或内容确定 1iptables -t filter -R INPUT 2 -p icmp -j ACCEPT 使用 -F 或 --flush 清空指定链中的所有规则，默认清空表中所有链的内容 1234iptables -t mangle -F# 清空 mangle 表中所有链中的规则iptables -t filter -F INPUT# 清空 filter 表中 INPUT 链中的所有规则 使用 -N 或 --new-chain 新建一条用户自己定义的规则链 12345678iptables -t filter -N DOCKER# 在 filter 表中新建一个名为 DOCKER 的自定义链iptables -t filter -I DOCKER -j ACCEPT# 在自定义的链 DOCKER 中添加对应匹配条件的处理规则iptables -t filter -I FORWARD -o docker0 -j DOCKER# 在 FORWARD 中添加规则，用来匹配符合条件的数据包，并将其交给自定义链处理 使用 -X 或 --delete-chain 删除指定表中用户自定义的规则链，如果自定义链被其他链中的规则引用则无法删除，需要提前将有引用的规则删除，并清空自定义链中的规则 1234iptables -X DOCKERiptables -D FORWARD -o docker0 -j DOCKERiptables -F DOCKERiptables -X DOCKER 使用 -E 或 --rename-chain 重命名自定义链 12iptables -N 'test-chain'iptables -E 'test-chain' 'TEST-CHAIN' 使用 -Z 或 --zero 将指定链中的所有规则的包字节计数器归零，不指定链则将所有链中的计数器置零 12iptables -Ziptables -Z INPUT 使用 -V 或 --version 查看 iptables 命令工具的版本信息 1iptables -V 使用 -h 或 --help 查看命令帮助信息 1iptables -h chain说到链还是得把简化的处理流程图再拿过来： 默认链 PREROUTING：进入 netfilter 后的数据包在进入路由判断前执行的规则 INPUT：路由判断后，目的地是本机，要进入本机内部获取本地服务资源 FORWARD：路由判断后目的地不是本机，经过本机做转发的数据包而执行的规则。与本机没有关联。 OUTPUT：由本机产生，需向外发的数据包执行的规则 POSTROUTING：路由判断后发送到网卡接口前，数据包准备离开 netfilter 时执行的规则 自定义链 自定义链必须在默认链调用后才能发挥作用，如果没有被自定义链中的任何规则匹配，还应该有返回机制。用户可以删除自定义的空链，但不可以删除默认链。 计数器 每一条规则都有两个内置的计数器，在 pkts 一列将会记录被规则被匹配到的报文个数，bytes 一列将会记录被匹配的报文大小之和 1234[root@study ~]# iptables -vnL INPUTChain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 1608 packets, 176K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination [root@study ~]# match匹配模式分为通用匹配和扩展匹配 通用匹配通用匹配适用于所有的规则，无需依赖模块，自己本身就能完成检查匹配。 匹配参数 说明 ！ 使用叹号对条件取反 -p,--protocol 指定协议（tcp，udp，icmp等），可使用all来指定所有协议 -s,--src,--source 指定数据包源地址，可使用IP地址、网络地址、主机名 -d,--dst,--destination 指定目的地址 -i,--in-interface 指定数据报文流入接口，用于PREROUTING、INPUT、FORWARD -o,--out-interface 指定数据报文流出接口，用于OUTPUT、POSTROUTING、FORWARD 使用 -i 或 -o 可以使用 + 做通配，比如 -i eth+ 指的是从 eth 网卡进入的数据包。 扩展匹配扩展匹配，需要依赖模块来完成检查匹配。扩展匹配比较特殊，其中有些专门针对不同的协议，还有一些针对的是状态（state），所有者（owner），访问的频率限制（limit）等。你可以通过 man iptables-extensions 查看相关的帮助。 扩展匹配又分为了隐式扩展和显式扩展 隐式扩展隐式扩展，不用特别指明由那个模块进行，当使用 -p {tcp|udp|icmp} 中的一种时，可以直接使用扩展专用选项 扩展条件 扩展选项 说明 -p tcp，--protocol tcp --sport，--source-port 来源端口，可以是连续的，例如 1024:65535 --dport，--destination-port 目的端口 --tcp-flags tcp 标志位 --syn 第一次握手 -p udp，--protocol udp --sport，--source-port 来源端口 --dport，--destination-port 目的端口 -p icmp，--protocol icmp --icmp-type icmp 类型 --tcp-flags mask comp 用于匹配 TCP 标志位。其中只检查 mask 指定的 TCP 的标志位（逗号分开的标志位列表），comp 表示此列表出现在 mask 中，且必须为 1。如果没有出现在 mask 中，而 comp 中出现的，必须为 0 匹配 TCP 三次握手的第一次，即匹配四个 TCP 标志位（SYN,FIN,ACK,RST），其中 SYN 为 1，其他为 0 123iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN -j ACCEPT# 等价于iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --syn -j ACCEPT 再比如匹配四个 TCP 标志位（SYN,FIN,ACK,RST），其中 SYN 和 ACK 为 1，其他为 0 1iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN,ACK -j ACCEPT --icmp-type 用来匹配 ICMP 报文类型，可以使报文类型代码。其中 8 等同于 echo-request， 0 等同于 echo-reply。 1234567# 允许本机能 ping 其他主机iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT# -----------------------------------------------# 允许其他主机能 ping 本机iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPTiptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -j ACCEPT 代码的摘要，具体可以参考 rfc文档 以及 网络博客 1234567891011 0 Echo Reply 3 Destination Unreachable 4 Source Quench 5 Redirect 8 Echo11 Time Exceeded12 Parameter Problem13 Timestamp14 Timestamp Reply15 Information Request16 Information Reply 显式扩展显式扩展必须使用 -m 或 --match 选项指明是由哪个模块进行的扩展，此功能可以使用额外的匹配机制 -m state：状态扩展，结合 nf_conntrack 模块追踪回话的状态 --state 匹配连接的状态 NEW 新连接发起的请求 ESTABLISHED 已经建立的连接(即:对于新请求的响应) INVALID 非法连接请求 RELATED 相关连的连接(由命令发起，例如 ftp ) 1234iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT# 将与本机新建立 ssh 连接的数据包放行iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT# 状态为 NEW 或 ESTABLISHED 的 ssh 连接都放行 -m multiport：离散的多端口扩展 --source-ports，--sports 指定多个源端口 --destination-ports，--dports 指定多个目的端口 --ports 源和目的端口 12iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 21,22,80 -j ACCEPT# 将协议为 TCP 目标端口为 21,22,80 的数据包放行 -m iprange：匹配IP范围。 --src-range 匹配源 IP 范围 --dst-range 匹配目的 IP 范围 12iptables -t filter -I INPUT -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.100-192.168.1.200 -j ACCEPT# 将来源IP范围是 192.168.1.100-192.168.1.20 的数据包放行 -m connlimit：连接数限定。 --connlimit-above n，匹配连接数达到 n，一般进行取反使用 12iptables -A INPUT -d 192.168.2.2 -p tcp --dport 80 -m connlimt !--connlimt-above 5 -j ACCEPT# 连接数未达到 5 个则放行，否则按默认规则处理（一般默认规则是丢弃） -m limit：令牌桶过滤器，不控制最大上限。 --limit n[/second|/minute|/hour|/day] 用来在单位时间内最多允许 n 个数据包，3/minute 表示每分钟最多 3 个 --limit-burst 来匹配峰值，即匹配蜂拥而至的连接数有多大，默认为 5 123iptables -I INPUT -d 192.168.2.2 -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -m limit --limit 5/minute --limit-burst 6 -j ACCEPTiptables -I INPUT -d 192.168.2.2 -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j DROP # 目标为本机，协议为 icmp，限定每分钟最多可以连接5个(1/12s)，一批最高峰值为6个，即前6个速度比较快，后面的按照 5/minute 作回应 -m string：匹配请求的报文中的字符串，字符匹配检查高效算法：kmp， bm。 --algo {kmp|bm} 指定算 --string &quot;STRING&quot; 指定普通字符串 --hex-string &quot;HEX_STRING&quot;, 指定编码成16进制格式的字符串 1234iptables -I OUTPUT -s 192.168.2.2 -m string --algo kmp --string "H7N9" -j REJECT# 源地址为 192.168.2.2，并且报文中匹配到 H7N9 则丢弃iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -m string --string "qq.com" --algo bm -j DROPiptables -I FORWARD -p udp -m string --string "qq.com" --algo bm -j DROP -m time：基于时间做访问控制，在有些限制时间段访问网络的情况下十分有用 --datestart YYYY[-MM][-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss]]]] 起始日期 --datestop YYYY[-MM][-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss]]]] 终止日期 --timestart hh:mm[:ss] 起始时间 --timestop hh:mm[:ss] 终止时间 --weekdays Sa[,Su] 一周中的哪些天 12iptables -I INPUT -d 172.16.100.7 -p tcp --dport 80 -m time --timestart 08:20 --timestop 18:40 --weekdays Mon,Tue,Thu,Fri -j REJECT# 周一、二、四、五的 8:20 到 18:40 禁止其他主机访问本机（172.16.100.7）的80端口 -m mac：基于包的 MAC 源地址做访问控制，它也可以用叹号 ! 取反。因为 MAC addresses 只用于 Ethernet 类型的网络，所以只能用于 Ethernet 接口。而且它只能在 PREROUTING，FORWARD 和 INPUT 链里使用。 --mac-source 指定源 MAC 地址，格式只能是 XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX， 1iptables -A FORWARD -m mac --mac-source 00:00:00:00:00:01 -j DROP 在局域网中如果有人在下载比较大的文件，会占用极大的带宽而影响到了其他人的网络访问，这时候我们在防火墙上针对这个来源的 IP 做 limit 或者直接 DROP 就好了，但是如果这个人发现自己被封网了，就自己指定了静态地址并且换了另外一个 IP ，这时候就需要针对 MAC 地址做限制了，限制了 MAC 来源之后，不管怎么换 IP 地址都无济于事。 -m comment：对规则做说明、注释 --comment &#39;string&#39; 指定注释为 string，注释最长 256 个字符 1iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -m comment --comment "This is my local Lan" 添加了注释的规则，即便是在很久以后回头查看规则的时候你就能很直观地知道这个规则是用来做什么的 12345[root@m2 ~]# iptables -vnL INPUTChain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 34 packets, 3072 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 192.168.1.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 /* This is my local Lan */[root@m2 ~]# Targettarget 指的是由规则指定的操作，对规则匹配到的包做什么样的动作 ACCEPT使用 -j ACCEPT 放行，一旦数据包满足了指定的匹配条件就允许数据包通过，并且不会再去匹配当前链中的其他规则或同一个表内的其他规则，但它还要通过其他表中的链，而且在那儿可能会被 DROP 也说不准。 放行 TCP 协议目标端口是 22 的数据包 123iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 22 -j ACCEPT# 等价于iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT 放行本机到本机的连接 12iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPTiptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT DROP使用 -j DROP 丢弃，不做任何回应。在某些情况下，这个 target 会引起意外的结果，因为它不会向发送者返回任何信息，也不会向路由器返回信息，这就可能会使连接的另一方的 sockets 因苦等回音而亡。解决这个问题的较好的办法是使用 REJECT 1iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP 很多情况下我们并不期望所有的来源都能访问某些服务器，只允许一个或多个 IP ，一个或多个网段来访问。比如，在局域网中有一个 Web 服务器为 192.168.100.100，只允许 192.168.1.0/24 来访问，其他的拒绝。要实现这样的功能，在 Web 服务器上有两种做法，我们假设两种情况下的默认策略都是 ACCEPT 。 一种是先允许信任的地址段，最后再拒绝所有的。也就是说来自 192.168.1.0/24 匹配到第一条规则，否则就被第二条规则匹配到并丢弃 12iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.1.0/24 --dport 80 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP 另一种则把不是我们信任的地址段直接丢弃，如果是信任的地址段就不会被这个规则匹配到，然后交给默认规则处理。看上去这种方法更好，一条就搞定了。 1iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp ! -s 192.168.1.0/24 --dport 80 -j DROP 现在由于业务有了新的变动，需要再加入一个信任的地址段 192.168.2.0/24，于是你又按照第二种方法加入了一条规则 1iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp ! -s 192.168.2.0/24 --dport 80 -j DROP 看上去把来源不是 192.168.1.0/24 内的包丢弃，然后再把来源不是 192.168.2.0/24 内的包丢弃就可以了，但是最后测试的时候你发现 Web 服务器好像谁都不能访问了。我们来分析一下原因： 当来源是 192.168.1.123 发起的请求时，第一条规则没有被匹配，继续向下走让第二条做匹配，匹配成功然后被丢弃，也就是上图中蓝色箭头所指向的方向 当来源是 192.168.2.123 发起的请求时，第一条规则匹配成功然后被丢弃，也就是上图中蓝色箭头所指向的方向 这样一来，不管谁来请求都被 DROP 掉了。所以应当使用第一种先允许再拒绝的方法 123iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.1.0/24 --dport 80 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.2.0/24 --dport 80 -j ACCEPTiptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP 当来源是 192.168.3.123 发起的请求时，第一条规则没有匹配到，然后交给第二条规则，也没有匹配到，再交给第三条规则，匹配成功然后被丢弃，也就是上图中蓝色箭头所指向的方向 REJECT使用 -j REJECT 拒绝数据包通过，并且向发送者返回错误信息。这个 target 只能用在 filter表中 INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPU和它们的子链里，而且包含 REJECT 的链也只能被它们调用，否则不能发挥作用。它只有一个选项 --reject-with，是用来控制返回的错误信息的种类的。可用的信息类型有： icmp-net-unreachable icmp-host-unreachable icmp-port-unreachable icmp-proto-unreachable icmp-net-prohibited icmp-host-prohibited 。 其中缺省的是 icmp-port-unreachable。 1iptables -I INPUT -p icmp -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable 另外一个类型是 tcp-reset，只能用于TCP协议。 它的作用是告诉 REJECT 返回一个 TCP RST 包（这个包以文雅的方式关闭TCP连接，正如 iptables 的 man page 中说的，tcpreset 主要用来阻止身份识别探针（即113/tcp，当向被破坏的邮件主机发送邮件时，探针常被用到，否则它不会接受你的信） 1iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --sport 113 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset SNAT这个 target 是用来做来源IP地址转换的，就是重写包的源IP地址。SNAT 只能用在 nat 表的 POSTROUTING 链里。只要会话连接中的的第一个符合条件的包被 SNAT 了，那么这个连接的其他所有的包都会自动地被 SNAT，而且这个规则还会应用于这个连接所在流的所有数据包。 局域网中的主机想要通过防火墙访问互联网时，就需要用到它。先在内核里打开 ip 转发功能，然后再写一个 SNAT 规则，就可以把所有从本地网络出去的包的源地址改为外网地址了。如果不这样做而是直接转发本地网的包的话，互联网中的服务器发现是个内网 IP 发送过来的请求，就不知道往哪儿发送响应了，因为内网属于私有专用网络，不能在互联网上直接使用的。 在这里 SNAT 的作用就是让所有从局域网发出去的的包看起来都是从防火墙发出的。 123echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward# 临时开启转发iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to 12.34.56.78 要永久开启转发需要编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf，并配置 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1，再执行 sysctl -p 即可 如果一个网卡上有多个连续的 IP 还可以对一个范围内的 IP 做 SNAT，以达到负载均衡的效果，每个会话流被随机分配一个 IP，但对于同一个会话，在会话期间使用的是同一个 IP 。 1iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to 12.34.56.78-12.34.56.80 在指定 -p tcp 或 -p udp 的前提下在 SNAT 的时候还可以指定源端口的范围 1iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -p tcp -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to 12.34.56.78-12.34.56.80:1024-32000 这样的话包的源端口就被限制在 1024-32000了。注意，如果可能的话 iptables 总是想尽可能避免任何的端口的变更，也就是说，它总是尽力使用建立连接时所用的端口。 但是如果两台主机使用了相同的源端口，iptables 将会把他们的其中之一映射到另外的一个端口。如果没有指定端口范围， 所有的在 512 以内的源端口会被映射到 512 以内的另一个端口，512 和 1023 之间的将会被映射到 1024 内的另一个端口，其他的将会被映射到大于或等于于 1024 的另一个端口，即同范围映射。这种映射和目的端口无关，因此，如果客户端想要发送请求到防火墙外的 HTTP 服务器，它是不会被映射到 FTP 所用的端口的。 MASQUERADE这个 target 和 SNAT 的作用是一样的，但是它可以自动获得可用的 IP 而不是像 SNAT 那样需要指定 --to-source。 MASQUERADE 是被专门设计用于那些动态获取 IP 地址的连接的，比如拨号上网、DHCP连接等，这些情况下 SNAT 就会有很大的局限性。如果有固定的 IP 地址的话，最好还是用SNAT，因为 MASQUERADE 在获取可用 IP 的时候会带来额外的资源消耗。 另外，当网卡停用时 MASQUERADE 不会记住任何连接，而 SNAT 是会将连接跟踪的数据保留下来一段时间，并且 SNAT 会占用很多链接追踪的内存资源。 所以当 IP 地址是动态获取而不固定时，使用 MASQUERADE，有固定的 IP 地址时最好用 SNAT。 还要注意 MASQUERADE 和 SNAT 一样，只能用于 nat 表的 POSTROUTING 链。它也可以指定源端口或范围，如果是指定单个端口用 --to-ports 1025，指定端口范围用 --to-1024-3000 12iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MASQUERADE# 不管现在 eth0上获得了怎样的动态 IP，使用 MASQUERADE 都会自动读取网卡上可用 IP 然后做 SNAT 出去，这样就实现了很好的动态 SNAT 地址转换 DNAT这个 target 是用来做目标 IP 地址转换的，就是重写包的目的 IP 地址。如果一个包被匹配了，那么和它属于同一个流的所有的包都会被自动转换，然后就可以被路由到正确的主机或网络。目的地址也可以是一个范围，这样的话 DNAT会为每一个流随机分配一个地址。因此可以用这个 target 做某种类型的负载均衡。为了便于理解，下面阐述为映射。 注意，DNAT 必须在 POSTROUTING 之前进行，因为交给 POSTROUTING 的时候目标地址就已经确定了，此时做 DNAT 已经为时已晚。并且 DNAT 只能用在 nat 表的 PREROUTING 和 OUTPUT 链中，或者是被这两条链调用的链里。 如图所示，如果你的 Web 、MySQL、FTP 服务器在局域网内部，而且没有外网 IP 地址，那就可以使用这个 target 让防火墙把所有到它自己的端口的分别映射到局域网内部的各个主机上。 123iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.101:80iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 3306 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:3306iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 3 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 21 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.103:21 在默认情况下，很多服务器的 SSH 服务都监听在 22 号端口，如果是 ssh 到局域网的一台服务器查看配置，执行一些维护命令该怎么办呢？ 第一个想到的就是按照刚才的方式再做 22 端口的映射 123iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 22 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.101:22iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 22 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:22iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 3 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 22 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.103:22 根据匹配规则的顺序，结果可想而知，最后只映射到了局域网其中一台机器上。当再次 ssh 连接 Firewall 时发现连接的却是其他机器，这是因为到它的 ssh 连接被 DNAT 到了局域网内部的主机，这显然是不切合实际的。要解决这个问题，除了修改 SSH 服务的端口号，还可以在 Firewall 上映射不同端口到不同机器的 22 端口 123456iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1231 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.101:22# 1231 端口映射为 Web Server 的 22 端口iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1232 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:22# 1232 端口映射为 MySQL Server 的 22 端口iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 3 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1233 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.103:22# 1233 端口映射为 FTP Server 的 22 端口 由此一来，想要 ssh 连接局域网内部多个主机只需要指定对应的端口号就可以了。 对于访问量比较高的 Web 服务器，可以通过 Squid 做缓存来提高访问效率。通常会把客户端发送的资源请求映射到 Squid 缓存服务器上，如果没有现有的缓存则回源站服务器请求。 12iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.106:3128iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 2 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 443 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.106:3128 在规则越来越多的时候，要匹配的规则就会越来越多，处理速度就会随之越来越慢，所以规则的精简是十分重要的，上面的规则可以使用 multiport 简化为一条： 1iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.106:3128 现在，我们已经把所有从互联网来的到防火墙的 1232 端口去的包都映射到在局域网内部的 MySQL 服务器的 22 端口上，并且在这之前为了能让内网访问外网我们还做了 SNAT。如果在外网机器上试验一下，一切正常。但是再从内网机器里试验一下，却完全不能用，这其实是路由的问题。下面我们来好好分析这个问题。 包从 User1 发起，他的外网是 1.2.3.4 ，向 12.34.56.78 的 1232 端口发送请求 包到达防火墙，然后被防火墙做 DNAT，目标变成了向 192.168.1.102 的 22 端口发送请求 防火墙转发这个包，而且包会经过很多其他的链检验及处理 包离开防火墙走并到达 192.168.102，即 MySQL 服务器 此时 MySQL 服务器看到的来源没有变化，还是 1.2.3.4 MySQL 服务器试图进行数据包的响应，此时变成了 MySQL 作为源，User1 作为目标进行响应 MySQL 服务器在路由数据库中看到他要响应的目标是 1.2.3.4 ，这属于来自外网的一个IP（scope global），因此经过默认网关，即防火墙做出响应。一般情况下，防火墙就是内网服务器的缺省网关。 防火墙再对返回包做 SNAT，这样 User1 看到的就是防火墙回复了之前的请求。 那么，从局域网内部发起的请求时如何处理的呢？ 包从 User2 发起，他的地址为局域网的 192.168.1.110，向 12.34.56.78 的 1232 端口发送请求，上图绿色箭头 包到达防火墙，然后被防火墙做 DNAT，目标变成了向 192.168.1.102 的 22 端口发送请求 防火墙转发这个包，而且还会经过其他的处理。 包离开防火墙走并到达 192.168.102，即 MySQL 服务器，上图红色箭头 此时 MySQL 服务器看到的来源没有变化，还是 192.168.1.110 MySQL 服务器试图进行数据包的响应，此时变成了 MySQL 作为源，User2 作为目标进行响应 MySQL 服务器试图响应这个包，但是它在路由数据库中看到包是来自同一个网络的 192.168.1.110 ，也就是 User2，这属于直连网络（scope link）不需要防火墙转发 。因此 MySQL 服务器会把响应的包直接发送给 User2 。上图黑色箭头 响应的包的确到达了 User2，但它会很困惑，因为他是把请求发送给了防火墙，结果防火墙没有响应自己，却莫名其妙收到了一个其他机器的包。这样肯定没有办法建立连接，但 User2 会等待防火墙的响应，最终超过指定的时间会话被关闭（Connection timed out）。 这就是 IP 传输包的特点，只根据目的地的不同改变目的地址，但不因传输过程中要经过很多路由器而随着路由器改变其源地址，除非你单独进行源地址的改变。其实这一步的处理和对外来包的处理是一样的，只不过内网包的问题就在于此。 针对这个问题有个简单的解决办法，因为这些包都要进入防火墙，而且它们都去往需要做 DNAT 才能到达的那个地址，所以我们只要对做了 DNAT 的这些包再做 SNAT 操作即可。 12iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 12.34.56.78 --dport 1232 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.102:22iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING 1 -p tcp -d 192.168.1.102 --dport 22 -j SNAT --to 192.168.1.100 对照规则和上面的流程图你应该很容易就搞清楚是到底如何工作的了。 REDIRECT这个 target 把要转发的包的目的地址改写为我们自己机器的 IP 和端口，这个在局域网中相当于做了透明代理，客户机根本不知道有代理的存在，并且可以正常上网。 REDIRECT 只能用在 nat 表的 PREROUTING、OUTPUT 链和被它们调用的自定义链里。它只有一个选项 --to ，其完整格式是 --to-ports 在使用 -p tcp 或 -p udp 的前提下，有三种指定端口的方式：1、不使用这个选项，目的端口不会被改变2、指定一个端口，用 --to-ports 80803、指定端口范围，用 --to-ports 8080-8090 别人都使用 80 端口提供 Web 服务，如果你想要把 8080 映射到自己的 80 而不是直接 80 对外提供 Web 服务，用 REDIRECT 就能完美地解决这个问题，本机生成的包都会被映射到 127.0.0.1 1iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 8080 -j REDIRECT --to 80 RETURN它使包返回上一层，顺序是：子链 =&gt; 父链 =&gt; 默认策略。具体地说，就是若包在子链中遇到了 RETURN，则返回父链的下一条规则继续进行匹配，若是在父链（或称主链，比如INPUT）中遇到了RETURN，就要被缺省的策略（一般是ACCEPT或DROP）操作了。 举个例子说明一下，假设一个包进入了 INPUT 链，匹配了某条规则并且 target 为 -j DOCKER ，然后数据包进入了子链 DOCKER 。在子链中又匹配了某条规则，恰巧 target 为 -j RETURN，那包就返回父链 INPUT 链并继续进行下一条规则的匹配。如果在 INPUT链里又遇到了 -j RETURN，那这个包就要被缺省的策略（一般是ACCEPT 或 DROP）处理了。 TOSTOS 是用来设置 IP 头中的 Type of Service 字段的。这个字段长一个字节，可以控制包的路由情况。它也是 iproute2 及其子系统可以直接使用的字段之一。值得注意的是，如果你有几个独立的防火墙和路由器，而且还想在他们之间利用包的头部来传递路由信息，TOS 是唯一的办法。 -p 选项除了可以指定 tcp 或 udp 还可以使用协议号来代替协议，比如： 123iptables -I INPUT -p 6 -j ACCEPT# 等价于iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -j ACCEPT 不同的协议都有各自的协议号，具体可以参照本篇文章末尾的表格 TOS 只能在 mangle 表内使用，要想设置 TOS 的值，值的形式可以是名字或者使相应的数值（十进制或16进制的）。一般情况下，建议使用名字而不使用数值形式，因为以后这些数值可能会有所改变， 而名字一般是固定的。TOS 字段有 8 个二进制位，所以可能的值是 0-255（十进制）或 0x00-0xFF（16进制）。 123iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p 135 -m tos ! --tos 0 -j TOS --set-tos=0iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p 47 -m tos ! --tos 0 -j TOS --set-tos=0iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 22 -j TOS --set-tos 0x10 如前所述，最好使用预定义的值：1、Minimize-Delay 16 (0x10)，要求找一条路径使延时最小，一些标准服务如 telnet、SSH、FTP- control 就需要这个选项。2、Maximize-Throughput 8 (0x08)，要求找一条路径能使吞吐量最大，标准服务 FTP-data 能用到这个。3、Maximize-Reliability4 (0x04)，要求找一条路径能使可靠性最高，使用它的有 BOOTP 和 TFTP。4、Minimize-Cost 2 (0x02)，要求找一条路径能使费用最低，一般情况下使用这个选项的是一些视频音频流协议，如RTSP（Real Time Stream Control Protocol）。5、Normal-Service 0 (0x00)，一般服务，没有什么特殊要求。这个值也是大部分包的缺省值。 完整的列表可以通过命令 iptables -j TOS -h 得到 1234567891011TOS target vlibxtables.so.10 options: --set-tos value[/mask] Set Type of Service/Priority field to value (Zero out bits in mask and XOR value into TOS) --set-tos symbol Set TOS field (IPv4 only) by symbol (this zeroes the 4-bit Precedence part!) Accepted symbolic names for value are: (0x10) 16 Minimize-Delay (0x08) 8 Maximize-Throughput (0x04) 4 Maximize-Reliability (0x02) 2 Minimize-Cost (0x00) 0 Normal-Service TTLTTL 可以修改 IP 头中 Time To Live 字段的值。它有很大的作用，我们可以把所有外出包的 Time To Live 值都改为一样的，比如 64，这是 Linux 的默认值。 有些 ISP 不允许我们共享连接（他们可以通过 TTL 的值来区分是不是有多个机器使用同一个连接），如果我们把 TTL 都改为一样的值，他们就不能再根据 TTL 来判断了。 TTL 只能在 mangle 表内使用，它有 3 个选项 1234TTL target options --ttl-set value Set TTL to &lt;value 0-255&gt; --ttl-dec value Decrement TTL by &lt;value 1-255&gt; --ttl-inc value Increment TTL by &lt;value 1-255&gt; --ttl-set 用来设置 TTL 的值。 这个值不要太大也不要太小，大约 64 就很好。值太大会影响网络，而且有点不道德，为什么这样说呢？如果有些路由器的配置不太正确，包的 TTL 又非常大，那它们就会在这些路由器之间往返很多次，值越大，占用的带宽越多。这个 target 就可以被用来限制包能走多远，一个比较恰当的距离是刚好能到达 DNS 服务器的距离。 1iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -j TTL --ttl-set 64 --ttl-dec 设定 TTL要被减掉的值 1iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -i eth1 -j TTL --ttl-dec 3 假设一个进来的包的 TTL 是 53，那么当它离开我们这台机子时，TTL 就变为 49 了。为什么不是 50 呢？ 因为经过我们这台机器，TTL 本身就要减 1，还要被 iptables 的 TTL 再减 3，当然总共就是减去 4 了。 使用这个 target 可以限制“使用我们的服务的用户” 离我们有多远。比如用户总是使用比较近的 DNS，那我们就可以对我们的 DNS 服务器发出的包进行几个 --ttl-dec。意思也就是，我们只想让距离 DNS 服务器近一些的用户访问我们的服务，当然用 --set-ttl 控制会更方便。 --ttl-inc 设定 TTL 要被增加的值 1iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -j TTL --ttl-inc 4 假设一个进来的包的 TTL 是 53，那么当它离开我们这台机子时，TTL 应是多少呢？答案是 53+4-1=56，原因同 --ttl-dec。 在防火墙上没有操作 TTL 之前，从局域网的机器使用 traceroute 做路由追踪可以看到经过了防火墙（网关） 1234567891011traceroute to 182.61.200.7 (182.61.200.7), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 192.168.1.101 0.237 ms 0.224 ms 0.440 ms 2 192.168.127.2 0.403 ms 0.364 ms 0.310 ms 3 * * * 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 * * * 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * *10 * * * 使用 --ttl-inc 这个选项可以使我们的防火墙更加隐蔽，而不被 traceroute 发现， 方法就是设置 --ttl-inc 1 。原因很简单，数据包每经过一个路由器，TTL 就要自动减 1，但在我们的防火墙里这个 1 又被补上了，也就是说 TTL 的值没变，那么 traceroute 就会认为我们的防火墙是不存在的。 1234567891011traceroute to 182.61.200.7 (182.61.200.7), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 * * * 2 * * * 3 * * * 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 * * * 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * *10 * * * 实际上使用三个选项中的任意一个，只要修改了 TTL 的值就可以不被 traceroute 追踪到。 MARK为数据包做 mark 标记，这个值只能在 mangle 表里使用。因为 mark 比较特殊，它不是包本身的一部分，而是在包穿越计算机的过程中由内核分配的和它相关联的一个字段。它可以和本地的高级路由功能联用，以使不同的包能使用不同的策略路由，队列要求等等。 12345iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p tcp -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 31.13.95.48 --dport 80 -j MARK --set-mark 2# 对相应符合条件的数据包进行标记 ip rule add fwmark 2 lookup 12 prio 997# 对标记的数据包做策略路由 TCPMSS在 ip foward 的时候内核会检查 mss 和 mtu 值来决定是否分片，而 mss 和 tcp 连接有关。为达到最佳的传输效能 TCP 在建立连接时会协商 MSS（最大分段长度，一般为1460字节）值，即 MTU（最大传输单元，不超过1500字节）减去 IP 数据包包头 20 字节和 TCP 数据包头 20 字节，取最小的 MSS 值为本次连接的最大 MSS 值。一般 tcp 通信中一些数据包不允许分片，所以需要在发送的时候，直接发送一个比较小的数据报文，不然就会被网络处理的时候丢弃掉。在 ADSL 拨号环境中由于 PPP 包头占用 8 字节，MTU 为 1492 字节，MSS 为 1452 字节，如果不能正确设置会导致网络不正常。 iptables 中 TCPMSS 就是用来调整 TCP 数据包中 MSS 的数值的，配合使用的有两个选项 123TCPMSS target mutually-exclusive options: --set-mss value explicitly set MSS option to specified value --clamp-mss-to-pmtu automatically clamp MSS value to (path_MTU - 20) --set-mss value 将设置手动指定的 MSS 值 1234iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -i pppoe-wan -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360# 从 pppoe-wan 进来，握手信号的包iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o pppoe-wan -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN,ACK -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360# 从 pppoe-wan 出去，响应握手信号的包 --clamp-mss-to-pmtu 将根据 MTU 自动调整 MSS，它只能用在 FORWARD, OUTPUT 和 POSTROUTING 链 1iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o pppoe-wan -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --clamp-mss-to-pmtu 如果想匹配指定的 MSS 范围的包，并且把它的 MSS 值改为特定的，则需要依赖于显示扩展的 tcpmss 模块 12iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -i ppp+ -p tcp --syn -m tcpmss --mss 1400:1500 -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o ppp+ -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN,ACK,RST -m tcpmss --mss 1400:1500 -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1360 LOG这个 target 是专门用来记录包的有关信息的。这些信息可能是非法的，那就可以用来除错。LOG 会返回包的有关细节，如 IP 头的大部分和其他有趣的信息。这个功能是通过内核的日志工具完成的，一般是 rsyslogd。返回的信息可用 dmesg 阅读，或者可以直接查看 rsyslogd 的日志文件，也可以用其他的什么程序来看。 LOG 对调试规则有很大的帮助，你可以看到包去了哪里、经过了什么规则的处理，什么样的规则处理什么样的包，等等。当你在生产服务器上调试一个不敢保证 100% 正常的规则集时，用 LOG 代替 DROP 是比较好的，有详细的信息可看，错误就容易定位解决了。 LOG 有5个选项，你可以用它们指定需要的信息类型或针对不同的信息设定一 些值以便在记录中使用。 123456LOG target options: --log-level level Level of logging (numeric or see syslog.conf) --log-prefix prefix Prefix log messages with this prefix. --log-tcp-sequence Log TCP sequence numbers. --log-tcp-options Log TCP options. --log-ip-options Log IP options. --log-level 告诉 iptables 和 rsyslog 使用哪个记录等级。记录等级的详细信息可以查看文件 /etc/rsyslog.conf，一般来说有以下几种，它们的级别依次是：debug，info，notice，warning，warn，err，error，crit，alert， emerg，panic。其中，error 和 err、warn 和 warning、panic 和 emerg 分别是同义词，也就是说作用完全一样的。这三种级别的信息量太大，所以不太建议使用。信息级别说明了被记录信息所反映的问题的严重程度。所有信息都是通过内核的功能被记录的。 先在文件 /etc/rsyslog.conf 里设置 kern.=info /var/log/iptables，然后再让所有关于 iptables 的 LOG 信息使用级别 info，就可以把所有的信息存入文件 /var/log/iptables 内。其中也可能会有其他的信息，它们是内核中使用 info 这个等级的其他部分产生的。如果你不想这样做，那么所有日志默认在 /var/log/messages 文件中记录，然后将数据包传递给下一条规则。 12iptables -I INPUT -p ICMP -j LOG --log-level infoiptables -I INPUT -p ICMP -j LOG --log-level notice 在其他机器做 ping 测试后，回来查看 tail /var/log/messages 你将看到相关的日志信息。 --log-prefix 告诉 iptables 在记录的信息之前加上指定的前缀。这样用 grep 或其他工具就容易追踪特定的问题，而且也方便从不同的规则输出。前缀最多能有 29 个英文字符，这已经是包括空白字符和其他特殊符号的总长度了。 1iptables -I INPUT -p ICMP -j LOG --log-level info --log-prefix "INPUT icmp packets: " --log-tcp-sequence 把包的 TCP 序列号和其他日志信息一起记录下来。TCP 序列号可以唯一标识一个包，在重组时也是用它来确定每个分组在包里的位置。注意，这个选项可能会带来危险， 因为这些记录被未授权的用户看到的话，可能会使他们更容易地破坏系统。其实任何 iptables 的输出信息都增加了这种危险，“言多必失”，“沉默是金”。 1iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j LOG --log-tcp-sequence --log-tcp-options 记录 TCP 包头中的字段大小不变的选项。这对一些除错是很有价值的，通过它提供的信息，可以知道哪里可能出错，或者哪里已经出了错。 1iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -j LOG --log-tcp-options --log-ip-options 记录IP包头中的字段大小不变的选项。这对一些除错是很有价值的，还可以用来跟踪特定地址的包。 1iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -j LOG --log-ip-options 连接跟踪机制 conntrack在 iptables 里，包是和被跟踪连接的四种不同状态有关的。它们是 NEW，ESTABLISHED，RELATED 和 INVALID 。使用 --state 匹配操作，就能很容易地控制 “谁或什么能发起新的会话”。 所有在内核中由 Netfilter 的特定框架做的连接跟踪称作 conntrack（connection tracking）。 除了本机产生的包由 OUTPUT 链处理外，所有连接跟踪都是在 PREROUTING 链里进行处理的，也就是说 iptables 会在 PREROUTING 链里重新计算所有的状态。如果我们发送一个初始包出去，状态就会在 OUTPUT 链里被设置为 NEW，当我们收到回应的包时，状态就会在 PREROUTING 链里被设置为 ESTABLISHED。如果第一个包不是本机产生的，那就会在 PREROUTING 链里被设置为 NEW 状态。 nf_conntracknf_conntrack 是 Linux 内核 NAT 的模块，实时记录当前主机上 client 和 server 彼此建立的连接关系，且可以追踪某个连接和其他某个连接处于何种状态，既可以追踪 TCP 协议，也可以追踪 UDP 协议和 ICMP 协议。 默认的 timeout 是 432000秒（五天）。每个 nf_conntrack 记录约会占用 292 Bytes 的内存，所以系统所能记录的nf_conntrack 也是有限的，如果超过了这个限度，就会出现内核级错误 nf_conntrack: table full, dropping packet，其结果就是无法再有任何的网络连接了。另外，在使用 iptables 命令查看 nat 表时，由于内核模块的依赖关系，将会自动激活 nf_conntrack 模块，如果在访问量非常繁忙的服务器上执行此操作将会导致大量请求被丢弃。这时候就需要修改它能记录的最大值了。你也可以在 /proc/sys/net/nf_conntrack_max 里查看、设置，也可以编辑文件 /etc/sysctl.conf 来实现。 conntrack记录在 /proc/net/nf_conntrack 中记录了当前被跟踪的连接 12ipv4 2 tcp 6 300 SYN_SENT src=192.168.127.1 dst=192.168.127.131 sport=3069 dport=22 \[UNREPLIED] src=192.168.127.131 dst=192.168.127.1 sport=22 dport=3069 [ASSURED] mark=0 zone=0 use=2 通过这个文件就可以知道某个特定的连接处于什么状态。首先显示的是协议，这里是 tcp，接着是十进制的 6 即 tcp 的协议类型代码。之后的 300 是这条 conntrack 记录的生存时间，它会有规律地被消耗，直到收到这个连接的更多的包。那时这个值就被设为当时那个状态的缺省值。接下来的是这个连接在当前时间点的状态。上面的例子说明这个包处在 SYN_SENT 状态，这个值是 iptables 显示的，以便我们好理解，而内部用的值稍有不同。SYN_SENT 说明我们正在观察的这个连接只在一个方向发送了一 TCP SYN 包。再下面是源地址、目的地址、源端口和目的端口。其中有个特殊的词 UNREPLIED，说明这个连接还没有收到任何回应。最后是希望接收的应答包的信息，他们的地址和端口和前面是相反的。 连接跟踪记录的信息依据 IP 所包含的协议不同而不同，所有相应的值都是在头文件中定义的，即 1/usr/include/linux/netfilter/nf_conntrack*.h 当一个连接在两个方向上都有传输时，conntrack 记录就删除 [UNREPLIED] 标志，然后重置。在末尾有 [ASSURED] 的记录说明两个方向已没有流量。这样的记录是确定的，在连接跟踪表满时，是不会被删除的， 没有 [ASSURED] 的记录就要被删除。连接跟踪表能容纳多少记录是被一个变量控制的，它可由内核中的 ip- sysctl 函数设置。默认值取决于你的内存大小，128MB 可以包含 8192 条目录，256MB 是 16376 条。所以，需要合理调整 nf_conntrack_max 的值。 数据包在用户空间的状态NEW 说明这个包是我们看到的第一个包。意思就是这是 conntrack 模块看到的某个连接第一个包，它即将被匹配了。比如我们看到一个 SYN 包，是我们所留意的连接的第一个包，就要匹配它。第一个包也可能不是 SYN 包，但它仍会被认为是 NEW 状态。 ESTABLISHED 已经注意到两个方向上的数据传输，而且会继续匹配这个连接的包。只要发送请求并收到响应，连接就是 ESTABLISHED 的了。一个连接要从 NEW 变 为 ESTABLISHED，只需要接到响应包即可，不管这个包是发往防火墙的，还是要由防火墙转发的。ICMP 的错误和重定向等信息包也被看作是 ESTABLISHED，只要它们是发出请求后得到的响应。 RELATED 当一个连接和某个已处于 ESTABLISHED 状态的连接有关系时，就被认为是 RELATED 的了。换句话说，一个连接要想是 RELATED 的，首先要有一个 ESTABLISHED 的连接。这个 ESTABLISHED 连接再产生一个主连接之外的连接，这个新的连接就是 RELATED 的了，当然前提是 conntrack 模块要能理解 RELATED。ftp 就是个很好的例子，FTP-data 连接就是和 FTP-control 有 RELATED 的。注意，大部分还有一些 UDP 协议都依赖这个机制。这些协议是很复杂的，它们把连接信息放在数据包里，并且要求这些信息能被正确理解。 INVALID 说明数据包不能被识别属于哪个连接或没有任何状态。有几个原因可以产生这种情况，比如，内存溢出，收到不知属于哪个连接的 ICMP 错误信息。一般这种状态的数据包都最好 DROP 。 这些状态可以一起使用，以便匹配数据包。这可以使我们的防火墙非常强壮和有效。以前我们经常打开 1024 以上的所有端口来放行应答的数据。现在有了状态机制就不需再这样了。因为我们可以只开放那些有应答数据的端口，其他的都可以关闭，这样就安全多了。 对于本机 SSH 服务的 22 号端口，就可以通过状态机制处理了。 1234iptables -I INPUT -d 192.168.2.133 -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT# 将目的地为本机，目的端口 22，状态为新请求或者已建立的连接放行iptables -A OUTPUT -s 192.168.2.133 -m state --state ESTABLISED -j ACCEPT# 将本机发出去的，状态为已建立的连接放行 对于 FTP 连接的规则，需要事先装载 nf_conntrack_ftp 和 nf_nat_ftp 模块 1234modprobe nf_conntrack_ftpmodprobe nf_nat_ftpiptables -A INPUT -d 192.168.2.133 -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPTiptables -I OUTPUT -s 192.168.2.133 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT 规则的保存和恢复iptables 提供了两个工具来处理大规则集： iptables-save 和 iptables-restore，iptables-save 用来把规则集保存到一个特殊格式的文本文件里，而 iptables-restore 是用来把这个文件重新装入内核空间的。 处理效率使用 iptables-save 和 iptables-restore 的一个最重要的原因是，它们能提高装载、保存规则的速度。 iptables-save 运行一次就可以把整个规则集从内核里提取出来，并保存到文件里，而 iptables-restore 是每次将规则装入一个表。使用脚本更改规则的问题是，改动每个规则都要调用 iptables 命令，而每一次调用 iptables，它首先要把 Netfilter 内核空间中的整个规则集都提取出来， 然后再插入或追加，或做其他的改动，最后再把新的规则集从它的内存空间插入到内核空间中。相对于一次操作一个表而言，这会花费很多时间。 iptables-restore的不足iptables-restore 最大的缺点就是不能替代所有的脚本来设置规则，也就是不能用来做复杂的规则集。最常见的情况就是，一个动态获取 IP 的主机，使用脚本就可以很方便地得到这个 IP，用 iptables-restore 却是无法实现的。 有一个笨办法是先装入 iptables-restore 文件，再运行一个特定的脚本把动态的规则载入。虽然可行，但是 iptables-restore 并不适合于使用动态 IP 的场合，如果你想在配置文件里使用选项来实现不同的要求，iptables-restore 也不适用。 iptables-saveiptables-save 用来把当前的规则存入一个文件里以备 iptables-restore 使用。它的使用很简单，只有两个参数： 1iptables-save [-c] [-t table] 使用 -c 保存包和字节计数器的值，这可以使我们在重启防火墙后不丢失对包和字节的统计。默认情况下是不保存的计数器的数值的。 使用 -t 指定要保存的表，默认是保存所有的表。 1234567891011121314151617181920212223# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002*filter:INPUT ACCEPT [404:19766]:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]:OUTPUT ACCEPT [530:43376]COMMIT# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002*mangle:PREROUTING ACCEPT [451:22060]:INPUT ACCEPT [451:22060]:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]:OUTPUT ACCEPT [594:47151]:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [594:47151]COMMIT# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.6a on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002*nat:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [3:450]:OUTPUT ACCEPT [3:450]COMMIT# Completed on Wed Apr 24 10:19:17 2002 上面的输出格式中 # 后面的是注释，表都以 *&lt;table-name&gt; 开始。每个表都包含链和规则，链的详细说明是 &lt;chain-name&gt; &lt;chain-policy&gt; [&lt;packet-counter&gt;:&lt;byte-counter&gt;]。每个表的描述都以关键字 COMMIT 结束，在 iptables-restore 的时候遇到它就说明此时要把规则装入内核了。 默认情况下命令的执行结果会输出到屏幕，想要保存到文件，直接输出重定向即可： 1iptables-save -c &gt; /etc/iptables.save iptables-restoreiptables-restore 用来载入由 iptables-save 保存的规则集。它不能直接读取文件，只能通过标准输入重定向载入规则。 1iptables-restore [-c] [-n] 使用 -c 要求载入包和字节计数器，如果你用 iptables-save 保存了计数器，现在想重新装入，就必须用这个参数。它的长选项格式是 --counters。 使用 -n 告诉 iptables-restore 不要覆盖已有的表或表内的规则。默认情况是清除所有已存在的规则。它的长选项格式是 --noflush。如果使用了这个选项，你的规则就很有可能出现很多重复，所以不太建议使用。 1iptables-restore -c &lt; /etc/iptables.save 这样规则集应该正确地装入内核并正常工作了。如果有问题，就要开始排错了。 iptables.service如果你用的是红帽 7 系列的系统，并且安装了 iptables-services，那么 /etc/sysconfig/iptables 就作为了 iptables.service 规则存放的文件， /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config 作为 iptables.service 的服务配置文件 。你可以使用 /usr/libexec/iptables/iptables.init save 保存规则。 编写规则抵御常见攻击SYN FLOOD 方法一，限制请求速度 1234567iptables -N SYN_FLOOD# 自定义链 SYN_FLOODiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn -j SYN_FLOOD # 对第一次握手 SYN 包进行 jump ，跳转到自定义链 iptables -A SYN_FLOOD -m limit --limit 1/s --limit-burst 4 -j RETURN iptables -A SYN_FLOOD -j DROP# 限定每秒最多可以连接1个，一批最高峰值为4个，即前4个速度比较快，后面的按照1/s返回主链进行回应。否则将丢弃 方法二，限制单个IP最大连接数，也可以用于限制访问量过大的IP 12iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --syn -m connlimit --connlimit-above 15 -j DROP# 限定单个 IP 连接，超过15个就丢弃 Dos 123456iptables -I INPUT 1 -p tcp -m multiport --dport 22 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 5 -j DROP# 单个 IP 最多 5 个会话iptables -I INPUT 2 -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set --name SSH # 只要是新的连接请求，就把它加入到 SSH 列表中，此处需要使用 recent 模块iptables -I INPUT 3 -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 300 --hitcount 3 --name SSH -j DROP# 5分钟(300s)内尝试次数达到3次，就拒绝为 SSH 列表中的这个 IP 提供服务。被限制5分钟后即可恢复访问。 反弹木马 12iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW -j DROP# 防止本机向外发送连接请求（如果本机有类似 DNS 请求的数据则据具体情况而待） ping攻击 12iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -m limit --limit 1/m -j ACCEPT# 限制连接速率 防火墙脚本清除规则脚本 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283#!/usr/bin/env bash:&lt;&lt;:------------------------------------------------ FileName : flush-iptables-rules.sh Author : Silence Version : 0.0.1 Description :------------------------------------------------ :# Check if iptable module is loadedPROC_iptables_NAMES=/proc/net/ip_tables_names[ ! -e "$PROC_iptables_NAMES" ] &amp;&amp; exit 0# Get active tablesNF_TABLES=$(cat "$PROC_iptables_NAMES" 2&gt;/dev/null)# Check if firewall is configured (has tables)[ -z "$NF_TABLES" ] &amp;&amp; exit 1# only usable for rootif [ $EUID != 0 ]; then echo -n $"iptables: Only usable by root."; exit 4fiif [ ! -x /sbin/iptables ]; then echo $"iptables: /sbin/iptables does not exist."; exit 5fi# Flush firewall rules and delete chains.echo -n $"iptables: Flushing firewall rules: "# For all tablesfor i in $NF_TABLES; do # Flush firewall rules. iptables -t $i -F; # Delete firewall chains. iptables -t $i -X; # Set counter to zero. iptables -t $i -Z; # Set policy for configured tables. policy=ACCEPT echo -n "$i " case "$i" in raw) for chain in PREROUTING OUTPUT;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; filter) for chain in INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; nat) for chain in PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; mangle) for chain in PREROUTING POSTROUTING INPUT OUTPUT FORWARD;do iptables -t $i -P $&#123;chain&#125; $policy done unset chain ;; security) : Ignore the security table ;; *) : Do nothing ;; esacdoneecho TCP/IP协议号https://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/cn/other/protocols.txt 协议号 协议类型 说明 0 HOPOPT IPv6 逐跳选项 1 ICMP Internet 控制消息 2 IGMP Internet 组管理 3 GGP 网关对网关 4 IP IP 中的 IP（封装） 5 ST 流 6 TCP 传输控制 7 CBT CBT 8 EGP 外部网关协议 9 IGP 任何专用内部网关 （Cisco 将其用于 IGRP） 10 BBN-RCC-MON BBN RCC 监视 11 NVP-II 网络语音协议 12 PUP PUP 13 ARGUS ARGUS 14 EMCON EMCON 15 XNET 跨网调试器 16 CHAOS Chaos 17 UDP 用户数据报 18 MUX 多路复用 19 DCN-MEAS DCN 测量子系统 20 HMP 主机监视 21 PRM 数据包无线测量 22 XNS-IDP XEROX NS IDP 23 TRUNK-1 第 1 主干 24 TRUNK-2 第 2 主干 25 LEAF-1 第 1 叶 26 LEAF-2 第 2 叶 27 RDP 可靠数据协议 28 IRTP Internet 可靠事务 29 ISO-TP4 ISO 传输协议第 4 类 30 NETBLT 批量数据传输协议 31 MFE-NSP MFE 网络服务协议 32 MERIT-INP MERIT 节点间协议 33 SEP 顺序交换协议 34 3PC 第三方连接协议 35 IDPR 域间策略路由协议 36 XTP XTP 37 DDP 数据报传送协议 38 IDPR-CMTP IDPR 控制消息传输协议 39 TP++ TP++ 传输协议 40 IL IL 传输协议 41 IPv6 Ipv6 42 SDRP 源要求路由协议 43 IPv6-Route IPv6 的路由标头 44 IPv6-Frag IPv6 的片断标头 45 IDRP 域间路由协议 46 RSVP 保留协议 47 GRE 通用路由封装 48 MHRP 移动主机路由协议 49 BNA BNA 50 ESP IPv6 的封装安全负载 51 AH IPv6 的身份验证标头 52 I-NLSP 集成网络层安全性 TUBA 53 SWIPE 采用加密的 IP 54 NARP NBMA 地址解析协议 55 MOBILE IP 移动性 56 TLSP 传输层安全协议 使用 Kryptonet 密钥管理 57 SKIP SKIP 58 IPv6-ICMP 用于 IPv6 的 ICMP 59 IPv6-NoNxt 用于 IPv6 的无下一个标头 60 IPv6-Opts IPv6 的目标选项 61 任意主机内部协议 62 CFTP CFTP 63 任意本地网络 64 SAT-EXPAK SATNET 与后台 EXPAK 65 KRYPTOLAN Kryptolan 66 RVD MIT 远程虚拟磁盘协议 67 IPPC Internet Pluribus 数据包核心 68 任意分布式文件系统 69 SAT-MON SATNET 监视 70 VISA VISA 协议 71 IPCV Internet 数据包核心工具 72 CPNX 计算机协议网络管理 73 CPHB 计算机协议检测信号 74 WSN 王安电脑网络 75 PVP 数据包视频协议 76 BR-SAT-MON 后台 SATNET 监视 77 SUN-ND SUN ND PROTOCOL-Temporary 78 WB-MON WIDEBAND 监视 79 WB-EXPAK WIDEBAND EXPAK 80 ISO-IP ISO Internet 协议 81 VMTP VMTP 82 SECURE-VMTP SECURE-VMTP 83 VINES VINES 84 TTP TTP 85 NSFNET-IGP NSFNET-IGP 86 DGP 异类网关协议 87 TCF TCF 88 EIGRP EIGRP 89 OSPFIGP OSPFIGP 90 Sprite-RPC Sprite RPC 协议 91 LARP 轨迹地址解析协议 92 MTP 多播传输协议 93 AX.25 AX.25 帧 94 IPIP IP 中的 IP 封装协议 95 MICP 移动互联控制协议 96 SCC-SP 信号通讯安全协议 97 ETHERIP IP 中的以太网封装 98 ENCAP 封装标头 99 任意专用加密方案 100 GMTP GMTP 101 IFMP Ipsilon 流量管理协议 102 PNNI IP 上的 PNNI 103 PIM 独立于协议的多播 104 ARIS ARIS 105 SCPS SCPS 106 QNX QNX 107 A/N 活动网络 108 IPComp IP 负载压缩协议 109 SNP Sitara 网络协议 110 Compaq-Peer Compaq 对等协议 111 IPX-in-IP IP 中的 IPX 112 VRRP 虚拟路由器冗余协议 113 PGM PGM 可靠传输协议 114 任意 0 跳协议 115 L2TP 第二层隧道协议 116 DDX D-II 数据交换 (DDX) 117 IATP 交互式代理传输协议 118 STP 计划传输协议 119 SRP SpectraLink 无线协议 120 UTI UTI 121 SMP 简单邮件协议 122 SM SM 123 PTP 性能透明协议 124 ISIS over IPv4 125 FIRE 126 CRTP Combat 无线传输协议 127 CRUDP Combat 无线用户数据报 128 SSCOPMCE 129 IPLT 130 SPS 安全数据包防护 131 PIPE IP 中的专用 IP 封装 132 SCTP 流控制传输协议 133 FC 光纤通道 134-254 未分配 255 保留 参考链接：https://www.linuxtopia.org/Linux_Firewall_iptables/https://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/cn/iptables-tutorial-cn-1.1.19.htmlhttp://cn.linux.vbird.org/linux_server/0250simple_firewall_3.php]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Network</tag>
-        <tag>iptables</tag>
         <tag>Security</tag>
+        <tag>iptables</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
@@ -389,14 +539,14 @@
     <url>%2F2016%2F05%2F01%2F092111-%E5%88%9D%E8%AF%86SElinux%2F</url>
     <content type="text"><![CDATA[SELinux(Security-Enhanced Linux) 是美国国家安全局（NSA）对于强制访问控制的实现，是 Linux 历史上最杰出的新安全子系统。NSA 是在 Linux 社区的帮助下开发了一种访问控制体系，在这种访问控制体系的限制下，进程只能访问那些在他的任务中所需要文件。 SElinux 的用途在于增强系统抵御 0-Day 攻击(利用尚未公开的漏洞实现的攻击行为)的能力。所以它不是网络防火墙或 ACL 的替代品，在用途上也不重复。 使用 getenforce 命令可获取当前 SELinux 运行状态，可能返回结果有三种：Enforcing、Permissive 和 Disabled。Disabled 代表 SELinux 被禁用，Permissive 代表仅记录安全警告但不阻止可疑行为，Enforcing 代表记录警告且阻止可疑行为。 1getenforce 使用 setenforce 命令可以立刻改变 SELinux 运行状态，在 Enforcing 和 Permissive 之间切换，结果会一直保持至关机。一个典型的用途是看看到底是不是 SELinux 导致某个服务或者程序无法运行。若是在 setenforce 0 之后服务或者程序依然无法运行，那么就可以肯定不是 SELinux 导致的。 1setenforce [ Enforcing | Permissive | 1 | 0 ] 若是想要永久变更系统 SELinux 运行环境，可以通过更改配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/selinux 实现。注意当从 Disabled 切换到 Permissive 或者 Enforcing 模式后需要重启计算机。 SELinux 运行策略可在配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/selinux 进行配置 ，文件中还包含了 SELinux 运行策略的信息，通过改变变量 SELINUXTYPE 的值实现，该值有两种可能：targeted 代表仅针对预制的几种网络服务和访问请求使用 SELinux 保护，strict 代表所有网络服务和访问请求都要经过 SELinux 参考文档：http://blog.csdn.net/myarrow/article/details/9856095/]]></content>
       <tags>
-        <tag>Service</tag>
         <tag>Security</tag>
+        <tag>Service</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[基础邮件服务器]]></title>
     <url>%2F2016%2F04%2F27%2F194119-%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[概述 MUA（Mail User Agent）邮件用户代理：接收邮件所使用的邮件客户端程序，使用IMAP或POP3协议与服务器通信，它提供了阅读、发送和接收电子邮件的用户接口。常见的客户端：outlook、foxmail等 MTA（Mail Transfer Agent）邮件传送代理：通过SMTP协议负责邮件的存储、发送和转发。监视MUA的请求，根据电子邮件的目标地址找出对应的邮件服务器，将信件在服务器之间传输并将接受到的邮件进行缓冲。在linux环境中常见的MTA有：sendmail、qmail等 MDA（Mail Deliver Agent）邮件投递代理：将MTA接收到的邮件保存到磁盘或指定地方，通常会进行垃圾邮件及病毒扫描。常用的MDA：procmail、dropmail等 MRA（Mail Retrieval Agent）邮件取回代理：负责实现IMAP与POP3协议，与MUA进行交互。常用的MRA：dovecot MSA（Mail Submission Agent）邮件提交代理：检查邮件安全性与垃圾等，处理额外的工作 开源邮件系统 Sendmail：资格最老，运行稳定，但安全性欠佳 Qmail：更好的执行效率，配置管理也很方便，但兼容性不高 Postfix：兼容Sendmail，采用模块化设计，在投递效率、稳定性、服务性能及安全方面都很优秀 一封邮件的流程 发件人：MUA =&gt; 发送 =&gt; MTA =&gt; 若干个MTA… =&gt; MTA =&gt; MDA &lt;= 收取 &lt;= MUA：收件人 MUA并非直接将邮件发送至收件人手中，而是通过MTA代为传递，Sendmail和Postfix就是扮演MTA的角色 一封邮件从MUA发出后，可能通过一个或多个MTA传递，最终到达MDA。然后存放在某个文件或特殊的数据库里，我们将这个长期保存邮件的地方称之为邮箱 一旦邮件到达邮箱，就原地不动了，等用户再通过MUA将其取走，就是用Outlook，Foxmail等软件收信的过程 MUA到MTA，以及MTA到MTA之间使用的协议就是SMTP协议，而收邮件时，MUA到MDA之间使用的协议最常用的是POP3或IMAP。 邮件应用协议 简单邮件传输协议(SMTP)，用来发送或中转发出的电子邮件，占用tcp 25端口。 第三版邮局协议(POP3)，用于将服务器上把邮件存储到本地主机，占用tcp 110端口。 第四版互联网信息访问协议(IMAP4)，用于在本地主机上访问邮件，占用tcp 143端口。 注意事项：如果想搭建企业级的电子邮件系统，请考虑以下几点： 反垃圾与反病毒模块：阻止垃圾邮件或病毒邮件对企业邮箱的干扰。 邮件加密：保证邮件内容不被嗅探、篡改。 邮件监控审核：监控全体职员邮件中有无敏感词，透露企业资料等。 稳定性：有较好的防DDOS攻击的能力，保证系统在线率等。 搭建邮件服务器准备工作 邮件服务依赖于 DNS 服务，事先确保 DNS 服务已经为邮件应用配置完成。为了方便，此处将邮件服务器和DNS服务器配置为一台：192.168.247.108。主机名为 mail.test.com ，区域为 test.com ，邮件服务器为 mail.test.com 修改主机名 123name="mail.test.com"sed -ri 's#(HOSTNAME=).*#\1'"$&#123;name&#125;"'#' /etc/sysconfig/network hostname $&#123;name&#125; DNS配置 1234567891011zone "test.com" IN &#123; type master; file "test.com.zone"; allow-update &#123; none; &#125;;&#125;;# 邮件服务器需要用到反向解析，否则会在互联网被视为垃圾邮件服务器zone "247.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN &#123; type master; file "192.168.247.zone"; allow-update &#123; none; &#125;;&#125;; 正向区域文件/var/named/test.com.zone 1234567891011$TTL 1D@ IN SOA ns1.test.com. admin.test.com. ( 20160217 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum IN NS ns1 IN MX 10 mailns1 IN A 192.168.247.108mail IN A 192.168.247.108 反向区域文件/var/named/192.168.247.zone 12345678910$TTL 1D@ IN SOA ns1.test.com. admin.test.com. ( 20160217 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum IN NS ns1.test.com.108 IN PTR ns1.test.com.108 IN PTR mail.test.com. 权限修改 123456cd /var/named/chown named.named test.com.zone 192.168.247.zone chmod 640 test.com.zone 192.168.247.zone # 语法检查named-checkzone "test.com" test.com.zone named-checkzone "247.168.192.in-addr.arpa" 192.168.247.zone 软件包、服务、用户环境配置 依赖包安装 123yum -y groupinstall "Development Libraries" "Development Tools"yum -y install db*-devel yum -y install cyrus-sasl* 如果系统有sendmail，需要把sendmail关掉 12service sendmail stopchkconfig sendmail off 为了更好的支持sasl，因此编译安装postfix；如果有rpm的postfix，要删除掉并且把postfix用户等信息也删除掉。 12345rpm -e postfix --nodepsuserdel -r postfixuserdel -r postdropgroupdel postfixgroupdel postdrop 安装 postfixPostfix是一款由IBM出资研发的免费开源的邮局服务程序，兼容于Sendmail服务程序，即Sendmail用户可以很方便的迁移到Postfix程序，且收发件性能远超过Sendmail，能够自动增加减少进程的数量，保证邮局系统的高性能与稳定性，另外Postfix是由诸多的小模块组成，每个小模块完成特定的功能，使得管理员可以灵活的组合这些模块。 单独使用Postfix服务程序并不能让用户完成收发邮件的操作，因为一个基础的电子邮局系统至少需要有SMTP服务器、POP3/IMAP服务器，为了能够部署一个基础的电子邮件系统，我们需要使用到下面的软件： Postfix：提供邮件发送服务，即SMTP。 Dovecot：提供邮件收取服务，即POP3。 OutLook Express：客户端收发邮件的工具。 123456789101112131415# 创建用户组，ID号最好大于1000groupadd -g 2828 postfixuseradd -g postfix -u 2828 -s /sbin/nologin -M postfixgroupadd -g 2829 postdropuseradd -g postdrop -u 2829 -s /sbin/nologin -M postdrop# 编译安装tar xf postfix-3.2.0.tar.gzcd postfix-3.2.0make tidymake makefiles 'CCARGS=-DUSE_SASL_AUTH -DUSE_CYRUS_SASL -I/usr/include/sasl' 'AUXLIBS=-L/usr/lib64/sasl2 -lsasl2'make &amp;&amp; make install# 创建邮件别名库newaliasesll /etc/aliases* 配置 postfixPostfix 邮局服务程序的配置文件： 文件 作用 /usr/sbin/postfix 主服务程序 /etc/postfix/master.cf master主程序的配置文件。 /etc/postfix/main.cf postfix服务的配置文件。 /var/log/maillog 记录邮件传递过程的日志。 /usr/libexec/postfix 服务程序目录 /var/spool/postfix 邮件队列目录 Postfix 服务程序主配置文件: 参数 作用 myhostname 邮件系统的主机名。 mydomain 邮件系统的域名。 myorigin 从本机寄出邮件的域名名称。 inet_interfaces 监听的网卡接口。 mydestination 可接收邮件的主机名或域名。 mynetworks 设置可转发那些主机的邮件。 relay_domains 设置可转发那些网域的邮件 编辑 Postfix 主配置文件，直接执行辅助配置工具 postconf，可列出 postfix 服务所支持的所有配置。结合 -n 选项可排除默认配置，只列出非默认的配置。结合 -d 选项可查看默认配置。 12345# 备份main.cf文件，创建新的main.cf文件postconf -n &gt; tmp.filemv /etc/postfix/main.cf&#123;,.bak&#125;mv tmp.file /etc/postfix/main.cfvim /etc/postfix/main.cf 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233command_directory = /usr/sbincompatibility_level = 2daemon_directory = /usr/libexec/postfixdata_directory = /var/lib/postfixdebug_peer_level = 2debugger_command = PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin ddd $daemon_directory/$process_name $process_id &amp; sleep 5html_directory = noinet_protocols = ipv4mail_owner = postfixmailq_path = /usr/bin/mailqmanpage_directory = /usr/local/manmeta_directory = /etc/postfixnewaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliasesqueue_directory = /var/spool/postfixreadme_directory = nosample_directory = /etc/postfixsendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmailsetgid_group = postdropshlib_directory = nounknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550myhostname = mail.test.com # 邮件服务器自己的主机名，应改和邮件服务器上hostname命令结果保持一致mydomain = test.com # 邮件域myorigin = $mydomain # 发件域：发件人所在的域名，即做发件地址伪装（a@mail.test.com=&gt;a@test.com）mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost,$mydomain# 投递域#home_mailbox = inet_interfaces = 192.168.247.108,127.0.0.1# 指定postfix系统监听的网络接口 注意： postfix服务器支持两种邮件存储方式：Mailbox和Maildir。当指定存储位置最后一位为“/”时，自动使用Maildir方式存储。Mailbox存储方式将同一用户的所有邮件内容存储在同一个文件中，通常对应为目录“/var/spool/mail”中以用户名命名的文件。Maildir存储方式使用目录结构来储存用户的邮件内容，每一个用户对应有一个文件夹，每一封邮件作为为一个独立的文件保存，通常位于用户的主目录下。 为了不修改原有的邮件存放地址，这个地方需要把home_mailbox注释掉。 在postfix的配置文件中，参数行和注释行是不能处在同一行中的； 任何一个参数的值都不需要加引号，否则，引号将会被当作参数值的一部分来使用； 每修改参数及其值后执行 postfix reload 即可令其生效；但若修改了inet_interfaces，则需重新启动postfix； 如果一个参数的值有多个，可以将它们放在不同的行中，只需要在其后的每个行前多置一个空格即可；postfix会把第一个字符为空格或tab的文本行视为上一行的延续 postfix服务创建 sysv 服务脚本：/etc/rc.d/init.d/postfix 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113#!/bin/bash## postfix Postfix Mail Transfer Agent## chkconfig: 2345 80 30# description: Postfix is a Mail Transport Agent, which is the program \# that moves mail from one machine to another.# processname: master# pidfile: /var/spool/postfix/pid/master.pid# config: /etc/postfix/main.cf# config: /etc/postfix/master.cf # Source function library.. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions # Source networking configuration.. /etc/sysconfig/network # Check that networking is up.[ $NETWORKING = "no" ] &amp;&amp; exit 3 [ -x /usr/sbin/postfix ] || exit 4[ -d /etc/postfix ] || exit 5[ -d /var/spool/postfix ] || exit 6 RETVAL=0prog="postfix" start() &#123; # Start daemons. echo -n $"Starting postfix: " /usr/bin/newaliases &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 /usr/sbin/postfix start 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog start" RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; touch /var/lock/subsys/postfix echo return $RETVAL&#125; stop() &#123; # Stop daemons. echo -n $"Shutting down postfix: " /usr/sbin/postfix stop 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog stop" RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; rm -f /var/lock/subsys/postfix echo return $RETVAL&#125; reload() &#123; echo -n $"Reloading postfix: " /usr/sbin/postfix reload 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog reload" RETVAL=$? echo return $RETVAL&#125; abort() &#123; /usr/sbin/postfix abort 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog abort" return $?&#125; flush() &#123; /usr/sbin/postfix flush 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog flush" return $?&#125; check() &#123; /usr/sbin/postfix check 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog check" return $?&#125; restart() &#123; stop start&#125; # See how we were called.case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; restart) stop start ;; reload) reload ;; abort) abort ;; flush) flush ;; check) check ;; status) status master ;; condrestart) [ -f /var/lock/subsys/postfix ] &amp;&amp; restart || : ;; *) echo $"Usage: $0 &#123;start|stop|restart|reload|abort|flush|check|status|condrestart&#125;" exit 1esac exit $? 启动postfix服务 1234chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/postfix postfix checkchkconfig postfix onservice postfix start 部署 DovecotDovecot 是一个开源的 IMAP 和 POP3 邮件服务器，支持 Linux/Unix 系统。 123yum -y install openssl-devel pam-devel dovecotchkconfig --add dovecotchkconfig --level 2345 dovecot on 修改主配置文件 1vim /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf 12345678# 修改第24行的支持邮局协议。protocols = imap pop3 lmtp# 修改第26行监听选项，如果不支持IPv6使用*listen = *# 允许登陆网段地址，全部允许即为（0.0.0.0/0）#login_trusted_networks = 192.168.247.0/24 允许明文认证 /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf 1disable_plaintext_auth = no 配置邮件的格式与存储路径 /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf 12mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u# 这里的路径一定要和postfix的保持一致（postconf | grep mail_spool_directory） 启动Dovecot服务程序 12chkconfig dovecot onservice dovecot restart 部署Cyrus SASL在Postfix邮件系统中，可以使用Cyrus SASL（Cyrus Simple Authentication and Security Layer，Cyrus简单认证安全层）软件来实现基本的SMTP认证。Postfix通过连接Cyrus SASL的函数库，调用认证服务saslauthd来核对系统账号和密码 12345yum -y install cyrus-sasl*# 设置cyrus SASL 函数库echo -e 'pwcheck_method:saslauthd\nmech_list: PLAIN LOGIN' &gt;&gt; /usr/lib64/sasl2/smtpd.confcp /usr/lib64/sasl2/smtpd.conf /etc/sasl2/ 配置 1vim /etc/sysconfig/saslauthd 123MECH=shadow# 认证方式改为帐号密码认证。# saslauthd -v 可显示当前主机saslauthd服务支持的认证方式 12service saslauthd startchkconfig --level 2345 saslauthd on 修改postfix配置文件，加入配置 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233#####################---CYRUS-SASL---#####################broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes# 是否通过sasl来验证clientsmtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject_invalid_hostname,reject_non_fqdn_hostname,reject_unknown_sender_domain,reject_non_fqdn_sender,reject_non_fqdn_recipient,reject_unknown_recipient_domain,reject_unauth_pipelining,reject_unauth_destination# 收件人限定# permit_mynetworks 允许本地网络# permit_sasl_authenticated 允许sasl验证通过的用户# reject_invalid_hostname 拒绝主机名不合法的主机来收发邮件# reject_non_fqdn_hostname 拒绝非fqdn格式的主机来收发邮件# reject_unknown_sender_domain 拒绝无法识别的发件人# reject_non_fqdn_sender 拒绝非fqdn格式的发件人# reject_non_fqdn_sender 拒绝非fqdn格式的收件人# reject_unknown_recipient_domain 拒绝无法识别的收件人域# reject_unauth_pipelining 拒绝无法验证的管道# reject_unauth_destination 拒绝未认证的目标，此项必须放到最后smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes# 启用sasl认证功能smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $myhostname# 基于sasl认证的时候，我们本地的域smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous# 禁止匿名发信smtpd_sasl_path = smtpd# 指定要使用ssl功能的服务器程序 mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8# 只允许给本地中继（注意：上面的smtpd_recipient_restrictions明确规定了permit_sasl_authenticated，允许给通过sasl认证的用户做邮件中继）# 设置内网和本地IP指定你所在的网络的网络地址# postfix根据其值来区别用户是远程的还是本地的，如果是本地网络用户则允许其访问 帐号的添加和测试 邮箱账号采用的是系统账号，属组应该为邮件组mail，所以邮箱开通的时候，实际上是创建了一个系统账号。 命令要求 123456789101112131415userdel -r test1userdel -r test2useradd -u 1300 -g mail -s /usr/bin/passwd test1echo test1 | passwd --stdin test1useradd -u 1301 -g mail -s /usr/bin/passwd test2echo test2 | passwd --stdin test2 # -c 添加新账号说明，一般是账号名称，但是每个字的首字母大写。# -u uid编号，我们添加的时候，要先查看/etc/passwd的内容，看当前最后一个账号的uid，然后确定这里填写的数字。# -g gid编号，这个必须是mail组，否则会导致权限不足# -s 的设置也是固定的，不可更改，邮箱用户将不应直接登录邮件服务器。# test1 账号名称。testsaslauthd -u test1 -p test1# 帐号认证测试 使用outlook进行两个用户之间邮件的发送接收测试 常见问题 映射表问题 12345# /var/log/mail/log中显示Recipient address rejected: User unknown in local recipient table# 修改postfix主配置local_recipient_maps = 权限问题 12345# /var/log/mail/log中显示Mar 25 02:19:34 mail dovecot: pop3(test1): Couldn't open INBOX top=0/0, retr=0/0, del=0/0, size=0Mar 25 02:19:34 mail dovecot: pop3-login: Login: user=&lt;test2&gt;, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.247.1, lip=192.168.247.108, mpid=51169Mar 25 02:19:34 mail dovecot: pop3(test2): Error: chown(/home/test2/mail/.imap/INBOX, -1, 12(mail)) failed: Operation not permitted (egid=2831(test2), group based on /var/mail/test2)# 权限不足，添加邮件帐号时指定属组为mail即可 日志 /var/log/mail/log 被勿删 1234567# maillog日志是在syslog.conf文件中定义的，内容如下：# Log all the mail messages in one place.mail.* -/var/log/maillog# 重启log服务即可：service rsyslog restart 邮件服务器收发正常但OE无法收信 核对postfix中的邮箱路径 postconf -d | grep mail_spool_directory 与dovecot中的邮箱路径 mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u 是否一致 客户端和服务器端时间是否正确及是否同步（执行/usr/sbin/ntpdate time.nist.gov进行时间同步） 为 postfix 开启基于hash的别名文件支持在 main.cf 中添加如下配置 12alias_database = hash:/etc/aliasesalias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases 在 /etc/aliases 文件中定义新的别名项，其格式通常为以冒号隔开的两个字段，前一个字段为初始目标邮件地址，后一个字段为实际发往的地址，如： 12net_operation : zhangsan,lisi,wangwu# 发送给net_operation@test.com的邮件将发送给张三、李四、王五 将 /etc/aliases 转换为 hash 格式： 12postalias /etc/aliasesservice postfix reload postfix基于客户端的访问控制postfix内置了多种反垃圾邮件的机制，其中就包括“客户端”发送邮件限制。 客户端判别机制可以设定一系列客户信息的判别条件： 123456smtpd_client_restrictions：当客户端发起连接请求时，判别此客户端IP的访问权限smtpd_helo_restrictions ： 限定哪些客户端可以发送helo指令smtpd_sender_restrictions ：限定哪些客户端可以发送mail from指令smtpd_recipient_restrictions：限定哪些用户可以发送rctp to指令smtpd_data_restrictions：限定哪些用户可以发送data指令以上每一项参数分别用于检查SMTP会话过程中的特定阶段，即客户端提供相应信息的阶段。 如果DATA命令之前的所有内容都被接受，客户端接着就可以开始传送邮件内容了。邮件内容通常由两部分组成，前半部分是标题(header)，其可以由header_check过滤，后半部分是邮件正文(body)，其可以由check_body过滤。这两项实现的是邮件“内容检查”。 postfix的默认配置如下： 12345678910smtpd_client_restrictions =smtpd_data_restrictions =smtpd_end_of_data_restrictions =smtpd_etrn_restrictions =smtpd_helo_restrictions =smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destinationsmtpd_sender_restrictions =# 这限制了只有mynetworks参数中定义的本地网络中的客户端才能通过postfix转发邮件，# 其它客户端则不被允许，从而关闭了开放式中继(open relay)的功能。 Postfix有多个内置的限制条件，如上面的 permit_mynetworks 和 reject_unauth_destination，但管理员也可以使用访问表(access map)来自定义限制条件。自定义访问表的条件通常使用 check_client_access ，check_helo_access， check_sender_access， check_recipient_access进行，它们后面通常跟上 type:mapname 格式的访问表类型和名称。其中，check_sender_access 和 check_recipient_access 用来检查客户端提供的邮件地址，因此其访问表中可以使用完整的邮件地址，如 admin@test.com；也可以只使用域名，test.com；还可以只有用户名的部分，如 marion@。 实现示例1 这里以禁止 172.16.100.200 这台主机通过工作在 172.16.100.1上 的 postfix 服务发送邮件为例演示说明其实现过程。访问表使用 hash 的格式。 1234567891011# 首先，编辑/etc/postfix/access文件，以之作为客户端检查的控制文件，在里面定义如下一行：172.16.100.200 REJECT# 其次，将此文件转换为hash格式postmap /etc/postfix/access# 然后，配置postfix使用此文件对客户端进行检查# 编辑/etc/postfix/main.cf文件，添加如下参数：smtpd_client_restrictions = check_client_access hash:/etc/postfix/access# 最后，让postfix重新载入配置文件即可进行发信控制的效果测试了。 实现示例2 这里以禁止通过本服务器向 microsoft.com 域发送邮件为例演示其实现过程。访问表使用 hash 的格式。 1234567891011# 首先，建立/etc/postfix/denydstdomains文件(文件名任取)，在里面定义如下一行：microsoft.com REJECT# 其次，将此文件转换为hash格式postmap /etc/postfix/denydstdomains# 然后，配置postfix使用此文件对客户端进行检查# 编辑/etc/postfix/main.cf文件，添加如下参数：smtpd_recipient_restrictions = check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/denydstdomains, permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destination# 最后，让postfix重新载入配置文件即可进行发信控制的效果测试了。 检查表格式的说明 hash类的检查表都使用类似如下的格式： 123pattern action# 检查表文件中，空白行、仅包含空白字符的行和以#开头的行都会被忽略。# 以空白字符开头后跟其它非空白字符的行会被认为是前一行的延续，是一行的组成部分。 关于pattern 其 pattern 通常有两类地址：邮件地址和主机名称/地址。 12345678910111213邮件地址的pattern格式如下：user@domain 用于匹配指定邮件地址；domain.tld 用于匹配以此域名作为邮件地址中的域名部分的所有邮件地址；user@ 用于匹配以此作为邮件地址中的用户名部分的所有邮件地址；主机名称/地址的pattern格式如下：domain.tld 用于匹配指定域及其子域内的所有主机；.domain.tld 用于匹配指定域的子域内的所有主机；net.work.addr.essnet.work.addrnet.worknet 用于匹配特定的IP地址或网络内的所有主机；network/mask CIDR格式，匹配指定网络内的所有主机； 关于 action 1234567891011接受类的动作：OK 接受其pattern匹配的邮件地址或主机名称/地址；全部由数字组成的action 隐式表示OK；拒绝类的动作(部分)：4NN text 5NN text # 其中4NN类表示过一会儿重试；5NN类表示严重错误，将停止重试邮件发送；# 421和521对于postfix来说有特殊意义，尽量不要自定义这两个代码；REJECT optional text... 拒绝；text为可选信息；DEFER optional text... 拒绝；text为可选信息； 常见需求的配置特定人员发送特定邮件公司需求只有公司高层才可以向全体员工发送邮件，除此之外均无权向全体员工发送邮件 公司高层邮箱 12345wanglujing@test.comrenlina@test.com caiyanyan@test.comqinwen@test.com shiwanting@test.com 全体员工邮箱 1allemp@test.com 用到的参数 主配置文件中需要用到的参数(具体的请参考《postfix权威指南》，在第十一章 反垃圾邮件) smtmpd_restriction_classes自定义规范等级的名称,列出管理员自定义的所有规范等级，每一组规范等级，都是由一系列UBE（挡信）限制条件组成。 check_client_access 客户端 check_sender_access 发件人 check_recipient_access 收件人 check_recipient_access maptype:mapname check_recipient_access指向一个含有邮件地址、网域名称、人名的访问表，用于对比客户端在RCPT TO命令中提供的收件地址，如果发现相符的索引键，则postfix执行相对应的值所提定的动作。 check_sender_access maptype:mapnamecheck_sender_access 指向一个含有邮件地址，网域名称,人名的访问表，用于对比客户端在MAIL FROM命令中提供的寄件人邮件地址，如果发现相符的索引键，则postfix执行相对应的值所指定的动作。 涉及的处理动作 OK 通过当前过滤规则的检查，postfix继续检查下一组过滤规则。 REJECT 拒绝邮件，后面可以加上一段简短信息，说明拒绝的理由，这段信息会连同拒绝码一起返回给客户端，并且被记录在postfix日志文件中。 实现方法 定义规范等级，分别为 local_sender_all，allow_to_all 1234# 在postfix主配置文件中，末尾添加下列语句smtpd_restriction_classes = local_sender_all,allow_to_alllocal_sender_all = check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/local_sender_all,rejectallow_to_all = check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/allow_to_all,reject 创建限定的收件人文件 12install -cdv /etc/postfix/pluginvim /etc/postfix/plugin/allow_to_all 1allemp@test.com allow_to_all 创建限定的发件人文件 1vim /etc/postfix/plugin/local_sender_all 12345wanglujing@test.com OK renlina@test.com OK caiyanyan@test.com OK qinwen@test.com OK shiwanting@test.com OK 使用 postmap 生成数据库文件 12postmap /etc/postfix/plugin/allow_to_all postmap /etc/postfix/plugin/local_sender_all 邮件发送控制 对于外域到本域的邮件，必须接收，否则，收不到任何来自外部的邮件 对于本域到外域的邮件，只允许从本机发出，否则其他人通过伪造本域地址就可以向外域发信 对于外域到外域的邮件，直接拒绝，否则我们的邮件服务器就是Open Relay，将被视为垃圾邮件服务器 设置发件人的规则 12smtpd_sender_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/sender_access, permit# 以上规则先判断是否是本域地址，如果是则允许，然后再从sender_access文件里检查发件人是否存在，拒绝存在的发件人，最后允许其他发件人。 设置收件人的规则 12smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/recipient_access, reject# 以上规则先判断是否是本域地址，如果是则允许，然后再从recipient_access文件里检查收件人是否存在，允许存在的收件人，最后拒绝其他收件人。]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[概述 MUA（Mail User Agent）邮件用户代理：接收邮件所使用的邮件客户端程序，使用IMAP或POP3协议与服务器通信，它提供了阅读、发送和接收电子邮件的用户接口。常见的客户端：outlook、foxmail等 MTA（Mail Transfer Agent）邮件传送代理：通过SMTP协议负责邮件的存储、发送和转发。监视MUA的请求，根据电子邮件的目标地址找出对应的邮件服务器，将信件在服务器之间传输并将接受到的邮件进行缓冲。在linux环境中常见的MTA有：sendmail、qmail等 MDA（Mail Deliver Agent）邮件投递代理：将MTA接收到的邮件保存到磁盘或指定地方，通常会进行垃圾邮件及病毒扫描。常用的MDA：procmail、dropmail等 MRA（Mail Retrieval Agent）邮件取回代理：负责实现IMAP与POP3协议，与MUA进行交互。常用的MRA：dovecot MSA（Mail Submission Agent）邮件提交代理：检查邮件安全性与垃圾等，处理额外的工作 开源邮件系统 Sendmail：资格最老，运行稳定，但安全性欠佳 Qmail：更好的执行效率，配置管理也很方便，但兼容性不高 Postfix：兼容Sendmail，采用模块化设计，在投递效率、稳定性、服务性能及安全方面都很优秀 一封邮件的流程 发件人：MUA =&gt; 发送 =&gt; MTA =&gt; 若干个MTA… =&gt; MTA =&gt; MDA &lt;= 收取 &lt;= MUA：收件人 MUA并非直接将邮件发送至收件人手中，而是通过MTA代为传递，Sendmail和Postfix就是扮演MTA的角色 一封邮件从MUA发出后，可能通过一个或多个MTA传递，最终到达MDA。然后存放在某个文件或特殊的数据库里，我们将这个长期保存邮件的地方称之为邮箱 一旦邮件到达邮箱，就原地不动了，等用户再通过MUA将其取走，就是用Outlook，Foxmail等软件收信的过程 MUA到MTA，以及MTA到MTA之间使用的协议就是SMTP协议，而收邮件时，MUA到MDA之间使用的协议最常用的是POP3或IMAP。 邮件应用协议 简单邮件传输协议(SMTP)，用来发送或中转发出的电子邮件，占用tcp 25端口。 第三版邮局协议(POP3)，用于将服务器上把邮件存储到本地主机，占用tcp 110端口。 第四版互联网信息访问协议(IMAP4)，用于在本地主机上访问邮件，占用tcp 143端口。 注意事项：如果想搭建企业级的电子邮件系统，请考虑以下几点： 反垃圾与反病毒模块：阻止垃圾邮件或病毒邮件对企业邮箱的干扰。 邮件加密：保证邮件内容不被嗅探、篡改。 邮件监控审核：监控全体职员邮件中有无敏感词，透露企业资料等。 稳定性：有较好的防DDOS攻击的能力，保证系统在线率等。 搭建邮件服务器准备工作 邮件服务依赖于 DNS 服务，事先确保 DNS 服务已经为邮件应用配置完成。为了方便，此处将邮件服务器和DNS服务器配置为一台：192.168.247.108。主机名为 mail.test.com ，区域为 test.com ，邮件服务器为 mail.test.com 修改主机名 123name="mail.test.com"sed -ri 's#(HOSTNAME=).*#\1'"$&#123;name&#125;"'#' /etc/sysconfig/network hostname $&#123;name&#125; DNS配置 1234567891011zone "test.com" IN &#123; type master; file "test.com.zone"; allow-update &#123; none; &#125;;&#125;;# 邮件服务器需要用到反向解析，否则会在互联网被视为垃圾邮件服务器zone "247.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN &#123; type master; file "192.168.247.zone"; allow-update &#123; none; &#125;;&#125;; 正向区域文件/var/named/test.com.zone 1234567891011$TTL 1D@ IN SOA ns1.test.com. admin.test.com. ( 20160217 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum IN NS ns1 IN MX 10 mailns1 IN A 192.168.247.108mail IN A 192.168.247.108 反向区域文件/var/named/192.168.247.zone 12345678910$TTL 1D@ IN SOA ns1.test.com. admin.test.com. ( 20160217 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum IN NS ns1.test.com.108 IN PTR ns1.test.com.108 IN PTR mail.test.com. 权限修改 123456cd /var/named/chown named.named test.com.zone 192.168.247.zone chmod 640 test.com.zone 192.168.247.zone # 语法检查named-checkzone "test.com" test.com.zone named-checkzone "247.168.192.in-addr.arpa" 192.168.247.zone 软件包、服务、用户环境配置 依赖包安装 123yum -y groupinstall "Development Libraries" "Development Tools"yum -y install db*-devel yum -y install cyrus-sasl* 如果系统有sendmail，需要把sendmail关掉 12service sendmail stopchkconfig sendmail off 为了更好的支持sasl，因此编译安装postfix；如果有rpm的postfix，要删除掉并且把postfix用户等信息也删除掉。 12345rpm -e postfix --nodepsuserdel -r postfixuserdel -r postdropgroupdel postfixgroupdel postdrop 安装 postfixPostfix是一款由IBM出资研发的免费开源的邮局服务程序，兼容于Sendmail服务程序，即Sendmail用户可以很方便的迁移到Postfix程序，且收发件性能远超过Sendmail，能够自动增加减少进程的数量，保证邮局系统的高性能与稳定性，另外Postfix是由诸多的小模块组成，每个小模块完成特定的功能，使得管理员可以灵活的组合这些模块。 单独使用Postfix服务程序并不能让用户完成收发邮件的操作，因为一个基础的电子邮局系统至少需要有SMTP服务器、POP3/IMAP服务器，为了能够部署一个基础的电子邮件系统，我们需要使用到下面的软件： Postfix：提供邮件发送服务，即SMTP。 Dovecot：提供邮件收取服务，即POP3。 OutLook Express：客户端收发邮件的工具。 123456789101112131415# 创建用户组，ID号最好大于1000groupadd -g 2828 postfixuseradd -g postfix -u 2828 -s /sbin/nologin -M postfixgroupadd -g 2829 postdropuseradd -g postdrop -u 2829 -s /sbin/nologin -M postdrop# 编译安装tar xf postfix-3.2.0.tar.gzcd postfix-3.2.0make tidymake makefiles 'CCARGS=-DUSE_SASL_AUTH -DUSE_CYRUS_SASL -I/usr/include/sasl' 'AUXLIBS=-L/usr/lib64/sasl2 -lsasl2'make &amp;&amp; make install# 创建邮件别名库newaliasesll /etc/aliases* 配置 postfixPostfix 邮局服务程序的配置文件： 文件 作用 /usr/sbin/postfix 主服务程序 /etc/postfix/master.cf master主程序的配置文件。 /etc/postfix/main.cf postfix服务的配置文件。 /var/log/maillog 记录邮件传递过程的日志。 /usr/libexec/postfix 服务程序目录 /var/spool/postfix 邮件队列目录 Postfix 服务程序主配置文件: 参数 作用 myhostname 邮件系统的主机名。 mydomain 邮件系统的域名。 myorigin 从本机寄出邮件的域名名称。 inet_interfaces 监听的网卡接口。 mydestination 可接收邮件的主机名或域名。 mynetworks 设置可转发那些主机的邮件。 relay_domains 设置可转发那些网域的邮件 编辑 Postfix 主配置文件，直接执行辅助配置工具 postconf，可列出 postfix 服务所支持的所有配置。结合 -n 选项可排除默认配置，只列出非默认的配置。结合 -d 选项可查看默认配置。 12345# 备份main.cf文件，创建新的main.cf文件postconf -n &gt; tmp.filemv /etc/postfix/main.cf&#123;,.bak&#125;mv tmp.file /etc/postfix/main.cfvim /etc/postfix/main.cf 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233command_directory = /usr/sbincompatibility_level = 2daemon_directory = /usr/libexec/postfixdata_directory = /var/lib/postfixdebug_peer_level = 2debugger_command = PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin ddd $daemon_directory/$process_name $process_id &amp; sleep 5html_directory = noinet_protocols = ipv4mail_owner = postfixmailq_path = /usr/bin/mailqmanpage_directory = /usr/local/manmeta_directory = /etc/postfixnewaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliasesqueue_directory = /var/spool/postfixreadme_directory = nosample_directory = /etc/postfixsendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmailsetgid_group = postdropshlib_directory = nounknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550myhostname = mail.test.com # 邮件服务器自己的主机名，应改和邮件服务器上hostname命令结果保持一致mydomain = test.com # 邮件域myorigin = $mydomain # 发件域：发件人所在的域名，即做发件地址伪装（a@mail.test.com=&gt;a@test.com）mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost,$mydomain# 投递域#home_mailbox = inet_interfaces = 192.168.247.108,127.0.0.1# 指定postfix系统监听的网络接口 注意： postfix服务器支持两种邮件存储方式：Mailbox和Maildir。当指定存储位置最后一位为“/”时，自动使用Maildir方式存储。Mailbox存储方式将同一用户的所有邮件内容存储在同一个文件中，通常对应为目录“/var/spool/mail”中以用户名命名的文件。Maildir存储方式使用目录结构来储存用户的邮件内容，每一个用户对应有一个文件夹，每一封邮件作为为一个独立的文件保存，通常位于用户的主目录下。 为了不修改原有的邮件存放地址，这个地方需要把home_mailbox注释掉。 在postfix的配置文件中，参数行和注释行是不能处在同一行中的； 任何一个参数的值都不需要加引号，否则，引号将会被当作参数值的一部分来使用； 每修改参数及其值后执行 postfix reload 即可令其生效；但若修改了inet_interfaces，则需重新启动postfix； 如果一个参数的值有多个，可以将它们放在不同的行中，只需要在其后的每个行前多置一个空格即可；postfix会把第一个字符为空格或tab的文本行视为上一行的延续 postfix服务创建 sysv 服务脚本：/etc/rc.d/init.d/postfix 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113#!/bin/bash## postfix Postfix Mail Transfer Agent## chkconfig: 2345 80 30# description: Postfix is a Mail Transport Agent, which is the program \# that moves mail from one machine to another.# processname: master# pidfile: /var/spool/postfix/pid/master.pid# config: /etc/postfix/main.cf# config: /etc/postfix/master.cf # Source function library.. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions # Source networking configuration.. /etc/sysconfig/network # Check that networking is up.[ $NETWORKING = "no" ] &amp;&amp; exit 3 [ -x /usr/sbin/postfix ] || exit 4[ -d /etc/postfix ] || exit 5[ -d /var/spool/postfix ] || exit 6 RETVAL=0prog="postfix" start() &#123; # Start daemons. echo -n $"Starting postfix: " /usr/bin/newaliases &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 /usr/sbin/postfix start 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog start" RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; touch /var/lock/subsys/postfix echo return $RETVAL&#125; stop() &#123; # Stop daemons. echo -n $"Shutting down postfix: " /usr/sbin/postfix stop 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog stop" RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; rm -f /var/lock/subsys/postfix echo return $RETVAL&#125; reload() &#123; echo -n $"Reloading postfix: " /usr/sbin/postfix reload 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog reload" RETVAL=$? echo return $RETVAL&#125; abort() &#123; /usr/sbin/postfix abort 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog abort" return $?&#125; flush() &#123; /usr/sbin/postfix flush 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog flush" return $?&#125; check() &#123; /usr/sbin/postfix check 2&gt;/dev/null 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp; success || failure $"$prog check" return $?&#125; restart() &#123; stop start&#125; # See how we were called.case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; restart) stop start ;; reload) reload ;; abort) abort ;; flush) flush ;; check) check ;; status) status master ;; condrestart) [ -f /var/lock/subsys/postfix ] &amp;&amp; restart || : ;; *) echo $"Usage: $0 &#123;start|stop|restart|reload|abort|flush|check|status|condrestart&#125;" exit 1esac exit $? 启动postfix服务 1234chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/postfix postfix checkchkconfig postfix onservice postfix start 部署 DovecotDovecot 是一个开源的 IMAP 和 POP3 邮件服务器，支持 Linux/Unix 系统。 123yum -y install openssl-devel pam-devel dovecotchkconfig --add dovecotchkconfig --level 2345 dovecot on 修改主配置文件 1vim /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf 12345678# 修改第24行的支持邮局协议。protocols = imap pop3 lmtp# 修改第26行监听选项，如果不支持IPv6使用*listen = *# 允许登陆网段地址，全部允许即为（0.0.0.0/0）#login_trusted_networks = 192.168.247.0/24 允许明文认证 /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf 1disable_plaintext_auth = no 配置邮件的格式与存储路径 /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf 12mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u# 这里的路径一定要和postfix的保持一致（postconf | grep mail_spool_directory） 启动Dovecot服务程序 12chkconfig dovecot onservice dovecot restart 部署Cyrus SASL在Postfix邮件系统中，可以使用Cyrus SASL（Cyrus Simple Authentication and Security Layer，Cyrus简单认证安全层）软件来实现基本的SMTP认证。Postfix通过连接Cyrus SASL的函数库，调用认证服务saslauthd来核对系统账号和密码 12345yum -y install cyrus-sasl*# 设置cyrus SASL 函数库echo -e 'pwcheck_method:saslauthd\nmech_list: PLAIN LOGIN' &gt;&gt; /usr/lib64/sasl2/smtpd.confcp /usr/lib64/sasl2/smtpd.conf /etc/sasl2/ 配置 1vim /etc/sysconfig/saslauthd 123MECH=shadow# 认证方式改为帐号密码认证。# saslauthd -v 可显示当前主机saslauthd服务支持的认证方式 12service saslauthd startchkconfig --level 2345 saslauthd on 修改postfix配置文件，加入配置 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233#####################---CYRUS-SASL---#####################broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes# 是否通过sasl来验证clientsmtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject_invalid_hostname,reject_non_fqdn_hostname,reject_unknown_sender_domain,reject_non_fqdn_sender,reject_non_fqdn_recipient,reject_unknown_recipient_domain,reject_unauth_pipelining,reject_unauth_destination# 收件人限定# permit_mynetworks 允许本地网络# permit_sasl_authenticated 允许sasl验证通过的用户# reject_invalid_hostname 拒绝主机名不合法的主机来收发邮件# reject_non_fqdn_hostname 拒绝非fqdn格式的主机来收发邮件# reject_unknown_sender_domain 拒绝无法识别的发件人# reject_non_fqdn_sender 拒绝非fqdn格式的发件人# reject_non_fqdn_sender 拒绝非fqdn格式的收件人# reject_unknown_recipient_domain 拒绝无法识别的收件人域# reject_unauth_pipelining 拒绝无法验证的管道# reject_unauth_destination 拒绝未认证的目标，此项必须放到最后smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes# 启用sasl认证功能smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $myhostname# 基于sasl认证的时候，我们本地的域smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous# 禁止匿名发信smtpd_sasl_path = smtpd# 指定要使用ssl功能的服务器程序 mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8# 只允许给本地中继（注意：上面的smtpd_recipient_restrictions明确规定了permit_sasl_authenticated，允许给通过sasl认证的用户做邮件中继）# 设置内网和本地IP指定你所在的网络的网络地址# postfix根据其值来区别用户是远程的还是本地的，如果是本地网络用户则允许其访问 帐号的添加和测试 邮箱账号采用的是系统账号，属组应该为邮件组mail，所以邮箱开通的时候，实际上是创建了一个系统账号。 命令要求 123456789101112131415userdel -r test1userdel -r test2useradd -u 1300 -g mail -s /usr/bin/passwd test1echo test1 | passwd --stdin test1useradd -u 1301 -g mail -s /usr/bin/passwd test2echo test2 | passwd --stdin test2 # -c 添加新账号说明，一般是账号名称，但是每个字的首字母大写。# -u uid编号，我们添加的时候，要先查看/etc/passwd的内容，看当前最后一个账号的uid，然后确定这里填写的数字。# -g gid编号，这个必须是mail组，否则会导致权限不足# -s 的设置也是固定的，不可更改，邮箱用户将不应直接登录邮件服务器。# test1 账号名称。testsaslauthd -u test1 -p test1# 帐号认证测试 使用outlook进行两个用户之间邮件的发送接收测试 常见问题 映射表问题 12345# /var/log/mail/log中显示Recipient address rejected: User unknown in local recipient table# 修改postfix主配置local_recipient_maps = 权限问题 12345# /var/log/mail/log中显示Mar 25 02:19:34 mail dovecot: pop3(test1): Couldn't open INBOX top=0/0, retr=0/0, del=0/0, size=0Mar 25 02:19:34 mail dovecot: pop3-login: Login: user=&lt;test2&gt;, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.247.1, lip=192.168.247.108, mpid=51169Mar 25 02:19:34 mail dovecot: pop3(test2): Error: chown(/home/test2/mail/.imap/INBOX, -1, 12(mail)) failed: Operation not permitted (egid=2831(test2), group based on /var/mail/test2)# 权限不足，添加邮件帐号时指定属组为mail即可 日志 /var/log/mail/log 被勿删 1234567# maillog日志是在syslog.conf文件中定义的，内容如下：# Log all the mail messages in one place.mail.* -/var/log/maillog# 重启log服务即可：service rsyslog restart 邮件服务器收发正常但OE无法收信 核对postfix中的邮箱路径 postconf -d | grep mail_spool_directory 与dovecot中的邮箱路径 mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u 是否一致 客户端和服务器端时间是否正确及是否同步（执行/usr/sbin/ntpdate time.nist.gov进行时间同步） 为 postfix 开启基于hash的别名文件支持在 main.cf 中添加如下配置 12alias_database = hash:/etc/aliasesalias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases 在 /etc/aliases 文件中定义新的别名项，其格式通常为以冒号隔开的两个字段，前一个字段为初始目标邮件地址，后一个字段为实际发往的地址，如： 12net_operation : zhangsan,lisi,wangwu# 发送给net_operation@test.com的邮件将发送给张三、李四、王五 将 /etc/aliases 转换为 hash 格式： 12postalias /etc/aliasesservice postfix reload postfix基于客户端的访问控制postfix内置了多种反垃圾邮件的机制，其中就包括“客户端”发送邮件限制。 客户端判别机制可以设定一系列客户信息的判别条件： 123456smtpd_client_restrictions：当客户端发起连接请求时，判别此客户端IP的访问权限smtpd_helo_restrictions ： 限定哪些客户端可以发送helo指令smtpd_sender_restrictions ：限定哪些客户端可以发送mail from指令smtpd_recipient_restrictions：限定哪些用户可以发送rctp to指令smtpd_data_restrictions：限定哪些用户可以发送data指令以上每一项参数分别用于检查SMTP会话过程中的特定阶段，即客户端提供相应信息的阶段。 如果DATA命令之前的所有内容都被接受，客户端接着就可以开始传送邮件内容了。邮件内容通常由两部分组成，前半部分是标题(header)，其可以由header_check过滤，后半部分是邮件正文(body)，其可以由check_body过滤。这两项实现的是邮件“内容检查”。 postfix的默认配置如下： 12345678910smtpd_client_restrictions =smtpd_data_restrictions =smtpd_end_of_data_restrictions =smtpd_etrn_restrictions =smtpd_helo_restrictions =smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destinationsmtpd_sender_restrictions =# 这限制了只有mynetworks参数中定义的本地网络中的客户端才能通过postfix转发邮件，# 其它客户端则不被允许，从而关闭了开放式中继(open relay)的功能。 Postfix有多个内置的限制条件，如上面的 permit_mynetworks 和 reject_unauth_destination，但管理员也可以使用访问表(access map)来自定义限制条件。自定义访问表的条件通常使用 check_client_access ，check_helo_access， check_sender_access， check_recipient_access进行，它们后面通常跟上 type:mapname 格式的访问表类型和名称。其中，check_sender_access 和 check_recipient_access 用来检查客户端提供的邮件地址，因此其访问表中可以使用完整的邮件地址，如 `admin@test.com；也可以只使用域名，test.com；还可以只有用户名的部分，如marion@`。 实现示例1 这里以禁止 172.16.100.200 这台主机通过工作在 172.16.100.1上 的 postfix 服务发送邮件为例演示说明其实现过程。访问表使用 hash 的格式。 1234567891011# 首先，编辑/etc/postfix/access文件，以之作为客户端检查的控制文件，在里面定义如下一行：172.16.100.200 REJECT# 其次，将此文件转换为hash格式postmap /etc/postfix/access# 然后，配置postfix使用此文件对客户端进行检查# 编辑/etc/postfix/main.cf文件，添加如下参数：smtpd_client_restrictions = check_client_access hash:/etc/postfix/access# 最后，让postfix重新载入配置文件即可进行发信控制的效果测试了。 实现示例2 这里以禁止通过本服务器向 microsoft.com 域发送邮件为例演示其实现过程。访问表使用 hash 的格式。 1234567891011# 首先，建立/etc/postfix/denydstdomains文件(文件名任取)，在里面定义如下一行：microsoft.com REJECT# 其次，将此文件转换为hash格式postmap /etc/postfix/denydstdomains# 然后，配置postfix使用此文件对客户端进行检查# 编辑/etc/postfix/main.cf文件，添加如下参数：smtpd_recipient_restrictions = check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/denydstdomains, permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destination# 最后，让postfix重新载入配置文件即可进行发信控制的效果测试了。 检查表格式的说明 hash类的检查表都使用类似如下的格式： 123pattern action# 检查表文件中，空白行、仅包含空白字符的行和以#开头的行都会被忽略。# 以空白字符开头后跟其它非空白字符的行会被认为是前一行的延续，是一行的组成部分。 关于pattern 其 pattern 通常有两类地址：邮件地址和主机名称/地址。 12345678910111213邮件地址的pattern格式如下：user@domain 用于匹配指定邮件地址；domain.tld 用于匹配以此域名作为邮件地址中的域名部分的所有邮件地址；user@ 用于匹配以此作为邮件地址中的用户名部分的所有邮件地址；主机名称/地址的pattern格式如下：domain.tld 用于匹配指定域及其子域内的所有主机；.domain.tld 用于匹配指定域的子域内的所有主机；net.work.addr.essnet.work.addrnet.worknet 用于匹配特定的IP地址或网络内的所有主机；network/mask CIDR格式，匹配指定网络内的所有主机； 关于 action 1234567891011接受类的动作：OK 接受其pattern匹配的邮件地址或主机名称/地址；全部由数字组成的action 隐式表示OK；拒绝类的动作(部分)：4NN text 5NN text # 其中4NN类表示过一会儿重试；5NN类表示严重错误，将停止重试邮件发送；# 421和521对于postfix来说有特殊意义，尽量不要自定义这两个代码；REJECT optional text... 拒绝；text为可选信息；DEFER optional text... 拒绝；text为可选信息； 常见需求的配置特定人员发送特定邮件公司需求只有公司高层才可以向全体员工发送邮件，除此之外均无权向全体员工发送邮件 公司高层邮箱 12345wanglujing@test.comrenlina@test.com caiyanyan@test.comqinwen@test.com shiwanting@test.com 全体员工邮箱 1allemp@test.com 用到的参数 主配置文件中需要用到的参数(具体的请参考《postfix权威指南》，在第十一章 反垃圾邮件) smtmpd_restriction_classes自定义规范等级的名称,列出管理员自定义的所有规范等级，每一组规范等级，都是由一系列UBE（挡信）限制条件组成。 check_client_access 客户端 check_sender_access 发件人 check_recipient_access 收件人 check_recipient_access maptype:mapname check_recipient_access指向一个含有邮件地址、网域名称、人名的访问表，用于对比客户端在RCPT TO命令中提供的收件地址，如果发现相符的索引键，则postfix执行相对应的值所提定的动作。 check_sender_access maptype:mapnamecheck_sender_access 指向一个含有邮件地址，网域名称,人名的访问表，用于对比客户端在MAIL FROM命令中提供的寄件人邮件地址，如果发现相符的索引键，则postfix执行相对应的值所指定的动作。 涉及的处理动作 OK 通过当前过滤规则的检查，postfix继续检查下一组过滤规则。 REJECT 拒绝邮件，后面可以加上一段简短信息，说明拒绝的理由，这段信息会连同拒绝码一起返回给客户端，并且被记录在postfix日志文件中。 实现方法 定义规范等级，分别为 local_sender_all，allow_to_all 1234# 在postfix主配置文件中，末尾添加下列语句smtpd_restriction_classes = local_sender_all,allow_to_alllocal_sender_all = check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/local_sender_all,rejectallow_to_all = check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/allow_to_all,reject 创建限定的收件人文件 12install -cdv /etc/postfix/pluginvim /etc/postfix/plugin/allow_to_all 1allemp@test.com allow_to_all 创建限定的发件人文件 1vim /etc/postfix/plugin/local_sender_all 12345wanglujing@test.com OK renlina@test.com OK caiyanyan@test.com OK qinwen@test.com OK shiwanting@test.com OK 使用 postmap 生成数据库文件 12postmap /etc/postfix/plugin/allow_to_all postmap /etc/postfix/plugin/local_sender_all 邮件发送控制 对于外域到本域的邮件，必须接收，否则，收不到任何来自外部的邮件 对于本域到外域的邮件，只允许从本机发出，否则其他人通过伪造本域地址就可以向外域发信 对于外域到外域的邮件，直接拒绝，否则我们的邮件服务器就是Open Relay，将被视为垃圾邮件服务器 设置发件人的规则 12smtpd_sender_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/sender_access, permit# 以上规则先判断是否是本域地址，如果是则允许，然后再从sender_access文件里检查发件人是否存在，拒绝存在的发件人，最后允许其他发件人。 设置收件人的规则 12smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/plugin/recipient_access, reject# 以上规则先判断是否是本域地址，如果是则允许，然后再从recipient_access文件里检查收件人是否存在，允许存在的收件人，最后拒绝其他收件人。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Service</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -436,7 +586,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器]]></title>
     <url>%2F2016%2F04%2F07%2F214147-%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8Dnsmasq%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E8%87%AA%E6%9C%89DNS%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Dnsmasq 提供 DNS 缓存和 DHCP服务、Tftp服务功能。作为域名解析服务器(DNS)，dnsmasq可以通过缓存 DNS 请求来提高对访问过的网址的连接速度。作为DHCP 服务器，Dnsmasq 可以用于为局域网电脑分配内网ip地址和提供路由。DNS和DHCP两个功能可以同时或分别单独实现。Dnsmasq 轻量且易配置，适用于个人用户或少于50台主机的网络。此外它还自带了一个 PXE 服务器以及对邮件服务器的 mx 记录的支持，jabber 的 srv 记录的支持等。它提供的 DNS 功能和可选择的 DHCP 功能可以取代 dhcpd 服务和 bind 等服务，配置起来更简单，更适用于虚拟化和大数据环境的部署。 Dnsmasq 的应用一般情况下，我们可以用 bind 解决 dns 的问题， dhcpd 解决 dhcp 的问题，可用dnsmasq解决下面的一些维护问题： 局域网有很多机器希望使用一致的hosts文件，你需要经常维护这份列表。 你希望局域网的人访问某个域名时，拦截下来到指定的ip，做缓存节省带宽或者其它用途都可以。优先使用本地自定义dns。 阻止对某个域名的正常解析。 常见的应用： 同时提供 DNS 解析功能和 DHCP 地址分配功能，可用于机房内网、公司内网、家庭内网等类似内网环境 架设本地 DNS，在一定程度上，解决我们访问网速、广告拦截的问题 作为局域网机器批量IP维护使用，以及局域网解决特定网址域名禁止访问 Dnsmasq 基本的工作原理Dnsmasq在接受到用户的一个DNS请求时，首先会查找 /etc/hosts 这个文件，然后查找 /etc/resolv.conf 中定义的外部 DNS 。所以说 Dnsmasq 是一个很不错的外部 DNS 中继。 配置 Dnsmasq 为 DNS 缓存服务器，同时在 /etc/hosts 文件中加入本地内网解析，这样一来每当内网机器查询时就会优先查询 hosts 文件，这就等于将 /etc/hosts 共享给全内网机器使用，从而解决内网机器互相识别的问题。相比逐台机器编辑 hosts 文件或者添加 Bind DNS 记录，仅编辑一个 hosts 文件，这简直太容易了。 安装 Dnsmasq rpm包安装 123456789101112yum -y install dnsmasq# 使用yum源安装dnsmasq -v# 查看dnsmasq的版本systemctl enable dnsmasq# 加入开机启动服务systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl start dnsmasq# 启动dnsmasq服务 源码包安装 123456789101112131415161718192021wget http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/dnsmasq-2.78.tar.xz# 下载源码包tar xf dnsmasq-2.78.tar.xz cd dnsmasq-2.78# 源码包解压vim Makefile # 修改 PREFIX = /usr/local/dnsmasq# 配置安装路径make &amp;&amp; make install# 编译安装cp dnsmasq.conf.example /etc/dnsmasq.conf# 生成配置文件ln -s /usr/local/dnsmasq/sbin/dnsmasq /usr/sbin/# 生成软连接dnsmasq --version# 查看dnsmasq版本 配置 DnsmasqDnsmasq 处理 DNS 设置与 BIND 等其他 DNS 服务有所不同。所有的配置都在 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 这一个文件中完成 。官方在配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 中针对选项和参数等做了比较好的注释说明，我们可以将配置做一次备份，以便以后查阅。默认情况下 dnsmasq.conf 中只开启了最后 include 项，因此可以在 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 的前提下，将自定义的配置放到 /etc/dnsmasq.d 目录下的一个任意名字的配置文件当中。 注意： /etc/dnsmasq.d/*.conf 的优先级大于 /etc/dnsmasq.conf DNS 配置参数说明Dnsmasq配置文件是 /etc/dnsmasq.conf，下面对 Dnsmasq 常用的相关配置项进行说明。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138Dnsmasq 默认启用其 DNS 服务器，并且会监听在 0.0.0.0:53，如果要用指定的端口代替 DNS 默认的 53 端口则配置如下选项，如果设置为0，则完全禁止 DNS 功能，只使用 dhcp 服务#port=5353以下两个参数告诉 Dnsmasq 过滤一些查询：1.哪些公共DNS没有回答 2.哪些root根域不可达。从不转发格式错误的域名#domain-needed从不转发不在路由地址中的域名#bogus-privLinux 处理 DNS 请求时有个限制，在 resolv.conf 中最多只能配置三个域名服务器（nameserver），我们完全可以使用 resolv-file 来作为变通方法，当然这只是其中的一个用途之一。这个参数表示 Dnsmasq 会从指定的文件中寻找上级 DNS 服务器列表，而不是从本机的 `resolv.conf` 中读取 DNS 服务器列表。如果机器的地址是通过 DHCP 方式取得的话，该文件( `resolv.conf` )容易受到影响从而影响到 Dnsmasq，因此配置此项避免影响resolv-file 配置 Dnsmasq 额外的上流的 DNS 服务器，如果不开启就使用linux主机默认的 /etc/resolv.conf 里的nameserver，如果开启则通过下面的选项指定其他文件。#resolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq.d/upstream_dns.conf#resolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq/resolv.conf默认情况下Dnsmasq会发送查询到它的任何上游DNS服务器上，如果取消注释，则Dnsmasq则会严格按照 /etc/resolv.conf 中的 DNS Server 顺序进行查询，直到第一个成功解析成功为止#strict-order以下两个参数用来控制是否通过 /etc/resolv.conf 确定上游服务器，是否检测 /etc/resolv.conf 的变化，则取消注释。 如果你不想让Dnsmasq读取 /etc/resolv.conf 或者其他文件来获得它的servers，则取消注释#no-resolv如果你不允许Dnsmasq通过轮询 /etc/resolv.conf 或者其他文件来改变和重新读取配置，则取消注释。 #no-poll增加一个name server，一般用于内网域名#server=/localnet/192.168.0.1设置一个反向解析，所有192.168.3.0/24的地址都到10.1.2.3去解析#server=/3.168.192.in-addr.arpa/10.1.2.3增加一个本地域名，会在 /etc/hosts 或 DHCP 中进行查询#local=/localnet/增加一个域名，使得这个域名强制解析到你指定的地址上#address=/double-click.net/127.0.0.1同上，还支持ipv6#address=/www.thekelleys.org.uk/fe80::20d:60ff:fe36:f83增加查询yahoo google的IP地址和它们的子域名到vpn、search查找#ipset=/yahoo.com/google.com/vpn,search你还可以控制Dnsmasq和Server之间的查询从哪个网卡出去queries to 10.1.2.3 to be routed via eth1#server=10.1.2.3@eth1设置了个源(本地)地址10.1.2.3，用来和192.168.1.1的55端口进行通信很显然，在机器上必须有一个与此IP相关联的接口#server=10.1.2.3@192.168.1.1#55改变Dnsmasq默认的uid和gid#user=#group=如果你想让 Dnsmasq 监听在本机特定的网卡（包括回环网卡），用于 DHCP 和 DNS 请求，则设置此项#interface=你还可以指定哪个网卡你不想监听#except-interface=设置想监听的地址#listen-address=要在单台主机上以守护进程方式启动 Dnsmasq 做 DNS (缓存)服务器，如果仅为本机使用则写上127.0.0.1。#listen-address=127.0.0.1如果用此主机为局域网提供默认 DNS，请为该主机绑定固定 IP 地址，设置：#listen-address=192.168.x.x这种情况建议配置静态IP。多个ip地址设置：#listen-address=127.0.0.1,192.168.x.x 如果你想让Dnsmasq在某个网卡上只提供dns服务，则可以进行配置禁止dhcp服务#no-dhcp-interface=在支持 Dnsmasq 的系统上，Dnsmasq 绑定通配符地址，即使它只监听某些网卡。如果配置了此项，Dnsmasq 将丢弃它不应该回复的请求。即使在接口出现和更改地址时，这也具有工作的优势。如果您希望 Dnsmasq 只绑定它正在监听的接口，请取消注释#bind-interfaces默认情况下这是注释掉的，Dnsmasq 会首先寻找本地的 /etc/hosts 文件，再去寻找缓存下来的域名如果你不想使用 /etc/hosts，则取消下面的注释#no-hosts如果你想使用额外的类似/etc/hosts文件，则进行配置#addn-hosts=/etc/banner_add_hosts如果你想让hosts中的一个域自动增加一个主机名，则配置此项。例如baidu.com，他将自动添加www#expand-hosts为 Dnsmasq 设置一个域，简单地说就是给dhcp服务赋予一个域如果被设置，将会做以下事情1) 允许DHCP主机拥有完全合格的域名，只要域部分匹配这个设置2) 设置“域” 的 DHCP选项，从而设置由DHCP配置所有系统的域。3) 为 “expand-hosts” 提供 域 的部分#domain=thekelleys.org.uk为特定子网设置不同的域#domain=wireless.thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.2.0/24同上，不过子网是一个范围#domain=reserved.thekelleys.org.uk,192.68.3.100,192.168.3.200dhcp分发ip的范围，以及每个ip的租约时间#dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h同上，不过给出了掩码#dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,255.255.255.0,12h为某个范围或子网设置标记，以便于某些设置只针对这些范围或子网生效#dhcp-range=set:red,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150#dhcp-range=tag:green,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h自动加载conf-dir目录下的配置文件#conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d 设置dns缓存大小,默认为150条#cache-size=8192是否禁用negative caching，取消注释意味着禁用。negative caching 允许 dnsmasq 记住从上游域名服务器上得到的“没有这样的域名”的查询结果，并对于相同的查询不再重复转发轮询上游服务器。简单的讲就是在没有禁用（未取消注释）的情况下，解析失败的域名不会再向上游服务器重复转发查询。#no-negcache允许客户端缓存的时间，单位为秒#local-ttl=60开启debug模式，记录客户端查询记录到/var/log/debug中#log-queries# Log lots of extra information about DHCP transactions.#log-dhcp # Log to this syslog facility or file. (defaults to DAEMON)#log-facility=/var/log/dnsmasq.log 异步log，缓解阻塞。#log-async=20 DNS配置实例基本配置下面的配置不是所有都是必须要配置的，根据实际应用情况而定。但是建议开启转发功能，以免配置 Dnsmasq 的转发相关的功能时造成排错困难 1234567891011# 允许本机的53端口可对外访问iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT# 转发DNS请求，开启流量转发功能，临时开启，重启后会失效，如需永久配置要编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf 开启echo '1' &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forwardecho '1' &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/ip_forward # IPv6 用户选用# 添加流量转发规则，将外部到53的端口的请求映射到Dnsmasq服务器的53端口iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p udp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 53iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 53 配置DNS（缓存）服务器需要注意的是，一旦自定义的配置文件放到/etc/dnsmasq.d/中，配置文件中指定的某些文件就不能再放到这个目录里下了，因为会被 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 的 include 加载报错。因此我们创建一个目录 /etc/dnsmasq-config/ 用来存放独有的hosts、resolv等文件 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置 123456789no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddn-hosts=/etc/dnsmasq-config/hostsresolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq-config/resolv.conflisten-address=192.168.127.130 hosts配置/etc/dnsmasq-config/hosts 1234510.94.0.67 us_zero0110.94.0.68 aws-nx10.94.0.69 awsire10.94.0.70 awsuk10.94.0.71 awsvirginia resolv文件配置/etc/dnsmasq-config/resolv.conf 1234nameserver 8.8.8.8nameserver 9.9.9.9nameserver 114.114.114.114nameserver 180.96.96.96 测试 123456789101112131415dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 awsvirginia +short# 正向解析dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 -x 10.94.0.66# 反向解析 dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com 比较两次结果中的 Query time，缓存成功的情况下，第二次的查询时间明显大幅度降低 配置域名劫持例如办公室明确规定不能访问360，我们可以将域名劫持，解析到一个不存在的内网地址。另外如果有自己独有的yum源服务器，还可以将相关域名劫持下来解析到自己的yum源服务器地址，从而达到加快速度、节省带宽的目的。 使用hosts配置域名劫持可以使用系统自带的 /etc/hosts，也可以自定义hosts，针对某个域名做静态指向，缺点是无法支持泛域名，下面以自定义为例 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置 12345678no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddn-hosts=/etc/dnsmasq-config/hostslisten-address=192.168.127.130 添加hosts 1echo '10.10.10.10 www.360.cn' &gt;&gt; /etc/dnsmasq-config/hosts 测试 12345678910dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.360.cndig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 sd.360.cn# 经过测试可以发现，指定的域名被拦截，同一个域下其他的无法被拦截 使用address配置域名劫持address可以将指定的域解析为一个IP地址，即泛域名解析。 注意： 如果针对同样的域名同时配置了no-hosts、addn-hosts、address，那么 /etc/hosts 优先级最高，addn-hosts的优先级次之，address优先级最低，前提是no-hosts参数必须在 address 与 addn-hosts 之前才可以。 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置 12345678no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddress=/360.cn/10.10.10.10listen-address=192.168.127.130 测试 12345678910dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.360.cndig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 sd.360.cndig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com 生产环境中的DNS拦截使用 在cdn网络加速的生产环境中，通常使用了类似于Nginx这样的反向代理手段，通过加速网络向源站服务器获取资源。 假设我们想要使用curl命令做资源下载测试，并需要使用普通网络和加速网络做下载速度对比。 环境说明： 服务器A：做下载测试的服务器 源站URL：https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/download-speed-sg-test/20M.tar 代理服务器：Nginx服务器为192.168.123.45，加速网络环境的服务器 实现手段： 普通网络环境的下载。直接在服务器A进行下载即可 1/usr/local/bin/curl -4 -o /dev/nul https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/download-speed-sg-test/20M.tar 加速网络环境的下载。 1、在服务器A启用dnsmasq，将URL对应的域名拦截，使用自定义hosts的方式指向Nginx服务器 /etc/dnsmasq.d/nginx-test.conf 123456no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60addn-hosts=/opt/test/dns_host.conf /opt/test/dns_host.conf 1193.192.168.123.45 s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com 2、下载测试使用新版本的curl选项中的--dns-servers选项指定dns进行下载 123/usr/local/bin/curl -4 -o /dev/null --dns-servers 127.0.0.1 https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/download-speed-sg-test/20M.tar# 系统自带的curl命令不支持--dns-servers，因此如果有这样的需求就要编译新版本的curl来支持dns 由此以来，服务器A的资源下载请求被dnsmasq转向了Nginx服务器，从而进入加速网络获取资源 泛域名配置应用在很多情况下，我们可能只需要访问某个域中其中一个域名，而其他域名不期望访问，这个需求可通过如下方式配置实现： 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置 12345678910no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddress=/google.com/10.10.10.10server=/maps.google.com/mail.google.com/## 如果使用 # 代替dns地址，则使用标准 DNS 服务器，即 Dnsmasq 默认使用的 /etc/resolv.conf 的 nameserver 指定的服务器地址listen-address=192.168.127.130 测试 1234567891011dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.google.comdig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 test.google.comdig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 mail.google.comdig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 maps.google.com 另外一种情况是实现泛域名做代理，某个或某些子域名不做代理，例如下面的配置，就实现了 nordstrom.com 整个域的数据拦截下来转发到代理服务器 192.168.127.100 ，而 m.nordstrom.com 和 mail.nordstrom.com 不做代理 12address=/nordstrom.com/192.168.127.100server=/m.nordstrom.com/mail.nordstrom.com/# 把所有.cn的域名全部通过114.114.114.114这台国内DNS服务器来解析 1server=/cn/114.114.114.114 给*.apple.com 和 taobao.com 使用专用的DNS 12server=/taobao.com/223.5.5.5server=/.apple.com/223.5.5.5 把www.360.cn解析到特定的IP 1address=/www.360.cn/10.10.10.10 选择最快的上游DNS服务器经常会有这样的情景， Dnsmasq 服务器配了一堆上游服务器，转发本地的dns请求，缺省是 Dnsmasq 事实上是只挑了一个上游dns服务器来查询并转发结果，这样如果选错服务器的话会导致DNS响应变慢。 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf，并进行下列配置 12345all-servers# all-servers表示对以下设置的所有server发起查询，选择回应最快的一条作为查询结果返回server=8.8.8.8server=9.9.9.9server=219.141.136.10 Dnsmasq 性能优化Bind不配合数据库的情况下，经常需要重新载入并读取配置文件，这是造成性能低下的原因。根据这点教训，我们可以考虑不读取 /etc/hosts 文件。而是另外指定一个在共享内存里的文件，比如 /dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt ，这样就不费劲了，又由于内存的非持久性，重启就消失，可以定期同步硬盘上的某个内容到内存文件中。 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf，并进行下列配置 12no-hosts addn-hosts=/dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt 解决同步问题 123chmod +x /etc/rc.local echo "cat /etc/hosts &gt; /dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.local # 开机启动 使用计划任务定时同步内容 1*/10 * * * * cat /etc/hosts &gt; /dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt DHCP配置参数说明123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263# 选定需要监听的网卡# Only listen to routers' LAN NIC. Doing so opens up tcp/udp port 53 to# localhost and udp port 67 to world:interface=&lt;LAN-NIC&gt;# dnsmasq will open tcp/udp port 53 and udp port 67 to world to help with# dynamic interfaces (assigning dynamic ips). Dnsmasq will discard world# requests to them, but the paranoid might like to close them and let the # kernel handle them:bind-interfaces设定可分配的ip地址段和租约时间# Dynamic range of IPs to make available to LAN pcdhcp-range=192.168.111.50,192.168.111.150,12h# 同上，不过给出了掩码#dhcp-range=192.168.8.50,192.168.8.150,255.255.255.0,12h#绑定某些机器的ip-mac地址对，使其具有固定的ip地址# If you’d like to have dnsmasq assign static IPs, bind the LAN computer's# NIC MAC address:dhcp-host=aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff,192.168.1.50dhcp-host=00:0e:7b:ca:1c:6e,daunbook,192.168.0.12# 为192.168.0.12设置主机名：dannbook# dhcp服务的静态绑定# dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201,infinite 无限租期dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201,db2dhcp-host=08:00:27:D6:F0:9F,192.168.8.202,db3# 注意:当为某一MAC地址同时静态分配主机名和IP时，如果写到两条dhcp-host选项里（如下所示），则只会生效后面的一条。正确的选项写法如上配置。dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201 dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,db2dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,db2# 重新启动客户端网卡。由于之前测试中客户端网卡已经申请了DHCP租期。所以这里需要修改租期文件，让客户端重新获得IP和hostname。# 设置默认租期# Set the limit on DHCP leases, the default is 150#dhcp-lease-max=150# 租期保存文件#dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.leases# 通过/etc/hosts来分配对应的hostname#dhcp-host=judge# 忽略下面MAC地址的DHCP请求#dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,ignore # dhcp所在的domaindomain=freeoa.net # 设置默认路由出口# dhcp-option遵循RFC 2132（Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions),可以通过dnsmasq --help dhcp来查看具体的配置# 很多高级的配置，如iSCSI连接配置等同样可以由RFC 2132定义的dhcp-option中给出。# option 3为default routedhcp-option=3,192.168.8.1# 设置NTP Server.这是使用option name而非选项名来进行设置#dhcp-option=option:ntp-server,192.168.8.4,10.10.0.5 #当dnsmasq绝对是网络上唯一的DHCP服务器时应该设置。对于DHCPv4，它将从严格的RFC合规性中更改行为，以便不会忽略来自未知主机的未知租约的DHCP请求。这使得新主机在任何情况下都可以获得租约，而不会出现繁琐的超时。如果数据库丢失，它也允许dnsmasq重建其租赁数据库，而不需要每个客户端重新获得租约。对于DHCPv6，它将响应中的优先级设置为255（最大值），而不是0（最小值）。dhcp-authoritative DHCP配置实例公司使用了三台Linux服务器作为网关为局域网中的其他设备提供IP和路由，以下是其中一个范例 dhcp.conf Dnsmasq的全局配置 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142# global settingsno-hostsstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192interface=br0no-dhcp-interface=eth0dhcp-authoritative# start,end,netmask,leasedhcp-range=172.20.35.10,172.20.35.200,255.255.252.0,18h# 为宾客或测试机指定特定的地址范围、掩码、续订期dhcp-range=net:gw7,172.20.32.10,172.20.32.200,255.255.252.0,18hdhcp-range=net:gw5,172.20.33.10,172.20.33.200,255.255.252.0,18h# 使用了两个标记 net:gw5 和 net:gw7 来标识其他两个设备，并分别指定了特定的地址范围、掩码、续订期# 默认路由（网关）dhcp-option=3,172.20.32.5# 默认的DNSdhcp-option=6,172.20.32.5# 为标记是 net:gw5 的范围指定默认路由dhcp-option=net:gw5,3,172.20.32.5# 为标记是 net:gw5 的范围指定默认DNSdhcp-option=net:gw5,6,172.20.32.5# 为标记是 net:gw7 的范围指定默认路由dhcp-option=net:gw7,3,172.20.32.7# 为标记是 net:gw7 的范围指定默认DNSdhcp-option=net:gw7,6,172.20.32.7# domain namedhcp-option=15,dhcp.netfits.com# broadcastdhcp-option=28,172.20.35.255# 为特定的MAC地址绑定特定的IPdhcp-host=2C:60:0C:1C:BE:7A,litingjie1,172.20.33.88,18h,net:gw5dhcp-host=D0:7E:35:C7:F3:67,litingjie2,172.20.33.89,18h,net:gw5dhcp-host=AC:C1:EE:30:BF:82,litingjie3,172.20.33.90,18h,net:gw5 web端的配置Dnsmasq的WEB端：https://github.com/luxiaok/DNSmasqWeb dnsmasq命令选项说明提示： 查看配置文件语法是否正确，可执行下列命令： 1dnsmasq --test 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465--test 检查配置文件语法-T, --local-ttl=&lt;time&gt; 当与从/etc/ hosts或在DHCP租约文件，默认设置的dnsmasq信息返回到本机ttl值为零，这意味着请求者不应本身缓存信息。此选项允许设定dhcp请求数据包的生存时间。这将减少在某些情况下过时的请求数据给客户端服务器造成的负载。-x, --pid-file=&lt;path&gt; 指定一个备用的路径来记录进程ID通常保存的目录为/var/dnsmasq.pid。-v, --version 打印版本号。-p, --port=&lt;port&gt; 指定DNS的端口代替标准的DNS端口（53）。设置此为零完全禁用DNS功能，只留下DHCP和/或TFTP。-P,--edns-packet-max=&lt;size&gt; 指定DNS转发支持的最大数据包大小。 默认是1280，这是以太网RFC2671建议的最大值。-i, --interface=&lt;interface name&gt; 只监听指定的接口。当此命令指定的接口被使用时，dnsmasq会自动添加本地接口到接口列表。-I, --except-interface=&lt;interface name&gt; 指定不监听的接口。-2, --no-dhcp-interface=&lt;interface name&gt; 不提供DHCP或TFTP在指定的接口，但提供DNS服务。-a,--listen-address=&lt;ipaddr&gt; 侦听指定的IP地址。监听的接口和IP地址可同时指定。如果指定监听的IP地址而指定未监听接口的，dnsmasq不会自动监听去回环节口（loopback）。所以如果配置此选项一般要明确的给出监听地址的为127.0.0.1-r, --resolv-file=&lt;file&gt; 读取文件上的域名服务器的IP地址，dnsmasq可轮询多个resolv.conf文件的域名服务器。-R, --no-resolv 不要读取/ etc / resolv.conf中。只得到命令行或配置文件中的dnsmasq上游域名服务器。-c, --cache-size=&lt;cachesize&gt; 设置的dnsmasq的缓存大小。默认为150条。设置缓存大小为零禁用缓存。-N, --no-negcache 禁用否定缓存。否定缓存允许dnsmasq记住从上游域名服务器上得到的“没有这样的域名”的查询结果，并对于相同的查询不再重复转发轮询上游服务器。-0, --dns-forward-max=&lt;queries&gt; 设置DNS的查询并发的最大数量。默认值是150。-F,--dhcp-range=[[net:]network-id,]&lt;start-addr&gt;,&lt;end-addr&gt;[[,&lt;netmask&gt;],&lt;broadcast&gt;][,&lt;defaultlease time&gt;] 启用DHCP服务器。地址将会给出了从范围&lt;start-addr&gt;到&lt;end-addr&gt;和静态定义的地址在DHCP主机选项给出。如果租用时间给出，然后租赁将会给予该时间长度。租用时间以秒或分钟（如4500）或时间（如1小时）或无限期“infinite”。最低租赁时间为两分钟。广播地址始终是可选的。-u,--user=&lt;username&gt;指定用户ID，开始的dnsmasq通常必须为root身份。-k, --keep-in-foreground 不在后台进行fork，不运行debug模式-K, --dhcp-authoritative当一个网络上只有确定的一台DHCP服务器时，此参数应该被设置成dhcp-authoritative。这样可以确保从未知主机发送的未知租约不会被忽略。这样就使得新的主机在任何情况下及时的得到租约请求相应。还有一个重要作用是，当服务器的租赁数据库丢失了，此参数可以允许dnsmasq重建租约数据库，而不用与每个客户主机逐一重新请求租约。-X, --dhcp-lease-max=&lt;number&gt; 限制的dnsmasq到DHCP租约规定的最大数目。默认为150。此限制是为了防止非法主机从服务器租赁大量的ip地址造成内存大量占用，从而形成DoS攻击。--log-dhcp 额外的DHCP日志记录：记录所有的选项发送到DHCP客户端和用于确定他们的NetID标签。-l, --dhcp-leasefile=&lt;path&gt; 使用指定的文件存储DHCP的租赁信息。存储的信息包括客户端的MAC地址，ip地址，计算机名等。-C, --conf-file=&lt;file&gt;指定一个不同的配置文件。此配置文件选项也允许在配置文件中使用，以包含多个配置文件。 参考链接 http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/docs/dnsmasq-man.html http://www.freeoa.net/osuport/servap/dnsmasq-use-intro-refer_2480.html https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dnsmasq_%28%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%29 http://www.yunweipai.com/archives/8664.html]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Dnsmasq 提供 DNS 缓存和 DHCP服务、Tftp服务功能。作为域名解析服务器(DNS)，dnsmasq可以通过缓存 DNS 请求来提高对访问过的网址的连接速度。作为DHCP 服务器，Dnsmasq 可以用于为局域网电脑分配内网ip地址和提供路由。DNS和DHCP两个功能可以同时或分别单独实现。Dnsmasq 轻量且易配置，适用于个人用户或少于50台主机的网络。此外它还自带了一个 PXE 服务器以及对邮件服务器的 mx 记录的支持，jabber 的 srv 记录的支持等。它提供的 DNS 功能和可选择的 DHCP 功能可以取代 dhcpd 服务和 bind 等服务，配置起来更简单，更适用于虚拟化和大数据环境的部署。 Dnsmasq 的应用一般情况下，我们可以用 bind 解决 dns 的问题， dhcpd 解决 dhcp 的问题，可用dnsmasq解决下面的一些维护问题： 局域网有很多机器希望使用一致的hosts文件，你需要经常维护这份列表。 你希望局域网的人访问某个域名时，拦截下来到指定的ip，做缓存节省带宽或者其它用途都可以。优先使用本地自定义dns。 阻止对某个域名的正常解析。 常见的应用： 同时提供 DNS 解析功能和 DHCP 地址分配功能，可用于机房内网、公司内网、家庭内网等类似内网环境 架设本地 DNS，在一定程度上，解决我们访问网速、广告拦截的问题 作为局域网机器批量IP维护使用，以及局域网解决特定网址域名禁止访问 Dnsmasq 基本的工作原理Dnsmasq在接受到用户的一个DNS请求时，首先会查找 /etc/hosts 这个文件，然后查找 /etc/resolv.conf 中定义的外部 DNS 。所以说 Dnsmasq 是一个很不错的外部 DNS 中继。 配置 Dnsmasq 为 DNS 缓存服务器，同时在 /etc/hosts 文件中加入本地内网解析，这样一来每当内网机器查询时就会优先查询 hosts 文件，这就等于将 /etc/hosts 共享给全内网机器使用，从而解决内网机器互相识别的问题。相比逐台机器编辑 hosts 文件或者添加 Bind DNS 记录，仅编辑一个 hosts 文件，这简直太容易了。 安装 Dnsmasq rpm包安装 123456789101112yum -y install dnsmasq# 使用yum源安装dnsmasq -v# 查看dnsmasq的版本systemctl enable dnsmasq# 加入开机启动服务systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl start dnsmasq# 启动dnsmasq服务 源码包安装 123456789101112131415161718192021wget http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/dnsmasq-2.78.tar.xz# 下载源码包tar xf dnsmasq-2.78.tar.xz cd dnsmasq-2.78# 源码包解压vim Makefile # 修改 PREFIX = /usr/local/dnsmasq# 配置安装路径make &amp;&amp; make install# 编译安装cp dnsmasq.conf.example /etc/dnsmasq.conf# 生成配置文件ln -s /usr/local/dnsmasq/sbin/dnsmasq /usr/sbin/# 生成软连接dnsmasq --version# 查看dnsmasq版本 配置 DnsmasqDnsmasq 处理 DNS 设置与 BIND 等其他 DNS 服务有所不同。所有的配置都在 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 这一个文件中完成 。官方在配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 中针对选项和参数等做了比较好的注释说明，我们可以将配置做一次备份，以便以后查阅。默认情况下 dnsmasq.conf 中只开启了最后 include 项，因此可以在 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 的前提下，将自定义的配置放到 /etc/dnsmasq.d 目录下的一个任意名字的配置文件当中。 请确保文件 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 中的如下配置是开启的： 12# Include all files in a directory which end in .conf conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d/,*.conf 注意： /etc/dnsmasq.d/*.conf 的优先级大于 /etc/dnsmasq.conf DNS 配置参数说明Dnsmasq配置文件是 /etc/dnsmasq.conf，下面对 Dnsmasq 常用的相关配置项进行说明。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138Dnsmasq 默认启用其 DNS 服务器，并且会监听在 0.0.0.0:53，如果要用指定的端口代替 DNS 默认的 53 端口则配置如下选项，如果设置为0，则完全禁止 DNS 功能，只使用 dhcp 服务#port=5353以下两个参数告诉 Dnsmasq 过滤一些查询：1.哪些公共DNS没有回答 2.哪些root根域不可达。从不转发格式错误的域名#domain-needed从不转发不在路由地址中的域名#bogus-privLinux 处理 DNS 请求时有个限制，在 resolv.conf 中最多只能配置三个域名服务器（nameserver），我们完全可以使用 resolv-file 来作为变通方法，当然这只是其中的一个用途之一。这个参数表示 Dnsmasq 会从指定的文件中寻找上级 DNS 服务器列表，而不是从本机的 `resolv.conf` 中读取 DNS 服务器列表。如果机器的地址是通过 DHCP 方式取得的话，该文件( `resolv.conf` )容易受到影响从而影响到 Dnsmasq，因此配置此项避免影响resolv-file 配置 Dnsmasq 额外的上流的 DNS 服务器，如果不开启就使用linux主机默认的 /etc/resolv.conf 里的nameserver，如果开启则通过下面的选项指定其他文件。#resolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq.d/upstream_dns.conf#resolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq/resolv.conf默认情况下Dnsmasq会发送查询到它的任何上游DNS服务器上，如果取消注释，则Dnsmasq则会严格按照 /etc/resolv.conf 中的 DNS Server 顺序进行查询，直到第一个成功解析成功为止#strict-order以下两个参数用来控制是否通过 /etc/resolv.conf 确定上游服务器，是否检测 /etc/resolv.conf 的变化，则取消注释。 如果你不想让Dnsmasq读取 /etc/resolv.conf 或者其他文件来获得它的servers，则取消注释#no-resolv如果你不允许Dnsmasq通过轮询 /etc/resolv.conf 或者其他文件来改变和重新读取配置，则取消注释。 #no-poll增加一个name server，一般用于内网域名#server=/localnet/192.168.0.1设置一个反向解析，所有192.168.3.0/24的地址都到10.1.2.3去解析#server=/3.168.192.in-addr.arpa/10.1.2.3增加一个本地域名，会在 /etc/hosts 或 DHCP 中进行查询#local=/localnet/增加一个域名，使得这个域名强制解析到你指定的地址上#address=/double-click.net/127.0.0.1同上，还支持ipv6#address=/www.thekelleys.org.uk/fe80::20d:60ff:fe36:f83增加查询yahoo google的IP地址和它们的子域名到vpn、search查找#ipset=/yahoo.com/google.com/vpn,search你还可以控制Dnsmasq和Server之间的查询从哪个网卡出去queries to 10.1.2.3 to be routed via eth1#server=10.1.2.3@eth1设置了个源(本地)地址10.1.2.3，用来和192.168.1.1的55端口进行通信很显然，在机器上必须有一个与此IP相关联的接口#server=10.1.2.3@192.168.1.1#55改变Dnsmasq默认的uid和gid#user=#group=如果你想让 Dnsmasq 监听在本机特定的网卡（包括回环网卡），用于 DHCP 和 DNS 请求，则设置此项#interface=你还可以指定哪个网卡你不想监听#except-interface=设置想监听的地址#listen-address=要在单台主机上以守护进程方式启动 Dnsmasq 做 DNS (缓存)服务器，如果仅为本机使用则写上127.0.0.1。#listen-address=127.0.0.1如果用此主机为局域网提供默认 DNS，请为该主机绑定固定 IP 地址，设置：#listen-address=192.168.x.x这种情况建议配置静态IP。多个ip地址设置：#listen-address=127.0.0.1,192.168.x.x 如果你想让Dnsmasq在某个网卡上只提供dns服务，则可以进行配置禁止dhcp服务#no-dhcp-interface=在支持 Dnsmasq 的系统上，Dnsmasq 绑定通配符地址，即使它只监听某些网卡。如果配置了此项，Dnsmasq 将丢弃它不应该回复的请求。即使在接口出现和更改地址时，这也具有工作的优势。如果您希望 Dnsmasq 只绑定它正在监听的接口，请取消注释#bind-interfaces默认情况下这是注释掉的，Dnsmasq 会首先寻找本地的 /etc/hosts 文件，再去寻找缓存下来的域名如果你不想使用 /etc/hosts，则取消下面的注释#no-hosts如果你想使用额外的类似/etc/hosts文件，则进行配置#addn-hosts=/etc/banner_add_hosts如果你想让hosts中的一个域自动增加一个主机名，则配置此项。例如baidu.com，他将自动添加www#expand-hosts为 Dnsmasq 设置一个域，简单地说就是给dhcp服务赋予一个域如果被设置，将会做以下事情1) 允许DHCP主机拥有完全合格的域名，只要域部分匹配这个设置2) 设置“域” 的 DHCP选项，从而设置由DHCP配置所有系统的域。3) 为 “expand-hosts” 提供 域 的部分#domain=thekelleys.org.uk为特定子网设置不同的域#domain=wireless.thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.2.0/24同上，不过子网是一个范围#domain=reserved.thekelleys.org.uk,192.68.3.100,192.168.3.200dhcp分发ip的范围，以及每个ip的租约时间#dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h同上，不过给出了掩码#dhcp-range=192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,255.255.255.0,12h为某个范围或子网设置标记，以便于某些设置只针对这些范围或子网生效#dhcp-range=set:red,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150#dhcp-range=tag:green,192.168.0.50,192.168.0.150,12h自动加载conf-dir目录下的配置文件#conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d 设置dns缓存大小,默认为150条#cache-size=8192是否禁用negative caching，取消注释意味着禁用。negative caching 允许 dnsmasq 记住从上游域名服务器上得到的“没有这样的域名”的查询结果，并对于相同的查询不再重复转发轮询上游服务器。简单的讲就是在没有禁用（未取消注释）的情况下，解析失败的域名不会再向上游服务器重复转发查询。#no-negcache允许客户端缓存的时间，单位为秒#local-ttl=60开启debug模式，记录客户端查询记录到/var/log/debug中#log-queries# Log lots of extra information about DHCP transactions.#log-dhcp # Log to this syslog facility or file. (defaults to DAEMON)#log-facility=/var/log/dnsmasq.log 异步log，缓解阻塞。#log-async=20 DNS配置实例基本配置下面的配置不是所有都是必须要配置的，根据实际应用情况而定。但是建议开启转发功能，以免配置 Dnsmasq 的转发相关的功能时造成排错困难 1234567891011# 允许本机的53端口可对外访问iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT# 转发DNS请求，开启流量转发功能，临时开启，重启后会失效，如需永久配置要编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf 开启echo '1' &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forwardecho '1' &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/ip_forward # IPv6 用户选用# 添加流量转发规则，将外部到53的端口的请求映射到Dnsmasq服务器的53端口iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p udp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 53iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 53 配置DNS（缓存）服务器需要注意的是，一旦自定义的配置文件放到 /etc/dnsmasq.d/ 中，配置文件中指定的某些文件就不能再放到这个目录里下了，因为会被 /etc/dnsmasq.conf 的 include 加载报错。因此我们创建一个目录 /etc/dnsmasq-config/ 用来存放独有的 hosts、resolv 等文件。 1mkdir -pv /etc/dnsmasq-config/ 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置： 123456789no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddn-hosts=/etc/dnsmasq-config/hostsresolv-file=/etc/dnsmasq-config/resolv.conflisten-address=192.168.127.130 在文件 /etc/dnsmasq-config/hosts 中进行 hosts 配置： 1234510.94.0.67 us_zero0110.94.0.68 aws-nx10.94.0.69 awsire10.94.0.70 awsuk10.94.0.71 awsvirginia 在文件 /etc/dnsmasq-config/resolv.conf 中进行 resolv 配置： 1234nameserver 8.8.8.8nameserver 9.9.9.9nameserver 114.114.114.114nameserver 180.96.96.96 接下来进行配置文件的语法检查，并做测试： 123456789101112131415dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 awsvirginia +short# 正向解析dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 -x 10.94.0.67# 反向解析dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.comdig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com# 比较两次结果中的 Query time，缓存成功的情况下，第二次的查询时间明显大幅度降低 配置域名劫持例如办公室明确规定不能访问360，我们可以将域名劫持，解析到一个不存在的内网地址。另外如果有自己独有的yum源服务器，还可以将相关域名劫持下来解析到自己的yum源服务器地址，从而达到加快速度、节省带宽的目的。 使用hosts配置域名劫持可以使用系统自带的 /etc/hosts，也可以自定义hosts，针对某个域名做静态指向，缺点是无法支持泛域名，下面以自定义为例 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置 12345678no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddn-hosts=/etc/dnsmasq-config/hostslisten-address=192.168.127.130 添加hosts 1echo '10.10.10.10 www.360.cn' &gt;&gt; /etc/dnsmasq-config/hosts 测试 12345678910dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.360.cndig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 sd.360.cn# 经过测试可以发现，指定的域名被拦截，同一个域下其他的无法被拦截 使用address配置域名劫持address可以将指定的域解析为一个IP地址，即泛域名解析。 注意： 如果针对同样的域名同时配置了no-hosts、addn-hosts、address，那么 /etc/hosts 优先级最高，addn-hosts的优先级次之，address优先级最低，前提是no-hosts参数必须在 address 与 addn-hosts 之前才可以。 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置 12345678no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddress=/360.cn/10.10.10.10listen-address=192.168.127.130 测试 12345678910dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.360.cndig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 sd.360.cndig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.baidu.com 生产环境中的DNS拦截使用 在cdn网络加速的生产环境中，通常使用了类似于Nginx这样的反向代理手段，通过加速网络向源站服务器获取资源。 假设我们想要使用curl命令做资源下载测试，并需要使用普通网络和加速网络做下载速度对比。 环境说明： 服务器A：做下载测试的服务器 源站URL：https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/download-speed-sg-test/20M.tar 代理服务器：Nginx服务器为192.168.123.45，加速网络环境的服务器 实现手段： 普通网络环境的下载。直接在服务器A进行下载即可 1/usr/local/bin/curl -4 -o /dev/nul https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/download-speed-sg-test/20M.tar 加速网络环境的下载。 1、在服务器A启用dnsmasq，将URL对应的域名拦截，使用自定义hosts的方式指向Nginx服务器 /etc/dnsmasq.d/nginx-test.conf 123456no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60addn-hosts=/opt/test/dns_host.conf /opt/test/dns_host.conf 1193.192.168.123.45 s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com 2、下载测试使用新版本的curl选项中的--dns-servers选项指定dns进行下载 123/usr/local/bin/curl -4 -o /dev/null --dns-servers 127.0.0.1 https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/download-speed-sg-test/20M.tar# 系统自带的curl命令不支持--dns-servers，因此如果有这样的需求就要编译新版本的curl来支持dns 由此以来，服务器A的资源下载请求被dnsmasq转向了Nginx服务器，从而进入加速网络获取资源 泛域名配置应用在很多情况下，我们可能只需要访问某个域中其中一个域名，而其他域名不期望访问，这个需求可通过如下方式配置实现： 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf ，并进行下列配置 12345678910no-pollstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192local-ttl=60no-hostsaddress=/google.com/10.10.10.10server=/maps.google.com/mail.google.com/## 如果使用 # 代替dns地址，则使用标准 DNS 服务器，即 Dnsmasq 默认使用的 /etc/resolv.conf 的 nameserver 指定的服务器地址listen-address=192.168.127.130 测试 1234567891011dnsmasq --test# 语法检查systemctl daemon-reloadsystemctl restart dnsmasq# 服务重启dig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 www.google.comdig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 test.google.comdig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 mail.google.comdig -p 53 @192.168.127.130 maps.google.com 另外一种情况是实现泛域名做代理，某个或某些子域名不做代理，例如下面的配置，就实现了 nordstrom.com 整个域的数据拦截下来转发到代理服务器 192.168.127.100 ，而 m.nordstrom.com 和 mail.nordstrom.com 不做代理 12address=/nordstrom.com/192.168.127.100server=/m.nordstrom.com/mail.nordstrom.com/# 把所有.cn的域名全部通过114.114.114.114这台国内DNS服务器来解析 1server=/cn/114.114.114.114 给*.apple.com 和 taobao.com 使用专用的DNS 12server=/taobao.com/223.5.5.5server=/.apple.com/223.5.5.5 把www.360.cn解析到特定的IP 1address=/www.360.cn/10.10.10.10 选择最快的上游DNS服务器经常会有这样的情景， Dnsmasq 服务器配了一堆上游服务器，转发本地的dns请求，缺省是 Dnsmasq 事实上是只挑了一个上游dns服务器来查询并转发结果，这样如果选错服务器的话会导致DNS响应变慢。 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf，并进行下列配置 12345all-servers# all-servers表示对以下设置的所有server发起查询，选择回应最快的一条作为查询结果返回server=8.8.8.8server=9.9.9.9server=219.141.136.10 Dnsmasq 性能优化Bind不配合数据库的情况下，经常需要重新载入并读取配置文件，这是造成性能低下的原因。根据这点教训，我们可以考虑不读取 /etc/hosts 文件。而是另外指定一个在共享内存里的文件，比如 /dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt ，这样就不费劲了，又由于内存的非持久性，重启就消失，可以定期同步硬盘上的某个内容到内存文件中。 创建一个自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf，并进行下列配置 12no-hosts addn-hosts=/dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt 解决同步问题 123chmod +x /etc/rc.local echo "cat /etc/hosts &gt; /dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.local # 开机启动 使用计划任务定时同步内容 1*/10 * * * * cat /etc/hosts &gt; /dev/shm/dnsrecord.txt 配置日志功能创建对应的目录和日志文件，修改文件的属主属组及权限： 1234mkdir -pv /var/log/dnsmasq/touch /var/log/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.logchmod /var/log/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log --reference=/etc/dnsmasq.confchown /var/log/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log --reference=/etc/dnsmasq.conf 在自定义的配置文件 /etc/dnsmasq.d/mydnsmasq.conf 中添加如下两行配置以开启 log 功能： 12log-querieslog-facility=/var/log/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log 重启服务，做几次解析，查看日志是否记录成功： 12345systemctl daemon-reload systemctl restart dnsmasqsystemctl status dnsmasqdig -p 53 @192.168.127.13 www.baidu.comtail /var/log/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.log 如果在生产环境中使用 Dnsmasq 作为 DNS 服务器，则会有大量的解析请求，并会记录大量的查询内容到日志中，所以应该做日志切割，避免 log 文件过大造成文件系统使用率不足。 创建 Dnsmasq 的 logrotate 的配置文件 /etc/logrotate.d/dnsmasq ： 12345678910111213/var/log/dnsmasq/*.log &#123; ifempty # 即使是空文件也转储，这个是默认选项 missingok # 如果日志丢失, 不报错 notifempty # 如果是空文件的话，不转储 # daily # 指定转储周期为每天 hourly # 指定转储周期为每小时 dateext # 日志文件会附加上一个短横线和YYYYMMDD格式的日期 rotate 20 sharedscripts # 共享脚本,下面的 postrotate &lt;s&gt; endscript 中的脚本只执行一次即可 postrotate [ ! -f /var/run/dnsmasq.pid ] || kill -USR2 $(cat /var/run/dnsmasq.pid) endscript&#125; 执行 logrotate ，确保配置正确（没有报错） 1/usr/sbin/logrotate -vf /etc/logrotate.conf DHCP配置参数说明123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263# 选定需要监听的网卡# Only listen to routers' LAN NIC. Doing so opens up tcp/udp port 53 to# localhost and udp port 67 to world:interface=&lt;LAN-NIC&gt;# dnsmasq will open tcp/udp port 53 and udp port 67 to world to help with# dynamic interfaces (assigning dynamic ips). Dnsmasq will discard world# requests to them, but the paranoid might like to close them and let the # kernel handle them:bind-interfaces设定可分配的ip地址段和租约时间# Dynamic range of IPs to make available to LAN pcdhcp-range=192.168.111.50,192.168.111.150,12h# 同上，不过给出了掩码#dhcp-range=192.168.8.50,192.168.8.150,255.255.255.0,12h#绑定某些机器的ip-mac地址对，使其具有固定的ip地址# If you’d like to have dnsmasq assign static IPs, bind the LAN computer's# NIC MAC address:dhcp-host=aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff,192.168.1.50dhcp-host=00:0e:7b:ca:1c:6e,daunbook,192.168.0.12# 为192.168.0.12设置主机名：dannbook# dhcp服务的静态绑定# dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201,infinite 无限租期dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201,db2dhcp-host=08:00:27:D6:F0:9F,192.168.8.202,db3# 注意:当为某一MAC地址同时静态分配主机名和IP时，如果写到两条dhcp-host选项里（如下所示），则只会生效后面的一条。正确的选项写法如上配置。dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201 dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,db2dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,192.168.8.201dhcp-host=08:00:27:D1:CF:E2,db2# 重新启动客户端网卡。由于之前测试中客户端网卡已经申请了DHCP租期。所以这里需要修改租期文件，让客户端重新获得IP和hostname。# 设置默认租期# Set the limit on DHCP leases, the default is 150#dhcp-lease-max=150# 租期保存文件#dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.leases# 通过/etc/hosts来分配对应的hostname#dhcp-host=judge# 忽略下面MAC地址的DHCP请求#dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,ignore # dhcp所在的domaindomain=freeoa.net # 设置默认路由出口# dhcp-option遵循RFC 2132（Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions),可以通过dnsmasq --help dhcp来查看具体的配置# 很多高级的配置，如iSCSI连接配置等同样可以由RFC 2132定义的dhcp-option中给出。# option 3为default routedhcp-option=3,192.168.8.1# 设置NTP Server.这是使用option name而非选项名来进行设置#dhcp-option=option:ntp-server,192.168.8.4,10.10.0.5 #当dnsmasq绝对是网络上唯一的DHCP服务器时应该设置。对于DHCPv4，它将从严格的RFC合规性中更改行为，以便不会忽略来自未知主机的未知租约的DHCP请求。这使得新主机在任何情况下都可以获得租约，而不会出现繁琐的超时。如果数据库丢失，它也允许dnsmasq重建其租赁数据库，而不需要每个客户端重新获得租约。对于DHCPv6，它将响应中的优先级设置为255（最大值），而不是0（最小值）。dhcp-authoritative DHCP配置实例公司使用了三台Linux服务器作为网关为局域网中的其他设备提供IP和路由，以下是其中一个范例 dhcp.conf Dnsmasq的全局配置 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142# global settingsno-hostsstrict-orderno-negcachecache-size=8192interface=br0no-dhcp-interface=eth0dhcp-authoritative# start,end,netmask,leasedhcp-range=172.20.35.10,172.20.35.200,255.255.252.0,18h# 为宾客或测试机指定特定的地址范围、掩码、续订期dhcp-range=net:gw7,172.20.32.10,172.20.32.200,255.255.252.0,18hdhcp-range=net:gw5,172.20.33.10,172.20.33.200,255.255.252.0,18h# 使用了两个标记 net:gw5 和 net:gw7 来标识其他两个设备，并分别指定了特定的地址范围、掩码、续订期# 默认路由（网关）dhcp-option=3,172.20.32.5# 默认的DNSdhcp-option=6,172.20.32.5# 为标记是 net:gw5 的范围指定默认路由dhcp-option=net:gw5,3,172.20.32.5# 为标记是 net:gw5 的范围指定默认DNSdhcp-option=net:gw5,6,172.20.32.5# 为标记是 net:gw7 的范围指定默认路由dhcp-option=net:gw7,3,172.20.32.7# 为标记是 net:gw7 的范围指定默认DNSdhcp-option=net:gw7,6,172.20.32.7# domain namedhcp-option=15,dhcp.netfits.com# broadcastdhcp-option=28,172.20.35.255# 为特定的MAC地址绑定特定的IPdhcp-host=2C:60:0C:1C:BE:7A,litingjie1,172.20.33.88,18h,net:gw5dhcp-host=D0:7E:35:C7:F3:67,litingjie2,172.20.33.89,18h,net:gw5dhcp-host=AC:C1:EE:30:BF:82,litingjie3,172.20.33.90,18h,net:gw5 web端的配置Dnsmasq的WEB端：https://github.com/luxiaok/DNSmasqWeb dnsmasq命令选项说明提示： 查看配置文件语法是否正确，可执行下列命令： 1dnsmasq --test 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465--test 检查配置文件语法-T, --local-ttl=&lt;time&gt; 当与从/etc/ hosts或在DHCP租约文件，默认设置的dnsmasq信息返回到本机ttl值为零，这意味着请求者不应本身缓存信息。此选项允许设定dhcp请求数据包的生存时间。这将减少在某些情况下过时的请求数据给客户端服务器造成的负载。-x, --pid-file=&lt;path&gt; 指定一个备用的路径来记录进程ID通常保存的目录为/var/dnsmasq.pid。-v, --version 打印版本号。-p, --port=&lt;port&gt; 指定DNS的端口代替标准的DNS端口（53）。设置此为零完全禁用DNS功能，只留下DHCP和/或TFTP。-P,--edns-packet-max=&lt;size&gt; 指定DNS转发支持的最大数据包大小。 默认是1280，这是以太网RFC2671建议的最大值。-i, --interface=&lt;interface name&gt; 只监听指定的接口。当此命令指定的接口被使用时，dnsmasq会自动添加本地接口到接口列表。-I, --except-interface=&lt;interface name&gt; 指定不监听的接口。-2, --no-dhcp-interface=&lt;interface name&gt; 不提供DHCP或TFTP在指定的接口，但提供DNS服务。-a,--listen-address=&lt;ipaddr&gt; 侦听指定的IP地址。监听的接口和IP地址可同时指定。如果指定监听的IP地址而指定未监听接口的，dnsmasq不会自动监听去回环节口（loopback）。所以如果配置此选项一般要明确的给出监听地址的为127.0.0.1-r, --resolv-file=&lt;file&gt; 读取文件上的域名服务器的IP地址，dnsmasq可轮询多个resolv.conf文件的域名服务器。-R, --no-resolv 不要读取/ etc / resolv.conf中。只得到命令行或配置文件中的dnsmasq上游域名服务器。-c, --cache-size=&lt;cachesize&gt; 设置的dnsmasq的缓存大小。默认为150条。设置缓存大小为零禁用缓存。-N, --no-negcache 禁用否定缓存。否定缓存允许dnsmasq记住从上游域名服务器上得到的“没有这样的域名”的查询结果，并对于相同的查询不再重复转发轮询上游服务器。-0, --dns-forward-max=&lt;queries&gt; 设置DNS的查询并发的最大数量。默认值是150。-F,--dhcp-range=[[net:]network-id,]&lt;start-addr&gt;,&lt;end-addr&gt;[[,&lt;netmask&gt;],&lt;broadcast&gt;][,&lt;defaultlease time&gt;] 启用DHCP服务器。地址将会给出了从范围&lt;start-addr&gt;到&lt;end-addr&gt;和静态定义的地址在DHCP主机选项给出。如果租用时间给出，然后租赁将会给予该时间长度。租用时间以秒或分钟（如4500）或时间（如1小时）或无限期“infinite”。最低租赁时间为两分钟。广播地址始终是可选的。-u,--user=&lt;username&gt;指定用户ID，开始的dnsmasq通常必须为root身份。-k, --keep-in-foreground 不在后台进行fork，不运行debug模式-K, --dhcp-authoritative当一个网络上只有确定的一台DHCP服务器时，此参数应该被设置成dhcp-authoritative。这样可以确保从未知主机发送的未知租约不会被忽略。这样就使得新的主机在任何情况下及时的得到租约请求相应。还有一个重要作用是，当服务器的租赁数据库丢失了，此参数可以允许dnsmasq重建租约数据库，而不用与每个客户主机逐一重新请求租约。-X, --dhcp-lease-max=&lt;number&gt; 限制的dnsmasq到DHCP租约规定的最大数目。默认为150。此限制是为了防止非法主机从服务器租赁大量的ip地址造成内存大量占用，从而形成DoS攻击。--log-dhcp 额外的DHCP日志记录：记录所有的选项发送到DHCP客户端和用于确定他们的NetID标签。-l, --dhcp-leasefile=&lt;path&gt; 使用指定的文件存储DHCP的租赁信息。存储的信息包括客户端的MAC地址，ip地址，计算机名等。-C, --conf-file=&lt;file&gt;指定一个不同的配置文件。此配置文件选项也允许在配置文件中使用，以包含多个配置文件。 参考链接 http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/docs/dnsmasq-man.html http://www.freeoa.net/osuport/servap/dnsmasq-use-intro-refer_2480.html https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dnsmasq_%28%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%29 http://www.yunweipai.com/archives/8664.html https://www.cnblogs.com/sunsky303/p/9238669.html]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Service</tag>
         <tag>DNS</tag>
@@ -496,9 +646,10 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了]]></title>
     <url>%2F2016%2F03%2F09%2F212119-%E6%98%AF%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%B8%8BHTTPS%E5%8F%8A%E8%83%8C%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E4%BA%86%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[出处：转载自微信公众号：Hollis（ID：hollischuang） HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。 为什么需要 HTTPS使用 HTPPS 的原因其实很简单，就是因为 HTTP 的不安全。 当我们往服务器发送比较隐私的数据（比如说你的银行卡，身份证）时，如果使用 HTTP 进行通信。那么安全性将得不到保障。 首先数据在传输的过程中，数据可能被中间人抓包拿到，那么数据就会被中间人窃取。 其次数据被中间人拿到后，中间人可能对数据进行修改或者替换，然后发往服务器。 最后服务器收到数据后，也无法确定数据有没有被修改或替换，当然，如果服务器也无法判断数据就真的是来源于客户端。 总结下来，HTTP 存在三个弊端： 无法保证消息的保密性 无法保证消息的完整性和准确性 无法保证消息来源的可靠性 HTTPS 就是为了解决上述问题应运而生的。 HTTPS 基本概念为了解决 HTTP 中存在的问题，HTTPS 采用了一些加解密，数字证书，数字签名的技术来实现。下面先介绍一下这些技术的基本概念。 对称加密与非对称加密为了保证消息的保密性，就需要用到加密和解密。加解密算法目前主流的分为对称加密和非对称加密。 ①对称加密（共享密匙加密）：客户端和服务器公用一个密匙用来对消息加解密，这种方式称为对称加密。 客户端和服务器约定好一个加密的密匙。客户端在发消息前用该密匙对消息加密，发送给服务器后，服务器再用该密匙进行解密拿到消息。 对称加密的优点：对称加密解决了 HTTP 中消息保密性的问题。 对称加密的缺点：对称加密虽然保证了消息保密性，但是因为客户端和服务器共享一个密匙，这样就使得密匙特别容易泄露。因为密匙泄露风险较高，所以很难保证消息来源的可靠性、消息的完整性和准确性。 ②非对称加密（公有密匙加密）：既然对称加密中，密匙那么容易泄露，那么我们可以采用一种非对称加密的方式来解决。 采用非对称加密时，客户端和服务端均拥有一个公有密匙和一个私有密匙。公有密匙可以对外暴露，而私有密匙只有自己可见。 使用公有密匙加密的消息，只有对应的私有密匙才能解开。反过来，使用私有密匙加密的消息，只有公有密匙才能解开。 这样客户端在发送消息前，先用服务器的公匙对消息进行加密，服务器收到后再用自己的私匙进行解密。 非对称加密的优点： 非对称加密采用公有密匙和私有密匙的方式，解决了 HTTP 中消息保密性问题，而且使得私有密匙泄露的风险降低。 因为公匙加密的消息只有对应的私匙才能解开，所以较大程度上保证了消息的来源性以及消息的准确性和完整性。 非对称加密的缺点： 非对称加密时需要使用到接收方的公匙对消息进行加密，但是公匙不是保密的，任何人都可以拿到，中间人也可以。那么中间人可以做两件事，第一件是中间人可以在客户端与服务器交换公匙的时候，将客户端的公匙替换成自己的。这样服务器拿到的公匙将不是客户端的，而是服务器的。服务器也无法判断公匙来源的正确性。第二件是中间人可以不替换公匙，但是他可以截获客户端发来的消息，然后篡改，然后用服务器的公匙加密再发往服务器，服务器将收到错误的消息。 非对称加密的性能相对对称加密来说会慢上几倍甚至几百倍，比较消耗系统资源。正是因为如此，HTTPS 将两种加密结合了起来。 数字证书与数字签名为了解决非对称加密中公匙来源的不安全性。我们可以使用数字证书和数字签名来解决。 ①数字证书的申请 在现实中，有一些专门的权威机构用来颁发数字证书，我们称这些机构为认证中心（CA，Certificate Authority）。 我们（服务器）可以向这些 CA 来申请数字证书。申请的过程大致是：自己本地先生成一对密匙，然后拿着自己的公匙以及其他信息（比如说企业名称啊什么的）去 CA 申请数字证书。 CA 在拿到这些信息后，会选择一种单向 Hash 算法（比如说常见的 MD5）对这些信息进行加密，加密之后的东西我们称之为摘要。 单向 Hash 算法有一种特点就是单向不可逆的，只要原始内容有一点变化，加密后的数据都将会是千差万别（当然也有很小的可能性会重复，有兴趣的小伙伴了解一下鸽巢原理），这样就防止了信息被篡改。 生成摘要后还不算完，CA 还会用自己的私匙对摘要进行加密，摘要加密后的数据我们称之为数字签名。 最后，CA 将会把我们的申请信息（包含服务器的公匙）和数字签名整合在一起，由此而生成数字证书。然后 CA 将数字证书传递给我们。 ②数字证书怎么起作用 服务器在获取到数字证书后，服务器会将数字证书发送给客户端，客户端就需要用 CA 的公匙解密数字证书并验证数字证书的合法性。 那我们如何能拿到 CA 的公匙呢？我们的电脑和浏览器中已经内置了一部分权威机构的根证书，这些根证书中包含了 CA 的公匙。 之所以是根证书，是因为现实生活中，认证中心是分层级的，也就是说有顶级认证中心，也有下面的各个子级的认证中心，是一个树状结构，计算机中内置的是最顶级机构的根证书，不过不用担心，根证书的公匙在子级也是适用的。 客户端用 CA 的公匙解密数字证书，如果解密成功则说明证书来源于合法的认证机构。解密成功后，客户端就拿到了摘要。 此时，客户端会按照和 CA 一样的 Hash 算法将申请信息生成一份摘要，并和解密出来的那份做对比，如果相同则说明内容完整，没有被篡改。 最后，客户端安全的从证书中拿到服务器的公匙就可以和服务器进行安全的非对称加密通信了。服务器想获得客户端的公匙也可以通过相同方式。 下图用图解的方式说明一般的证书申请及其使用过程： HTTPS 原理通过上面的学习，我们了解了对称加密与非对称加密的特点和优缺点，以及数字证书的作用。 HTTPS 没有采用单一的技术去实现，而是根据他们的特点，充分的将这些技术整合进去，以达到性能与安全最大化。 这套整合的技术我们称之为 SSL（Secure Scoket Layer，安全套接层）。所以 HTTPS 并非是一项新的协议，它只是在 HTTP 上披了一层加密的外壳。 HTTPS 的建立，先看一下流程图： 这里把 HTTPS 建立到断开分为 6 个阶段，12 个过程。下面将对 12 个过程一 一做解释： 客户端通过发送 Client Hello 报文开始 SSL 通信。报文中包含客户端支持的 SSL 的指定版本、加密组件（Cipher Suite）列表（所使用的加密算法及密匙长度等）。 服务器可进行 SSL 通信时，会以 Server Hello 报文作为应答。和客户端一样，在报文中包含 SSL 版本以及加密组件。服务器的加密组件内容是从接收到的客户端加密组件内筛选出来的。 服务器发送证书报文。报文中包含公开密匙证书。 最后服务器发送 Server Hello Done 报文通知客户端，最初阶段的 SSL 握手协商部分结束。 SSL 第一次握手结束之后，客户端以 Client Key Exchange 报文作为回应。报文包含通信加密中使用的一种被称为 Pre-master secret 的随机密码串。该报文已用步骤 3 中的公开密匙进行加密。 接着客户端继续发送 Change Cipher Spec 报文。该报文会提示服务器，在此报文之后的通信会采用 Pre-master secret 密匙加密。 客户端发送 Finished 报文。该报文包含连接至今全部报文的整体校验值。这次握手协商是否能够成功，要以服务器是否能够正确解密该报文作为判定标准。 服务器同样发送 Change Cipher Spec 报文。 服务器同样发送 Finished 报文。 服务器和客户端的 Finished 报文交换完毕之后，SSL 连接就算建立完成。当然，通信会受到 SSL 的保护。从此处开始进行应用层协议的通信，即发送 HTTP 请求。 应用层协议通信，即发送 HTTP 响应。 最后由客户端断开连接。断开连接时，发送 close_notify 报文。上图做了一些省略，这步之后再发送 TCP FIN 报文来关闭与 TCP 的通信。 另外，在以上流程图中，应用层发送数据时会附加一种叫做 MAC（Message Authentication Code）的报文摘要。MAC 能够查知报文是否遭到篡改，从而保证报文的完整性。 下面再用图解来形象的说明一下，此图比上面数字证书的图更加的详细一些（图片来源于《图解 HTTP》）： 经过上面的介绍，我们可以看出 HTTPS 先是利用数字证书保证服务器端的公匙可以安全无误的到达客户端。 然后再用非对称加密安全的传递共享密匙，最后用共享密匙安全的交换数据。 HTTPS 的使用HTTPS 那么的安全，是不是我们在什么场景下都要去使用 HTTPS 进行通信呢？答案是否定的。 ①HTTPS 虽然提供了消息安全传输的通道，但是每次消息的加解密十分耗时，消耗系统资源。 所以，除非在一些对安全性比较高的场景下，比如银行系统，购物系统中我们必须要使用 HTTPS 进行通信，其他一些对安全性要求不高的场景，我们其实没必要使用 HTTPS。 ②使用 HTTPS 需要使用到数字证书，但是一般权威机构颁发的数字证书都是收费的，而且价格也是不菲的。 所以对于一些个人网站来讲，如果对安全性要求不高，也没必要使用 HTTPS。 作者：安静的boy编辑：陶家龙、孙淑娟出处：转载自微信公众号：Hollis（ID：hollischuang）]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[HTTPS（Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure，超文本传输安全协议），是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，简单讲是 HTTP 的安全版。本文，就来深入介绍下其原理。 为什么需要 HTTPS使用 HTPPS 的原因其实很简单，就是因为 HTTP 的不安全。 当我们往服务器发送比较隐私的数据（比如说你的银行卡，身份证）时，如果使用 HTTP 进行通信。那么安全性将得不到保障。 首先数据在传输的过程中，数据可能被中间人抓包拿到，那么数据就会被中间人窃取。 其次数据被中间人拿到后，中间人可能对数据进行修改或者替换，然后发往服务器。 最后服务器收到数据后，也无法确定数据有没有被修改或替换，当然，如果服务器也无法判断数据就真的是来源于客户端。 总结下来，HTTP 存在三个弊端： 无法保证消息的保密性 无法保证消息的完整性和准确性 无法保证消息来源的可靠性 HTTPS 就是为了解决上述问题应运而生的。 HTTPS 基本概念为了解决 HTTP 中存在的问题，HTTPS 采用了一些加解密，数字证书，数字签名的技术来实现。下面先介绍一下这些技术的基本概念。 对称加密与非对称加密为了保证消息的保密性，就需要用到加密和解密。加解密算法目前主流的分为对称加密和非对称加密。 ①对称加密（共享密匙加密）：客户端和服务器公用一个密匙用来对消息加解密，这种方式称为对称加密。 客户端和服务器约定好一个加密的密匙。客户端在发消息前用该密匙对消息加密，发送给服务器后，服务器再用该密匙进行解密拿到消息。 对称加密的优点：对称加密解决了 HTTP 中消息保密性的问题。 对称加密的缺点：对称加密虽然保证了消息保密性，但是因为客户端和服务器共享一个密匙，这样就使得密匙特别容易泄露。因为密匙泄露风险较高，所以很难保证消息来源的可靠性、消息的完整性和准确性。 ②非对称加密（公有密匙加密）：既然对称加密中，密匙那么容易泄露，那么我们可以采用一种非对称加密的方式来解决。 采用非对称加密时，客户端和服务端均拥有一个公有密匙和一个私有密匙。公有密匙可以对外暴露，而私有密匙只有自己可见。 使用公有密匙加密的消息，只有对应的私有密匙才能解开。反过来，使用私有密匙加密的消息，只有公有密匙才能解开。 这样客户端在发送消息前，先用服务器的公匙对消息进行加密，服务器收到后再用自己的私匙进行解密。 非对称加密的优点： 非对称加密采用公有密匙和私有密匙的方式，解决了 HTTP 中消息保密性问题，而且使得私有密匙泄露的风险降低。 因为公匙加密的消息只有对应的私匙才能解开，所以较大程度上保证了消息的来源性以及消息的准确性和完整性。 非对称加密的缺点： 非对称加密时需要使用到接收方的公匙对消息进行加密，但是公匙不是保密的，任何人都可以拿到，中间人也可以。那么中间人可以做两件事，第一件是中间人可以在客户端与服务器交换公匙的时候，将客户端的公匙替换成自己的。这样服务器拿到的公匙将不是客户端的，而是服务器的。服务器也无法判断公匙来源的正确性。第二件是中间人可以不替换公匙，但是他可以截获客户端发来的消息，然后篡改，然后用服务器的公匙加密再发往服务器，服务器将收到错误的消息。 非对称加密的性能相对对称加密来说会慢上几倍甚至几百倍，比较消耗系统资源。正是因为如此，HTTPS 将两种加密结合了起来。 数字证书与数字签名为了解决非对称加密中公匙来源的不安全性。我们可以使用数字证书和数字签名来解决。 ①数字证书的申请 在现实中，有一些专门的权威机构用来颁发数字证书，我们称这些机构为认证中心（CA，Certificate Authority）。 我们（服务器）可以向这些 CA 来申请数字证书。申请的过程大致是：自己本地先生成一对密匙，然后拿着自己的公匙以及其他信息（比如说企业名称啊什么的）去 CA 申请数字证书。 CA 在拿到这些信息后，会选择一种单向 Hash 算法（比如说常见的 MD5）对这些信息进行加密，加密之后的东西我们称之为摘要。 单向 Hash 算法有一种特点就是单向不可逆的，只要原始内容有一点变化，加密后的数据都将会是千差万别（当然也有很小的可能性会重复，有兴趣的小伙伴了解一下鸽巢原理），这样就防止了信息被篡改。 生成摘要后还不算完，CA 还会用自己的私匙对摘要进行加密，摘要加密后的数据我们称之为数字签名。 最后，CA 将会把我们的申请信息（包含服务器的公匙）和数字签名整合在一起，由此而生成数字证书。然后 CA 将数字证书传递给我们。 ②数字证书怎么起作用 服务器在获取到数字证书后，服务器会将数字证书发送给客户端，客户端就需要用 CA 的公匙解密数字证书并验证数字证书的合法性。 那我们如何能拿到 CA 的公匙呢？我们的电脑和浏览器中已经内置了一部分权威机构的根证书，这些根证书中包含了 CA 的公匙。 之所以是根证书，是因为现实生活中，认证中心是分层级的，也就是说有顶级认证中心，也有下面的各个子级的认证中心，是一个树状结构，计算机中内置的是最顶级机构的根证书，不过不用担心，根证书的公匙在子级也是适用的。 客户端用 CA 的公匙解密数字证书，如果解密成功则说明证书来源于合法的认证机构。解密成功后，客户端就拿到了摘要。 此时，客户端会按照和 CA 一样的 Hash 算法将申请信息生成一份摘要，并和解密出来的那份做对比，如果相同则说明内容完整，没有被篡改。 最后，客户端安全的从证书中拿到服务器的公匙就可以和服务器进行安全的非对称加密通信了。服务器想获得客户端的公匙也可以通过相同方式。 下图用图解的方式说明一般的证书申请及其使用过程： HTTPS 原理通过上面的学习，我们了解了对称加密与非对称加密的特点和优缺点，以及数字证书的作用。 HTTPS 没有采用单一的技术去实现，而是根据他们的特点，充分的将这些技术整合进去，以达到性能与安全最大化。 这套整合的技术我们称之为 SSL（Secure Scoket Layer，安全套接层）。所以 HTTPS 并非是一项新的协议，它只是在 HTTP 上披了一层加密的外壳。 HTTPS 的建立，先看一下流程图： 这里把 HTTPS 建立到断开分为 6 个阶段，12 个过程。下面将对 12 个过程一 一做解释： 客户端通过发送 Client Hello 报文开始 SSL 通信。报文中包含客户端支持的 SSL 的指定版本、加密组件（Cipher Suite）列表（所使用的加密算法及密匙长度等）。 服务器可进行 SSL 通信时，会以 Server Hello 报文作为应答。和客户端一样，在报文中包含 SSL 版本以及加密组件。服务器的加密组件内容是从接收到的客户端加密组件内筛选出来的。 服务器发送证书报文。报文中包含公开密匙证书。 最后服务器发送 Server Hello Done 报文通知客户端，最初阶段的 SSL 握手协商部分结束。 SSL 第一次握手结束之后，客户端以 Client Key Exchange 报文作为回应。报文包含通信加密中使用的一种被称为 Pre-master secret 的随机密码串。该报文已用步骤 3 中的公开密匙进行加密。 接着客户端继续发送 Change Cipher Spec 报文。该报文会提示服务器，在此报文之后的通信会采用 Pre-master secret 密匙加密。 客户端发送 Finished 报文。该报文包含连接至今全部报文的整体校验值。这次握手协商是否能够成功，要以服务器是否能够正确解密该报文作为判定标准。 服务器同样发送 Change Cipher Spec 报文。 服务器同样发送 Finished 报文。 服务器和客户端的 Finished 报文交换完毕之后，SSL 连接就算建立完成。当然，通信会受到 SSL 的保护。从此处开始进行应用层协议的通信，即发送 HTTP 请求。 应用层协议通信，即发送 HTTP 响应。 最后由客户端断开连接。断开连接时，发送 close_notify 报文。上图做了一些省略，这步之后再发送 TCP FIN 报文来关闭与 TCP 的通信。 另外，在以上流程图中，应用层发送数据时会附加一种叫做 MAC（Message Authentication Code）的报文摘要。MAC 能够查知报文是否遭到篡改，从而保证报文的完整性。 下面再用图解来形象的说明一下，此图比上面数字证书的图更加的详细一些（图片来源于《图解 HTTP》）： 经过上面的介绍，我们可以看出 HTTPS 先是利用数字证书保证服务器端的公匙可以安全无误的到达客户端。 然后再用非对称加密安全的传递共享密匙，最后用共享密匙安全的交换数据。 HTTPS 的使用HTTPS 那么的安全，是不是我们在什么场景下都要去使用 HTTPS 进行通信呢？答案是否定的。 ①HTTPS 虽然提供了消息安全传输的通道，但是每次消息的加解密十分耗时，消耗系统资源。 所以，除非在一些对安全性比较高的场景下，比如银行系统，购物系统中我们必须要使用 HTTPS 进行通信，其他一些对安全性要求不高的场景，我们其实没必要使用 HTTPS。 ②使用 HTTPS 需要使用到数字证书，但是一般权威机构颁发的数字证书都是收费的，而且价格也是不菲的。 所以对于一些个人网站来讲，如果对安全性要求不高，也没必要使用 HTTPS。 作者：HollisChuang链接：https://juejin.im/post/5caab0bff265da24cf311d5b来源：掘金]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Security</tag>
+        <tag>HTTPS</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
@@ -586,10 +737,10 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[CentOS7网卡名称的修改]]></title>
     <url>%2F2015%2F11%2F04%2F094127-CentOS7%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%A1%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[修改udev的rules文件生产环境中，托管于机房的服务器经常会进行割接操作，为了能让网卡更容易让运维人员和机房识别，避免因为弄错网线或找错网卡导致业务中断，在服务器上架前就应该对所有网卡按照 eth0、eth1 的方式来命名，并按照网卡的物理位置贴上标签。在 CentOS7 系统中，默认的网卡命名方式已经不再是 eth0、eth1 的格式了。 一般情况下，板载网卡（目前多数服务器为板载双网卡）的 MAC 地址相差 1，其余网卡则为外接网卡。 使用 ip addr show 命令可以查看一台机器上所有的网卡信息。 123456789101112131415161718[root@m2 ~]# ip addr show 1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host 2: ens32: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:39:b5:c6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet6 fe80::e349:3059:2d58:c589/64 scope link 3: ens33: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:39:b5:c7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 172.20.35.2/22 brd 172.20.35.255 scope global dynamic ens33 inet6 fe80::d9b6:fc5b:da94:a526/64 scope link 4: ens34: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:3f:ef:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet6 fe80::5043:4dc:eec2:582d/64 scope link 5: ens35: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:87:80:67 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet6 fe80::c308:1eca:83e4:11c/64 scope link 其中 00:50:56:39:b5:c6 和 00:50:56:39:b5:c7 这两个 MAC 地址相差为 1，因此可以大致断定网卡 ens32 和 ens33 为板载网卡，网卡名顺序应该改为 eth0 和 eth1，剩下两块网卡为外接网卡，命名为 eth2 和 eth3 。 要修改默认的网卡命名方式，我们可以创建一个自定义 udev 的 rules 文件，如：/etc/udev/rules.d/70-mynet.rules，然后按照顺序将 MAC 地址与网卡名称绑定。 1234SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:50:56:39:b5:c6", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth0"SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:50:56:39:b5:c7", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth1"SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:50:56:3f:ef:47", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth2"SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:0c:29:87:80:67", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth3" 除此之外，还需要更改网卡配置文件，配置 DEVICE 、NAME 以及 HWADDR 参数。在 ifcfg 文件中使用 HWADDR 参数设定 MAC 地址，这样就可由 udev 识别，然后从 DEVICE 参数提供的字符串中提取网卡名称。 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 的配置： 1234567891011121314151617181920TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=a805585c-c69a-4885-8f83-16d67754dccb# ----------------------------------NAME=eth0DEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:50:56:39:b5:c6# ---------------------------------- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 的配置： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=6d524d10-ee00-460e-af9c-61e57c833e75# ----------------------------------NAME=eth1DEVICE=eth1ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:50:56:39:b5:c7# ----------------------------------IPADDR=172.20.35.2NETMASK=255.255.252.0BROADCAST=172.20.35.255NETWORK=172.20.32.0GATEWAY=172.20.32.7 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth2 的配置： 1234567891011121314151617181920TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=cfefc668-986c-4c4f-b673-66d4463a56e5# ----------------------------------NAME=eth2DEVICE=eth2ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:50:56:3f:ef:47# ---------------------------------- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth3 的配置： 1234567891011121314151617181920TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=1aa05d79-80f3-4550-bc57-9dc64a4c8ebf# ----------------------------------NAME=eth3DEVICE=eth3ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:0c:29:87:80:67# ---------------------------------- 重启完成后验证 修改Grub2配置如果你并不关心网卡的物理位置，比如用的是云主机，只想将网卡命名方式改为 eth0、eth1 的格式，除了按照上面的方法，还可以修改 GRUB 菜单的内核启动命令行的参数。 修改 /etc/default/grub 文件，在 GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX= 参数中补充 net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 123456789[root@bogon ~]# cat /etc/default/grubGRUB_TIMEOUT=5GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=&quot;$(sed &apos;s, release .*$,,g&apos; /etc/system-release)&quot;GRUB_DEFAULT=savedGRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=trueGRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=&quot;console&quot;GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=&quot;crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0&quot;GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=&quot;true&quot;[root@bogon ~]# 修改完配置后，还需要通过 grub2-mkconfig 命令重新生成配置。123456789[root@bogon ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.old&#125;; [root@bogon ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfgGenerating grub configuration file ...Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.imgFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9.imgdone[root@bogon ~]# 在CentOS7 中提供了 grubby 命令，可以用来查看 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 中的 grub 策略。 1234[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=ALL | grep argsargs=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;[root@bogon ~]# 使用 grubby 命令也可以直接修改 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 中的 grub 策略。 123456[root@bogon ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.bak&#125;;[root@bogon ~]# grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args=&quot;net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=ALL | grep args args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;[root@bogon ~]# 但是这并不会更新 /etc/default/grub ，所以最稳妥的办法还是手动修改 /etc/default/grub 然后重新生成配置。]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[生产环境中，托管于机房的服务器经常会进行割接操作，为了能让网卡更容易让运维人员和机房识别，避免因为弄错网线或找错网卡导致业务中断，在服务器上架前就应该对所有网卡按照 eth0、eth1 的方式来命名，并按照网卡的物理位置贴上标签。从 CentOS7 开始，系统中的默认的网卡命名方式已经不再是 eth0、eth1 的格式了。 要想让操作系统按照 eth0、eth1 的方式来命名，一般有如下两种方式。 修改 udev 的 rules 文件手动修改一般情况下，板载网卡（目前多数服务器为板载双网卡）的 MAC 地址相差 1，其余网卡则为外接网卡。 使用 ip addr show 命令可以查看一台机器上所有的网卡信息。 123456789101112131415161718[root@m2 ~]# ip addr show 1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host 2: ens32: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:39:b5:c6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet6 fe80::e349:3059:2d58:c589/64 scope link 3: ens33: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:39:b5:c7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 172.20.35.2/22 brd 172.20.35.255 scope global dynamic ens33 inet6 fe80::d9b6:fc5b:da94:a526/64 scope link 4: ens34: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:3f:ef:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet6 fe80::5043:4dc:eec2:582d/64 scope link 5: ens35: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:87:80:67 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet6 fe80::c308:1eca:83e4:11c/64 scope link 以上命令输出结果中 00:50:56:39:b5:c6 和 00:50:56:39:b5:c7 这两个 MAC 地址相差为 1，因此可以大致断定网卡 ens32 和 ens33 为板载网卡，网卡名顺序应该改为 eth0 和 eth1，剩下两块网卡为外接网卡，命名为 eth2 和 eth3 。 要修改默认的网卡命名方式，我们可以创建一个自定义 udev 的 rules 文件，如：/etc/udev/rules.d/70-mynet.rules，然后按照顺序将 MAC 地址与网卡名称绑定。 1234SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:50:56:39:b5:c6", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth0"SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:50:56:39:b5:c7", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth1"SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:50:56:3f:ef:47", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth2"SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="00:0c:29:87:80:67", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth3" 除此之外，还需要更改网卡配置文件，配置 DEVICE 、NAME 以及 HWADDR 参数。在 ifcfg 文件中使用 HWADDR 参数设定 MAC 地址，这样就可由 udev 识别，然后从 DEVICE 参数提供的字符串中提取网卡名称。 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 的配置： 1234567891011121314151617181920TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=a805585c-c69a-4885-8f83-16d67754dccb# ----------------------------------NAME=eth0DEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:50:56:39:b5:c6# ---------------------------------- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 的配置： 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=6d524d10-ee00-460e-af9c-61e57c833e75# ----------------------------------NAME=eth1DEVICE=eth1ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:50:56:39:b5:c7# ----------------------------------IPADDR=172.20.35.2NETMASK=255.255.252.0BROADCAST=172.20.35.255NETWORK=172.20.32.0GATEWAY=172.20.32.7 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth2 的配置： 1234567891011121314151617181920TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=cfefc668-986c-4c4f-b673-66d4463a56e5# ----------------------------------NAME=eth2DEVICE=eth2ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:50:56:3f:ef:47# ---------------------------------- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth3 的配置： 1234567891011121314151617181920TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=yesIPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyUUID=1aa05d79-80f3-4550-bc57-9dc64a4c8ebf# ----------------------------------NAME=eth3DEVICE=eth3ONBOOT=yesHWADDR=00:0c:29:87:80:67# ---------------------------------- 重启完成后验证。 脚本自动修改手动修改配置起来比较麻烦，更容易出现人工错误。为了更精准，我写了下面的脚本，脚本会在不改变原有 IP 相关配置的情况下更新名称，没有按照 MAC 地址排序（即：网卡物理位置排序）。为了以防万一，建议在执行完之后进行人工确认，然后再重启。 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143#!/bin/bash# Test the operator is root or notif test "$&#123;UID&#125;" -ne 0 -o "$&#123;USER&#125;" != "root";then echo "Only root can run this script ... " exit 5fi# Source function library.. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions# Set up a default search path.PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/root/bin"export PATH# Make sure umask is saneumask 022# Log that something succeededecho_info()&#123; echo -en "[ "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_SUCCESS&#125;; echo -en " INFO "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;; echo -en " ] "; echo "$@"&#125;# Log that something Errorecho_error()&#123; echo -en "[ "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_FAILURE&#125;; echo -en " ERROR "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;; echo -en " ] "; echo "$@"&#125;# Log a warningecho_warning()&#123; echo -en "[ "; $&#123;SETCOLOR_WARNING&#125;; echo -en "WARNING"; $&#123;SETCOLOR_NORMAL&#125;; echo -en " ] "; echo "$@"&#125;echo_long_split()&#123; echo "-----------------------------------------------"&#125;# Check system version , used to CentOS 7.X and CentOS 8.Xif . /etc/os-release &amp;&gt;/dev/null;then echo "------------- System Information --------------" echo echo " OS : $&#123;PRETTY_NAME&#125;" echo " Arch : $(uname -m) $(getconf LONG_BIT) Bit" echo " Kernel : $(uname -r)" echo echo_long_splitelse echo_error 'Your system version is not suitable for running this script ... ' exit 5ficounter=0RETVAL=0ifcfg_dir='/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/'ifcfg_bak_dir='/root/ifcfg_bak/'logfile=$&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;/$(basename $0).logrules_file='/etc/udev/rules.d/70-my-custom-net.rules'echo_info "Creating bakup directory."echo_info "mkdir -pv $&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;"mkdir -pv $&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;exec &gt; &gt;(tee -a $&#123;logfile&#125;) 2&gt;&amp;1for dev in /sys/class/net/*/device;do old_name=$(awk -F/ '&#123;printf $5&#125;' &lt;&lt;&lt; "$&#123;dev&#125;") if [[ "$&#123;old_name&#125;" =~ eth[0-9] ]];then echo_warning "The network card name $&#123;old_name&#125; may be correct. Please check it manually." RETVAL=5 fidoneif [[ $&#123;RETVAL&#125; -eq 0 ]]; then &gt;$&#123;rules_file&#125;else exit $&#123;RETVAL&#125;fifor dev in /sys/class/net/*/device;do old_name=$(awk -F/ '&#123;printf $5&#125;' &lt;&lt;&lt; "$&#123;dev&#125;") old_ifcfg=$&#123;ifcfg_dir&#125;/ifcfg-$&#123;old_name&#125; new_name="eth$&#123;counter&#125;" new_ifcfg=$&#123;ifcfg_dir&#125;/ifcfg-$&#123;new_name&#125; hwaddr=$(tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' &lt; $&#123;dev%/*&#125;/address) echo_info "$&#123;old_name&#125; =&gt; $&#123;new_name&#125; $&#123;hwaddr&#125;" \cp $&#123;old_ifcfg&#125; $&#123;new_ifcfg&#125; &amp;&amp; &#123; RETVAL=0 echo_info "cp $&#123;old_ifcfg&#125; $&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;" &#125; || &#123; echo_error "cp $&#123;old_ifcfg&#125; $&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;" RETVAL=5 &#125; \mv $&#123;old_ifcfg&#125; $&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125; &amp;&amp; &#123; RETVAL=0 echo_info "mv $&#123;old_ifcfg&#125; $&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;" &#125; || &#123; echo_error "mv $&#123;old_ifcfg&#125; $&#123;ifcfg_bak_dir&#125;" RETVAL=5 continue &#125; echo 'SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR&#123;address&#125;=="'"$&#123;hwaddr&#125;"'", ATTR&#123;dev_id&#125;=="0x0", ATTR&#123;type&#125;=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="'"$&#123;new_name&#125;"'"' &gt;&gt; $&#123;rules_file&#125; echo_warning "sed -ri '/HWADDR/d;s#(DEVICE=|NAME=).*#\1""$&#123;new_name&#125;""#;/DEVICE=/aHWADDR=""$&#123;hwaddr&#125;""' $&#123;new_ifcfg&#125;" sed -ri -e '/HWADDR/d;s#(DEVICE=|NAME=).*#\1'"$&#123;new_name&#125;"'#;/DEVICE=/aHWADDR='"$&#123;hwaddr&#125;"'' $&#123;new_ifcfg&#125; echo_long_split (( counter += 1 ))doneecho_info "cat $&#123;rules_file&#125;"echo_long_splitcat $&#123;rules_file&#125;echo_long_splitechoecho_info "Logfile is $&#123;logfile&#125;"[[ $&#123;RETVAL&#125; -eq 0 ]] &amp;&amp; echo_warning "Please check it and reboot manually."sleep 1s &amp;&amp; kill 0 &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 修改Grub2配置如果并不关心网卡的物理位置，只想将网卡命名方式改为 eth0、eth1 的格式，除了按照上面的方法，还可以修改 GRUB 菜单的内核启动命令行的参数。这种方法对云主机一样有效。 修改 /etc/default/grub 文件，在 GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX= 参数中补充 net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 123456789[root@bogon ~]# cat /etc/default/grubGRUB_TIMEOUT=5GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=&quot;$(sed &apos;s, release .*$,,g&apos; /etc/system-release)&quot;GRUB_DEFAULT=savedGRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=trueGRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=&quot;console&quot;GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=&quot;crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0&quot;GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=&quot;true&quot;[root@bogon ~]# 修改完配置后，还需要通过 grub2-mkconfig 命令重新生成配置。 123456789[root@bogon ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.old&#125;; [root@bogon ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfgGenerating grub configuration file ...Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.imgFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-17fcd15f39ac46b6906c263179a1a3b9.imgdone[root@bogon ~]# 在 CentOS7 中提供了 grubby 命令，可以用来查看 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 中的 grub 策略。 1234[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=ALL | grep argsargs=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 &quot;[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=DEFAULT 重启完之后网卡名称会更新，如果之前配置了静态 IP 地址的话会自动加到网卡上，但是这种配置方式在重启机器后并不会自动更新网卡的配置，还需要手动重命名网卡配置文件，并且更新文件中的 DEVICE 、 NAME 等字段。 1[root@bogon ~]# reboot 补充说明： 使用 grubby 命令也可以直接修改 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 中的 grub 策略。 123456[root@bogon ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg&#123;,.bak&#125;;[root@bogon ~]# grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args=&quot;net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;[root@bogon ~]# grubby --info=ALL | grep args args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;args=&quot;ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet net.ifnames=1 biosdevname=1&quot;[root@bogon ~]# 这种方法并不会更新 /etc/default/grub ，按照规范，最好手动修改 /etc/default/grub 然后以此文件重新生成配置。]]></content>
       <tags>
-        <tag>Network</tag>
         <tag>grub2</tag>
+        <tag>Network</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
@@ -602,7 +753,7 @@
   </entry>
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[CentOS网卡配置文件说明]]></title>
-    <url>%2F2015%2F11%2F02%2F0154138-CentOS%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%A1%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E%2F</url>
+    <url>%2F2015%2F11%2F02%2F154138-CentOS%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%A1%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E%2F</url>
     <content type="text"><![CDATA[Redhat Linux 的网络配置，基本上是通过修改几个配置文件来实现的，虽然也可以用 ifconfig 来设置 IP，用 route 来配置默认网关，用 hostname 来配置主机名，但是重启后会丢失。 在 RedHat 中，系统网络设备的配置文件保存在 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts 目录下，ifcfg-eth0 包含第一块网卡的配置信息，ifcfg-eth1 包含第二块网卡的配置信息。在启动时系统通过读取这个配置文件决定某个网卡是否启动和如何配置。 下面是 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 文件中可以配置的选项及对应说明 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081TYPE=Ethernet# 网络类型,Ethernet(以太网)BOOTPROTO=static# 引导协议;# BOOTPROTO=&#123;static|none|dhcp|bootp&#125;# 指定静态地址使用static或none;# 从DHCP服务器获取地址使用dhcp;# 从中心服务器上获得IP地址使用bootp(DHCP前身)DEFROUTE=yes# default route，是否将此设备设为默认路由PEERDNS=yes# 是否在BOOTPROTO为dhcp时接受由DHCP服务器指定的DNS地址覆盖本地(/etc/resolv.conf)的DNS;# 不会立即生效,但重启网络服务或主机都会生效；PEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no# 如果ipv4配置失败是否禁用该设备IPV6INIT=no# 是否启用IPv6的接口IPV6_AUTOCONF=yesIPV6_DEFROUTE=yesIPV6_PEERDNS=yesIPV6_PEERROUTES=yesIPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no# 如果ipv6配置失败是否禁用该设备IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacyNM_CONTROLLED=no # 是否由Network Manager服务托管USERCTL=no# 是否允许普通用户控制此接口ARPCHECK=yes# 是否检查ARPNAME=eth0# 网络连接的名字UUID=7aa5daf3-244d-4e83-9fd8-27a4df21289a# 用来标识网卡的唯一识别码，MTU=1500# 最大传输单元DEVICE=eth0# 设备名称HWADDR=0c:c4:7a:91:fe:16# 硬件地址/MAC地址ONBOOT=yes# 是否在网络服务启动时启动网卡IPADDR=183.60.153.176# IP地址NETMASK=255.255.255.128# 子网掩码PREFIX=25# 子网掩码NETWORK=183.60.153.128# 网络地址BROADCAST=183.60.153.255# 广播地址GATEWAY=183.60.153.129# 网关(默认路由)DNS1=8.8.8.8# 首选DNSDNS2=114.114.114.114# 备用DNS]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>Network</tag>
@@ -617,11 +768,56 @@
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
-    <title><![CDATA[shell相关的面试题]]></title>
-    <url>%2F2015%2F10%2F17%2F174103-shell%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%A2%E8%AF%95%E9%A2%98%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[CentOS Linux系统默认的shell是（） 解答：bash查看方法：12345&gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# echo $SHELL&gt; /bin/bash&gt; [root@centos-7.3 ~]# awk -F &apos;:&apos; &apos;/^root/&#123;print $NF&#125;&apos; /etc/passwd&gt; /bin/bash&gt; 已知如下命令及返回结果，请问echo $user的返回结果是（） 12345678&gt; [root@test ~]# cat test.sh &gt; #!/bin/bash&gt; user=`whoami`&gt; [root@test ~]# sh test.sh &gt; &gt; [root@test ~]# echo $user&gt; ？？？&gt;]]></content>
+    <title><![CDATA[CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2015%2F10%2F27%2F150123-CentOS7%E5%BF%98%E8%AE%B0root%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%8A%9E%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在新版的 systemd 的管理机制中，默认的 rescue 模式无法直接取得 root 权限。而且还需要使用 root 的密码才能够进入 rescure 环境。 在忘记了 root 密码的情况下，可以在开机过程中给内核传入 rd.break 来处理。 需要注意的是， rd.break 是在 Ram Disk 里面的操作系统状态，因此不能直接取得原来的 linux 系统操作环境。所以还需要 chroot 的支持。 由于 SELinux 的问题，可能还要加上某些特殊的流程才能顺利的修改 root 密码。 进入到开机画面，在可以开机的选单上按下 e 来进入编辑模式： 然后在 linux16 对应的核心配置项上加入 rd.break 参数： 改完之后按下 Crtl+ x 开始开机，开机完成后屏幕会出现如下的类似画面： 请注意，此时是在 RAM Disk 的环境，并不是原本的 Linux 环境， 因此根目录下的文件与原本的系统没有任何关系。而且系统应该被挂载到 /sysroot 目录下。因此，需要这样操作： 上述的流程中： chroot /sysroot ：代表将根目录 暂时 切换到 /sysroot 目录下。因此，/sysroot 将会被暂时作为根目录， 而这个目录其实就是最原先的系统根目录，从而就能够处理文件系统与相关的账号管理了。 touch /.autorelabel：在 rd.break 的 RAM Disk 环境下，系统是没有 SELinux 的，而刚刚使用 passwd 命令修改密码的时候更改了 /etc/shadow， 所以这个文件的 SELinux 安全上下文的特性将会被取消。如果你没有让系统于开机时自动恢复 SELinux 的安全上下文， 系统将产生无法登录的问题 (在 SELinux 为 Enforcing 的模式下)。加上 /.autorelabel 就是要让系统在开机的时候自动使用预设的 SELinux type 重新写入 SELinux 安全上下文到每个文件去。 除了上述的 rd.break 之外，在 linux16 的那一行，最后面不使用 rd.break 而是使用 init=/bin/bash ，同样不需要 root 密码而有 root 权限。但是无法完整地操作该系统，因为此时已经将 1 号 PID 改为 bash 了。 而且，同样的，要操作该系统还需要 remount 根目录才可以，否则无法更改文件系统： 123mount -o remount,rw /echo 'your_root_password' | passwd --stdin roottouch /.autorelabel 由于是最预设的 bash 环境，所以 PATH 只有 /bin ，也就无法执行 reboot 命令。同时， 由于没有 systemd 或者是 init 的存在，所以使用绝对路径来执行 reboot 命令时，系统也无法重新启动。此时只能按下机器上的 reset 按钮或者是强制关机后，才能再次开机！ 所以，保险起见，建议使用 rd.break 来处理。]]></content>
       <tags>
-        <tag>BashShell</tag>
+        <tag>grub2</tag>
+        <tag>Maintenance</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[BootLoader之Grub2]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2015%2F10%2F26%2F190147-BootLoader%E4%B9%8BGrub2%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在开机过程中 boot loader 是载入内核的重要工具，如果没有 boot loader ，那么 kernel 就无法被系统加载。 目前新版的 CentOS 7.x 已经将沿用多年的 grub 换成了 grub2，并且 grub2 版本在设定与安装上跟先前的 grub 有一定的差异。 boot loader 的两个 stage开机流程中，在 BIOS 读完信息后，接下来会到第一个开机装置的 MBR 读取 boot loader 。这个 boot loader 可以具有菜单选择功能、直接加载内核文件以及控制权移交的功能等， 系统必须要有 loader 才能加载该操作系统的内核。 另外，MBR 是整个硬盘的第一个 sector 内的一个区块，整个大小为 446 bytes。即使是 GPT 也没有很大的扇区来储存 loader 的数据。 仅仅是程序代码和设定数据不可能只占据这么小的容量。 为了解决这个问题，所以 Linux 将 boot loader 的程序代码执行与设定值加载分成两个阶段 (stage) 来执行： Stage 1：执行 boot loader 主程序： 第一阶段：执行 boot loader 的主程序，这个主程序必须要被安装在开机区，也就是 MBR 或者是 boot sector 。而因为 MBR 容量太小，所以 MBR 或 boot sector 通常仅安装 boot loader 的最小主程序， 并没有安装 loader 的相关配置文件； Stage 2：主程序加载配置文件： 第二阶段：通过 boot loader 加载所有配置文件与相关的环境参数文件 (包括文件系统定义与主要配置文件 grub.cfg)，一般情况下，配置文件都在 /boot 目录下。 与 grub2 有关的文件都存放在了 /boot/grub2 中： 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142[root@m5 ~]# ls /boot/grub2/ --format=single-columndevice.map # &lt;== grub2 的装置对应文件fonts # &lt;== 开机过程中的画面会使用到的字型数据grub.cfg # &lt;== grub2 的主配置文件grubenv # &lt;== 一些环境区块的符号i386-pc # &lt;== 针对一般 x86 PC 所需要的 grub2 的相关模块locale # &lt;== 字符集相关的数据themes # &lt;== 开机主题画面数据[root@m5 locale]# ls --format=single-column /boot/grub2/i386-pc/acpi.mod # &lt;== 电源管理有关的模块ata.mod # &lt;== 磁盘有关的模块chain.mod # &lt;== 进行 loader 控制权转交的相关模块command.lst # &lt;== 一些命令相关的列表efiemu.mod # &lt;== 与 uefi BIOS 相关的模块ext2.mod # &lt;== EXT 文件系统家族相关模块fat.mod # &lt;== FAT 文件系统模块file.modgcry_dsa.mod # &lt;== 常见的加密模块gcry_md4.modgcry_md5.modgcry_rsa.modgcry_sha1.modgcry_sha256.modgcry_sha512.modgcry_tiger.modiso9660.mod # &lt;== 光盘文件系统模块lvm.mod # &lt;== LVM 文件系统模块mdraid09.mod # &lt;== 软件磁盘阵列模块minix.mod # &lt;== MINIX 相关文件系统模块msdospart.mod # &lt;== 一般 MBR 分区表part_gpt.mod # &lt;== GPT 分区表part_msdos.mod # &lt;== MBR 分区表scsi.mod # &lt;== SCSI 相关模块usb_keyboard.mod # &lt;== 底下两个为 USB 相关模块usb.modusbms.modusbserial_common.modusbserial_ftdi.modusbserial_pl2303.modusbserial_usbdebug.modvga.mod # &lt;== VGA 显示适配器相关模块xfs.mod # &lt;== XFS 文件系统模块 上面只列出了部分模块说明，loader 读取了这些文件系统定义数据后，就能够认识文件系统并读取在该文件系统内的内核文件了。 grub2 的配置文件 /boot/grub2/grub.cfggrub2 的优点包括： 识别与支持较多的文件系统，并且可以使用 grub2 的主程序直接在文件系统中搜索内核文件； 开机的时候，可以自定义与修改开机设定条目，类似 bash 的命令模式； 可以动态搜索配置文件，而不需要在修改配置文件后重新安装 grub2 。即：只要修改完 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 中的设定，下次开机就会生效了。 这也是 Stage 1, Stage 2 分别安装在 MBR (主程序) 与文件系统当中 (配置文件) 的原因 磁盘与分区在 grub2 中的代号安装在 MBR 的 grub2 主程序，最重要的任务之一是从磁盘当中加载内核文件， 以让内核能够顺利驱动整个系统的硬件。所以 grub2 必须要识别硬盘，而 grub2 对硬盘的代号设置与传统的 Linux 磁盘代号可完全不同的，它对硬盘的识别使用的是如下的代号： 123(hd0,1) # 一般的默认语法，由 grub2 自动判断分区格式(hd0,msdos1) # 此磁盘的分区为传统的 MBR 模式(hd0,gpt1) # 此磁盘的分区为 GPT 模式 要注意以下几点： 硬盘代号以小括号 () 包起来； 硬盘以 hd 表示，后面会接一组数字； 以 搜索顺序 作为硬盘的编号； 第一个搜索到的硬盘为 0 号，第二个为 1 号，以此类推； 每块硬盘的第一个 partition 代号为 1 ，以此类推。 因此，第一块 搜索到的硬盘 代号为：(hd0)，而这块硬盘的第一号分区为 (hd0,1)。另外，为了区分不同的分区格式，磁盘后面的分区号码可以使用类似 msdos1 与 gpt1 的方式来调整。 一定要注意：磁盘的号码是由 0 开始编号，分区的号码则与 Linux 一 样，是由 1 号开始编号。 由于 BIOS 可以调整磁盘的开机顺序，因此上述的磁盘对应的 (hdN) 中的 N 是可能会变动的。因此，整个硬盘代号为： 磁盘搜索顺序 在 Grub2 中的代号 第一块（MBR） (hd0) (hd0,msdos1) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos3) …… 第二块（GPT） (hd1) (hd1,gpt1) (hd1,gpt2) (hd1,gpt3) …… 第三块 (hd2) (hd2,1) (hd2,2) (hd2,3) …… 第一块硬盘的 MBR 安装处的硬盘代号是 (hd0)， 第一块硬盘的第一个分区的 boot sector 代号就是 (hd0,msdos1),那么第一块硬盘的第一个逻辑分区的 boot sector 代号就是 (hd0,msdos5) 。 假设系统仅有一块 SATA 硬盘，那么该硬盘的第一个逻辑分区槽在 Linux 与 grub2 当中的档名与代号应该是 (hd0,msdos5) 或 (hd0,5) 。 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 配置文件123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869[root@m5 ~]# cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ## DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE## It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub## ----------------------------------------------------------------------# 开始是 /etc/grub.d/00_header 这个脚本执行的结果展示，主要与基础设定与环境有关# ----------------------------------------------------------------------### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###set pager=1if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then load_envfi# ----------------------------------------------------------------------# ...... 中间省略 ......# ----------------------------------------------------------------------# Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is# unavailable.else set timeout=5fi### END /etc/grub.d/00_header #### ----------------------------------------------------------------------# 开始执行 /etc/grub.d/10_linux，主要针对实际的 Linux 内核文件的开机环境# ----------------------------------------------------------------------### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64-advanced-7f64a74e-d812-4042-b4ff-14b7e4bc36ec' &#123; load_video set gfxpayload=keep insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod xfs set root='hd0,msdos1' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1' b9a77702-c231-4e5c-82d6-6b5111e783f9 else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b9a77702-c231-4e5c-82d6-6b5111e783f9 fi linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=7f64a74e-d812-4042-b4ff-14b7e4bc36ec ro crashkernel=auto biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0 rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8 initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.img&#125;### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux #### ----------------------------------------------------------------------# ...... 中间省略 ......# ----------------------------------------------------------------------### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom #### This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change# the 'exec tail' line above.### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###if [ -f $&#123;config_directory&#125;/custom.cfg ]; then source $&#123;config_directory&#125;/custom.cfgelif [ -z "$&#123;config_directory&#125;" -a -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then source $prefix/custom.cfg;fi### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ### 在文件最开始的部分，大多是环境设定与默认值设定等，更重要的是默认由哪个选项开机 (set default) 以及预设的秒数 (set timeout)， 然后是每一个选择菜单的设定，也就是在 menuentry 这个设定值之后的配置。 在 menuentry 之后会有几个配置的规范，包括 --class, --unrestricted --id 等等的指定配置，之后通过 {} 将这个选择菜单会用到的数据包起来，在选择这个菜单之后就会进行括号内的动作。 如果真的选择了这个菜单，那么 grub2 首先会加载模块： 1234load_videoinsmod gzioinsmod part_msdosinsmod xfs 之后就是三个比较重要的配置： 1set root='hd0,msdos1' 使用 root 来指定 grub2 配置文件所在的硬盘位置和分区。比如，在安装系统的时候分区出 / 与 /boot 两个分区，而 grub2 是在 /boot/grub2 这个位置上， 这个位置的磁盘文件名为 /dev/vda2 ，因此完整的 grub2 磁盘名称就是 (hd0,2) 。如果系统用的是 GTP 的磁盘分区格式， 全名就是 (hd0,gpt2) 。 1linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=7f64a74e-d812-4042-b4ff-14b7e4bc36ec ro crashkernel=auto biosdevname=0 net.ifnames=0 rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8 这个配置是 Linux 内核文件以及内核在执行时所下达的参数。这里的内核文件位置和上面的 root 有关： 如果没有 /boot 分区，仅有 / 分区，文件路径会这样变化： /boot/vmlinuz-xxx =&gt; (/)/boot/vmlinuz-xxx =&gt; (hd0,msdos1)/boot/vmlinuz-xxx 如果 /boot 是独立分区，则文件路径的变化会是这样：/boot/vmlinuz-xxx =&gt; (/boot)/vmlinuz-xxx =&gt; (hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-xxx 因此，在 linux16 后面接的文件路径要和上面的 root 搭配在一起，才是完整的绝对路径文件名。而 linux16 /vmlinuz-xxx root=/file/name 中的 root 指的是在 linux 文件系统中，根目录的位置。在开机流程中，内核会主动去挂载根目录，并且从根目录中读取配置 文件， 再进一步开始开机流程。 所以，内核文件后面一定要配置根目录的位置。 从 /etc/fstab 里面可以知道根目录的挂载可以是设备文件名、 UUID 与 LABEL 名称，因此这个 root 后面也是可以带入类似 root=UUID=1111.2222.33... 的模式。 1initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.img 这一行配置的是 initramfs 所在的位置，与 linux16 vmlinuz-xxx 相同，这条配置也需要搭配 set root=xxx 才会得到正确的位置。  grub2 配置文件维护 /etc/default/grub 与 /etc/grub.dgrub2 的主配置文件 grub.cfg 因为该文件的内容太过复杂，数据量非常庞大，grub2 官方说明不建议手动修改。而应该要通过 /etc/default/grub 这个环境配置文件与 /etc/grub.d/ 目录内的相关配置文件来处理。 /etc/default/grub 环境配置文件配置文件大致内容如下： 123456789GRUB_TIMEOUT=5 # 预设倒计时：经过多少秒之后进入开机GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)" # 发行版本GRUB_DEFAULT=saved # 预设开机菜单：指定预设由哪一个菜单来开机GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true # 是否隐藏次选菜单，通常隐藏起来比较妥当GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console" # 指定数据输出的终端格式，默认是通过文字终端GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet" # 在 menuentry 括号内的 linux16 项目后续的内核参数GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true" # 是否取消救援模式菜单 1GRUB_TIMEOUT=5 这个选项用来配置倒计时的秒数，如果不想等待则输入 0 ，如果一定要使用者选择，则填 -1 即可。 1GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu 这个选项可选择的设定值有 menu, countdown, hidden 等。如果没有设定，预设是 menu 。 主要用于设置是否显示选择菜单。如果不想要让使用者看到选择菜单，则可以设定为 countdown。使用 countdown 会在屏幕上显示剩余的等待秒数， 而 hidden 则什么都不显示。 1GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console" 这个选项用来配置输出的画面应该使用哪一个终端来显示，主要的设定值有console, serial, gfxterm, vga_text 等。 除非有特别的需求，否则一般使用 console 即可。 1GRUB_DEFAULT=saved 这个选项用来指定使用哪一个选择菜单 (menuentry) 来作为默认开机条目。能使用的设定值包括有 saved, 数字, title 名, ID名 等。 假设当前系统有三个 menuentry 的条目大约像这样： 1234menuentry 'CentOS Linux (4.13.2-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linuxmenuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linuxmenuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linuxmenuentry 'CentOS Linux (0-rescue-9ee2ecae51814f0993302f3bf77c7b7c) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linux 几个常见的设定值是这样的： 123456GRUB_DEFAULT=1 # 使用第二个 menuentry 开机，这里的数字编号是以 0 开始的GRUB_DEFAULT='CentOS Linux (4.13.2-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)' # 使用第一个 menuentry 开机，因为配置的是 title 名，它会自动检测到GRUB_DEFAULT=saved # 代表在使用 grub2-set-default 命令时设定哪一个 menuentry 为默认值，通常预设值为0 1GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet" 如果想要使内核在启动的时候入额外的参数，就可以使用这个选项来配置。比如对于云主机来说，并不关心网卡的物理位置，只想将网卡命名方式改为 eth0、eth1 的格式，可以这样处理： 1GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="...... net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0" 这个环境配置文件编写完成之后，必须要使用 grub2-mkconfig 来重建 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 才有作用。 1grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 选单建立的脚本 /etc/grub.d/*在 grub2-mkconfig 执行时，会分析 /etc/grub.d/ 下的文件，然后执行各个脚本，最后生成 grub.cfg。该目录下会有这些文件存在： 00_header：主要在建立初始的显示项目，包括需要加载的模块分析、屏幕终端的格式、倒数秒数、选单是否需要隐藏等，大部分在 /etc/default/grub 里所设定的变量，基本都会在这个脚本当中被利用来重建 grub.cfg 。 10_linux：分析 /boot 下的文件，尝试找到正确的 linux 内核以及读取这个内核需要的文件系统模块与参数等，这一系列操作都在这个脚本运行时进行，并设定到 grub.cfg 当中。 因为这个脚本会将所有在 /boot 下的每一 个内核文件都对应到一个选单，因此核心文件数量越多，开机选单项目就越多。 如果不想要旧的核心出现在选单上，可以通过移除旧核心来处理。 30_os-prober：这个脚本默认会到系统上找其他的 partition 里面可能含有的操作系统，然后将该操作系统做成选单。 如果不想要让其他的操作系统被侦测到并拿来开机，可以在 /etc/default/grub 里加上 GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=true 取消这个脚本的运行。 40_custom：如果有其他需要自定义加上去选单条目，或者是其他需求，建议在这里补充。]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>grub2</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[内核与内核模块]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2015%2F10%2F25%2F194107-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E4%B8%8E%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在整个开机的过程当中，是否能够成功驱动主机的硬件设备， 是内核 (kernel) 的工作，而内核一般都是压缩文件，因此在使用内核之前，需要将它解压缩后，才能加载到内存当中。 为了应对不断更新迭代的硬件，目前的内核都是具有 可读取模块化驱动程序 的功能， 也就是所说的 modules (模块化) 的功能。 所谓的模块化可以将它看作是一个插件， 该插件可能由硬件开发厂商提供，也有可能是内核本来就支持。较新的硬件， 通常都需要硬件开发商提供驱动程序模块。 内核与内核模块的存放位置： 内核：/boot/vmlinuz 或 /boot/vmlinuz-version； 内核解压缩所需 RAM Disk： /boot/initramfs (/boot/initramfs-version)； 内核模块： /lib/modules/version/kernel 或 /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel； 内核源代码 /usr/src/linux 或 /usr/src/kernels/ (要安装才会有，预设不安装) 如果内核被顺利地加载到系统当中，就会有几个信息记录下来： 内核版本： /proc/version 系统内核功能：/proc/sys/kernel/ 如果有个的硬件，而操作系统不支持，这时候应该重新编译核心，并加入最新的硬件驱动程序源码；将该硬件的驱动程序编译成为模块，在开机时加载该模块。 内核模块与依赖关系基本上，内核模块的存放位置是在 /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel 当中，里面主要还分成几个目录： arch：与硬件平台有关的项目，例如 CPU 的等级等等； crypto：核心所支持的加密的技术 ，例如 md5 或者是 des 等等 drivers：一些硬件的驱动程序，例如显示适配器、网络卡、PCI 相关硬件等等； fs：核心所支持的 filesystems ，例如 vfat, reiserfs, nfs 等等； lib：一些函式库； net：与网络有关的各项协议数 据，还有防火墙模块 (net/ipv4/netfilter/*) 等等； sound：与音效有关的各项模块； 如果要一个一个的去检查这些模块的主要信息，然后定义出他们的依赖关系，这显然是不人性化的。 Linux 提供了一些模块相依性的解决方案，在 /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep 文件中记录了内核支持的模块的各项依赖关系。并且使用 depmod 命令可以实现建立该文件的需求： 1[root@bogon ~]# depmod [-Ane] 选项参数： -A：不加任何参数时， depmod 会主动的去分析目前内核的模块，并且重新写入 /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep 当中。若加入 -A 参数时，则 depmod 会去搜寻比 modules.dep 内还要新的模块，如果真找到新模块，才会更新。 -n：不写入 modules.dep ，而是将结果输出到屏幕上(standard out)； -e：显示出目前已加载的不可执行的模块名称。 例如，做好了一个名为 a.ko 的网卡驱动程序，该如何更新模块的依恋关系呢？ 12[root@bogon ~]# cp a.ko /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/net[root@bogon ~]# depmod 内核模块扩展名一般是 .ko 或 .ko.xz 结尾的， 当使用 depmod 之后， 该程序会跑到模块标准存放目录 /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel 并依据相关目录的定义将全部的模块拿出来分析，最终才将分析的结果写入 modules.dep 文件中。 这个文件至关重要，因为它会影响到 modprobe 命令的使用。 内核模块的查看使用 lsmod 命令可以很方便地看到当前的内核中加载了多少模块： 12345678910111213[root@bogon ~]# lsmod Module Size Used bynf_conntrack_ftp 18638 0 nf_conntrack_ipv4 15053 0 nf_defrag_ipv4 12729 1 nf_conntrack_ipv4nf_conntrack 133095 2 nf_conntrack_ftp,nf_conntrack_ipv4# ......省略部分内容......nf_tables 147456 184 sg 40960 0joydev 24576 0vmw_vmci 86016 2 vmw_balloon,vmw_vsock_vmci_transporti2c_piix4 24576 0# ......省略部分内容...... 其中，显示的内容包括有： 模块名称(Module)； 模块的大小(size)； 此模块是否被其他模块所使用 (Used by)。 从上面的输出结果可以看出，在 nf_conntrack 模块先被加载后，nf_conntrack_ftp 这个模块才能够进一步的加载到系统中，这两者间是有依赖关系的。 要想了解某个内核模块的相关信息，可以使用 modinfo 命令： 1modinfo [-adln] [module_name|filename] 选项与参数： -a, --author：仅列出作者名称； -d, --description：仅列出该 modules 的说明 (description) ； -l, --license：仅列出授权 (license)； -n, --filename：仅列出该模块的详细路径; -F, --field=FIELD：仅列出指定字段对应的信息; 使用 modinfo 除了可以查看 已经加载到内核中的模块 之外，还可以查看 某个模块文件： 1modinfo /lib/modules/4.18.0-80.el8.x86_64/kernel/net/ipv4/ip_gre.ko.xz 内核模块的加载和移除如果想要手动加载模块，最简单而且最建议的，是使用 modprobe 命令， 这是因为 modprobe 会主动去搜寻modules.dep 的内容，先解决了模块的依赖关系后， 才决定需要加载的模块有哪些。 而如果使用 insmod 命令，则完全由使用者自行加载一个完整文件路径的模块， 而且不会主动的分析模块的依赖关系。 1[root@bogon ~]# insmod [/full/path/module_name] [parameters] 例如，手动载入 fat.ko.xz 这个文件系统相关的内核模块： 1234[root@bogon ~]# insmod /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs/fat/fat.ko.xz[root@bogon ~]# lsmod | grep fatfat 81920 0[root@bogon ~]# 使用 insmod 命令会立即将给定的模块加载，但是给定的模块必须是完整路径。想要移除给定的模块则需要使用 rmmod 命令： 1[root@bogon ~]# rmmod [-f] module_name 选项与参数： -f：强制将该模块移除掉，不论是否正被使用； 例如，删除刚刚载入的 fat.ko.xz 内核模块： 1[root@bogon ~]# rmmod fat 再比如，手动加载 vfat.ko.xz 这个文件系统相关的内核模块： 123[root@bogon ~]# insmod /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs/vfat/vfat.ko.xz insmod: ERROR: could not load module /lib/modules/4.18.0-80.el8.x86_64/kernel/fs/vfat/vfat.ko.xz: No such file or directory[root@bogon ~]# 使用 insmod 与 rmmod 命令的问题就是，必须要事先自己找到模块的位置才行。所以更建议直接使用 modprobe 命令来处理模块加载的问题： 1[root@study ~]# modprobe [-cfr] module_name 选项与参数： -c, --showconfig：列出目前系统所有的模块，会输出更详细的代号对应表。 -f, --force：强制加载该模块； -r, --remove：类似于 rmmod 命令 ，用来移除某个模块。 例如，加载和移除 vfat.ko.xz 这个文件系统相关的内核模块： 1234567[root@bogon ~]# modprobe vfat [root@bogon ~]# lsmod | grep vfatvfat 24576 0fat 81920 1 vfat[root@bogon ~]# modprobe -r vfat[root@bogon ~]# lsmod | grep vfat[root@bogon ~]# 核心模块的额外参数设定如果有某些特殊的需求导致必须要让内核模块加上某些参数时，就要对自定义模块进行相关的配置了。 开机流程当中，在 sysinit.target 系统初始化的阶段会加载用户自定义模块，有两个地方可以处理模块加载的问题，包括： /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf ：单纯要让内核从哪些位置加载模块 /etc/modules-load.d/*.conf：对内核模块做参数设置 基本上 systemd 已经将开机会用到的驱动程序全部加载了，因此，在一般情况下，这个部份应该无需变动。不过， 如果有某些特定的参数要处理时，就可以在这里做配置。比如，我们要做网络链接追踪，就需要在开机启动流程中加载相对应的内核模块： 12345[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modules-load.d/netfilter.conf # Load nf_conntrack.ko at bootnf_conntracknf_conntrack_ipv4nf_defrag_ipv4 再比如自定义了 vsftpd 服务的监听端口为 555，这时就需要修改防火墙设定，其中一个针对 FTP 很重要的防火墙模块为 nf_conntrack_ftp， 因此可以将这个模块写入到系统开机流程中： 123[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modules-load.d/vbird.confnf_conntrack_ftp[root@localhost ~]# 按照配置标准，应该一个模块 (驱动程序) 写一行。如果要对这些内核模块做参数设定，应该在 /etc/modules-load.d/ 目录下做配置。比如要对链接追踪模块的哈希表做参数设置： 12[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modprobe.d/netfilter.conf options nf_conntrack hashsize=65536 当然，如果只是让内核加载模块，没有指定自己定义的参数，就会以默认值加载并运行。所以对于修改了服务端口的 vsftpd 来说，如果不设置参数，模块就默认处理 21 号端口，这时候我们需要将其调整到自定义的 555 号端口才能正常工作： 12[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modprobe.d/vbird.confoptions nf_conntrack_ftp ports=555 之后重新启动就能够顺利的载入并且处理好些模块了。当然，如果不想重启，而直接进行加载，可以使用下面的方式来处理： 123456789[root@localhost ~]# lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp[root@localhost ~]# # 因为没有加载这个模块，所以不会有任何信息输出[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-modules-load.service [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp nf_conntrack_ftp 18478 0 nf_conntrack 139224 7 nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_ipv6,xt_conntrack,nf_conntrack_ftp,nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6[root@localhost ~]# 通过上述的方式，就可以在开机的时候将所需要的驱动程序加载或者是调整这些模块的外加参数了。]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Kernel</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[认识并管理systemd服务和单元]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2015%2F10%2F24%2F132143-%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E5%B9%B6%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86systemd%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[Systemd 简介Systemd 是一系列工具的集合，其作用也远远不仅是启动操作系统，它还接管了后台服务、结束、状态查询，以及日志归档、设备管理、电源管理、定时任务等许多职责，并支持通过特定事件（如插入特定 USB 设备）和特定端口数据触发的 On-demand（按需）任务。 根据 Linux 惯例，字母 d 是守护进程（daemon）的缩写。 Systemd 这个名字的含义，就是它要守护整个系统。 Systemd 的后台服务还有一个特殊的身份——它是系统中 PID 值为 1 的进程。 1234567891011121314151617# pstreesystemd─┬─VGAuthService ├─agetty ├─auditd───&#123;auditd&#125; ├─chronyd ├─crond ├─dbus-daemon ├─polkitd───6*[&#123;polkitd&#125;] ├─rsyslogd───2*[&#123;rsyslogd&#125;] ├─sshd─┬─sshd───2*[sftp-server] │ └─sshd───bash───pstree ├─systemd-journal ├─systemd-logind ├─systemd-udevd ├─tuned───4*[&#123;tuned&#125;] └─vmtoolsd───&#123;vmtoolsd&#125; Systemd 的功能和特性1、更少的进程。 Systemd 提供了 服务按需启动 的能力，使得特定的服务只有在真正被请求时才启动。 2、允许更多的进程并行启动。 在 SysV-init 时代，将每个服务项目编号依次执行启动脚本。Ubuntu 的 Upstart 解决了没有直接依赖的启动之间的并行启动。而 Systemd 通过 Socket 缓存、DBus 缓存和建立临时挂载点等方法进一步解决了启动进程之间的依赖，做到了所有系统服务并发启动。对于用户自定义的服务，Systemd 允许配置其启动依赖项目，从而确保服务按必要的顺序运行。 3、使用 CGroup 跟踪、监控和管理进程的生命周期。 在 Systemd 之间的主流应用管理服务都是使用 进程树 来跟踪应用的继承关系的，而进程的父子关系很容易通过 两次 fork 的方法脱离。 而 Systemd 则提供通过 CGroup 跟踪进程关系，引补了这个缺漏。通过 CGroup 不仅能够实现服务之间访问隔离，限制特定应用程序对系统资源的访问配额，还能更精确地管理服务的生命周期。 4、同时采用基于 socket 与 D-Bus 总线式激活服务。 基于 socket 的激活机制中，socket 与服务程序分离，并且 socket 由 Systemd 代为监听，服务程序不用马上启动，当 systemd 探测到有其他进程访问这个套接字的时候，才临时按需激活对应服务程序。所以，任何一个依赖于这个服务的其他服务想启动的话，Systemd 只需要把套接字监听起来，其他服务就会都认为依赖的这个服务已经启动了，但实际上服务程序并没有启动，从而实现了服务的并行启动。 在 Linux 上使用 D-Bus 完成进程间通信的服务，可以在第一次被访问的时候，按需激活。 5、基于device的激活机制。 在 Linux 上支持基于 device 激活的系统服务，可以在特定类型的硬件接入到系统上来的时候被激活。比如当机器插入 U 盘时，系统就会把挂载服务激活起来，这个服务就能实现硬件设备的挂载等操作。 6、基于 path 的激活机制。 基于文件的路径进行激活，某个文件路径，变得可用或里面有新文件时，比如某个目录下有文件出现，或者文件发生了变动，这时候就能激活某个服务程序，让某个服务程序工作起来。Systemd 可以监控着管理员所指定的文件路径，一旦文件或目录发生了变化就立即激活相关的服务。 7、支持快照和系统恢复。 Systemd 能够保存各个 unit 的当前状态信息到持久存储设备（如硬盘）中，必要时可以自动载入。随后启动时还可以从保存快照的状态开始继续向后运行。比如我们将机器关机了，所有的服务就停止了，下一次启动的时候只能从头开始。很多服务在内存中会运行是会有很多临时数据，比如客户端对服务端的访问状态信息，这些数据在服务停止后就消失了。如果我们用了快照，可以在下次重启机器之前，先让 Systemd 把每一个运行的 unit 的当前状态信息和相关数据都保存到磁盘上，在重启完机器后再把快照重新载入，这样，所有的临时数据都不会丢失。 8、向后兼容 sysv init 脚本。 Systemd 只支持有限的运行级别，不支持早先的 0-6 的 runlevel，Systemd 对这些级别的模拟是有限的。Systemd 是不支持级别的，它也用不到级别，只是出于兼容的目的，而设计了一些 target 的 unit ，用来映射和实现级别。 另外， Systemd 并不是完全兼容 sysv 的 int 脚本， Systemd 服务由 systemctl 命令固定不变来管理的，这个命令固定不变，不可进行扩展。如果服务不是由 Systemd 启动的，那么 systemctl 无法与之通信。Systemd 不会从任何用户那里继承环境变量，因此建议在使用时都用绝对路径。每一个 unit 的操作都会受到 5 分钟超时时间限制，如果任何一个服务在 5 分钟内未能正常执行，都会在超时后退出运行。 9、统一管理服务日志。 Systemd 是一系列工具的集合， 包括了一个专用的系统日志管理服务：Journald 。这个服务的设计初衷是克服现有 Syslog 服务的日志内容易伪造和日志格式不统一等缺点，Journald 用 二进制格式 保存所有的日志信息，因而日志内容很难被手工伪造。Journald 还提供了一个 journalctl 命令来查看日志信息，这样就使得不同服务输出的日志具有相同的排版格式， 便于数据的二次处理。 除此之外，功能还包括控制基础系统配置，设置并维护登陆用户列表以及系统账户、运行时目录，可以运行容器和虚拟机，可以简单地管理网络配置、网络时间同步、日志转发和名称解析等。 Systemd 架构相比于之前的版本，Systemd 最关键的特性是： 延迟启动某些服务和系统功能，等到需要他们的时候才开启 完全并行启动 上图是 Systemd 的架构图。 Systemd 的 Unit 文件Systemd 可以管理所有系统资源，不同的资源统称为 Unit（单元）。 在 Systemd 的生态圈中，Unit 文件统一了过去各种不同系统资源配置格式，例如服务的启/停、定时任务、设备自动挂载、网络配置、虚拟内存配置等。而 Systemd 通过不同的文件后缀来区分这些配置文件。 Systemd 支持的 12 种 Unit 文件类型 .automount：用于控制自动挂载文件系统，相当于 SysV-init 的 autofs 服务 .device：对于 /dev 目录下的设备，主要用于定义设备之间的依赖关系 .mount：定义系统结构层次中的一个挂载点，可以替代过去的 /etc/fstab 配置文件 .path：用于监控指定目录或文件的变化，并触发其它 Unit 运行 .scope：这种 Unit 文件不是用户创建的，而是 Systemd 运行时产生的，描述一些系统服务的分组信息 .service：封装守护进程的启动、停止、重启和重载操作，是最常见的一种 Unit 文件 .slice：用于表示一个 CGroup 的树，通常用户不会自己创建这样的 Unit 文件 .snapshot：用于表示一个由 systemctl snapshot 命令创建的 Systemd Units 运行状态快照 .socket：监控来自于系统或网络的数据消息，用于实现基于数据自动触发服务启动 .swap：定义一个用户做虚拟内存的交换分区 .target：用于对 Unit 文件进行逻辑分组，引导其它 Unit 的执行。它替代了 SysV-init 运行级别的作用，并提供更灵活的基于特定设备事件的启动方式 .timer：用于配置在特定时间触发的任务，替代了 Crontab 的功能 Systemd 相关的目录Unit 文件按照 Systemd 约定，应该被放置指定的三个系统目录之一中。这三个目录是有优先级的，如下所示，越靠上的优先级越高。因此，在三个目录中有同名文件的时候，只有优先级最高的目录里的那个文件会被使用。 /etc/systemd/system：用户或系统在本地配置的 unit 文件。 /run/systemd/system：运行时生成的的 unit 文件。 /usr/lib/systemd/system：系统或第三方软件包安装时生成的 unit 文件。 Systemd 默认从目录 /etc/systemd/system/ 读取配置文件。但是，这个目录下存放的大部分文件都是符号链接，指向目录 /usr/lib/systemd/system/，真正的配置文件存放在那个目录。 可以通过下面的指令查询配置目录： 12pkg-config systemd --variable=systemdsystemunitdir #单元目录pkg-config systemd --variable=systemdsystemconfdir #配置目录 Unit 和 TargetUnit 是 Systemd 管理系统资源的基本单元，可以认为每个系统资源就是一个 Unit ，并使用一个 Unit 文件定义。在 Unit 文件中需要包含相应服务的描述、属性以及需要运行的命令。 Target 是 Systemd 中用于指定系统资源启动组的方式，相当于 SysV-init 中的运行级别。 简单说，Target 就是一个 Unit 组，包含许多相关的 Unit 。启动某个 Target 的时候，Systemd 就会启动里面所有的 Unit。从这个意义上说，Target 这个概念类似于 ”状态点”，启动某个 Target 就好比启动到某种状态。 Systemd Service UnitUnit 文件结构123456789101112131415161718192021# /usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service [Unit]Description=NTP client/serverDocumentation=man:chronyd(8) man:chrony.conf(5)After=ntpdate.service sntp.service ntpd.serviceConflicts=ntpd.service systemd-timesyncd.serviceConditionCapability=CAP_SYS_TIME[Service]Type=forkingPIDFile=/var/run/chronyd.pidEnvironmentFile=-/etc/sysconfig/chronydExecStart=/usr/sbin/chronyd $OPTIONSExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/chrony-helper update-daemonPrivateTmp=yesProtectHome=yesProtectSystem=full[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target Systemd 服务的 Unit 文件可以分为三个配置区段： Unit 和 Install 段：所有 Unit 文件通用，用于配置服务（或其它系统资源）的描述、依赖和随系统启动的方式。 Service 段：服务（Service）类型的 Unit 文件（后缀为 .service）特有的，用于定义服务的具体管理和操作方法。 Unit 段这个区段包含的选项，与单元的类型无关，属于通用的配置。 1Description= 描述这个 Unit 文件的信息。用于 UI 中紧跟单元名称之后要显示的简要描述。 例如 “The Apache HTTP Server” 就是一个好例子。 不好的例子： “high-performance light-weight HTTP server”(太通用) 或 “Apache2”(信息太少)。 1Documentation= 当前单元的文档，也可以设置一个空格分隔的文档列表。这些文档是对此单元的详细说明， 可接受 “http://“, “https://“, “file:”, “info:”, “man:” 五种URI类型。这些URI应该按照相关性由高到低列出。 比如，将解释该单元作用的文档放在第一个， 最好再紧跟单元的配置说明， 最后再附上其他文档。 可以多次使用此选项， 依次向文档列表尾部添加新文档。 但是，如果为此选项设置一个空字符串， 那么表示清空先前已存在的列表。 1Requires= 设置此单元所必须依赖的其他单元的列表，当此单元被启动时，所有这里列出的其他单元也将被启动。 如果此处列出的某个单元被停用或启动失败，那么此单元将被停用。 想要添加多个单元，可以多次使用此选项，也可以设置一个空格分隔的单元列表。 注意，此选项并不影响单元之间的启动或停止顺序。 要想调整单元之间的启动或停止顺序，请使用 After= 或 Before= 选项。 例如，在 foo.service 中设置了 Requires=bar.service ， 但是并未使用 After= 或 Before= 设定两者的启动顺序， 那么，当需要启动 foo.service 的时候，这两个单元会被并行地同时启动。 建议使用 Wants= 代替 Requires= 来设置单元之间的非致命依赖关系， 从而有助于获得更好的健壮性，特别是在某些单元启动失败的时候。 注意，设置了此依赖并不意味着当本单元处于运行状态时，被依赖的其他单元也必须总是处于运行状态。 例如： (1) 失败的条件检查(例如后文的 ConditionPathExists=, ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=, …)只会导致被依赖的单元跳过启动，而不会导致被依赖的单元启动失败(也就是进入”failed“状态)。 (2) 某些被依赖的单元可能会自己主动停止(例如有的服务进程可能会主动干净的退出、有的设备可能被用户拔出)， 而不会导致本单元自身也跟着一起停止。 要想达到这样的效果，可以同时联合使用 BindsTo= 与 After= 依赖，这样就可以确保：在被依赖的其他单元没有处于运行状态时， 本单元自身永远不会启动成功。 1Requisite= 与 Requires= 类似。 不同之处在于：当单元启动时，这里列出的单元必须已经全部处于启动成功的状态， 否则，将不会启动此单元(也就是直接返回此单元启动失败的消息)， 并且同时也不会启动那些尚未成功启动的单元。 1Wants= 此选项是 Requires= 的弱化版。 当此单元被启动时，所有这里列出的其他单元只是尽可能被启动。 但是，即使某些单元不存在或者未能启动成功， 也不会影响此单元的启动。 推荐使用此选项来设置单元之间的依赖关系。 注意，此种依赖关系也可以在单元文件之外通过向 .wants/ 目录中添加软连接来设置。 1BindsTo= 与 Requires= 类似，但是依赖性更强： 如果这里列出的任意一个单元停止运行或者崩溃，那么也会连带导致该单元自身被停止。 这就意味着该单元可能因为这里列出的任意一个单元的主动退出、某个设备被拔出、某个挂载点被卸载， 而被强行停止。 如果将某个被依赖的单元同时放到 After= 与 BindsTo= 选项中，那么效果将会更加强烈：被依赖的单元必须严格的先于本单元启动成功之后， 本单元才能开始启动。这就意味着，不但在被依赖的单元意外停止时，该单元必须停止， 而且在被依赖的单元由于条件检查失败(例如后文的 ConditionPathExists=, ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=, …)而被跳过时， 该单元也将无法启动。正因为如此，在很多场景下，需要同时使用 BindsTo= 与 After= 选项。 1PartOf= 与 Requires= 类似， 不同之处在于：仅作用于单元的停止或重启。 其含义是，当停止或重启这里列出的某个单元时， 也会同时停止或重启该单元自身。 注意，这个依赖是单向的， 该单元自身的停止或重启并不影响这里列出的单元。 可以认为是一个 BindTo 作用的子集，仅在列出的任务模块失败或重启时，终止或重启当前服务，而不会随列出模板的启动而启动。 1Conflicts= 指定单元之间的冲突关系。 接受一个空格分隔的单元列表，表明该单元不能与列表中的任何单元共存， 也就是说： (1) 当此单元启动的时候，列表中的所有单元都将被停止；(2) 当列表中的某个单元启动的时候，该单元同样也将被停止。 注意，此选项与 After= 和 Before= 选项没有任何关系。 如果两个相互冲突的单元 A 与 B需要在同一个事务内作为 B 启动， 那么这个事务要么会失败( A 与 B 都是事务中的必要部分[Requires])， 要么就是必须被修改( A 与B 中至少有一个是事务中的非必要部分)。 在后一种情况下， 将会剔除一个非必要的单元 (若两个都是非必要的单元，则优先剔除 A)。 12Before=After= 强制指定单元之间的先后顺序，接受一个空格分隔的单元列表。 假定 foo.service 单元包含 Before=bar.service 设置， 那么当两个单元都需要启动的时候， bar.service 将会一直延迟到 foo.service 启动完毕之后再启动。 注意，停止顺序与启动顺序正好相反，也就是说， 只有当 bar.service 完全停止后，才会停止 foo.service 单元。 After= 的含义与 Before= 正好相反。 假定 foo.service 单元包含 After=bar.service 设置， 那么当两个单元都需要启动的时候， foo.service 将会一直延迟到 bar.service 启动完毕之后再启动。 注意，停止顺序与启动顺序正好相反，也就是说， 只有当 foo.service 完全停止后，才会停止 bar.service 单元。 注意，这两个选项仅用于指定先后顺序， 而与 Requires=, Wants=, BindsTo= 这些选项没有任何关系。 不过在实践中也经常遇见将某个单元同时设置到 After= 与 Requires= 选项中的情形。 可以多次使用此二选项，以将多个单元添加到列表中。 假定两个单元之间存在先后顺序(无论谁先谁后)，并且一个要停止而另一个要启动，那么永远是”先停止后启动”的顺序。 但如果两个单元之间没有先后顺序，那么它们的停止和启动就都是相互独立的，并且是并行的。 对于不同类型的单元来说，判断启动是否已经完成的标准并不完全相同。 特别的是对于设置在 Before=/After= 中的服务单元来说， 只有在服务单元内配置的所有启动命令全部都已经被调用，并且对于每一个被调用的命令， 要么确认已经调用失败、要么确认已经成功运行的情况下， 才能认为已经完成启动。 1OnFailure= 接受一个空格分隔的单元列表。 当该单元进入失败(“failed“)状态时， 将会启动列表中的单元。 12PropagatesReloadTo=ReloadPropagatedFrom= 接受一个空格分隔的单元列表。 PropagatesReloadTo= 表示 在 reload 该单元时，也同时 reload 所有列表中的单元。 ReloadPropagatedFrom= 表示 在 reload 列表中的某个单元时，也同时 reload 该单元。 1IgnoreOnIsolate= 接受一个布尔值。设为 yes 表示在执行 systemctl isolate ... 命令时，此单元不会被停止。 对于 service, target, socket, timer, path 单元来说，默认值是 false ； 对于 slice, scope, device, swap, mount, automount 单元来说，默认值是 true 。 1StopWhenUnneeded= 如果设为 yes ， 那么当此单元不再被任何已启动的单元依赖时， 将会被自动停止。 默认值 no 的含义是， 除非此单元与其他即将启动的单元冲突， 否则即使此单元已不再被任何已启动的单元依赖， 也不会自动停止它。 12RefuseManualStart=RefuseManualStop= 如果设为 yes ， 那么此单元将拒绝被手动启动(RefuseManualStart=) 或拒绝被手动停止(RefuseManualStop=)。 也就是说， 此单元只能作为其他单元的依赖条件而存在， 只能因为依赖关系而被间接启动或者间接停止， 不能由用户以手动方式直接启动或者直接停止。 设置此选项是为了 禁止用户意外的启动或者停止某些特定的单元。 默认值是 no 1AllowIsolate= 如果设为 yes ， 那么此单元将允许被 systemctl isolate 命令操作， 否则将会被拒绝。 唯一一个将此选项设为 yes 的理由，大概是为了兼容SysV初始化系统。 此时应该仅考虑对 target 单元进行设置， 以防止系统进入不可用状态。 建议保持默认值 no 1DefaultDependencies= 默认值 yes 表示为此单元隐式地创建默认依赖。 不同类型的单元，其默认依赖也不同，详见各自的手册页。 例如对于 service 单元来说， 默认的依赖关系是指： (1) 开机时，必须在基础系统初始化完成之后才能启动该服务； (2) 关机时，必须在该服务完全停止后才能关闭基础系统。 通常，只有那些在系统启动的早期就必须启动的单元， 以及那些必须在系统关闭的末尾才能关闭的单元， 才可以将此选项设为 no 。 注意，设为 no 并不表示取消所有的默认依赖， 只是表示取消非关键的默认依赖。 强烈建议对绝大多数普通单元保持此选项的默认值 yes 。 1RebootArgument= 当 StartLimitAction= 或 FailureAction= 触发关机动作时， 此选项的值就是传递给 reboot 系统调用的字符串参数。 相当于 systemctl reboot 命令接收的可选参数。 123456789101112ConditionFirstBoot=ConditionPathExists=ConditionPathExistsGlob=ConditionPathIsDirectory=ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=ConditionPathIsMountPoint=ConditionPathIsReadWrite=ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=ConditionFileNotEmpty=ConditionFileIsExecutable=ConditionUser=ConditionGroup= 这组选项用于在启动单元之前，首先测试特定的条件是否为真。 若为真则开始启动，否则将会(悄无声息地)跳过此单元(仅是跳过，而不是进入”failed”状态)。 注意，即使某单元由于测试条件为假而被跳过，那些由于依赖关系而必须先于此单元启动的单元并不会受到影响(也就是会照常启动)。 可以使用条件表达式来跳过那些对于本机系统无用的单元， 比如那些对于本机内核或运行环境没有用处的功能。 如果想要单元在测试条件为假时进入”failed”状态(而不是跳过)， 可以使用对应的另一组 AssertXXX= 选项(见后文)。 1ConditionFirstBoot= 可设为 yes 或 no 。 用于检测 /etc 目录是否处于未初始化的原始状态(重点是 /etc/machine-id 文件是否存在)。 此选项可用于系统出厂后(或者恢复出厂设置之后)，首次开机时执行必要的初始化操作。 1ConditionPathExists= 检测指定的路径是否存在， 必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionPathExistsGlob= 与 ConditionPathExists= 类似， 唯一的不同是支持通配符。 1ConditionPathIsDirectory= 检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个目录，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink= 检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个软连接，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionPathIsMountPoint= 检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个挂载点，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionPathIsReadWrite= 检测指定的路径是否存在并且可读写(rw)，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty= 检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个非空的目录，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionFileNotEmpty= 检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个非空的普通文件，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionFileIsExecutable= 检测指定的路径是否存在并且是一个可执行文件，必须使用绝对路径。 可以在路径前面加上感叹号(!)前缀表示逻辑反转。 1ConditionUser= 检测 systemd 是否以给定的用户身份运行。 参数可以是数字形式的 “UID” 、 或者字符串形式的UNIX用户名、 或者特殊值 “@system“(表示属于系统用户范围内) 。 此选项对于系统服务无效， 因为管理系统服务的 systemd 进程总是以 root 用户身份运行。 1ConditionGroup= 检测 systemd 是否以给定的用户组身份运行。 参数可以是数字形式的 “GID” 或者字符串形式的UNIX组名。 注意： (1) 这里所说的”组”可以是”主组”(Primary Group)、”有效组”(Effective Group)、”辅助组”(Auxiliary Group)； (2) 此选项不存在特殊值 @system 如果在条件之前加上管道符(|)，那么这个条件就是”触发条件”， 其含义是只要满足一个触发条件，该单元就会被启动； 如果在条件之前没有管道符(|)，那么这个条件就是”普通条件”， 其含义是必须满足全部普通条件，该单元才会被启动。 如果在某个单元文件内， 同时存在”触发条件”与”普通条件”，那么必须满足全部普通条件， 并且至少满足一个触发条件，该单元才会被启动。 如果需要对某个条件同时使用”|“与”!“， 那么”|“必须位于”!“之前。 除 ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink= 之外， 其他路径检测选项都会追踪软连接。 如果将上述某个检测选项设为空字符串， 那么表示重置该选项先前的所有设置， 也就是清空该选项先前的设置。 123456789101112AssertFirstBoot=AssertPathExists=AssertPathExistsGlob=AssertPathIsDirectory=AssertPathIsSymbolicLink=AssertPathIsMountPoint=AssertPathIsReadWrite=AssertDirectoryNotEmpty=AssertFileNotEmpty=AssertFileIsExecutable=AssertUser=AssertGroup= 与前一组 ConditionXXX= 测试选项类似， 这一组选项用于在单元启动之前，首先进行相应的断言检查。 不同之处在于，任意一个断言的失败， 都会导致该单元启动失败(也就是进入”failed”状态，并突出记录在日志中)。 如果用户希望清晰的看到某些单元因为特定的条件未能满足而导致无法正常启动， 那么可以使用断言表达式。 Install 段这个区段定义如何安装这个配置文件，即怎样做到开机启动。包含的是单元的启用信息。 这部分配置的目标模块通常是特定运行目标的 .target 文件，用来使得服务在系统启动时自动运行。事实上，systemd 在运行时并不使用此区段。 只有 systemctl 的 enable 与 disable 命令在启用/停用单元时才会使用此区段。 “启用”一个单元在多数情况下，效果上相当于将这个单元设为”开机时自动启动”或”插入某个硬件时自动启动”； “停用”一个单元多数时候在效果上相当于撤销该单元的”开机时自动启动”或”插入某个硬件时自动启动”。 1Alias= 启用时使用的别名，可以设为一个空格分隔的别名列表。 每个别名的后缀(也就是单元类型)都必须与该单元自身的后缀相同。 如果多次使用此选项，那么每个选项所设置的别名都会被添加到别名列表中。 在启用此单元时，systemctl enable 命令将会为每个别名创建一个指向该单元文件的软连接。 注意，因为 mount, slice, swap, automount 单元不支持别名，所以不要在这些类型的单元中使用此选项。 12WantedBy=RequiredBy= 接受一个空格分隔的单元列表， 表示在使用 systemctl enable 启用此单元时， 将会在每个列表单元的 .wants/ 或 .requires/ 目录中创建一个指向该单元文件的软连接。 这相当于为每个列表中的单元文件添加了 Wants=此单元 或 Requires=此单元 选项。 这样当列表中的任意一个单元启动时，该单元都会被启动。 有关 Wants= 与 Requires= 的详细说明， 参见前面 [Unit] 区段的说明。 如果多次使用此选项，那么每个选项的单元列表都会合并在一起。 在普通的 bar.service 单元内设置 WantedBy=foo.service 选项与设置 Alias=foo.service.wants/bar.service 选项基本上是等价的。 但是对于模板单元来说，情况则有所不同。 虽然必须使用实例名称调用 systemctl enable 命令， 但是实际上添加到 .wants/ 或 .requires/ 目录中的软连接， 指向的却是模板单元(因为并不存在真正的实例单元文件)。 假设 getty@.service 文件中存在 WantedBy=getty.target 选项， 那么 systemctl enable getty@tty2.service 命令将会创建指向 getty@.service 的软连接 getty.target.wants/getty@tty2.service 1Also= 设置此单元的附属单元，可以设为一个空格分隔的单元列表。 表示当使用 systemctl enable 启用 或 systemctl disable 停用 此单元时， 也同时自动的启用或停用附属单元。 如果多次使用此选项， 那么每个选项所设置的附属单元列表都会合并在一起。 1DefaultInstance= 仅对模板单元有意义， 用于指定默认的实例名称。 如果启用此单元时没有指定实例名称， 那么将使用这里设置的名称。 Service 段用来做 Service 的配置，只有 Service 类型的 Unit 才有这个区块。 服务生命周期控制相关1Type= 设置进程的启动类型。必须设为 simple, exec, forking, oneshot, dbus, notify, idle 之一： Type=simple：当设置了 ExecStart=、 但是没有设置 Type= 与 BusName= 时，simple 就是默认值。如果设为 simple ， 那么此时 ExecStart= 进程就是该服务的主进程， 并且 systemd 会认为在创建了该服务的主服务进程之后，该服务就已经启动完成。 如果此进程需要为系统中的其他进程提供服务， 那么必须在该服务启动之前先建立好通信渠道(例如套接字)， 这样，在创建主服务进程之后、执行主服务进程之前，即可启动后续单元， 从而加快了后续单元的启动速度。 这就意味着对于 simple 类型的服务来说， 即使不能成功调用主服务进程(例如 User= 不存在、或者二进制可执行文件不存在)， systemctl start 也仍然会执行成功。 Type=exec：与 simple 类似，不同之处在于， 只有在该服务的主服务进程执行完成之后，systemd 才会认为该服务启动完成。 其他后继单元必须一直阻塞到这个时间点之后才能继续启动。换句话说， simple 表示当 fork() 函数返回时，即算是启动完成，而 exec 则表示仅在 fork() 与 execve() 函数都执行成功时，才算是启动完成。 这就意味着对于 exec 类型的服务来说， 如果不能成功调用主服务进程(例如 User= 不存在、或者二进制可执行文件不存在)， 那么 systemctl start 将会执行失败。 Type=forking：表示 ExecStart= 进程将会在启动过程中使用 fork() 系统调用。 也就是当所有通信渠道都已建好、也已经启动成功之后，父进程将会退出，而子进程将作为主服务进程继续运行。 这是传统UNIX守护进程的经典做法。 在这种情况下，systemd 会认为在父进程退出之后，该服务就已经启动完成。 如果使用了此种类型，那么建议同时设置 PIDFile= 选项，以帮助 systemd 准确可靠的定位该服务的主进程。 systemd 将会在父进程退出之后立即开始启动后续单元。 Type=oneshot：一次性进程，只运行第一次。 只有在该服务的主服务进程退出之后，systemd 才会认为该服务启动完成，才会开始启动后续单元。 此种类型的服务通常需要设置 RemainAfterExit= 选项。 当 Type= 与 ExecStart= 都没有设置时， Type=oneshot 就是默认值。 Type=dbus：该服务只有获得了 BusName= 指定的 D-Bus 名称之后，systemd 才会认为该服务启动完成，才会开始启动后继单元。 设为此类型相当于隐含的依赖于 dbus.socket 单元。 当设置了 BusName= 时， 此类型就是默认值。 Type=notify：与 exec 类似，不同之处在于， 该服务将会在启动完成之后通过 sd_notify(3) 之类的接口发送一个通知消息。systemd 将会在启动后续单元之前， 首先确保该进程已经成功的发送了这个消息。如果设为此类型，那么下文的 NotifyAccess= 将只能设为非 none 值。如果未设置 NotifyAccess= 选项、或者已经被明确设为 none ，那么将会被自动强制修改为 main 。注意，目前 Type=notify 尚不能与 PrivateNetwork=yes 一起使用。 Type=idle：服务进程将会被延迟到所有活动任务都完成之后再执行。 这样可以避免控制台上的状态信息与 shell 脚本的输出混杂在一起。 注意：(1) 仅可用于改善控制台输出，切勿将其用于不同单元之间的排序工具； (2) 延迟最多不超过5秒， 超时后将无条件的启动服务进程。 建议对长时间持续运行的服务尽可能使用 Type=simple (这是最简单和速度最快的选择)。 注意，因为 simple 类型的服务无法报告启动失败、也无法在服务完成初始化后对其他单元进行排序， 所以，当客户端需要通过仅由该服务本身创建的IPC通道(而非由 systemd 创建的套接字或 D-bus 之类)连接到该服务的时候， simple 类型并不是最佳选择。在这种情况下， notify 或 dbus(该服务必须提供 D-Bus 接口) 才是最佳选择， 因为这两种类型都允许服务进程精确地安排何时算是服务启动成功、何时可以继续启动后继单元。 notify 类型需要服务进程明确使用 sd_notify() 函数或类似的API， 否则，可以使用 forking 作为替代(它支持传统的UNIX服务启动协议)。 最后，如果能够确保服务进程调用成功、服务进程自身不做或只做很少的初始化工作(且不大可能初始化失败)， 那么 exec 将是最佳选择。 注意，因为使用任何 simple 之外的类型都需要等待服务完成初始化，所以可能会减慢系统启动速度。 因此，应该尽可能避免使用 simple 之外的类型(除非必须)。另外，也不建议对长时间持续运行的服务使用 idle 或 oneshot 类型。 1RemainAfterExit= 值为 true 或 false（默认）。当该服务的所有进程全部退出之后， 是否依然将此服务视为活动(active)状态。当配置为 true 时，Systemd 只会负责启动服务进程，之后即便服务进程退出了，Systemd 也仍然会认为这个服务还在运行中。这个配置主要是提供给一些并非常驻内存，而是启动注册后立即退出，然后等待消息按需启动的特殊类型服务使用的。 1GuessMainPID= 在无法明确定位 该服务主进程的情况下， systemd 是否应该猜测主进程的PID(可能不正确)。 该选项仅在设置了 Type=forking 但未设置 PIDFile= 的情况下有意义。 如果PID猜测错误， 那么该服务的失败检测与自动重启功能将失效。 默认值为 yes 1PIDFile= 该服务PID文件的路径(一般位于 /run/ 目录下)。 强烈建议在 Type=forking 的情况下明确设置此选项。 如果设为相对路径，那么表示相对于 /run/ 目录。 systemd 将会在此服务启动完成之后，从此文件中读取主服务进程的PID 。 systemd 不会写入此文件，但会在此服务停止后删除它(若仍然存在)。 PID文件的拥有者不必是特权用户， 但是如果拥有者是非特权用户，那么必须施加如下安全限制： (1) 不能是一个指向其他拥有者文件的软连接(无论直接还是间接)； (2) 其中的PID必须指向一个属于该服务的进程。 1ExecStart= 在启动该服务时需要执行的命令行(命令+参数)。 除非 Type=oneshot ，否则必须且只能设置一个命令行。 仅在 Type=oneshot 的情况下，才可以设置任意个命令行(包括零个)， 多个命令行既可以在同一个 ExecStart= 中设置，也可以通过设置多个 ExecStart= 来达到相同的效果。 如果设为一个空字符串，那么先前设置的所有命令行都将被清空。 如果不设置任何 ExecStart= 指令， 那么必须确保设置了 RemainAfterExit=yes 指令，并且至少设置一个 ExecStop= 指令。 同时缺少 ExecStart= 与 ExecStop= 的服务单元是非法的(也就是必须至少明确设置其中之一)。 命令行必须以一个可执行文件(要么是绝对路径、要么是不含任何斜线的文件名)开始， 并且其后的那些参数将依次作为”argv[1] argv[2] …”传递给被执行的进程。 可选的，可以在绝对路径前面加上各种不同的前缀表示不同的含义： 可执行文件前的特殊前缀: 前缀 效果 “@” 如果在绝对路径前加上可选的 “@” 前缀，那么其后的那些参数将依次作为”argv[0] argv[1] argv[2] …”传递给被执行的进程(注意，argv[0] 是可执行文件本身)。 “-“ 如果在绝对路径前加上可选的 “-“ 前缀，那么即使该进程以失败状态(例如非零的返回值或者出现异常)退出，也会被视为成功退出，但同时会留下错误日志。 “+” 如果在绝对路径前加上可选的 “+” 前缀，那么进程将拥有完全的权限(超级用户的特权)，并且 User=, Group=, CapabilityBoundingSet= 选项所设置的权限限制以及 PrivateDevices=, PrivateTmp= 等文件系统名字空间的配置将被该命令行启动的进程忽略(但仍然对其他 ExecStart=, ExecStop= 有效)。 “!” 与 “+” 类似(进程仍然拥有超级用户的身份)，不同之处在于仅忽略 User=, Group=, SupplementaryGroups= 选项的设置，而例如名字空间之类的其他限制依然有效。注意，当与 DynamicUser= 一起使用时，将会在执行该命令之前先动态分配一对 user/group ，然后将身份凭证的切换操作留给进程自己去执行。 “!!” 与 “!” 极其相似，仅用于让利用 ambient capability 限制进程权限的单元兼容不支持 ambient capability 的系统(也就是不支持 AmbientCapabilities= 选项)。如果在不支持 ambient capability 的系统上使用此前缀，那么 SystemCallFilter= 与 CapabilityBoundingSet= 将被隐含的自动修改为允许进程自己丢弃 capability 与特权用户的身份(即使原来被配置为禁止这么做)，并且 AmbientCapabilities= 选项将会被忽略。此前缀在支持 ambient capability 的系统上完全没有任何效果。 @, - 以及 + / ! / !! 之一，可以按任意顺序同时混合使用。 注意，对于 +, !, !! 前缀来说，仅能单独使用三者之一，不可混合使用多个。 注意，这些前缀同样也可以用于 ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=, ExecReload=, ExecStop=, ExecStopPost= 这些接受命令行的选项。 如果设置了多个命令行， 那么这些命令行将以其在单元文件中出现的顺序依次执行。 如果某个无 - 前缀的命令行执行失败， 那么剩余的命令行将不会被继续执行， 同时该单元将变为失败(failed)状态。 当未设置 Type=forking 时， 这里设置的命令行所启动的进程 将被视为该服务的主守护进程。 12ExecStartPre=ExecStartPost= 设置在执行 ExecStart= 之前/后执行的命令行。 语法规则与 ExecStart= 完全相同。 如果设置了多个命令行， 那么这些命令行将以其在单元文件中出现的顺序依次执行。 如果某个无 - 前缀的命令行执行失败， 那么剩余的命令行将不会被继续执行， 同时该单元将变为失败(failed)状态。 仅在所有无 - 前缀的 ExecStartPre= 命令全部执行成功的前提下， 才会继续执行 ExecStart= 命令。 ExecStartPost= 命令仅在 ExecStart= 中的命令已经全部执行成功之后才会运行， 判断的标准基于 Type= 选项。 具体说来： 对于 Type=simple 或 Type=idle 就是主进程已经成功启动； 对于 Type=oneshot 来说就是最后一个 ExecStart= 进程已经成功退出； 对于 Type=forking 来说就是初始进程已经成功退出； 对于 Type=notify 来说就是已经发送了 “READY=1” ； 对于 Type=dbus 来说就是已经取得了 BusName= 中设置的总线名称。 注意，不可将 ExecStartPre= 用于 需要长时间执行的进程。 因为所有由 ExecStartPre= 派生的子进程都会在启动 ExecStart= 服务进程之前被杀死。 注意，如果在服务启动完成之前，任意一个 ExecStartPre=, ExecStart=, ExecStartPost= 中无 - 前缀的命令执行失败或超时， 那么，ExecStopPost= 将会被继续执行，而 ExecStop= 则会被跳过。 1ExecReload= 这是一个可选的指令， 用于设置当该服务被要求重新载入配置时 所执行的命令行。 语法规则与 ExecStart= 完全相同。 另外，还有一个特殊的环境变量 $MAINPID 可用于表示主进程的PID， 例如可以这样使用： 1/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID 注意，像上例那样，通过向守护进程发送复位信号， 强制其重新加载配置文件，并不是一个好习惯。 因为这是一个异步操作， 所以不适用于需要按照特定顺序重新加载配置文件的服务。 我们强烈建议将 ExecReload= 设为一个能够确保重新加载配置文件的操作同步完成的命令行。 1ExecStop= 这是一个可选的指令， 用于设置当该服务被要求停止时所执行的命令行。 语法规则与 ExecStart= 完全相同。 执行完此处设置的所有命令行之后，该服务将被视为已经停止， 此时，该服务所有剩余的进程将会根据 KillMode= 的设置被杀死(参见 systemd.kill(5))。 如果未设置此选项，那么当此服务被停止时， 该服务的所有进程都将会根据 KillSignal= 的设置被立即全部杀死。 与 ExecReload= 一样， 也有一个特殊的环境变量 $MAINPID 可用于表示主进程的PID 。 一般来说，不应该仅仅设置一个结束服务的命令而不等待其完成。 因为当此处设置的命令执行完之后， 剩余的进程会被按照 KillMode= 与 KillSignal= 的设置立即杀死， 这可能会导致数据丢失。 因此，这里设置的命令必须是同步操作，而不能是异步操作。 注意，仅在服务确实启动成功的前提下，才会执行 ExecStop= 中设置的命令。 如果服务从未启动或启动失败(例如，任意一个 ExecStart=, ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost= 中无 - 前缀的命令执行失败或超时)， 那么 ExecStop= 将会被跳过。 如果想要无条件的在服务停止后执行特定的动作，那么应该使用 ExecStopPost= 选项。 如果服务启动成功，那么即使主服务进程已经终止(无论是主动退出还是被杀死)，也会继续执行停止操作。 因此停止命令必须正确处理这种场景，如果 systemd 发现在调用停止命令时主服务进程已经终止，那么将会撤销 $MAINPID 变量。 重启服务的动作被实现为”先停止、再启动”。所以在重启期间，将会执行 ExecStop= 与 ExecStopPost= 命令。 推荐将此选项用于那些必须在服务干净退出之前执行的命令(例如还需要继续与主服务进程通信)。当此选项设置的命令被执行的时候，应该假定服务正处于完全正常的运行状态，可以正常的与其通信。 如果想要无条件的在服务停止后”清理尸体”，那么应该使用 ExecStopPost= 选项。 1ExecStopPost= 这是一个可选的指令， 用于设置在该服务停止之后所执行的命令行。 语法规则与 ExecStart= 完全相同。 注意，与 ExecStop= 不同，无论服务是否启动成功， 此选项中设置的命令都会在服务停止后被无条件的执行。 应该将此选项用于设置那些无论服务是否启动成功， 都必须在服务停止后无条件执行的清理操作。 此选项设置的命令必须能够正确处理由于服务启动失败而造成的各种残缺不全以及数据不一致的场景。 由于此选项设置的命令在执行时，整个服务的所有进程都已经全部结束， 所以无法与服务进行任何通信。 注意，此处设置的所有命令在被调用之后都可以读取如下环境变量： $SERVICE_RESULT(服务的最终结果), $EXIT_CODE(服务主进程的退出码), $EXIT_STATUS(服务主进程的退出状态)。 详见 systemd.exec(5) 手册。 1RestartSec= 设置在重启服务(Restart=)前暂停多长时间。 默认值是100毫秒(100ms)。 如果未指定时间单位，那么将视为以秒为单位。 例如设为”20”等价于设为”20s”。 1TimeoutStartSec= 设置该服务允许的最大启动时长。 如果守护进程未能在限定的时长内发出”启动完毕”的信号，那么该服务将被视为启动失败，并会被关闭。 如果未指定时间单位，那么将视为以秒为单位。 例如设为”20”等价于设为”20s”。 设为 “infinity” 则表示永不超时。 当 Type=oneshot 时， 默认值为 “infinity” (永不超时)， 否则默认值等于 DefaultTimeoutStartSec= 的值。 1TimeoutStopSec= 此选项有两个用途： (1) 设置每个 ExecStop= 的超时时长。如果其中之一超时， 那么所有后继的 ExecStop= 都会被取消，并且该服务也会被 SIGTERM 信号强制关闭。 如果该服务没有设置 ExecStop= ，那么该服务将会立即被 SIGTERM 信号强制关闭。 (2) 设置该服务自身停止的超时时长。如果超时，那么该服务将会立即被 SIGTERM 信号强制关闭(参见 systemd.kill(5) 手册中的 KillMode= 选项)。 如果未指定时间单位，那么将视为以秒为单位。 例如设为”20”等价于设为”20s”。 设为 “infinity” 则表示永不超时。 默认值等于 DefaultTimeoutStopSec= 的值。 1TimeoutSec= 一个同时设置 TimeoutStartSec= 与 TimeoutStopSec= 的快捷方式。 1RuntimeMaxSec= 允许服务持续运行的最大时长。 如果服务持续运行超过了此处限制的时长，那么该服务将会被强制终止，同时将该服务变为失败(failed)状态。 注意，此选项对 Type=oneshot 类型的服务无效，因为它们会在启动完成后立即终止。 默认值为 “infinity” (不限时长)。 1Restart= 当服务进程 正常退出、异常退出、被杀死、超时的时候， 是否重新启动该服务。 所谓”服务进程” 是指 ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=, ExecStop=, ExecStopPost=, ExecReload= 中设置的进程。 当进程是由于 systemd 的正常操作(例如 systemctl stop|restart)而被停止时， 该服务不会被重新启动。 所谓”超时”可以是看门狗的”keep-alive ping”超时， 也可以是 systemctl start|reload|stop 操作超时。 该选项的值可以取 no, on-success, on-failure, on-abnormal, on-watchdog, on-abort, always 之一。 no(默认值) 表示不会被重启。 always 表示会被无条件的重启。 on-success 表示仅在服务进程正常退出时重启， 所谓”正常退出”是指：退出码为”0”， 或者进程收到 SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGPIPE 信号之一， 并且 退出码符合 SuccessExitStatus= 的设置。 on-failure 表示 仅在服务进程异常退出时重启， 所谓”异常退出” 是指： 退出码不为”0”， 或者 进程被强制杀死(包括 “core dump”以及收到 SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGPIPE 之外的其他信号)， 或者进程由于 看门狗超时 或者 systemd 的操作超时 而被杀死。 表 2. Restart= 的设置分别对应于哪些退出原因 退出原因(↓) Restart= (→) no always on-success on-failure on-abnormal on-abort on-watchdog 正常退出 √ √ 退出码不为”0” √ √ 进程被强制杀死 √ √ √ √ systemd 操作超时 √ √ √ 看门狗超时 √ √ √ √ 注意如下例外情况： (1) RestartPreventExitStatus= 中列出的退出码或信号永远不会导致该服务被重启。(2) 被 systemctl stop 命令或等价的操作停止的服务永远不会被重启。(3) RestartForceExitStatus= 中列出的退出码或信号将会无条件的导致该服务被重启。 注意，服务的重启频率仍然会受到由 StartLimitIntervalSec= 与 StartLimitBurst= 定义的启动频率的制约。只有在达到启动频率限制之后， 重新启动的服务才会进入失败状态。 对于需要长期持续运行的守护进程， 推荐设为 on-failure 以增强可用性。 对于自身可以自主选择何时退出的服务， 推荐设为 on-abnormal 1SuccessExitStatus= 额外定义其他的进程”正常退出”状态。 也就是，在退出码”0”、以及表示”正常退出”的 SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGPIPE 信号之外， 再额外添加一组表示”正常退出”的退出码或信号。 可以设为一系列 以空格分隔的数字退出码或者信号名称， 例如：SuccessExitStatus=1 2 8 SIGKILL 表示当进程的退出码是 1, 2, 8 或被 SIGKILL 信号终止时， 都可以视为”正常退出”。 如果多次使用此选项， 那么最终的结果将是多个列表的合并。 如果将此选项设为空， 那么先前设置的列表 将被清空。 1RestartPreventExitStatus= 可以设为一系列 以空格分隔的数字退出码或信号名称， 当进程的退出码或收到的信号与此处的设置匹配时， 无论 Restart= 选项 是如何设置的， 该服务都将无条件的禁止重新启动。 例如：RestartPreventExitStatus=1 6 SIGABRT 可以确保退出码 1, 6 与 SIGABRT 信号 不会导致该服务被自动重启。 默认值为空， 表示完全遵守 Restart= 的设置。 如果多次使用此选项，那么最终的结果将是多个列表的合并。 如果将此选项设为空，那么先前设置的列表将被清空。 命令行主要说明 ExecStart=, ExecStartPre=, ExecStartPost=, ExecReload=, ExecStop=, ExecStopPost= 选项的命令行解析规则。 如果要一次设置多个命令，那么可以使用分号 ; 将多个命令行连接起来。 注意，仅在设置了 Type=oneshot 的前提下，才可以一次设置多个命令。 分号自身必须用 \; 表示。 每个命令行的内部都以空格分隔， 第一项是要运行的命令， 随后的各项则是命令的参数。 每一项的边界都可以用单引号或双引号界定， 但引号自身最终将会被剥离。 还可以使用C语言风格的转义序列， 但仅可使用下文表格中的转义序列。 最后，行尾的反斜杠( \ ) 将被视作续行符(借鉴了 bash 续行语法)。 命令行的语法刻意借鉴了 shell 中的转义字符与变量展开语法， 但两者并不完全相同。 特别是， 重定向(&lt;, &lt;&lt;, &gt;, &gt;&gt;)、 管道(|)、 后台运行(&amp;)， 以及其他下文未明确提及的符号都不被支持。 要运行的命令(第一项)可以包含空格，但是不能包含控制字符。 可以在各项命令参数中使用 “%” 占位符系列替换标记。 支持 ${FOO} 与 $FOO 两种不同的环境变量替换方式。 具体说来就是： ${FOO} 的内容将原封不动的转化为一个单独的命令行参数， 无论其中是否包含空格与引号，也无论它是否为空。 $FOO 的内容将被原封不动的插入命令行中， 但对插入内容的解释却遵守一般的命令行解析规则。 后文的两个例子， 将能清晰的体现两者的差别。 如果要运行的命令(第一项)不是一个绝对路径， 那么将会在编译时设定的可执行文件搜索目录中查找。 因为默认包括 /usr/local/bin/, /usr/bin/, /bin/, /usr/local/sbin/, /usr/sbin/, /sbin/ 目录， 所以可以安全的直接使用”标准目录”中的可执行程序名称(没必要再使用绝对路径)， 而对于非标准目录中的可执行程序，则必须使用绝对路径。建议始终使用绝对路径以避免歧义。 例(1)： 12Environment="ONE=one" 'TWO=two two'ExecStart=echo $ONE $TWO $&#123;TWO&#125; 这将给 /bin/echo 命令依次传递如下四个参数: “one”, “two”, “two”, “two two” 例(2)： 123Environment=ONE='one' "TWO='two two' too" THREE=ExecStart=/bin/echo $&#123;ONE&#125; $&#123;TWO&#125; $&#123;THREE&#125;ExecStart=/bin/echo $ONE $TWO $THREE 这将导致/bin/echo 被执行两次。 第一次被依次传递如下三个参数： “‘one’”, “‘two two’ too”, “” ； 第二次被依次传递如下三个参数： “one”, “two two”, “too” 。 此外，如果想要传递美元符号$自身， 则必须使用 $$ 。 而那些无法在替换时确定内容的变量将被当做空字符串。 注意，不可以在第一项(也就是命令的绝对路径)中使用变量替换。 注意，这里使用的变量必须已经在 Environment= 或 EnvironmentFile= 中定义。 此外，在 systemd.exec(5) 手册的”环境变量”小节中列出的”静态变量”也可以使用。 例如 $USER 就是一个”静态变量”， 而 $TERM 则不是。 注意， 这里的命令行并不直接支持 shell 命令， 但是可以通过模仿下面这个变通的方法来实现： 1ExecStart=sh -c 'dmesg | tac' 例一 1ExecStart=echo one ; echo "two two" 这将导致 echo 被执行两次。 第一次被传递了单独一个 “one” 参数； 第二次被传递了单独一个 “two two” 参数。 因为一次设置了多个命令，所以仅能用于 Type=oneshot 类型。 例二 12ExecStart=echo / &gt;/dev/null &amp; \; \ls 这表示向 echo 命令传递五个参数： /, &gt;/dev/null, &amp;, ;, ls 可以在命令行与环境变量中使用的C语言风格的转义符 转义符 实际含义 \a 响铃 \b 退格 \f 换页 \n 换行 \r 回车 \t 制表符 \v 纵向制表符 \\ 反斜线 \&quot; 双引号 \&#39; 单引号 \s 空白 \xxx 十六进制数 xx 所对应的字符 \nnn 八进制数 nnn 所对应的字符 例子简单服务 下面是一个 metricbeat 守护进程的服务范例，未设置 Type= 等价于 Type=simple 默认设置。 systemd 执行守护进程之后， 即认为该单元已经启动成功。 123456789101112131415[Unit]Description=Metricbeat is a lightweight shipper for metrics.Documentation=https://www.elastic.co/products/beats/metricbeatWants=network-online.targetAfter=network-online.target[Service]Environment="BEAT_LOG_OPTS=-e"Environment="BEAT_CONFIG_OPTS=-c /etc/metricbeat/metricbeat.yml"Environment="BEAT_PATH_OPTS=-path.home /usr/share/metricbeat -path.config /etc/metricbeat -path.data /var/lib/metricbeat -path.logs /var/log/metricbeat"ExecStart=/usr/share/metricbeat/bin/metricbeat $BEAT_LOG_OPTS $BEAT_CONFIG_OPTS $BEAT_PATH_OPTSRestart=always[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 注意，本例中的 /usr/share/metricbeat/bin/metricbeat 必须在启动后持续运行到服务被停止。 如果该进程只是为了派生守护进程，那么应该使用 Type=forking 因为没有设置 ExecStop= 选项， 所以在停止服务时，systemd 将会直接向该服务启动的所有进程发送 SIGTERM 信号。 若超过指定时间依然存在未被杀死的进程，那么将会继续发送 SIGKILL 信号。 默认的 Type=simple 并不包含任何通知机制(例如通知”服务启动成功”)。 要想使用通知机制，应该将 Type= 设为其他非默认值： Type=notify 可用于能够理解 systemd 通知协议的服务； Type=forking 可用于能将自身切换到后台的服务； Type=dbus 可用于能够在完成初始化之后 获得一个 D-Bus 名称的单元。 一次性服务 Type=oneshot 用于那些只需要执行一次性动作而不需要持久运行的单元， 例如文件系统检查或者清理临时文件。 此类单元， 将会在启动后一直等待指定的动作完成， 然后再回到停止状态。 下面是一个执行清理动作的单元： 123456789[Unit]Description=清理老旧的 Foo 数据[Service]Type=oneshotExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-cleanup[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 注意，在 /usr/sbin/foo-cleanup 执行结束前， 该服务一直处于”启动中”(activating)状态，而一旦执行结束，该服务又立即变为”停止”(inactive)状态。 也就是说，对于 Type=oneshot 类型的服务，不存在”活动”(active)状态。 这意味着，如果再一次启动该服务，将会再一次执行该服务定义的动作。 注意，在先后顺序上晚于该服务的单元， 将会一直等到该服务变成”停止”(inactive)状态后， 才会开始启动。 Type=oneshot 是唯一可以设置多个 ExecStart= 指令的服务类型。 多个 ExecStart= 指令将按照它们出现的顺序依次执行， 一旦遇到错误，就会立即停止，不再继续执行， 同时该服务也将进入”失败”(failed)状态。 可停止的一次性服务 有时候， 单元需要执行一个程序以完成某个设置(启动)， 然后又需要再执行另一个程序以撤消先前的设置(停止)， 而在设置持续有效的时段中，该单元应该视为处于”活动”(active)状态， 但实际上并无任何程序在持续运行。 网络配置服务就是一个典型的例子。 此外，只能启动一次(不可多次启动)的一次性服务， 也是一个例子。 可以通过设置 RemainAfterExit=yes 来满足这种需求。 在这种情况下，systemd 将会在启动成功后将该单元视为处于”活动”(active)状态(而不是”停止”(inactive)状态)。 RemainAfterExit=yes 虽然可以用于所有 Type= 类型， 但是在实践中主要用于 Type=oneshot 和 Type=simple 类型。 对于 Type=oneshot 类型， systemd 一直等到服务启动成功之后，才会将该服务置于”活动”(active)状态。 所以，依赖于该服务的其他单元必须等待该服务启动成功之后，才能启动。 但是对于 Type=simple 类型， 依赖于该服务的其他单元无需等待， 将会和该服务同时并行启动。 下面的类似展示了一个简单的静态防火墙服务： 1234567891011[Unit]Description=简单的静态防火墙[Service]Type=oneshotRemainAfterExit=yesExecStart=/usr/local/sbin/simple-firewall-startExecStop=/usr/local/sbin/simple-firewall-stop[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 因为服务启动成功后一直处于”活动”(active)状态， 所以再次执行 systemctl start 命令不会有任何效果。 传统的服务 多数传统的守护进程(服务)在启动时会转入后台运行。 systemd 通过 Type=forking 来支持这种工作方式。 对于这种类型的服务，如果最初启动的进程尚未退出， 那么该单元将依然处于”启动中”(activating)状态。 当最初的进程成功退出， 并且至少有一个进程仍然在运行(并且 RemainAfterExit=no)， 该服务才会被视为处于”活动”(active)状态。 对于单进程的传统服务，当最初的进程成功退出后， 将会只剩单独一个进程仍然在持续运行， systemd 将会把这个唯一剩余的进程视为该服务的主进程。 仅在这种情况下，才将可以在 ExecReload=, ExecStop=… 之类的选项中使用 $MAINPID 变量。 对于多进程的传统服务，当最初的进程成功退出后，将会剩余多个进程在持续运行， 因此，systemd 无法确定哪一个进程才是该服务的主进程。 在这种情况下，不可以使用 $MAINPID 变量。 然而，如果主进程会创建传统的PID文件， 那么应该将 PIDFile= 设为此PID文件的绝对路径， 以帮助 systemd 从该PID文件中读取主进程的PID，从而帮助确定该服务的主进程。 注意，守护进程必须在完成初始化之前写入PID文件， 否则可能会导致 systemd 读取失败 (读取时文件不存在)。 下面是 named 单进程传统服务的示例： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223[Unit]Description=Berkeley Internet Name Domain (DNS)Wants=nss-lookup.targetWants=named-setup-rndc.serviceBefore=nss-lookup.targetAfter=network.targetAfter=named-setup-rndc.service[Service]Type=forkingPIDFile=/run/named/named.pidEnvironment=NAMEDCONF=/etc/named.confExecStartPre=/bin/bash -c 'if [ ! "$DISABLE_ZONE_CHECKING" == "yes" ]; then /usr/sbin/named-checkconf -z "$NAMEDCONF"; else echo "Checking of zone files is disabled"; fi'ExecStart=/usr/sbin/named -u named -c $&#123;NAMEDCONF&#125; $OPTIONSExecReload=/bin/sh -c '/usr/sbin/rndc reload &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 || /bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID'ExecStop=/bin/sh -c '/usr/sbin/rndc stop &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 || /bin/kill -TERM $MAINPID'PrivateTmp=true[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 下面是 nginx 单进程传统服务的示例： 123456789101112131415161718192021[Unit]Description=The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy serverAfter=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target[Service]Type=forkingPIDFile=/run/nginx.pid# Nginx will fail to start if /run/nginx.pid already exists but has the wrong# SELinux context. This might happen when running `nginx -t` from the cmdline.# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1268621ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pidExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -tExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginxExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPIDKillSignal=SIGQUITTimeoutStopSec=5KillMode=processPrivateTmp=true[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 服务上下文配置相关1WorkingDirectory= 设置进程的工作目录。 既可以设为特殊值 ~ 表示 User= 用户的家目录，也可以设为一个以 RootDirectory= 为基准的绝对路径。 例如当 RootDirectory=/sysroot 并且 WorkingDirectory=/work/dir 时，实际的工作目录将是 /sysroot/work/dir 。 当 systemd 作为系统实例运行时，此选项的默认值是 / ； 当 systemd 作为用户实例运行时，此选项的默认值是对应用户的家目录。 如果给目录加上 - 前缀，那么表示即使此目录不存在，也不算致命错误。 如果未设置 RootDirectory=/RootImage= 选项，那么为 WorkingDirectory= 设置的绝对路径将以主机(或容器)的根目录(也就是运行 systemd 的系统根目录)为基准。 注意，设置此选项将会导致自动添加额外的依赖关系(见上文)。 1RootDirectory= 此选项仅可用于系统单元(不适用于用户单元)。 设置以 chroot 方式执行进程时的根目录。 必须设为一个以主机(或容器)的根目录(也就是运行 systemd 的系统根目录)为基准的绝对路径。 如果设置了此选项，必须确保进程及其辅助文件在 chroot() 监狱中确实可用。 注意，设置此选项将会导致自动添加额外的依赖关系(见上文)。 1RootImage= 可设为一个块设备节点或者一个普通文件。 此设置的含义与 RootDirectory= 相同，不同之处在于是从块设备或回环文件挂载一个文件系统(而不是直接使用一个现成的目录)。 需要注意的是，块设备或回环文件中必须包含合法的文件系统，同时还需要满足以下条件之一：(1) 不包含任何分区表；(2) 仅包含单独一个 Linux 能够识别的 MBR/MS-DOS 或 GPT 分区；(3) 包含一组完全遵守 Discoverable Partitions Specification 规范的 GPT 分区。 1Environment= 设置进程的环境变量， 接受一个空格分隔的 VAR=VALUE 列表。 可以多次使用此选项以增加新的变量或者修改已有的变量(同一个变量以最后一次设置为准)。 设为空表示清空先前所有已设置的变量。 注意：(1) 不会在字符串内部进行变量展开(也就是$ 没有特殊含义)；(2) 如果值中包含空格或者等号，那么必须在字符串两边使用双引号&quot;界定。 例如：Environment=&quot;VAR1=word1 word2&quot; VAR2=word3 &quot;VAR3=$word 5 6&quot;设置了 VAR1, VAR2, VAR3 三个变量，其值分别为 word1 word2, word3, $word 5 6 注意，不要使用环境变量向单元中的进程传递机密信息(例如密码与口令之类)。 一方面，环境变量会通过 D-Bus IPC 暴露给其他非特权客户端； 另一方面，环境变量在概念上也不属于需要保护的机密数据。 此外，因为环境变量能够沿进程树传播，并且能够跨越安全边界(例如 setuid/setgid 程序)， 所以可能会将机密数据泄漏给不应访问的进程。 1EnvironmentFile= 与 Environment= 类似，不同之处在于此选项是从文本文件中读取环境变量的设置。 文件中的空行以及以分号;或井号#开头的行会被忽略， 其他行的格式必须符合 VAR=VALUE 的shell变量赋值语法。 行尾的反斜杠\将被视为续行符，这与 shell 语法类似。 若想在变量值中包含空格， 则必须在值的两端加上双引号&quot;界定。 文件必须用绝对路径表示(可以包含通配符)。 但可在路径前加上 - 前缀表示忽略不存在的文件。 可以多次使用此选项，以从多个不同的文件中读取设置。 若设为空，则表示清空所有先前已经从文件中读取的环境变量。 这里列出的文件将在进程启动前的瞬间被读取， 因此可以由前一个单元生成配置文件， 再由后一个单元去读取它。 从文件中读取的环境变量会覆盖 Environment= 中设置的同名变量。 文件的读取顺序就是它们出现在单元文件中的顺序， 并且对于同一个变量，以最后读取的文件中的设置为准。 1PassEnvironment= 将某些 systemd 系统服务管理器进程(PID=1)所持有的环境变量传递给该单元中的进程。 接受一个空格分隔的变量名列表。可以多次使用此选项以传递更多变量。 若设为空，则表示清空先前已设置的所有变量。 如果此处设置的变量并不是系统服务管理器进程(PID=1)所持有的环境变量，那么将会被悄无声息的忽略掉。 注意，此选项仅可用于传递PID=1的 systemd 系统服务管理器进程所持有的环境变量， 因为系统服务单元默认并不自动继承PID=1进程所持有的环境变量。 又因为用户服务单元默认就会自动继承PID≠1的 systemd 用户服务管理器进程的所有环境变量， 所以此选项对于用户服务管理器没有意义。 注意，通过此选项传递过来的环境变量的值会被 Environment= 或 EnvironmentFile= 选项中的同名变量所覆盖。例如：PassEnvironment=VAR1 VAR2 VAR3 传递了 “VAR1”, “VAR2”, “VAR3” 三个变量，其值等于PID=1进程所持有的值。 12User=Group= 设置进程在执行时使用的用户与组。 既可以设为一个数字形式的 UID/GID 也可以设为一个字符串形式的名称。 对于系统服务(由 PID=1 的 systemd 系统实例管理)以及由 root 运行的用户服务(由 root 用户启动的 systemd –user 用户实例管理)， User= 的默认值是 “root” ，同时亦可明确将 User= 设为其他用户。 对于普通用户运行的用户服务，User= 的默认值就是该用户自身，并且禁止将 User= 切换为其他用户。 如果没有明确设置 Group= 选项，则使用 User= 所属的默认组。 此选项不影响 带有 “+” 前缀的命令。 注意， 为了避免歧义以及确保在不同 Linux 系统之间的兼容性， 用户与组的名称必须满足以下规则： (1) 仅可包含 a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _, - 字符；(2) 首字母只能是 a-z, A-Z, _ 之一(也就是禁止使用数字与 “-“ 字符)；(3) 字符串长度必须介于 1~31 之间。 注意：如果在 ExecStart、ExecStop 等属性中使用了 Linux 命令，则必须要写出完整的绝对路径。对于 ExecStartPre 和 ExecStartPost 辅助命令，若前面有个 “-” 符号，表示忽略这些命令的出错。因为有些 “辅助” 命令本来就不一定成功，比如尝试清空一个文件，但文件可能不存在。 Unit 文件占位符和模板Unit 文件占位符在 Unit 文件中，有时会需要使用到一些与运行环境有关的信息，例如节点 ID、运行服务的用户等。这些信息可以使用占位符来表示，然后在实际运行被动态地替换实际的值。 %n：完整的 Unit 文件名字，包括 .service 后缀名 %p：Unit 模板文件名中 @ 符号之前的部分，不包括 @ 符号 %i：Unit 模板文件名中 @ 符号之后的部分，不包括 @ 符号和 .service 后缀名 %t：存放系统运行文件的目录，通常是 “run” %u：运行服务的用户，如果 Unit 文件中没有指定，则默认为 root %U：运行服务的用户 ID %h：运行服务的用户 Home 目录，即 %{HOME} 环境变量的值 %s：运行服务的用户默认 Shell 类型，即 %{SHELL} 环境变量的值 %m：实际运行节点的 Machine ID，对于运行位置每个的服务比较有用 %b：Boot ID，这是一个随机数，每个节点各不相同，并且每次节点重启时都会改变 %H：实际运行节点的主机名 %v：内核版本，即 “uname -r” 命令输出的内容 %%：在 Unit 模板文件中表示一个普通的百分号 Unit 模板在现实中，往往有一些应用需要被复制多份运行。例如，用于同一个负载均衡器分流的多个服务实例，或者为每个 SSH 连接建立一个独立的 sshd 服务进程。 Unit 模板文件的写法与普通的服务 Unit 文件基本相同，不过 Unit 模板的文件名是以 @ 符号结尾的。通过模板启动服务实例时，需要在其文件名的 @ 字符后面附加一个参数字符串。 示例：apache@.service apache@.service 模板1234567891011121314151617[Unit]Description=My Advanced Service TemplateAfter=etcd.service docker.service[Service]TimeoutStartSec=0ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/docker kill apache%iExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/docker rm apache%iExecStartPre=/usr/bin/docker pull coreos/apacheExecStart=/usr/bin/docker run --name apache%i -p %i:80 coreos/apache /usr/sbin/apache2ctl -D FOREGROUNDExecStartPost=/usr/bin/etcdctl set /domains/example.com/%H:%i runningExecStop=/usr/bin/docker stop apache1ExecStopPost=/usr/bin/docker rm apache1ExecStopPost=/usr/bin/etcdctl rm /domains/example.com/%H:%i[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 启动 Unit 模板的服务实例在服务启动时需要在 @ 后面放置一个用于区分服务实例的附加字符参数，通常这个参数用于监控的端口号或控制台 TTY 编译号。 1# systemctl start apache@8080.service Systemd 在运行服务时，总是会先尝试找到一个完整匹配的 Unit 文件，如果没有找到，才会尝试选择匹配模板。例如上面的命令，System 首先会在约定的目录下寻找名为 `apache@8080.service的文件，如果没有找到，而文件名中包含@字符，它就会尝试去掉后缀参数匹配模板文件。对于apache@8080.service，systemd 会找到apache@.service` 模板文件，并通过这个模板文件将服务实例化。 例子允许单元被启用下面这个 foo.service 单元中的 [Install] 小节表明该单元可以通过 systemctl enable 命令启用。 12345678[Unit]Description=Foo[Service]ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-daemon[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 执行 systemctl enable 启用命令之后， 将会建立一个指向该单元文件的软链接 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/foo.service ， 表示将 foo.service 包含到 multi-user.target 目标中， 这样，当启动 multi-user.target 目标时， 将会自动起动 foo.service 服务。 同时，systemctl disable 命令 将会删除这个软连接。 覆盖软件包的默认设置以例如 foo.type 这样的系统单元为例， 有两种修改单元文件的方法： (1) 将单元文件从 /usr/lib/systemd/system 目录复制到 /etc/systemd/system 目录中， 然后直接修改复制后的副本。 (2) 创建 /etc/systemd/system/foo.type.d/ 目录， 并在其中创建一些 name.conf 文件， 然后仅针对性的修改某些个别选项。 第一种方法的优点是易于修改整个单元， 因为原有的单元文件会被完全忽略。 但此种方法的缺点是， 当原有的单元文件被更新时， 变更不能在修改后的副本上自动体现出来。 第二种方法的优点是仅需修改个别选项， 并且原有单元文件的更新能够自动生效。 因为 .conf 文件只会按照其文件名的字典顺序，被依次追加到原有单元文件的尾部。 但此种方法的缺点是原有单元文件的更新有可能导致与 .conf 文件中的设置不兼容。 这同样适用于 systemd 用户实例， 只是用户单元文件的文件系统位置不同而已。 下面是一个实例，假定原有的单元文件 /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service 包含以下内容： 12345678910111213[Unit]Description=Some HTTP serverAfter=remote-fs.target sqldb.serviceRequires=sqldb.serviceAssertPathExists=/srv/webserver[Service]Type=notifyExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-serverNice=5[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 假定系统管理员想要修改几个设置： (1) 本地并不存在 /srv/webserver 目录，需要修改为 /srv/www 目录。(2) 让此服务依赖于本地已经存在的 memcached.service 服务(Requires=)， 且在其后启动(After=)。(3) 为了加固此服务， 添加一个 PrivateTmp= 设置(参见 systemd.exec(5) 手册)。(4) 将此服务的进程谦让值重置为默认值”0”。 第一种方法，将原有的单元文件复制到 /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service 并做相应的修改： 1234567891011121314[Unit]Description=Some HTTP serverAfter=remote-fs.target sqldb.service memcached.serviceRequires=sqldb.service memcached.serviceAssertPathExists=/srv/www[Service]Type=notifyExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-serverNice=0PrivateTmp=yes[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target 第二种方法， 创建配置片段 /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/local.conf 并在其中填入如下内容： 12345678910[Unit]After=memcached.serviceRequires=memcached.service# 重置所有断言，接着重新加入想要的条件AssertPathExists=AssertPathExists=/srv/www[Service]Nice=0PrivateTmp=yes 注意， 对于单元配置片段， 如果想要移除列表选项(例如 AssertPathExists= 或 ExecStart=)中的某些项， 那么必须首先清空列表(设为空)，然后才能添加(剔除掉某些项之后)剩余的列表项。 注意，因为依赖关系列表(After= 之类)不能被重置为空，所以：(1) 在配置片段(.conf)中只能添加依赖关系；(2) 如果你想移除现有的依赖关系，并重新设定， 那么只能用第一种方法(先复制，然后直接修改复制后的副本)。 使用 systemctl 命令管理 systemd 资源电源管理主要涉及关机、系统重启、急救模式等 1234567891011121314151617181920systemctl reboot # 重启systemctl poweroff # 关机systemctl halt # 关机systemctl suspend # 挂起，处于待机状态，这将会存储系统状态到内存中，如果关机则会导致数据丢失systemctl hibernate # 休眠，这将会创建系统快照systemctl hybrid-sleep# 创建快照并挂起systemctl rescue # 切换至修复模式systemctl emergency # 进入紧急救援模式，比rescue更彻底，rescue模式在启动时仅仅是大多数服务没启动，但驱动可以加载。# 而 emergency 则是驱动也不加载，系统也不做初始化，服务也不会启动，systemctl default # 切换至系统的默认模式 分析系统状态主要用来查看系统中纳入systemd管理的服务的状态 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829systemctl status # 系统状态systemctl list-units # 所有激活单元列表systemctl --failed # 运行失败单元列表# 列出所有配置文件systemctl list-unit-files# 列出指定类型的配置文件systemctl list-unit-files --type=service# 系统启动时间统计systemd-analyze # 查看所有服务启动时间列表，blame 就能看出，这是要等一个背锅位systemd-analyze blame # 显示瀑布状的启动过程流，如下所示systemd-analyze critical-chain# multi-user.target @1min 31.548s# └─getty.target @1min 31.546s# └─getty@tty1.service @1min 31.546s# └─rc-local.service @1min 20.105s +11.398s# └─network-online.target @1min 20.104s# └─network.target @1min 20.057s# 显示指定服务的启动流systemd-analyze critical-chain sshd.service Unit 管理查看当前系统的所有 Unit 1234567891011121314151617# 列出正在运行的 Unitsystemctl list-units# 列出所有Unit，包括没有找到配置文件的或者启动失败的systemctl list-units --all# 列出所有没有运行的 Unitsystemctl list-units --all --state=inactive# 列出所有加载失败的 Unitsystemctl list-units --failed# 列出所有正在运行的、类型为 service 的 Unitsystemctl list-units --type=service# 查看 Unit 配置文件的内容systemctl cat docker.service 查看 Unit 的依赖关系12345# 列出一个 Unit 的所有依赖，默认不会列出 target 类型systemctl list-dependencies nginx.service# 列出一个 Unit 的所有依赖，包括 target 类型systemctl list-dependencies --all nginx.service 查看 Unit 的状态12345678# 显示系统状态systemctl status# 显示单个 Unit 的状态systemctl status bluetooth.service# 显示远程主机的某个 Unit 的状态systemctl -H root@rhel7.example.com status httpd.service 输出信息说明： 在彩色终端上，前导点(“●”)使用不同的颜色来标记单元的不同状态。 白色表示 “inactive” 或 “deactivating” 状态； 红色表示 “failed” 或 “error” 状态； 绿色表示 “active” 或 “reloading” 或 “activating” 状态。 以”Loaded:”开头的行显示了单元的加载状态： “loaded” 表示已经被载到内存中； “error” 表示加载失败； “not-found” 表示未找到单元文件； “bad-setting” 表示无法解析单元文件中的关键设置； “masked” 表示已被屏蔽。 同时还包含了单元文件的路径、开机自启状态、预设的启用状态。 以”Active:”开头的行显示了单元的启动状态： “active” 表示已启动成功； “inactive” 表示尚未启动； “activating” 表示正在启动中； “deactivating” 表示正在停止中； “failed” 表示启动失败(崩溃、超时、退出码不为零……)。 对于启动失败的单元，将会在日志中记录下导致启动失败的原因， 以方便事后查找故障原因。 服务的管理查看系统中的所有服务。 1systemctl list-units --type service --all 查看服务的运行状态。 1systemctl status apache.service 查看服务当前激活与否的状态。 1systemctl is-active apache.service 立即启动一个服务，这会依次启动定义在 Unit 文件中的 ExecStartPre、ExecStart 和 ExecStartPost 命令。 1systemctl start apache.service 立即停止一个服务，这会依次停止定义在 Unit 文件中的 ExecStopPre、ExecStop 和 ExecStopPost 命令。 1systemctl stop apache.service 重启一个服务。 1systemctl restart apache.service 条件式重启，如果某个服务在此前已经启动了才把它重启，如果服务没有启动，就不做任何操作。 1systemctl try-restart apache.service 重载或重启服务。 1systemctl reload-or-restart name.service 重载或条件式重启服务。 12345678systemctl reload-or-try-restart name.service``` 将服务设置为开机自启，这会在 `/etc/systemd/system/` 建立服务的符号链接，指向 `/usr/lib/systemd/system/` 中。同时使用 `--now` 则在设置开机自启时立即启动服务。``` bashsystemctl enable apache.servicesystemctl enable --now apache.service 将服务取消设置开机自启，这会删除在 /etc/systemd/system/ 建立服务的指向 /usr/lib/systemd/system/ 中的符号链接。同时使用 --now 则在取消设置开机自启时立即停止服务。 1systemctl enable apache.service 将服务重新设置为开机自启，先 disable 再 enable 。 1systemctl reenable 查看服务是否设置了开机自启。 1systemctl is-enabled apache.service 查看所有服务的开机自启状态。 1systemctl list-unit-files --type service 禁止设定为开机自启，此操作将会把 unit 链接至 /dev/null ，使得它们不可能被启动，这是 disable 的加强版。 1systemctl mask apache.services 取消禁止设定为开机自启 1systemctl unmask apache.service systemd 会将 Unit 文件的内容写到缓存中，因此当 Unit 文件被更新时，需要告诉 Systemd 重新读取所有的 Unit 文件 12# 重载所有修改过的配置文件systemctl daemon-reload 在删除 Unit 文件后，由于缓存的关系，即使通过 daemon-reload 更新了缓存，在 list-units 中依然会显示标记为 not-found 的 Unit，使用 reset-failed 可解决这个问题 12# 移除的 unit 标记为丢失的systemctl reset-failed 1234567891011121314# 杀死一个服务的所有子进程systemctl kill apache.service# 重新加载一个服务的配置文件systemctl reload apache.service# 显示某个 Unit 的所有底层参数systemctl show httpd.service# 显示某个 Unit 的指定属性的值systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service# 设置某个 Unit 的指定属性systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=500 Target 管理Target 就是一个 Unit 组，包含许多相关的 Unit 。启动某个 Target 的时候，Systemd 就会启动里面所有的 Unit。 在传统的 SysV-init 启动模式里面，有 RunLevel 的概念，跟 Target 的作用很类似。不同的是，RunLevel 是互斥的，不可能多个 RunLevel 同时启动，但是多个 Target 可以同时启动。 1234567891011121314# 查看当前系统的所有 Targetsystemctl list-unit-files --type=target# 查看一个 Target 包含的所有 Unitsystemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target# 查看启动时的默认 Targetsystemctl get-default# 设置启动时的默认 Targetsystemctl set-default multi-user.target# 切换 Target 时，默认不关闭前一个 Target 启动的进程，systemctl isolate 命令会改变这种行为，关闭前一个 Target 里面所有不属于后一个 Target 的进程systemctl isolate multi-user.target Target 与 SysV-init 进程的主要区别： 默认的 RunLevel（在 /etc/inittab 文件设置）现在被默认的 Target 取代，位置是 /etc/systemd/system/default.target，通常符号链接到 graphical.target（图形界面）或者multi-user.target（多用户命令行）。 启动脚本的位置，以前是/etc/init.d 目录，符号链接到不同的 RunLevel 目录 （比如 /etc/rc3.d、/etc/rc5.d 等），现在则存放在 /lib/systemd/system 和 /etc/systemd/system 目录。 配置文件的位置，以前 init 进程的配置文件是 /etc/inittab，各种服务的配置文件存放在 /etc/sysconfig 目录。现在的配置文件主要存放在 /lib/systemd 目录，在 /etc/systemd 目录里面的修改可以覆盖原始设置。 使用 journalctl 命令管理 systemd 日志Systemd 通过其标准日志服务 Journald 提供的配套程序 journalctl 将其管理的所有后台进程打印到 stdout（即控制台）的输出重定向到了日志文件。 Systemd 的日志文件是二进制格式的，必须使用 Journald 提供的 journalctl 来查看，默认不带任何参数时会输出系统和所有后台进程的混合日志。 默认日志最大限制为所在文件系统容量的 10%，可以修改 /etc/systemd/journald.conf 中的 SystemMaxUse 来指定该最大限制。 选项说明journalctl：不加任何参数，则查看所有日志（默认情况下 ，只保存本次启动的日志） 1journalctl -f, --follow：只显示最新的日志项， 并且不断显示新生成的日志项。 此选项隐含了 -n 选项。 12# 实时滚动显示某个 Unit 的最新日志journalctl -u nginx.service -f -e, --pager-end 在分页工具内立即跳转到日志的尾部。 此选项隐含了 -n1000 以确保分页工具不必缓存太多的日志行。 不过这个隐含的行数可以被明确设置的 -n 选项覆盖。 注意，此选项仅可用于 less 分页器。 -n, --lines=：显示尾部的最新 x 行日志，此选项的参数：若为正整数则表示最大行数； 若为 “all” 则表示不限制行数； 若不设参数则表示默认值10行。 1234journalctl -n# 显示尾部指定行数的日志journalctl -n 20 --no-tail：显示所有日志行， 也就是用于撤销已有的 --lines= 选项(即使与 -f 连用)。 -r, --reverse：反转日志行的输出顺序， 也就是将最新的日志显示在前面 1journalctl -r -u crond.service -o, --output=： 控制日志的 输出格式。 可以使用如下选项： short ：这是默认值， 其输出格式与传统的 syslog 文件的格式相似， 每条日志一行。 short-full：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段 按照 --since= 与 --until= 接受的格式显示。 与 short 的不同之处在于， 输出的时间戳中还包含星期、年份、时区信息，并且与系统的本地化设置无关。 short-iso：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段以 ISO 8601 格式 显示。 short-iso-precise：与 short-iso 类似，只是将时间戳字段的秒数精确到了微秒级别(百万分之一秒)。 short-precise：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段的秒数精确到了微秒级别(百万分之一秒)。 short-monotonic：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段的零值 从内核启动时开始计算。 short-unix：与 short 类似，只是将时间戳字段显示为从”UNIX时间原点”(1970-1-1 00:00:00 UTC)以来的秒数。 精确到微秒级别。 verbose：以结构化的格式显示每条日志的所有字段。 export：将日志序列化为二进制字节流 (大部分依然是文本)， 以适用于备份与网络传输(详见 Journal Export Format 文档)。亦可使用 systemd-journal-remote.service(8) 工具将二进制字节流转换为本地 journald 格式。 json：将日志项格式化为 JSON 对象，并用换行符分隔(也就是每条日志一行，详见 Journal JSON Format 文档)。 字段值通常按照 JSON 字符串规范进行编码，但是如下三种情况例外： 大于4096字节的字段将被编码为 null 值(可以使用 --all 选项关闭此特性，但是这样做会导致生成又大又长的 JSON 对象)。 日志中允许存在同名字段，但是在 JSON 对象中不允许。 因此，同名字段的多个值在 JSON 对象中将会被 编码为一个数组。 包含非打印字符或非UTF8字符的字段， 将被编码为包含原始二进制字节的数组(其中的每个字节都视为一个无符号整数)。 注意，这种编码方式是可逆的(存在空间大小的限制)。 json-pretty：将日志项按照JSON数据结构格式化， 但是每个字段一行， 以便于人类阅读。 json-sse：将日志项按照JSON结构格式化，每条日志一行，但是用大括号包围， 以符合 Server-Sent Events 的要求。 json-seq：将日志项按照JSON结构格式化， 同时为每条日志加上一个ASCII记录分隔符(0x1E)前缀以及一个ASCII换行符(0x0A)后缀，以符合 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences (“application/json-seq”) 的要求。 cat：仅显示日志的实际内容， 而不显示与此日志相关的 任何元数据(包括时间戳)。 with-unit：与 short-full 类似， 但是在日志项前缀中使用单元名称代替传统的 syslog 标识。 这对于从模板实例化而来的单元比较有意义， 因为会在单元名称中包含实例化参数。 1234567journalctl -b -o short-full --no-hostname -u sshd.service # 以 JSON 格式（单行）输出journalctl -b -o json -u nginx.service# 以 JSON 格式（多行）输出，可读性更好journalctl -b -o json-pretty -u nginx.service --output-fields=：一个逗号分隔的字段名称列表，表示仅输出列表中的字段。 仅影响默认输出全部字段的输出格式(verbose, export, json, json-pretty, json-sse, json-seq)。注意， &quot;__CURSOR&quot;, &quot;__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP&quot;, &quot;__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP&quot;, &quot;_BOOT_ID&quot; 字段永远输出， 不能被排除。 1journalctl -o json-pretty --no-hostname -u sshd.service --output-fields MESSAGE --utc：以世界统一时间(UTC) 表示时间 --no-hostname：不显示来源于本机的日志消息的主机名字段。 此选项仅对 short 系列输出格式(见上文)有效。 -x, --catalog： 在日志的输出中增加一些解释性的短文本， 以帮助进一步说明 日志的含义、 问题的解决方案、支持论坛、 开发文档、以及其他任何内容。 并非所有日志都有这些额外的帮助文本， 详见 Message Catalog Developer Documentation 文档。 注意，如果要将日志输出用于 bug 报告， 请不要使用此选项。 -q, --quiet：安静模式， 也就是当以普通用户身份运行时， 不显示任何警告信息与提示信息。 例如： “– Logs begin at …”, “– Reboot –” -b：查看系统本次启动的日志（其中包括了内核日志和各类系统服务的控制台输出）：，如果不加参数则表示仅显示本次启动的日志。 1journalctl -b 不过，一般更关心的不是本次启动后的日志，而是上次启动时的（例如刚刚系统崩溃的情况）： 123journalctl -b -0 # 显示本次启动的信息journalctl -b -1 # 显示上次启动的信息journalctl -b -2 # 显示上上次启动的信息 --list-boots： 列出每次启动的序号(也就是相对于本次启动的偏移量)、32字符的ID、 第一条日志的时间戳、最后一条日志的时间戳。 1journactl --list-boots -k, --dmesg：仅显示内核日志(不显示应用日志)。隐含了 -b 选项以及 _TRANSPORT=kernel 匹配项。 1journalctl -k --unit 或 -u：查看指定服务的日志 12journalctl -u docker.servciejournalctl /usr/lib/systemd/systemd -p, --priority=： 根据 日志等级(包括等级范围) 过滤输出结果。 日志等级数字与其名称之间的 对应关系如下： 12345678# 0: emerg# 1: alert# 2: crit# 3: err# 4: warning# 5: notice# 6: info# 7: debug 若设为一个单独的数字或日志等级名称， 则表示仅显示小于或等于此等级的日志(也就是重要程度等于或高于此等级的日志)。 若使用 FROM..TO.. 设置一个范围， 则表示仅显示指定的等级范围内(含两端)的日志。 此选项相当于添加了 “PRIORITY=” 匹配条件。 1234567# 查看指定优先级（及其以上级别）的日志journalctl -p err -b# 只显示错误、冲突和重要告警信息journalctl -p err..alert# 也可以使用数字journalctl -p 3..1 -g, --grep=： 使用指定的正则表达式对 MESSAGE= 字段进行过滤，仅输出匹配的日志项。 必须使用 PERL 兼容的正则表达式。 如果正则表达式中仅含小写字母，那么将自动进行大小写无关的匹配， 否则将使用大小写敏感的匹配。是否大小写敏感可以使用下面的 --case-sensitive 选项强制指定。 --case-sensitive[=BOOLEAN]：是否对正则表达式进行大小写敏感的匹配。 -S, --since=, -U, --until=： 显示晚于指定时间(--since=)的日志、显示早于指定时间(--until=)的日志。 参数的格式类似 “2012-10-30 18:17:16” 这样。 如果省略了”时:分:秒”部分，则相当于设为 “00:00:00” 。 如果仅省略了”秒”的部分则相当于设为 “:00” 。 如果省略了”年-月-日”部分，则相当于设为当前日期。 除了”年-月-日 时:分:秒”格式，参数还可以进行如下设置： (1) 设为 “yesterday”, “today”, “tomorrow” 以表示那一天的零点(00:00:00)。(2) 设为 “now” 以表示当前时间。(3) 可以在”年-月-日 时:分:秒”前加上 “-“(前移) 或 “+”(后移) 前缀以表示相对于当前时间的偏移。--output=short-full 将会严格按照上述格式输出时间戳。 12345journalctl --since="2012-10-30 18:17:16"journalctl --since "20 min ago"journalctl --since yesterdayjournalctl --since "2015-01-10" --until "2015-01-11 03:00"journalctl --since 09:00 --until "1 hour ago" --disk-usage：此选项并不用于显示日志内容， 而是用于显示所有日志文件(归档文件与活动文件)的磁盘占用总量。 12# 显示日志占据的硬盘空间journalctl --disk-usage --vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time=, --vacuum-files=： 这些选项并不用于显示日志内容，而是用于清理过期的日志归档文件(并不清理活动的日志文件)，以释放磁盘空间。 --vacuum-size= 可用于限制归档文件的最大磁盘使用量(可以使用 “K”, “M”, “G”, “T” 后缀)； --vacuum-time= 可用于清除指定时间之前的归档(可以使用 “s”, “m”, “h”, “days”, “weeks”, “months”, “years” 后缀)； --vacuum-files= 可用于限制日志归档文件的最大数量。 注意，--vacuum-size= 对 --disk-usage 的输出仅有间接效果， 因为 --disk-usage 输出的是归档日志与活动日志的总量。 同样，--vacuum-files= 也未必一定会减少日志文件的总数， 因为它同样仅作用于归档文件而不会删除活动的日志文件。 此三个选项可以同时使用， 以同时从三个维度去限制归档文件。 若将某选项设为零， 则表示取消此选项的限制。 此三个选项还可以和 --rotate 一起使用， 表示首先滚动所有日志归档， 然后再执行清理操作。 这样可以确保首先完成所有活动日志的归档， 进而使得清理操作变得非常高效。 12345678# 清理日志使总大小小于 1G（指定日志文件占据的最大空间）journalctl --vacuum-size=1G# 清理最早两周前的日志（指定日志文件保存多久）journalctl --vacuum-time=2weeks# 清理最早一年前的日志journalctl --vacuum-time=1years --no-pager：日志默认分页输出，使用此项后将改为正常的标准输出，而不将程序的输出内容管道(pipe)给分页程序。 1journalctl --no-pager 例子不带任何选项与参数， 表示显示全部日志 1journalctl 显示上一次启动所产生的所有内核日志 1journalctl -k -b -1 合并显示多个 Unit 的日志 1journalctl -u nginx.service -u php-fpm.service --since today 查看指定进程的日志 1journalctl _PID=1 查看指定用户的日志 1journalctl _UID=33 --since today 仅指定一个匹配条件， 显示所有符合该匹配条件的日志 12journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.servicejournalctl _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/user.slice/user-42.slice/session-c1.scope 指定了两个不同字段的匹配条件， 显示同时满足两个匹配条件的日志 1journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 指定了同一个字段的两个不同匹配条件， 显示满足其中任意一个条件的日志 1journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service 使用 “+” 连接 两组匹配条件， 相当于 逻辑”OR”连接 1journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service 要显示由特定单元产生的、关于特定单元的日志， 可使用 -u/--unit= 选项。 journalctl -u name 将被展开为类似于如下过滤器：(参见 systemd.journal-fields(5) 手册以了解对下述日志字段的解释) 1234_SYSTEMD_UNIT=name.service + UNIT=name.service _PID=1 + OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=name.service _UID=0 + COREDUMP_UNIT=name.service _UID=0 MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1 显示所有 D-Bus 进程产生的日志 1journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon 查看某个路径的脚本的日志 1journalctl /usr/bin/bash 错误诊断这个例子中的失败的服务是 nginx.service : 1、通过 systemd 寻找启动失败的服务。 1[root@bongon ~]# systemctl --state failed 或者使用 systemd 日志： 1[root@bongon ~]# journalctl --follow --priority err 2、发现了启动失败的 nginx.service 服务，输出更多信息。 1234567891011121314151617[root@bongon ~]# systemctl status nginx ----------------------------------------------------------● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Tue 2019-11-05 06:48:49 EST; 4s ago Process: 2270 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 2301 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Process: 2299 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 2272 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: [emerg] invalid number of arguments in "proxy_pass" directive in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:60Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failedNov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: nginx.service: Control process exited, code=exited status=1Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: nginx.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon systemd[1]: Failed to start The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server. 3、通过输出信息可以看到执行失败的进程信息： 1Process: 4047 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) 得到 PID 就可以进一步探查错误的详细信息： 1234[root@bongon ~]# journalctl -b _PID=2301-- Logs begin at Tue 2019-11-05 04:06:03 EST, end at Tue 2019-11-05 06:48:49 EST. --Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: [emerg] invalid number of arguments in "proxy_pass" directive in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:60Nov 05 06:48:49 bogon nginx[2301]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed 4、我们发现配置文件不正确，导致 nginx 检查失败。因此根据提示信息在 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 的第 60 行左右检查一下。 1proxy_pass https://192.168.123.3 5、错误原因是这一行的末尾没有加分号(;)。修正后重新启动服务： 123456789101112131415161718192021[root@bogon ~]# systemctl start nginx.service[root@bogon ~]# systemctl status nginx.service● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-11-05 06:55:57 EST; 5s ago Process: 2513 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 2511 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 2510 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 2515 (nginx) Tasks: 3 (limit: 4925) Memory: 28.9M CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service ├─2515 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx ├─2516 nginx: worker process └─2517 nginx: worker processNov 05 06:55:57 bogon systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...Nov 05 06:55:57 bogon nginx[2511]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is okNov 05 06:55:57 bogon nginx[2511]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successfulNov 05 06:55:57 bogon systemd[1]: nginx.service: Failed to parse PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invalid argumentNov 05 06:55:57 bogon systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server. Systemd 工具集 systemctl：用于检查和控制各种系统服务和资源的状态 bootctl：用于查看和管理系统启动分区 hostnamectl：用于查看和修改系统的主机名和主机信息 journalctl：用于查看系统日志和各类应用服务日志 localectl：用于查看和管理系统的地区信息 loginctl：用于管理系统已登录用户和 Session 的信息 machinectl：用于操作 Systemd 容器 timedatectl：用于查看和管理系统的时间和时区信息 systemd-analyze 显示此次系统启动时运行每个服务所消耗的时间，可以用于分析系统启动过程中的性能瓶颈 systemd-ask-password：辅助性工具，用星号屏蔽用户的任意输入，然后返回实际输入的内容 systemd-cat：用于将其他命令的输出重定向到系统日志 systemd-cgls：递归地显示指定 CGroup 的继承链 systemd-cgtop：显示系统当前最耗资源的 CGroup 单元 systemd-escape：辅助性工具，用于去除指定字符串中不能作为 Unit 文件名的字符 systemd-hwdb：Systemd 的内部工具，用于更新硬件数据库 systemd-delta：对比当前系统配置与默认系统配置的差异 systemd-detect-virt：显示主机的虚拟化类型 systemd-inhibit：用于强制延迟或禁止系统的关闭、睡眠和待机事件 systemd-machine-id-setup：Systemd 的内部工具，用于给 Systemd 容器生成 ID systemd-notify：Systemd 的内部工具，用于通知服务的状态变化 systemd-nspawn：用于创建 Systemd 容器 systemd-path：Systemd 的内部工具，用于显示系统上下文中的各种路径配置 systemd-run：用于将任意指定的命令包装成一个临时的后台服务运行 systemd-stdio- bridge：Systemd 的内部 工具，用于将程序的标准输入输出重定向到系统总线 systemd-tmpfiles：Systemd 的内部工具，用于创建和管理临时文件目录 systemd-tty-ask-password-agent：用于响应后台服务进程发出的输入密码请求 参考链接 金步国翻译的 systemctl 中文手册 金步国翻译的 systemd.service 中文手册 金步国翻译的 systemd.exec 中文手册 金步国翻译的 journalctl 中文手册]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Service</tag>
+        <tag>Systemd</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2015%2F10%2F23%2F170127-CentOS7%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E4%B8%8Esystemd%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在开机的过程中，要用到开机管理程序（Bootl Loader）。目前各大主流的 Linux 发行版使用的是 grub2，但是在早期 Linux 预设的是 grub1 或者 LILO。以 Linux 主机为例，按下电源后计算机的硬件会主动读取 BIOS 或 UEFI BIOS 来加载硬件信息以及进行硬件系统的自我检测，之后系统会主动读取第一个可开机的装置（由 BIOS 决定），此时就可以读入开机管理程序了。 开机管理程序可以指定使用哪个内核文件来开机，并实际加载内核到内存当中解压缩与执行， 此时内核就能够开始在内存中活动，并侦测所有硬件信息、加载适当的驱动程序来使整个主机开始运作， 等到内核侦测硬件并加载完驱动程序之后，操作系统就跑起来了。 系统开始运行后，此时 Linux 才会呼叫外部程序开始准备软件执行的环境，并且加载系统运行所需要的软件程序。 最后系统就会开始等待用户的登录和操作了。 简单来说，系统开机的经过可以总结为下面的流程： 首先，加载 BIOS 的硬件信息与进行自我检测，并依据设定取得第一个可开机的装置； 其次，读取并执行第一个开机装置内 MBR 的 Boot Loader (也就是 grub2, spfdisk 等程序)； 然后，根据 Boot Loader 的设定加载 Kernel ，Kernel 会开始侦测硬件并加载驱动程序； 在硬件驱动成功后，Kernel 会主动呼叫 systemd 程序，并以 default.target 流程开机； systemd 执行 sysinit.target 初始化系统及 basic.target 准备操作系统； systemd 启动 multi-user.target 下的各种服务； systemd 执行 multi-user.target 下的 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 文件 systemd 执行 multi-user.target 下的 getty.target 及登入服务； systemd 执行 graphical 需要的服务 下面简单说一下对于每一步操作，具体都做了什么。 BIOS, Boot Loader 与 Kernel 的载入BIOS, 开机自我检测与 MBR/GPT在个人计算机上，要想启动整个操作系统首先就要让机器加载 BIOS (Basic Input Output System)，并通过 BIOS 程序去加载 CMOS 的信息，并且由 CMOS 内的设定值取得主机的各项硬件配置， 例如 CPU 与接口设备的沟通频率、 开机装置的搜寻顺序、硬盘的大小与类型、 系统时间、各周边总线的是否启动 Plug and Play (PnP, 即插即用装置) 、 各接口设备的 I/O 地址、以及与 CPU 沟通的 IRQ 中断等信息。 在取得这些信息后，BIOS 还会进行开机自我检测 (Power-on Self Test, POST) 。 然后开始执行硬件侦测的初始化，并设定 PnP 装置，之后再定义出可开机的装置顺序，接下来就会开始进行开机装置的数据读取了。 由于我们的系统软件大多放置到硬盘中，所以 BIOS 会指定开机的装置好让我们可以读取磁盘中的操作系统核心文件。 但由于不同的操作系统的文件系统格式不相同，因此我们必须要以一个开机管理程序来处理核心文件加载 (load) 的问题， 因此这个开机管理程序就被称为 Boot Loader 了。 Boot Loader 程序安装在开机装置的第一个扇区 (sector) 内，也就是 MBR (Master Boot Record, 主引导启动记录区)。 BIOS 是通过硬件的 INT 13 中断功能来读取 MBR 的，也就是说，只要 BIOS 能够侦测的到磁盘 (不论该磁盘是 SATA 还是 SAS 接口)，那它就有办法通过 INT 13 这条信道来读取该磁盘的第一个扇区内的 MBR 软件，这样以来 Boot Loader 也就能够被执行了。 Boot Loader 的功能Boot Loader 的最主要功能是要认识操作系统的文件格式并加载核心到主存储器中去执行。 由于不同操作系统的文件格式不一致，因此每种操作系统都有自己的 Boot Loader。但是对于一个多系统的主机来说，必须要使用每个操作系统自己的 Boot Loader 才能够加载属于自己的操作系统核心，而系统的 MBR 只有一个，那么如何同时在一个主机上安装 Windows 与 Linux 呢？ 其实每个文件系统 (filesystem, 或者是 partition) 都会保留一块启动扇区 (boot sector) 提供操作系统安装 Boot Loader， 而通常操作系统默认都会安装一份 Boot Loader 到他根目录所在的文件系统的 boot sector 上。如果我们在一个主机上面安装 Windows 与 Linux 后，该 boot sector, boot loader 与 MBR 的相关性会有点像下图所示： 如上图所示，每个操作系统默认是会安装一套 Boot loader 到他自己的文件系统中 (就是每个 filesystem 左下角的方框)，而在 Linux 系统安装时，可以选择将 boot loader 安装到 MBR 去，也可以选择不安装。 如果选择安装到 MBR 的话，那理论上在 MBR 与 boot sector 都会保有一份 boot loader 程序。 至于 Windows 安装时，他预设会主动的将 MBR 与 boot sector 都装上一份 Boot loader。所以在安装多操作系统时，MBR 常常会被不同的操作系统的 Boot Loader 所覆盖。 虽然各个操作系统都可以安装一份 Boot loader 到他们的 boot sector 中， 这样操作系统可以通过自己的 Boot Loader 来加载内核了。而问题在于，系统的 MBR 只有一个，应该如何去执行 boot sector 里面的 loader 呢？Boot Loader 主要的功能如下： 提供选择菜单：用户可以选择不同的开机项目，这也是多重引导的重要功能。 载入核心文件：直接指向可开机的程序区段来开启操作系统； 转交其他 loader：将开机管理功能转交给其他 loader 负责。 由于具有选择菜单功能，因此可以选择不同的核心来开机。而由于具有控制权转交的功能，因此就可以加载其他 boot sector 内的 loader 了。不过 Windows 的 loader 预设不具有控制权转交的功能， 因此不能使用 Windows 的 loader 来加载 Linux 的 loader 。这也是为什么在多重引导时，强调先装 Windows 再装 Linux 的缘故。 如上图所示，笔者的 MBR 使用 Linux 的 grub2 这个开机管理程序，并且里面假设已经有了三个选单， 第一个选单可以直接指向 Linux 的核心文件并且直接加载内核来开机；第二个选单可以将开机管理程控权交给 Windows 来管理，此时 Windows 的 loader 会接管开机流程，这个时候他就能够启动 windows 了。第三个选单则是使用 Linux 在 boot sector 内的开机管理程序，此时就会跳出另一个 grub2 的选择菜单了。 菜单一：MBR(grub2) ==&gt; kernel file ==&gt; booting 菜单二：MBR(grub2) ==&gt; boot sector(Windows loader) ==&gt; Windows kernel ==&gt; booting 菜单三：MBR(grub2) ==&gt; boot sector(grub2) ==&gt; kernel file ==&gt; booting 而最终 boot loader 的功能就是 加载 kernel 文件 。 加载 Kernel、侦测硬件、 initramfs 的功能由 Boot Loader 的管理程序开始读取核心文件后，接下来 Linux 就会将核心文件解压缩到主存储器当中， 并且利用内核的功能，开始测试与驱动各个周边装置，包括储存装置、CPU、网卡、声卡等等。 此时内核会以自己的功能重新侦测一次硬件，但是不一定会使用 BIOS 侦测到的硬件信息。也就是说，内核此时才开始接管 BIOS 后的工作了。 核心文件一般来会被放置到 /boot 里面，并且取名为 /boot/vmlinuz 。 1234567891011[root@localhost ~]$ ls -F --format=single-column /bootconfig-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64 # &lt;== 此版本 Kernel 被编译时选择的功能与模块配置文件grub/ # &lt;== 旧版 grub1 ，可以忽略不看grub2/ # &lt;== 开机管理程序(Boot Loader) grub2 相关数据目录initramfs-0-rescue-e5279c0ecc4740cbb7b4e6dcc22ddc9e.img # &lt;== 当前目录下存放了几个虚拟文件, 这一个虚拟文件是用来救援的initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img # &lt;== 正常开机会用到的虚拟文件系统initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64kdump.img # &lt;== 核心出问题时会用到的虚拟文件系统System.map-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64 # &lt;== 核心功能放置到内存地址的对应表 vmlinuz-0-rescue-e5279c0ecc4740cbb7b4e6dcc22ddc9e* # &lt;== 救援模式要用到的核心文件vmlinuz-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64* # &lt;== 核心文件,非常重要！[root@localhost ~]$ 从上述命令的结果中，我们可以知道当前的 CentOS 7 的 Linux 内核为 3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64 这个版本！ 为了硬件开发商与其他核心功能开发者的便利， 因此 Linux 内核是可以通过态加载核心模块的 (可以把它理解为驱动程序)，这些核心模块就放置在 /lib/modules/ 目录内。 由于模块放在了到根目录内 (注意：/lib 不可以与 / 分别放在不同的分区 )， 因此，在开机的过程中内核必须要挂载根目录才能够读取核心模块提供加载驱动程序的功能。 而且为了担心影响到磁盘内的文件系统，开机过程中根目录是以只读的方式来挂载的。 一般来说，非必要的功能且可以编译成为模块，目前的 Linux 发行版都会将其编译成模块。 因此 USB, SATA, SCSI… 等磁盘设备的驱动程序通常都是以模块的方式来存在的。 现在我们来思考一种情况，假设 linux 是安装在 SATA 磁盘上面的，可以通过 BIOS 的 INT 13 取得 Boot Loader 与 Kernel 文件来开机，然后 Kernel 会开始接管系统并且侦测硬件及尝试挂载根目录来取得额外的驱动程序。 问题是，Kernel 根本不认识 SATA 磁盘，所以需要先挂载 SATA 磁盘的驱动程序， 否则根本就无法挂载根目录。但是 SATA 的驱动程序在 /lib/modules 内，根本无法挂载根目录，又怎么读取到 /lib/modules/ 内的驱动程序？实际上，这个问题可以通过虚拟文件系统来处理。 虚拟文件系统 (Initial RAM Disk 或 Initial RAM Filesystem) 一般使用的文件名为 /boot/initrd 或 /boot/initramfs ，这个文件的特色是，它也能够通过 Boot Loader 来加载到内存中，然后这个文件会被解压缩且在内存当中仿真成一个根目录， 这个仿真目录在内存当中的文件系统能够提供一个可执行的程序，通过该程序来加载开机过程中所最需要的核心模块， 通常这些模块就是 USB, RAID, LVM, SCSI 等文件系统与磁盘接口的驱动程序。等到载入完成后， 会帮助 Kernel 重新呼叫 systemd 来开始后续的正常开机流程。 如上图所示，Boot Loader 可以加载 Kernel 与 initramfs ，然后在内存中让 initramfs 解压缩成为根目录， Kernel 就能够以此来加载适当的驱动程序，最终释放虚拟文件系统，并挂载实际的根目录文件系统，就能够开始后续的正常开机流程。 更详细的 initramfs 说明，可以使用 man initrd 查阅。 使用 lsinitrd 命令来看一下 initramfs 里面的内容包含了哪些数据： 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041[root@localhost ~]# lsinitrd /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img # 首先会呼叫出 initramfs 最前面文件头的许多数据介绍，这部份会占用一些空间Image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img: 19M========================================================================Early CPIO image========================================================================drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Oct 18 17:41 .-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2 Oct 18 17:41 early_cpiodrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Oct 18 17:41 kerneldrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Oct 18 17:41 kernel/x86drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Oct 18 17:41 kernel/x86/microcode-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23552 Oct 18 17:41 kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin========================================================================Version: dracut-033-564.el7Arguments: -fdracut modules: # 开始一堆模块的加载行为bashnss-softokni18nnetworkifcfgdrmplymouthkernel-modules# ..... 中间内容省略 ......========================================================================drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 0 Oct 18 17:41 .crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 1 Oct 18 17:41 dev/consolecrw-r--r-- 1 root root 1, 11 Oct 18 17:41 dev/kmsgcrw-r--r-- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18 17:41 dev/null# ..... 中间内容省略 ......lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Oct 18 17:41 usr/sbin/init -&gt; ../lib/systemd/systemd# ..... 中间内容省略 ......drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Oct 18 17:41 varlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Oct 18 17:41 var/lock -&gt; ../run/locklrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Oct 18 17:41 var/run -&gt; ../run========================================================================# 最后则会列出这个 initramfs 里头的所有文件！也就是说，这个 initramfs 文件大概存着两部份，# 先是首部声明的许多文件部份，再来才是真的会被核心取用的全部附加的文件数据！ 从上面可以知道， 在 initramfs 文件当中含有两大区块，一个是事先声明的一些数据，包括 kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin 。 在这些数据后面，才是内核真正会去读取的重要文件，如果仔细看一下文件的内容，会看到 init 程序已经被 systemd 所取代了。 CentOS7 内核默认的 initramfs 与原生 Linux 不一致，包含一个 cpio 格式的 ealry_cpio 头，和一个 gzip 压缩的 cpio 格式的 initramfs rootfs。前面的 ealry_cpio 头就是 CentOS7 内核独有的。使用 file 命令查看 /boot/ 目录下的 img 文件，如果显示 ASCII cpio archive 就代表是 CentOS7 原生内核的格式，如果显示 gzip compressed data 就代表是 linux 内核不带 ealry_cpio 头的标准 gzip 压缩的格式。 12[root@localhost ~]# file /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img/boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC) 如果想要进一步将这个文件解开的话，需要这样进行： 12345678910111213[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# initramfs=$(cd /boot;ls initramfs-$(uname -r).img)[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# mkdir -pv /tmp/initramfs/&#123;early,rootfs&#125;_cpiomkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/initramfs’mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/initramfs/early_cpio’mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/initramfs/rootfs_cpio’[root@localhost ~]# cp /boot/$&#123;initramfs&#125; /tmp/initramfs/[root@localhost ~]# cd /tmp/initramfs/early_cpio/[root@localhost early_cpio]# cpio -idm &lt; ../$&#123;initramfs&#125;48 blocks[root@localhost early_cpio]# cd /tmp/initramfs/rootfs_cpio/[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# /usr/lib/dracut/skipcpio ../$&#123;initramfs&#125; | zcat | cpio -id76361 blocks[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# 这样就把 CentOS7 原生内核的 initramfs 解包成了两个文件夹，early_cpio 和 rootfs_cpio。在 rootfs_cpio 目录下就是实际的虚拟文件系统了： 12345678910111213141516171819[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# lltotal 8lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Oct 20 17:49 bin -&gt; usr/bindrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Oct 20 17:49 devdrwxr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 Oct 20 17:49 etclrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 23 Oct 20 17:49 init -&gt; usr/lib/systemd/systemdlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Oct 20 17:49 lib -&gt; usr/liblrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 Oct 20 17:49 lib64 -&gt; usr/lib64drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 20 17:49 procdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 20 17:49 rootdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 20 17:49 runlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Oct 20 17:49 sbin -&gt; usr/sbin-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3117 Oct 20 17:49 shutdowndrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 20 17:49 sysdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 20 17:49 sysrootdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 20 17:49 tmpdrwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 66 Oct 20 17:49 usrdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 29 Oct 20 17:49 var[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# 上面的命令结果几乎就像是一个小型的文件系统根目录，这样就能让 kernel 去挂载了。那么这个小型的文件系统中，systemd 是要以哪个 target 来执行开机呢？ 123456789101112[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# ll usr/lib/systemd/system/default.target lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Oct 20 17:49 usr/lib/systemd/system/default.target -&gt; initrd.target[root@localhost rootfs_cpio]# systemctl list-dependencies initrd.target initrd.target● ├─dracut-cmdline.service● ├─dracut-initqueue.service● ├─dracut-mount.service● ├─dracut-pre-mount.service# ..... 中间内容省略 ......● │ │ ├─sys-kernel-config.mount● │ │ ├─sys-kernel-debug.mount● │ │ ├─systemd-ask-password-console.path 通过上面解开 initramfs 的结果，我们已经知道其实 initramfs 就是一个小型的根目录，这个小型根目录里面也是通过 systemd 来进行管理，同时观察 default.target 的链接，会发现其实这个小型系统就是通过 initrd.target 来开机，而 initrd.target 也是需要读入一堆例如 basic.target, sysinit.target 等等的硬件侦测、核心功能启用的流程， 然后开始让系统顺利运作。最终才又卸除 initramfs 的小型文件系统，然后去挂载系统实际的根目录。 另外，需要注意的是 initramfs 并没有囊括了所有东西，它仅仅包含了是开机过程会用到的核心模块而已。所以如果在 initramfs 里面去找 modules 这个关键词的话， 就可以发现主要的核心模块大概就是 SCSI、virtio 、 RAID 等等跟磁盘相关性比较高的模块。现在由于磁盘大部分都是使用 SATA ， 并没有 IDE 的格式了，所以没有 initramfs 就无法顺利启动 Linux 系统，除非是将 SATA 的模块直接编译到内核。 在内核完成加载后，主机就开始正确地运行了，接下来就要开始执行系统的第一个程序，也就是 systemd。 12345678910111213141516[root@centos6 ~]# pstreeinit─┬─anacron ├─auditd───&#123;auditd&#125; ├─crond ├─metricbeat-god───metricbeat───10*[&#123;metricbeat&#125;] ├─6*[mingetty] ├─nat_log ├─4*[netpas_relay] ├─nperfping───11*[&#123;nperfping&#125;] ├─nrpe ├─ntpd ├─portreserve ├─rsyslogd───3*[&#123;rsyslogd&#125;] ├─snmpd ├─sshd───sshd───bash───pstree └─udevd───2*[udevd] 对比 CentOS6 和 CentOS7 的 pstree 命令的结果： 12345678910111213141516171819[root@localhost ~]# pstreesystemd─┬─NetworkManager───2*[&#123;NetworkManager&#125;] ├─VGAuthService ├─agetty ├─auditd───&#123;auditd&#125; ├─crond ├─dbus-daemon───&#123;dbus-daemon&#125; ├─firewalld───&#123;firewalld&#125; ├─master─┬─pickup │ └─qmgr ├─polkitd───6*[&#123;polkitd&#125;] ├─rsyslogd───2*[&#123;rsyslogd&#125;] ├─sshd───sshd─┬─bash───pstree │ └─2*[bash] ├─systemd-journal ├─systemd-logind ├─systemd-udevd ├─tuned───4*[&#123;tuned&#125;] └─vmtoolsd───&#123;vmtoolsd&#125; 上面的命令结果我们可以看到 systemd 已经完全替代了 init 。实际上在不同版本 Linux 上的 init 各不相同： CentOS 5: SysV init CentOS 6: Upstart CentOS 7: Systemd systemd 及使用 default.target 进入开机程序分析systemd 最主要的功能就是准备软件执行的环境，包括系统的主机名、网络设定、语系处理、文件系统格式及其他服务的启动等。 而所有的动作都会通过 systemd 的默认启动服务集合，也就是是 /etc/systemd/system/default.target 来规划 。另外， systemd 已经舍弃沿用多年的 system V 的 runlevel 。 常见的操作环境 target 与兼容于 runlevel 的等级可以作为预设的操作环境 (default.target) 的主要项目有： multi-user.target 以及 graphical.target 这两个。当然还有某些比较特殊的操作环境， 包括 rescue.target, emergency.target, shutdown.target 等等，以及在 initramfs 里面谈到的 initrd.target 。 过去的 systemV 使用的是一个称为 runlevel (执行等级) 的概念来启动系统的，systemd 为了兼容于旧式的 systemV 操作行为， 所以也将 runlevel 与操作环境做了结合。如下所示： 123456789[root@localhost ~]# ll -d /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel*.targetlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -&gt; poweroff.targetlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -&gt; rescue.targetlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -&gt; multi-user.targetlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -&gt; multi-user.targetlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -&gt; multi-user.targetlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -&gt; graphical.targetlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Oct 18 17:37 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -&gt; reboot.target[root@localhost ~]# 使用过 systemV 的方式来管理系统，我们知道知道切换执行等级可以使用init 3 转成文字界面，init 5 转成图形界面。 这个 init 程序依旧是保留下来的，只是 init 3 会相当于执行 systemctl isolate multi-user.target 。 12[root@localhost ~]# file /usr/sbin/init /usr/sbin/init: symbolic link to `../lib/systemd/systemd' 如果做个完整的迭代，这两个东西的对应关系为： SystemV systemd init 0 systemctl poweroff init 1 systemctl rescue init 2 systemctl isolate multi-user.target init 3 systemctl isolate multi-user.target init 4 systemctl isolate multi-user.target init 5 systemctl isolate graphical.target init 6 systemctl reboot systemd 的处理流程当进行了 /etc/systemd/system/default.target 这一个预设操作的设定之后，接下来系统做了什么呢？ 首先，它会链接到 /usr/lib/systemd/system/ 这个目录下去取得 multi-user.target 或 graphical.target 这两个其中的一。假设使用的是 graphical.target ，接下来 systemd 会去找两个地方的设定： /etc/systemd/system/graphical.target.wants/：使用者设定加载的 unit /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.wants/：系统默认加载的 unit 使用 systemctl cat graphical.target 命令查看对应的配置文件： 1234567891011121314151617 # /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target# This file is part of systemd.## systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or# (at your option) any later version.[Unit]Description=Graphical InterfaceDocumentation=man:systemd.special(7)Requires=multi-user.targetWants=display-manager.serviceConflicts=rescue.service rescue.targetAfter=multi-user.target rescue.service rescue.target display-manager.serviceAllowIsolate=yes[root@localhost ~]# 这表示 graphical.target 必须要完成 multi-user.target 之后才能够进行，而进行完 graphical.target 之后，还需要启动 display-manager.service 。 再查看 multi-user.target 的配置文件： 12345678910111213141516[root@localhost ~]# systemctl cat multi-user.target # /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target# This file is part of systemd.## systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or# (at your option) any later version.[Unit]Description=Multi-User SystemDocumentation=man:systemd.special(7)Requires=basic.targetConflicts=rescue.service rescue.targetAfter=basic.target rescue.service rescue.targetAllowIsolate=yes 查看系统默认要加载的 unit 12345[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/dbus.service plymouth-quit-wait.service systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.servicegetty.target systemd-ask-password-wall.path systemd-user-sessions.serviceplymouth-quit.service systemd-logind.service[root@localhost ~]# 使用者自定义要加载的 unit 又有哪些呢 1234[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/auditd.service irqbalance.service postfix.service rsyslog.service vmtoolsd.servicecrond.service kdump.service remote-fs.target sshd.servicefirewalld.service NetworkManager.service rhel-configure.service tuned.service 通过上面的结果，我们知道 multi-usre.target 需要在 basic.target 运作完成后才能够载入上述的许多 unit 。然后再去 basic.target 里头寻找数据， 最终这些数据就可以通过 systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target 命令来列出所有的相关性的服务。这就是 systemd 呼叫所需要的服务的流程。 要想知道系统服务的启动流程，最简单的办法就是通过 systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target 命令。如果想要知道想要知道对应的配置文件意义， 应该分别去查看 /etc/systemd/system/ 与 /usr/lib/systemd/system/ 目录下的 graphical.target.wants/ 目录下的配置文件数据。当然，配置文件脚本里面的 Requires 这个设定值所代表的服务， 也需要先加载。 粗略分析一下 systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target 所输出的想依赖的服务，基本上 CentOS 7.x 的 systemd 开机流程大约是这样： 1、local-fs.target + swap.target：这两个 target 主要在挂载本机 /etc/fstab 里面所规范的文件系统与相关的内存交换空间。2、sysinit.target：这个 target 主要在侦测硬件，加载所需要的核心模块（驱动程序）等动作。3、basic.target：加载主要的外围硬件驱动程序与防火墙相关任务4、multi-user.target 其它一般系统或网络服务的加载5、图形界面相关服务的加载 下图是 systemd 大致的开机工作流程图： 除了第一步 local-fs.target, swap.target 是通过 /etc/fstab 来进行挂载的行为之外，那其他的 target 做了什么动作呢？ systemd 执行 sysinit.target 初始化系统、basic.target 准备系统使用 systemctl list-dependencies sysinit.target 会看到很多相依赖的服务，这些服务如果一个一个去查询脚本设定的内容， 就能够大致理解每个服务的意义。基本上，可以将这些服务归类成几个大项： 特殊文件系统装置的挂载：包括 dev-hugepages.mount、 dev-mqueue.mount 等挂载服务，主要挂载 巨量内存分页 与 消息队列 的功能。 挂载成功后，会在 /dev 下建立 /dev/hugepages/, /dev/mqueue/ 等目录； 特殊文件系统的启用：包括磁盘阵列、网络驱动器 (iscsi)、LVM 文件系统、文件系统对照服务 (multipath) 等等，也会在这里被侦测与使用到。 开机过程的信息传递与动画执行：使用 plymouthd 服务搭配 plymouth 指令来传递动画与信息。 日志式登录文件的使用：也就是 systemd-journald 这个服务的启用。 加载额外的核心模块：通过 /etc/modules-load.d/*.conf 文件的设定，让内核额外加载管理员所需要的核心模块。 加载额外的核心参数设定：包括 /etc/sysctl.conf 以及 /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf 内的参数设置。 启动系统的随机数生成器：随机数生成器可以帮助系统进行一些密码加密演算的功能 设定控制台 (console) 字形 启动动态设备管理器：也就是 udevd 。用在动态对应实际装置存取与装置文件名对应的一个服务。 不论即将使用哪种操作环境来使用系统，这个 sysinit.target 几乎都是必要的工作！从上面也可以看出，基本的核心功能、文件系统、文件系统装置的驱动等等， 都在这个时刻处理完的。所以，sysinit.target 的阶段是至关重要的！ 执行完 sysinit.target 之后，再来则是 basic.target 了。 basic.target 的阶段主要启动的服务大概有这些： 加载 alsa 音效驱动程序：alsa 是个音效相关的驱动程序，会让系统有音效产生； 载入 firewalld 防火墙：CentOS 7.x 以后使用 firewalld 取代 iptables 的防火墙设定，虽然最终都是使用 iptables 的架构， 不过在设定上面差很多。 加载 CPU 的微指令功能； 启动与设定 SELinux 的安全本文：如果由 disable 的状态改成 enable 的状态，或者是管理员设定强制重新设定一次 SELinux 的安全本文， 也在这个阶段处理。 将目前的开机过程所产生的开机信息写入到 /var/log/dmesg 当中。 由 /etc/sysconfig/modules/*.modules 及 /etc/rc.modules 加载管理员指定的模块。 加载 systemd 支持的 timer 功能； 在这个阶段完成之后，系统就可以正常运行了。但是还差一些所需要的登入服务、网络服务、本机认证服务等类似的 service ，于是就进入下个服务启动的阶段了。 systemd 启动 multi-user.target 下的服务在加载核心驱动硬件后，经过 sysinit.target 的初始化流程让系统可以存取之后，加上 basic.target 让系统成为操作系统的基础， 之后就是服务器要顺利运作时，需要的各种主机服务以及提供服务器功能的网络服务的启动了。这些服务的启动则大多是附挂在 multi-user.target 这个操作环境底下， 可以在 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ 里看到预设要被启动的服务。 也就是说，一般来说服务的启动脚本设定都是放在下面的目录内： /usr/lib/systemd/system (系统默认的服务启动脚本设定) /etc/systemd/system (管理员自己开发与设定的脚本设定) 而用户想要让主机的本地服务和网络服务的各项 unit 开机自启的话，其实就是将它在 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ 这个目录底下做个链接： 1234567[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable postfixRemoved symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service.[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable postfix Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service.[root@localhost ~]# 另外， 这些程序如果在脚本设定里面原本就有规范服务的相互依赖关系， 服务就会有顺序地启动。但是大多数的服务不会设定依赖关系，所以会同时启动，这就是 systemd 的多任务。 相兼容的 SystemV 的 rc-local.service对于 SystemV 的系统，在完成开机后要想让系统额外执行某些程序的话，可以将该程序指令或脚本的绝对路径名称写入到 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 文件中。而在新的 systemd 机制中，它建议直接写一个 systemd 的启动脚本配置文件到 /etc/systemd/system/ 目录下，然后使用 systemctl enable 的方式来设定启用它，而不是直接使用 rc.local 这个文件。 如果是处于运维的习惯，就想要将开机后要立刻执行的许多管理员自己的脚本，将它写入到 /etc/rc.d/rc.local，新版的 systemd 对此也有支持。 它使用 rc-local.service 这个服务，并且这个服务并不需要启动，它会自己判断 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 是否具有可执行的权限，然后来判断要不要启动这个服务。可以通过如下方法来检查： 1、查看 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 是否有可执行权限 12[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 473 Aug 8 19:58 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 2、查看 rc-local.service 的服务状态 1234[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status rc-local.service ● rc-local.service - /etc/rc.d/rc.local Compatibility Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) 3、查看 multi-user.target 下是否有这个服务。 12[root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target | grep rc-local[root@localhost ~]# # 系统本身是有这个服务的，但是 rc.local 不具有可执行 (x) 的权限，因此这个服务不会被执行 4、加入可执行权限，再次查看 rc-local.service 是否可被启用。 12345[root@localhost ~]# chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/rc.local [root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload [root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target | grep rc-local● ├─rc-local.service[root@localhost ~]# # 这个服务确实被记录到启动的环境下了 通过 chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/rc.local 的步骤，就可以将许多脚本就可以放在 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 这个文件内， 系统在每次开机都会去执行这文件内的指令。 提供 tty 界面与登录的服务在 multi-user.target 下还有个 getty.target 的操作界面项目。能不能提供适当的登录服务也是 multi-user.target 底下的内容！ 包括 systemd-logind.service, systemd-user-sessions.service 等服务。 由于服务都是同步启动，所以不能确定哪个服务先启动完成。如果 getty 服务先启动完成时，会发现有可用的终端机尝试让我们登录系统。 而如果 systemd-logind.service 或 systemd-user-sessions.service 服务尚未启动完成的话，还是无法登录到系统的。 开机过程会用到的主要配置文件基本上， systemd 有自己的配置文件处理方式，不过为了兼容于 systemV ，其实很多的服务脚本设定还是会读取位于 /etc/sysconfig/ 目录下的环境配置文件。 自定义模块相关的配置在 sysinit.target 系统初始化的过程中会加载用户自定义模块，有两个地方可以处理模块加载的问题，包括： /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf ：单纯要让内核从哪些位置加载模块 /etc/modules-load.d/*.conf：对内核模块做参数设置 基本上 systemd 已经将开机会用到的驱动程序全部加载了，因此，在一般情况下，这个部份应该无需变动。不过， 如果有某些特定的参数要处理时，就可以在这里做配置。比如，我们要做网络链接追踪，就需要在开机启动流程中加载相对应的内核模块： 12345[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modules-load.d/netfilter.conf # Load nf_conntrack.ko at bootnf_conntracknf_conntrack_ipv4nf_defrag_ipv4 再比如自定义了 vsftpd 服务的监听端口为 555，这时就需要修改防火墙设定，其中一个针对 FTP 很重要的防火墙模块为 nf_conntrack_ftp， 因此可以将这个模块写入到系统开机流程中： 123[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modules-load.d/vbird.confnf_conntrack_ftp[root@localhost ~]# 按照配置标准，应该一个模块 (驱动程序) 写一行。如果要对这些内核模块做参数设定，应该在 /etc/modules-load.d/ 目录下做配置。比如要对链接追踪模块的哈希表做参数设置： 12[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modprobe.d/netfilter.conf options nf_conntrack hashsize=65536 当然，如果只是让内核加载模块，没有指定自己定义的参数，就会以默认值加载并运行。所以对于修改了服务端口的 vsftpd 来说，如果不设置参数，模块就默认处理 21 号端口，这时候我们需要将其调整到自定义的 555 号端口才能正常工作： 12[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/modprobe.d/vbird.confoptions nf_conntrack_ftp ports=555 之后重新启动就能够顺利的载入并且处理好些模块了。如果不想重启，可以使用下面的方式来处理： 123456789[root@localhost ~]# lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp[root@localhost ~]# # 因为没有加载这个模块，所以不会有任何信息输出[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-modules-load.service [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# lsmod | grep nf_conntrack_ftp nf_conntrack_ftp 18478 0 nf_conntrack 139224 7 nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_ipv6,xt_conntrack,nf_conntrack_ftp,nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6[root@localhost ~]# 通过上述的方式，就可以在开机的时候将所需要的驱动程序加载或者是调整这些模块的外加参数了。 /etc/sysconfig/在 /etc/sysconfig/ 目录下有很多常见的环境配置文件，下面列举几个比较重要的： authconfig：这个文件主要在规范使用者的身份认证的机制，包括是否使用本机的 /etc/passwd， /etc/shadow 等， 以及 /etc/shadow 密码记录使用哪种加密算法，还有是否使用外部密码服务器提供的账号验证 (NIS, LDAP) 等。 系统默认使用 SHA512 加密算法，并且不使用外部的身份验证机制；另外，不建议手动修改这个文件，建议最好是使用 authconfig-tui 命令来做这方面的配置指令。 cpupower：如果系统中有启动 cpupower.service 服务时，它就会读取这个配置文件。主要是用来配置 Linux 内核如何操作 CPU 的。 一般来说，启动 cpupower.service 之后，系统会让 CPU 以最大效能的方式来运作，否则预设就是用多少算多少的模式来处理的。 firewalld, iptables-config, iptables-config, ebtables-config：与防火墙服务的启动外带的参数有关 network-scripts/：这个目录下面的文件，则是主要用在设定网络卡，配置 IP 地址的方式等。]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>grub2</tag>
+        <tag>Kernel</tag>
+        <tag>Systemd</tag>
+      </tags>
+  </entry>
+  <entry>
+    <title><![CDATA[Linux的1号PID和systemd]]></title>
+    <url>%2F2015%2F10%2F22%2F192115-Linux%E7%9A%841%E5%8F%B7PID%E5%92%8Csystemd%2F</url>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[要说清 Systemd，得先从Linux操作系统的启动说起。Linux 操作系统的启动首先从 BIOS 开始，然后由 Boot Loader 载入内核，并初始化内核。内核初始化的最后一步就是启动 init 进程。这个进程是系统的第一个进程，PID 为 1，又叫超级进程，也叫根进程。它负责产生其他所有用户进程。所有的进程都会被挂在这个进程下，如果这个进程退出了，那么所有的进程都被 kill 。如果一个子进程的父进程退了，那么这个子进程会被挂到 PID 1 下面。（注：PID 0 是内核的一部分，主要用于内进换页，参看：Process identifier）。 SysV InitPID 1 这个进程非常特殊，其主要就任务是把整个操作系统带入可操作的状态。比如：启动 UI – Shell 以便进行人机交互，或者进入 X 图形窗口。传统上，PID 1 和传统的 Unix System V 相兼容的，所以也叫 sysvinit，这是使用得最悠久的 init 实现。Unix System V 于1983年 release。 在 sysvint 下，有好几个运行模式，又叫 runlevel。比如：常见的 3 级别指定启动到多用户的字符命令行界面，5 级别指定启起到图形界面，0 表示关机，6 表示重启。其配置在 /etc/inittab 文件中。 与此配套的还有 /etc/init.d/ 和 /etc/rc[X].d，前者存放各种进程的启停脚本（需要按照规范支持 start，stop 子命令），后者的 X 表示不同的 runlevel 下相应的后台进程服务，如：/etc/rc3.d 是 runlevel=3 的。 里面的文件主要是 link 到 /etc/init.d/ 里的启停脚本。其中也有一定的命名规范：S 或 K 打头的，后面跟一个数字，然后再跟一个自定义的名字，如：S01rsyslog，S02ssh。S 表示启动，K 表示停止，数字表示执行的顺序。 UpStartUnix 和 Linux 在 sysvint 运作多年后，大约到了2006年的时候，Linux内核进入2.6时代，Linux有了很多更新。并且，Linux开始进入桌面系统，而桌面系统和服务器系统不一样的是，桌面系统面临频繁重启，而且，用户会非常频繁的使用硬件的热插拔技术。于是，这些新的场景，让 sysvint 受到了很多挑战。 比如，打印机需要CUPS等服务进程，但是如果用户没有打机印，启动这个服务完全是一种浪费，而如果不启动，如果要用打印机了，就无法使用，因为 sysvint 没有自动检测的机制，它只能一次性启动所有的服务。另外，还有网络盘挂载的问题。在 /etc/fstab 中，负责硬盘挂载，有时候还有网络硬盘（NFS 或 iSCSI）在其中，但是在桌面机上，有很可能开机的时候是没有网络的， 于是网络硬盘都不可以访问，也无法挂载，这会极大的影响启动速度。sysvinit 采用 netdev 的方式来解决这个问题，也就是说，需要用户自己在 /etc/fstab 中给相应的硬盘配置上 netdev 属性，于是 sysvint 启动时不会挂载它，只有在网络可用后，由专门的 netfs 服务进程来挂载。这种管理方式比较难以管理，也很容易让人掉坑。 所以，Ubuntu 开发人员在评估了当时几个可选的 init 系统后，决定重新设计这个系统，于是，这就是我们后面看到的 upstart 。 upstart 基于事件驱动的机制，把之前的完全串行的同步启动服务的方式改成了由事件驱动的异步的方式。比如：如果有U盘插入，udev 得到通知，upstart 感知到这个事件后触发相应的服务程序，比如挂载文件系统等等。因为使用一个事件驱动的玩法，所以，启动操作系统时，很多不必要的服务可以不用启动，而是等待通知，lazy 启动。而且事件驱动的好处是，可以并行启动服务，他们之间的依赖关系，由相应的事件通知完成。 upstart 有着很不错的设计，其中最重要的两个概念是 Job 和 Event。 Job 有一般的Job，也有 service 的 Job，并且，upstart 管理了整个 Job 的生命周期，比如：Waiting, Starting, pre-Start, Spawned, post-Start, Running, pre-Stop, Stopping, Killed, post-Stop等等，并维护着这个生命周期的状态机。 Event 分成三类，signal, method 和 hooks。signal 就是异步消息，method 是同步阻塞的。hooks 也是同步的，但介于前面两者之间，发出hook事件的进程必须等到事件完成，但不检查是否成功。 但是，upstart 的事件非常复杂，也非常纷乱，各种各样的事件（事件没有归好类）导致有点凌乱。不过因为整个事件驱动的设计比之前的 sysvinit 来说好太多，所以，也深得欢迎。 Systemd直到2010年，有一天，一个在 RedHat 工作的工程师 Lennart Poettering 和 Kay Sievers ，开始引入了一个新的 init 系统—— systemd。这是一个非常非常有野心的项目，这个项目几乎改变了所有的东西，systemd 不但想取代已有的 init 系统，而且还想干更多的东西。 Lennart 同意 upstart 干的不错，代码质量很好，基于事件的设计也很好。但是他觉得 upstart 也有问题，其中最大的问题还是不够快，虽然 upstart 用事件可以达到一定的启动并行度，但是，本质上来说，这些事件还是会让启动过程串行在一起。 如：NetworkManager 在等 D-Bus 的启动事件，而 D-Bus 在等 syslog 的启动事件。 Lennart 认为，实现上来说，upstart 其实是在管理一个逻辑上的服务依赖树，但是这个服务依赖树在表现形式上比较简单，你只需要配置——“启动B好了就启动A”或是“停止了A后就停止B”这样的规则。但是，Lennart 说，这种简单其实是有害的（this simplification is actually detrimental）。他认为， 从一个系统管理的角度出来，他一开始会设定好整个系统启动的服务依赖树，但是这个系统管理员要人肉的把这个本来就非常干净的服务依整树给翻译成计算机看的懂的 Event/Action 形式，而且 Event/Action 这种配置方式是运行时的，所以，你需要运行起来才知道是什么样的。 Event逻辑从头到脚到处都是，这个事件扩大了运维的复杂度，还不如之前的 sysvint。 也就是说，当用户配置了 “启动 D-Bus 后请启动 NetworkManager”， 这个 upstart 可以干，但是反过来，如果，用户启动 NetworkManager，我们应该先去启动他的前置依赖 D-Bus，然而你还要配置相应的反向 Event。本来，我只需要配置一条依赖的，结果现在我要配置很多很多情况下的 Event。 最后，upstart 里的 Event 的并不标准，很混乱，没有良好的定义。比如：既有进程启动，运行，停止的事件，也有USB设备插入、可用、拔出的事件，还有文件系统设备being mounted、 mounted 和 umounted 的事件，还有AC电源线连接和断开的事件。你会发现，这进程启停的、USB的、文件系统的、电源线的事件，看上去长得很像， 但是没有被标准化抽像出来掉，因为绝大多数的事件都是三元组：start, condition, stop 。这种概念设计模型并没有在 upstart 中出现。因为 upstart 被设计为单一的事件，而忽略了逻辑依赖。 当然，如果 systemd 只是解决 upstart 的问题，他就改造 upstart 就好了，但是 Lennart 的野心不只是想干个这样的事，他想干的更多。 首先，systemd 清醒地认识到了 init 进程的首要目标是要让用户快速的进入可以操作OS的环境，所以，这个速度一定要快，越快越好，所以，systemd 的设计理念就是两条： To start less. And to start more in parallel. 也就是说，按需启动，能不启动就不启动，如果要启动，能并行启动就并行启动，包括你们之间有依赖，我也并行启动。按需启动还好理解，那么，有依赖关系的并行启动，它是怎么做到的？这里，systemd 借鉴了 MacOS 的 Launchd 的玩法（在Youtube上有一个分享——Launchd: One Program to Rule them All，在苹果的开源网站上也有相关的设计文档——About Daemons and Services） 要解决这些依赖性，systemd 需要解决好三种底层依赖—— Socket， D-Bus ，文件系统。 Socket依赖。如果服务C依赖于服务S的socket，那么就要先启动S，然后再启动C，因为如果C启动时找不到S的Socket，那么C就会失败。systemd 可以帮你在S还没有启动好的时候，建立一个socket，用来接收所有的C的请求和数据，并缓存之，一旦S全部启动完成，把systemd替换好的这个缓存的数据和Socket描述符替换过去。 D-Bus依赖。D-Bus 全称 Desktop Bus，是一个用来在进程间通信的服务。除了用于用户态进程和内核态进程通信，也用于用户态的进程之前。现在，很多的现在的服务进程都用 D-Bus 而不是Socket来通信。比如：NetworkManager 就是通过 D-Bus 和其它服务进程通讯的，也就是说，如果一个进程需要知道网络的状态，那么就必需要通过 D-Bus 通信。D-Bus 支持 “Bus Activation”的特性。也就是说，A要通过 D-Bus 服务和B通讯，但是B没有启动，那么 D-Bus 可以把B起来，在B启动的过程中，D-Bus 帮你缓存数据。systemd 可以帮你利用好这个特性来并行启动 A 和 B。 文件系统依赖。系统启动过程中，文件系统相关的活动是最耗时的，比如挂载文件系统，对文件系统进行磁盘检查（fsck），磁盘配额检查等都是非常耗时的操作。在等待这些工作完成的同时，系统处于空闲状态。那些想使用文件系统的服务似乎必须等待文件系统初始化完成才可以启动。systemd 参考了 autofs 的设计思路，使得依赖文件系统的服务和文件系统本身初始化两者可以并发工作。autofs 可以监测到某个文件系统挂载点真正被访问到的时候才触发挂载操作，这是通过内核 automounter 模块的支持而实现的。比如一个 open() 系统调用作用在某个文件系统上的时候，而这个文件系统尚未执行挂载，此时 open() 调用被内核挂起等待，等到挂载完成后，控制权返回给 open() 系统调用，并正常打开文件。这个过程和 autofs 是相似的。 下图来自 Lennart 的演讲里的一页PPT，展示了不同 init 系统的启动。 除此之外，systemd 还在启动时管理好了一些下面的事。 用C语言取代传统的脚本式的启动。前面说过，sysvint 用 /etc/rcX.d 下的各种脚本启动。然而这些脚本中需要使用 awk, sed, grep, find, xargs 等等这些操作系统的命令，这些命令需要生成进程，生成进程的开销很大，关键是生成完这些进程后，这个进程就干了点屁大的事就退了。换句话说就是，我操作系统干了那么多事为你拉个进程起来，结果你就把个字串转成小写就退了，把我操作系统当什么了？ 在正常的一个 sysvinit 的脚本里，可能会有成百上千个这样的命令。所以，慢死。因此，systemd 全面用 C 语言全部取代了。一般来说，sysvinit 下，操作系统启动完成后，用 echo $$ 可以看到，pid 被分配到了上千的样子，而 systemd 的系统只是上百。 另外，systemd 是真正一个可以管住服务进程的——可以跟踪上服务进程所 fork/exec 出来的所有进程。 我们知道， 传统 Unix/Linux 的 Daemon 服务进程的最佳实践基本上是这个样子的 （具体过程可参看这篇文章“SysV Daemon”）—— 进程启动时，关闭所有的打开的文件描述符（除了标准描述符0,1,2），然后重置所有的信号处理。 调用 fork() 创建子进程，在子进程中 setsid()，然后父进程退出（为了后台执行） 在子进程中，再调用一次 fork()，创建孙子进程，确定没有交互终端。然后子进程退出。 在孙子进程中，把标准输入标准输出标准错误都连到 /dev/null 上，还要创建 pid 文件，日志文件，处理相关信号…… 最后才是真正开始提供服务。 在上面的这个过程中，服务进程除了两次 fork 外还会 fork 出很多很多的子进程（比如说一些Web服务进程，会根据用户的请求链接来 fork 子进程），这个进程树是相当难以管理的，因为，一旦父进程退出来了，子进程就会被挂到 PID 1下，所以，基本上来说，你无法通过服务进程自已给定的一个pid文件来找到所有的相关进程（这个对开发者的要求太高了），所以，在传统的方式下用脚本启停服务是相当相当的 Buggy 的，因为无法做对所有的服务生出来的子子孙孙做到监控。 为了解决这个问题，upstart 通过变态的 strace 来跟踪进程中的 fork() 和 exec() 或 exit() 等相关的系统调用。这种方法相当笨拙。 systemd 使用了一个非常有意思的玩法来 tracking 服务进程生出来的所有进程，那就是用 cgroup （我在 Docker 的基础技术“cgroup篇” 中讲过这个东西）。cgroup主要是用来管理进程组资源配额的事，所以，无论服务如何启动新的子进程，所有的这些相关进程都会同属于一个 cgroup，所以，systemd 只需要简单的去遍历一下相应的 cgroup 的那个虚文件系统目录下的文件，就可以正确的找到所有的相关进程，并将他们一一停止。 另外，systemd 简化了整个 daemon 开发的过程： 不需要两次 fork()，只需要实现服务本身的主逻辑就可以了。 不需要 setsid()，systemd 会帮你干。 不需要维护 pid文件，systemd 会帮你处理。 不需要管理日志文件或是使用syslog，或是处理HUP的日志reload信号。把日志打到 stderr 上，systemd 帮你管理。 处理 SIGTERM 信号，这个信号就是正确退出当前服务，不要做其他的事。 …… 除此之外，systemd 还能—— 自动检测启动的服务间有没有环形依赖。 内建 autofs 自动挂载管理功能。 日志服务。systemd 改造了传统的 syslog 的问题，采用二进制格式保存日志，日志索引更快。 快照和恢复。对当前的系统运行的服务集合做快照，并可以恢复。 …… 还有好多好多，他接管很多很多东西，于是就让很多人不爽了，因为他在干了很多本不属于 PID 1 的事。 Systemd 争论和八卦于是 systemd 这个东西成了可能是有史以来口水战最多的一个开源软件了。systemd 饱受各种争议，最大的争议就是他破坏了 Unix 的设计哲学（相关的哲学可以读一下《Unix编程艺术》），干了一个大而全而且相当复杂的东西。当然，Lennart 并不同意这样的说法，他后来又写一篇blog “The Biggest Myths”来解释 systemd 并不是这样的，大家可以前往一读。 这个争议大到什么样子呢？2014 年，Debian Linux 因为想准备使用 systemd 来作为标准的 init 守护进程来替换 sysvinit 。而围绕这个事的争论达到了空前的热度，争论中充满着仇恨，systemd 的支持者和反对者都在互相辱骂，导致当时 Debian 阵营开始分裂。还有人给 Lennart 发了死亡威胁的邮件，用比特币雇凶买杀手，扬言要取他的性命，在 Youbute 上传了侮辱他的歌曲，在IRC和各种社交渠道上给他发下流和侮辱性的消息。这已经不是争议了，而是一种不折不扣的仇恨！ 于是，Lennart 在 Google Plus 上发了贴子，批评整个 Linux 开源社区和 Linus 本人。他大意说， 这个社区太病态了，全是 ass holes，你们不停用各种手段在各种地方用不同的语言和方式来侮辱和漫骂我。我还是一个年轻人，我从来没有经历过这样的场面，但是今天我已经对这种场面很熟悉了。我有时候说话可能不准确，但是我不会像他样那样说出那样的话，我也没有被这些事影响，因为我脸皮够厚，所以，为什么我可以在如何大的反对声面前让 systemd 成功，但是，你们 Linux 社区太可怕了。你们里面的有精神病的人太多了。另外，对于Linus Torvalds，你是这个社区的 Role Model，但可惜你是一个 Bad Role Model，你在社区里的刻薄和侮辱性的言行，基本从一定程度上鼓励了其它人跟你一样，当然，并不只是你一个人的问题，而是在你周围聚集了一群和你一样的这样干的人。送你一句话—— A fish rots from the head down ！一条鱼是从头往下腐烂的…… 这篇契文很长，喜欢八卦的同学可以前往一读。感受一下 Lennart 当时的心态（我觉得能算上是非常平稳了）。 Linus也在被一媒体问起 systemd 这个事来（参看“Torvalds says he has no strong opinions on systemd”），Linus在采访里说， 我对 systemd 和 Lennart 的贴子没有什么强烈的想法。虽然，传统的 Unix 设计哲学—— “Do one thing and Do it well”，很不错，而且我们大多数人也实践了这么多年，但是这并不代表所有的真实世界。在历史上，也不只有 systemd 这么干过。但是，我个人还是 old-fashioned 的人，至少我喜欢文本式的日志，而不是二进制的日志。但是 systemd 没有必要一定要有这样的品味。哦，我说细节了…… 今天，systemd 占据了几乎所有的主流的 Linux 发行版的默认配置，包括：Arch Linux、CentOS、CoreOS、Debian、Fedora、Megeia、OpenSUSE、RHEL、SUSE企业版和 Ubuntu。而且，对于 CentOS, CoreOS, Fedora, RHEL, SUSE这些发行版来说，不能没有 systemd。（Ubuntu 还有一个不错的wiki – Systemd for Upstart Users 阐述了如何在两者间切换）。 其他还记得在《缓存更新的套路》一文中，我说过，如果你要做好架构，首先你得把计算机体系结构以及很多老古董的基础技术吃透了。因为里面会有很多可以借鉴和相通的东西。那么，你是否从这篇文章里看到了一些有分布式架构相似的东西？ 比如：从 sysvinit 到 upstart 再到 systemd，像不像是服务治理？Linux系统下的这些服务进程，是不是很像分布式架构中的微服务？还有那个 D-Bus，是不是很像SOA里的ESB？而 init 系统是不是很像一个控制系统？甚至像一个服务编排（Service Orchestration）系统？ 分布式系统中的服务之间也有很多依赖，所以，在启动一个架构的时候，如果我们可以做到像 systemd 那样并行启动的话，那么是不是就像是一个微服务的玩法了？ 嗯，你会发现，技术上的很多东西是相通的，也是互相有对方的影子，所以，其实技术并不多。关键是我们学在了表面还是看到了本质。 延伸阅读 Lennert 的博文：Rethinking PID 1 Lennert 的演讲：systemd, beyond init （ PPT ） Wikipedia：Systemd LinuxVoice：Lennart Poettering 专访 原文及作者 原文：https://coolshell.cn/articles/17998.html 作者：陈皓 版权：本文版权归原作者所有]]></content>
+      <tags>
+        <tag>Systemd</tag>
+        <tag>PID</tag>
       </tags>
   </entry>
   <entry>
@@ -772,7 +968,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[shell登录提示符与登录提示信息]]></title>
     <url>%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2F214135-shell%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA%E7%AC%A6%E4%B8%8E%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[登录提示符常用参数及含义 在 /etc/bashrc 文件中会设定 PS1 变量，这个变量设置的就是登录之后的提示符信息 12[root@localhost ~]$ echo $PS1[\u@\h \W]\$ 不同的参数代表的含义不同 \d ：代表日期，格式为 weekday month date，例如：”Mon Aug 1” \H ：完整的主机名称 \h ：仅取主机名中的第一个名字 \t ：显示时间为24小时格式 HH:MM;SS \T ：显示时间为12小时格式 \A ：显示时间为24小时格式 HH:MM \u ：当前用户的账号名称 \v ：BASH 的版本信息 \w ：完整的工作目录名称 \W ：利用 basename 取得工作目录名称，只显示最后一个目录名 \# ：下达的第几个命令 \$ ：提示字符，如果是root用户，提示符为 # ，普通用户则为 $ 所以 shell 默认的命令行提示信息的格式 PS1=&#39;[\u@\h \W]\$ &#39; 的意思就是： 1[当前用户的账号名@主机名的第一个名字 工作目录的最后一层目录名]# 颜色参数 在 PS1 中还可以设置字符的颜色，其格式为 \[\e[F;Bm\]........\[\e[0m\]，其中 \[\e[ 作为颜色设定的开始。F 为字体颜色，编号范围是 30-37，B 为背景颜色，编号范围是 40-47，而 \[\e[0m\] 作为颜色设定的结束。 下面是颜色对照表： F B 颜色 30 40 黑色 31 41 红色 32 42 绿色 33 43 黄色 34 44 蓝色 35 45 紫红色 36 46 青蓝色色 37 47 白色 个性化配置命令提示符 在 linux 上终端命令行默认全部为白色，会经常导致命令与输出内容难以分辨，于是我们可以通过自定义 PS1 环境变量来解决这个问题。 一行显示日期和时间，一行显示标准的提示符 123456789[user1@study ~]$ export PS1='\D&#123;%c&#125; \w\n[\u@\H]\$ 'Wed 15 Jul 2015 08:22:15 PM CST ~[user1@study]$ echo Tom TomWed 15 Jul 2015 08:22:19 PM CST ~[user1@study]$ echo Jerry JerryWed 15 Jul 2015 08:22:21 PM CST ~[user1@study]$ 显示当前时间 1234[user1@study ~]$ export PS1="\u@\h [\$(date +%k:%M:%S)]&gt; "user1@study [20:21:24]&gt; echo "yes"yesuser1@study [20:21:29]&gt; 为了能永久生效，一般在 /etc/profile.d/ 下自定义一个专门设置 PS1 的脚本并对其添加可执行权限。上面的格式只是设置了多行提示符，并没有对颜色和自己进行设置。 123[root@study ~]# cat /etc/profile.d/my-PS1.shPS1='\[\e[1;36m\][\u@\H \W]\$\[\e[0m\] '[root@study ~]# 参考链接： https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/09/bash-shell-ps1-10-examples-to-make-your-linux-prompt-like-angelina-jolie/ 登录提示信息登录前提示信息每次登录系统时都会有提示信息，这个登录提示信息是针对本地终端 tty{1-6} 的，而并非类SSH登录。 本地终端提示信息默认在文件 /etc/issue 中 12345[user1@study ~]$ cat /etc/issue\SKernel \r on an \m[user1@study ~]$ 文件中使用了转义符，下面做一个简要的说明 123456789\d：显示当前系统日期\s：显示操作系统名称\l：显示登录的终端号，这个比较常用\m：显示硬件体系结构，如x86\n：显示主机名\o：显示域名\r：显示内核版本号\t：显示当前系统时间\u：显示当前登录用户的序列号 远程终端提示信息默认在文件 /etc/issue.net 中，如: 1234[user1@study ~]$ cat /etc/issue.net \SKernel \r on an \m[user1@study ~]$ 在 SSH 服务中默认并没有开启显示信息，要想在 SSH 登录时显示这些内容，可以在服务配置文件 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 文件中，把 参数Banner none 改为 Banner /etc/issue.net，然后重启 sshd 服务重新登录就会看到显示信息。但是 Kernel \r on an \m 这行字符原样显示并没有进行转义，原因是远程信息提示不支持转义符的使用，一般就是用来写一些警告信息。 登陆后提示信息使用环境变量配置文件来输出会比较易于定制，因为都是用 shell 来做的 12345678910111213141516171819202122[user1@study ~]$ cat ~/.bash_profile# .bash_profile# Get the aliases and functionsif [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrcfi# User specific environment and startup programsPATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/binexport PATH# Look at themhname=`hostname`echo "Welcome on $hname."echo -e "Kernel Details: " `uname -smr`echo -e "`bash --version`"echo -ne "Uptime: "; uptimeecho -ne "Server time : "; date 重新登录后就会出现提示信息 12345678910111213[root@study ~]# su - user1Last login: Wed Jul 15 19:43:13 CST 2015 on pts/3Welcome on study.Kernel Details: Linux 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 x86_64GNU bash, version 4.2.46(2)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html&gt;This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.Uptime: 20:17:08 up 6:49, 9 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05Server time : Wed Jul 15 20:17:08 CST 2015[user1@study ~]$ 生产环境的服务器最好做到什么信息都不要提示，以免带来安全问题。如果一定要写，建议写在 /etc/motd 文件中，并且最好写一些警告信息。默认这个文件是空的，将提示信息写入即可。 以下是几个供娱乐使用的提示信息模板 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526[user1@study ~]$ cat /etc/motd _oo8oo_ o8888888o 88" . "88 (| -_- |) 0\ = /0 ___/'==='\___ .' \\| |// '. / \\||| : |||// \ / _||||| -:- |||||_ \ | | \\\ - /// | | | \_| ''\---/'' |_/ | \ .-\__ '-' __/-. / ___'. .' /--.--\ '. .'___ ."" '&lt; '.___\_&lt;|&gt;_/___.' &gt;' "". | | : `- \`.:`\ _ /`:.`/ -` : | | \ \ `-. \_ __\ /__ _/ .-` / / =====`-.____`.___ \_____/ ___.`____.-`===== `=---=` ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ God bless Never crash[user1@study ~]$ 12345678910111213141516171819202122//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // _ooOoo_ // // o8888888o // // 88" . "88 // // (| ^_^ |) // // O\ = /O // // ____/`---'\____ // // .' \\| |// `. // // / \\||| : |||// \ // // / _||||| -:- |||||- \ // // | | \\\ - /// | | // // | \_| ''\---/'' | | // // \ .-\__ `-` ___/-. / // // ___`. .' /--.--\ `. . ___ // // ."" '&lt; `.___\_&lt;|&gt;_/___.' &gt;'"". // // | | : `- \`.;`\ _ /`;.`/ - ` : | | // // \ \ `-. \_ __\ /__ _/ .-` / / // // ========`-.____`-.___\_____/___.-`____.-'======== // // `=---=' // // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ // // 佛祖保佑 永无BUG 永不修改 // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1234567891011/*** * 佛曰: * 写字楼里写字间，写字间里程序员； * 程序人员写程序，又拿程序换酒钱。 * 酒醒只在网上坐，酒醉还来网下眠； * 酒醉酒醒日复日，网上网下年复年。 * 但愿老死电脑间，不愿鞠躬老板前； * 奔驰宝马贵者趣，公交自行程序员。 * 别人笑我忒疯癫，我笑自己命太贱； * 不见满街漂亮妹，哪个归得程序员？ */ 12345678910111213141516171819202122/*** * _ooOoo_ * o8888888o * 88" . "88 * (| -_- |) * O\ = /O * ___/`---'\____ * . ' \\| |// `. * / \\||| : |||// \ * / _||||| -:- |||||- \ * | | \\\ - /// | | * | \_| ''\---/'' | | * \ .-\__ `-` ___/-. / * ___`. .' /--.--\ `. . __ * ."" '&lt; `.___\_&lt;|&gt;_/___.' &gt;'"". * | | : `- \`.;`\ _ /`;.`/ - ` : | | * \ \ `-. \_ __\ /__ _/ .-` / / * ======`-.____`-.___\_____/___.-`____.-'====== * `=---=' * ............................................. * 佛曰：bug泛滥，我已瘫痪！ */ 12345678910111213141516171819//// .::::.// .::::::::.// :::::::::::// ..:::::::::::'// '::::::::::::'// .::::::::::// '::::::::::::::..// ..::::::::::::.// ``::::::::::::::::// ::::``:::::::::' .:::.// ::::' ':::::' .::::::::.// .::::' :::: .:::::::'::::.// .:::' ::::: .:::::::::' ':::::.// .::' :::::.:::::::::' ':::::.// .::' ::::::::::::::' ``::::.// ...::: ::::::::::::' ``::.// ```` ':. ':::::::::' ::::..// '.:::::' ':'````.. 12345678910111213141516** * ┌───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┐ * │Esc│ │ F1│ F2│ F3│ F4│ │ F5│ F6│ F7│ F8│ │ F9│F10│F11│F12│ │P/S│S L│P/B│ ┌┐ ┌┐ ┌┐ * └───┘ └───┴───┴───┴───┘ └───┴───┴───┴───┘ └───┴───┴───┴───┘ └───┴───┴───┘ └┘ └┘ └┘ * ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───────┐ ┌───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ * │~ `│! 1│@ 2│# 3│$ 4│% 5│^ 6│&amp; 7│* 8│( 9│) 0│_ -│+ =│ BacSp │ │Ins│Hom│PUp│ │N L│ / │ * │ - │ * ├───┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─────┤ ├───┼───┼───┤ ├───┼───┼───┼───┤ * │ Tab │ Q │ W │ E │ R │ T │ Y │ U │ I │ O │ P │&#123; [│&#125; ]│ | \ │ │Del│End│PDn│ │ 7 │ 8 │ 9 │ │ * ├─────┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴─────┤ └───┴───┴───┘ ├───┼───┼───┤ + │ * │ Caps │ A │ S │ D │ F │ G │ H │ J │ K │ L │: ;│" '│ Enter │ │ 4 │ 5 │ 6 │ │ * ├──────┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴────────┤ ┌───┐ ├───┼───┼───┼───┤ * │ Shift │ Z │ X │ C │ V │ B │ N │ M │&lt; ,│&gt; .│? /│ Shift │ │ ↑ │ │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ │ * ├─────┬──┴─┬─┴──┬┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴──┬┴───┼───┴┬────┬────┤ ┌───┼───┼───┐ ├───┴───┼───┤ E││ * │ Ctrl│ │Alt │ Space │ Alt│ │ │Ctrl│ │ ← │ ↓ │ → │ │ 0 │ . │←─┘│ * └─────┴────┴────┴───────────────────────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘ └───┴───┴───┘ └───────┴───┴───┘ * 123456789101112/*** * * █████▒█ ██ ▄████▄ ██ ▄█▀ ██████╗ ██╗ ██╗ ██████╗ * ▓██ ▒ ██ ▓██▒▒██▀ ▀█ ██▄█▒ ██╔══██╗██║ ██║██╔════╝ * ▒████ ░▓██ ▒██░▒▓█ ▄ ▓███▄░ ██████╔╝██║ ██║██║ ███╗ * ░▓█▒ ░▓▓█ ░██░▒▓▓▄ ▄██▒▓██ █▄ ██╔══██╗██║ ██║██║ ██║ * ░▒█░ ▒▒█████▓ ▒ ▓███▀ ░▒██▒ █▄ ██████╔╝╚██████╔╝╚██████╔╝ * ▒ ░ ░▒▓▒ ▒ ▒ ░ ░▒ ▒ ░▒ ▒▒ ▓▒ ╚═════╝ ╚═════╝ ╚═════╝ * ░ ░░▒░ ░ ░ ░ ▒ ░ ░▒ ▒░ * ░ ░ ░░░ ░ ░ ░ ░ ░░ ░ * ░ ░ ░ ░ ░ */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324/*** * ┌─┐ ┌─┐ * ┌──┘ ┴───────┘ ┴──┐ * │ │ * │ ─── │ * │ ─┬┘ └┬─ │ * │ │ * │ ─┴─ │ * │ │ * └───┐ ┌───┘ * │ │ * │ │ * │ │ * │ └──────────────┐ * │ │ * │ ├─┐ * │ ┌─┘ * │ │ * └─┐ ┐ ┌───────┬──┐ ┌──┘ * │ ─┤ ─┤ │ ─┤ ─┤ * └──┴──┘ └──┴──┘ * 神兽保佑 * 代码无BUG! */ 1234567891011121314151617181920/*** * ___====-_ _-====___ * _--^^^#####// \\#####^^^--_ * _-^##########// ( ) \\##########^-_ * -############// |\^^/| \\############- * _/############// (@::@) \\############\_ * /#############(( \\// ))#############\ * -###############\\ (oo) //###############- * -#################\\ / VV \ //#################- * -###################\\/ \//###################- * _#/|##########/\######( /\ )######/\##########|\#_ * |/ |#/\#/\#/\/ \#/\##\ | | /##/\#/ \/\#/\#/\#| \| * ` |/ V V ` V \#\| | | |/#/ V ' V V \| ' * ` ` ` ` / | | | | \ ' ' ' ' * ( | | | | ) * __\ | | | | /__ * (vvv(VVV)(VVV)vvv) * 神兽保佑 * 代码无BUG! */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324/*** * * * __----~~~~~~~~~~~------___ * . . ~~//====...... __--~ ~~ * -. \_|// |||\\ ~~~~~~::::... /~ * ___-==_ _-~o~ \/ ||| \\ _/~~- * __---~~~.==~||\=_ -_--~/_-~|- |\\ \\ _/~ * _-~~ .=~ | \\-_ '-~7 /- / || \ / * .~ .~ | \\ -_ / /- / || \ / * / ____ / | \\ ~-_/ /|- _/ .|| \ / * |~~ ~~|--~~~~--_ \ ~==-/ | \~--===~~ .\ * ' ~-| /| |-~\~~ __--~~ * |-~~-_/ | | ~\_ _-~ /\ * / \ \__ \/~ \__ * _--~ _/ | .-~~____--~-/ ~~==. * ((-&gt;/~ '.|||' -_| ~~-/ , . _|| * -_ ~\ ~~---l__i__i__i--~~_/ * _-~-__ ~) \--______________--~~ * //.-~~~-~_--~- |-------~~~~~~~~ * //.-~~~--\ * 神兽保佑 * 代码无BUG! */ 123456789101112131415/*** _ * _._ _..._ .-', _.._(`)) * '-. ` ' /-._.-' ',/ * ) \ '. * / _ _ | \ * | a a / | * \ .-. ; * '-('' ).-' ,' ; * '-; | .' * \ \ / * | 7 .__ _.-\ \ * | | | ``/ /` / * /,_| | /,_/ / * /,_/ '`-' */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324/*** ************************************************************** * * * .=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-. * * | ______ | * * | .-" "-. | * * | / \ | * * | _ | | _ | * * | ( \ |, .-. .-. ,| / ) | * * | &gt; "=._ | )(__/ \__)( | _.=" &lt; | * * | (_/"=._"=._ |/ /\ \| _.="_.="\_) | * * | "=._"(_ ^^ _)"_.=" | * * | "=\__|IIIIII|__/=" | * * | _.="| \IIIIII/ |"=._ | * * | _ _.="_.="\ /"=._"=._ _ | * * | ( \_.="_.=" `--------` "=._"=._/ ) | * * | &gt; _.=" "=._ &lt; | * * | (_/ \_) | * * | | * * '-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=' * * * * LASCIATE OGNI SPERANZA, VOI CH'ENTRATE * ************************************************************** */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233/*** * ,s555SB@@&amp; * :9H####@@@@@Xi * 1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8 * ,8@@@@@@@@@B@@@@@@8 * :B@@@@X3hi8Bs;B@@@@@Ah, * ,8i r@@@B: 1S ,M@@@@@@#8; * 1AB35.i: X@@8 . SGhr ,A@@@@@@@@S * 1@h31MX8 18Hhh3i .i3r ,A@@@@@@@@@5 * ;@&amp;i,58r5 rGSS: :B@@@@@@@@@@A * 1#i . 9i hX. .: .5@@@@@@@@@@@1 * sG1, ,G53s. 9#Xi;hS5 3B@@@@@@@B1 * .h8h.,A@@@MXSs, #@H1: 3ssSSX@1 * s ,@@@@@@@@@@@@Xhi, r#@@X1s9M8 .GA981 * ,. rS8H#@@@@@@@@@@#HG51;. .h31i;9@r .8@@@@BS;i; * .19AXXXAB@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#MHXG893hrX#XGGXM@@@@@@@@@@MS * s@@MM@@@hsX#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&amp;, * :GB@#3G@@Brs ,1GM@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B, * .hM@@@#@@#MX 51 r;iSGAM@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8 * :3B@@@@@@@@@@@&amp;9@h :Gs .;sSXH@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@: * s&amp;HA#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@M89A;.8S. ,r3@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@r * ,13B@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@5 5B3 ;. ;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@i * 5#@@#&amp;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@9 .39: ;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@; * 9@@@X:MM@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#; ;31. H@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@: * SH#@B9.rM@@@@@@@@@@@@@B :. 3@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@5 * ,:. 9@@@@@@@@@@@#HB5 .M@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B * ,ssirhSM@&amp;1;i19911i,. s@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@S * ,,,rHAri1h1rh&amp;@#353Sh: 8@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#: * .A3hH@#5S553&amp;@@#h i:i9S #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@A. * * * 又看源码，看你妹妹呀！ */ 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425/*** *_______________#########_______________________ *______________############_____________________ *______________#############____________________ *_____________##__###########___________________ *____________###__######_#####__________________ *____________###_#######___####_________________ *___________###__##########_####________________ *__________####__###########_####_______________ *________#####___###########__#####_____________ *_______######___###_########___#####___________ *_______#####___###___########___######_________ *______######___###__###########___######_______ *_____######___####_##############__######______ *____#######__#####################_#######_____ *____#######__##############################____ *___#######__######_#################_#######___ *___#######__######_######_#########___######___ *___#######____##__######___######_____######___ *___#######________######____#####_____#####____ *____######________#####_____#####_____####_____ *_____#####________####______#####_____###______ *______#####______;###________###______#________ *________##_______####________####______________ */ 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829/*** * http://www.freebuf.com/ * _.._ ,------------. * ,' `. ( We want you! ) * / __) __` \ `-,----------' * ( (`-`(-') ) _.-' * /) \ = / ( * /' |--' . \ * ( ,---| `-.)__` * )( `-.,--' _`-. * '/,' ( Uu", * (_ , `/,-' ) * `.__, : `-'/ /`--' * | `--' | * ` `-._ / * \ ( * /\ . \. freebuf * / |` \ ,-\ * / \| .) / \ * ( ,'|\ ,' : * | \,`.`--"/ &#125; * `,' \ |,' / * / "-._ `-/ | * "-. "-.,'| ; * / _/["---'""] * : / |"- ' * ' | / * ` | */ 123456789101112131415/*** * http://www.flvcd.com/ * .--, .--, * ( ( \.---./ ) ) * '.__/o o\__.' * &#123;= ^ =&#125; * &gt; - &lt; * / \ * // \\ * //| . |\\ * "'\ /'"_.-~^`'-. * \ _ /--' ` * ___)( )(___ * (((__) (__))) 高山仰止,景行行止.虽不能至,心向往之。 */ 参考链接：http://www.asciiworld.com]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[登录提示符常用参数及含义 在 /etc/bashrc 文件中会设定 PS1 变量，这个变量设置的就是登录之后的提示符信息 12[root@localhost ~]$ echo $PS1[\u@\h \W]\$ 不同的参数代表的含义不同 \d ：代表日期，格式为 weekday month date，例如：”Mon Aug 1” \H ：完整的主机名称 \h ：仅取主机名中的第一个名字 \t ：显示时间为24小时格式 HH:MM;SS \T ：显示时间为12小时格式 \A ：显示时间为24小时格式 HH:MM \u ：当前用户的账号名称 \v ：BASH 的版本信息 \w ：完整的工作目录名称 \W ：利用 basename 取得工作目录名称，只显示最后一个目录名 \# ：下达的第几个命令 \$ ：提示字符，如果是root用户，提示符为 # ，普通用户则为 $ 所以 shell 默认的命令行提示信息的格式 PS1=&#39;[\u@\h \W]\$ &#39; 的意思就是： 1[当前用户的账号名@主机名的第一个名字 工作目录的最后一层目录名]# 颜色参数 在 PS1 中还可以设置字符的颜色，其格式为 \[\e[F;Bm\]........\[\e[0m\]，其中 \[\e[ 作为颜色设定的开始。F 为字体颜色，编号范围是 30-37，B 为背景颜色，编号范围是 40-47，而 \[\e[0m\] 作为颜色设定的结束。 下面是颜色对照表： F B 颜色 30 40 黑色 31 41 红色 32 42 绿色 33 43 黄色 34 44 蓝色 35 45 紫红色 36 46 青蓝色色 37 47 白色 个性化配置命令提示符 在 linux 上终端命令行默认全部为白色，会经常导致命令与输出内容难以分辨，于是我们可以通过自定义 PS1 环境变量来解决这个问题。 一行显示日期和时间，一行显示标准的提示符 123456789[user1@study ~]$ export PS1='\D&#123;%c&#125; \w\n[\u@\H]\$ 'Wed 15 Jul 2015 08:22:15 PM CST ~[user1@study]$ echo Tom TomWed 15 Jul 2015 08:22:19 PM CST ~[user1@study]$ echo Jerry JerryWed 15 Jul 2015 08:22:21 PM CST ~[user1@study]$ 显示当前时间 1234[user1@study ~]$ export PS1="\u@\h [\$(date +%k:%M:%S)]&gt; "user1@study [20:21:24]&gt; echo "yes"yesuser1@study [20:21:29]&gt; 为了能永久生效，一般在 /etc/profile.d/ 下自定义一个专门设置 PS1 的脚本并对其添加可执行权限。上面的格式只是设置了多行提示符，并没有对颜色和自己进行设置。 123[root@study ~]# cat /etc/profile.d/my-PS1.shPS1='\[\e[1;36m\][\u@\H \W]\$\[\e[0m\] '[root@study ~]# 参考链接： https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/09/bash-shell-ps1-10-examples-to-make-your-linux-prompt-like-angelina-jolie/ 登录提示信息登录前提示信息每次登录系统时都会有提示信息，这个登录提示信息是针对本地终端 tty{1-6} 的，而并非类SSH登录。 本地终端提示信息默认在文件 /etc/issue 中 12345[user1@study ~]$ cat /etc/issue\SKernel \r on an \m[user1@study ~]$ 文件中使用了转义符，下面做一个简要的说明 123456789\d：显示当前系统日期\s：显示操作系统名称\l：显示登录的终端号，这个比较常用\m：显示硬件体系结构，如x86\n：显示主机名\o：显示域名\r：显示内核版本号\t：显示当前系统时间\u：显示当前登录用户的序列号 远程终端提示信息默认在文件 /etc/issue.net 中，如: 1234[user1@study ~]$ cat /etc/issue.net \SKernel \r on an \m[user1@study ~]$ 在 SSH 服务中默认并没有开启显示信息，要想在 SSH 登录时显示这些内容，可以在服务配置文件 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 文件中，把 参数Banner none 改为 Banner /etc/issue.net，然后重启 sshd 服务重新登录就会看到显示信息。但是 Kernel \r on an \m 这行字符原样显示并没有进行转义，原因是远程信息提示不支持转义符的使用，一般就是用来写一些警告信息。 登陆后提示信息使用环境变量配置文件来输出会比较易于定制，因为都是用 shell 来做的 12345678910111213141516171819202122[user1@study ~]$ cat ~/.bash_profile# .bash_profile# Get the aliases and functionsif [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrcfi# User specific environment and startup programsPATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/binexport PATH# Look at themhname=`hostname`echo "Welcome on $hname."echo -e "Kernel Details: " `uname -smr`echo -e "`bash --version`"echo -ne "Uptime: "; uptimeecho -ne "Server time : "; date 重新登录后就会出现提示信息 12345678910111213[root@study ~]# su - user1Last login: Wed Jul 15 19:43:13 CST 2015 on pts/3Welcome on study.Kernel Details: Linux 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 x86_64GNU bash, version 4.2.46(2)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html&gt;This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.Uptime: 20:17:08 up 6:49, 9 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05Server time : Wed Jul 15 20:17:08 CST 2015[user1@study ~]$ 生产环境的服务器最好做到什么信息都不要提示，以免带来安全问题。如果一定要写，建议写在 /etc/motd 文件中，并且最好写一些警告信息。默认这个文件是空的，将提示信息写入即可。 以下是几个供娱乐使用的提示信息模板 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526[user1@study ~]$ cat /etc/motd _oo8oo_ o8888888o 88" . "88 (| -_- |) 0\ = /0 ___/'==='\___ .' \\| |// '. / \\||| : |||// \ / _||||| -:- |||||_ \ | | \\\ - /// | | | \_| ''\---/'' |_/ | \ .-\__ '-' __/-. / ___'. .' /--.--\ '. .'___ ."" '&lt; '.___\_&lt;|&gt;_/___.' &gt;' "". | | : `- \`.:`\ _ /`:.`/ -` : | | \ \ `-. \_ __\ /__ _/ .-` / / =====`-.____`.___ \_____/ ___.`____.-`===== `=---=` ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ God bless Never crash[user1@study ~]$ 12345678910111213141516171819202122//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // _ooOoo_ // // o8888888o // // 88" . "88 // // (| ^_^ |) // // O\ = /O // // ____/`---'\____ // // .' \\| |// `. // // / \\||| : |||// \ // // / _||||| -:- |||||- \ // // | | \\\ - /// | | // // | \_| ''\---/'' | | // // \ .-\__ `-` ___/-. / // // ___`. .' /--.--\ `. . ___ // // ."" '&lt; `.___\_&lt;|&gt;_/___.' &gt;'"". // // | | : `- \`.;`\ _ /`;.`/ - ` : | | // // \ \ `-. \_ __\ /__ _/ .-` / / // // ========`-.____`-.___\_____/___.-`____.-'======== // // `=---=' // // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ // // 佛祖保佑 永无BUG 永不修改 // //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1234567891011/*** * 佛曰: * 写字楼里写字间，写字间里程序员； * 程序人员写程序，又拿程序换酒钱。 * 酒醒只在网上坐，酒醉还来网下眠； * 酒醉酒醒日复日，网上网下年复年。 * 但愿老死电脑间，不愿鞠躬老板前； * 奔驰宝马贵者趣，公交自行程序员。 * 别人笑我忒疯癫，我笑自己命太贱； * 不见满街漂亮妹，哪个归得程序员？ */ 12345678910111213141516171819202122/*** * _ooOoo_ * o8888888o * 88" . "88 * (| -_- |) * O\ = /O * ___/`---'\____ * . ' \\| |// `. * / \\||| : |||// \ * / _||||| -:- |||||- \ * | | \\\ - /// | | * | \_| ''\---/'' | | * \ .-\__ `-` ___/-. / * ___`. .' /--.--\ `. . __ * ."" '&lt; `.___\_&lt;|&gt;_/___.' &gt;'"". * | | : `- \`.;`\ _ /`;.`/ - ` : | | * \ \ `-. \_ __\ /__ _/ .-` / / * ======`-.____`-.___\_____/___.-`____.-'====== * `=---=' * ............................................. * 佛曰：bug泛滥，我已瘫痪！ */ 12345678910111213141516171819//// .::::.// .::::::::.// :::::::::::// ..:::::::::::'// '::::::::::::'// .::::::::::// '::::::::::::::..// ..::::::::::::.// ``::::::::::::::::// ::::``:::::::::' .:::.// ::::' ':::::' .::::::::.// .::::' :::: .:::::::'::::.// .:::' ::::: .:::::::::' ':::::.// .::' :::::.:::::::::' ':::::.// .::' ::::::::::::::' ``::::.// ...::: ::::::::::::' ``::.// ```` ':. ':::::::::' ::::..// '.:::::' ':'````.. 12345678910111213141516** * ┌───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┐ * │Esc│ │ F1│ F2│ F3│ F4│ │ F5│ F6│ F7│ F8│ │ F9│F10│F11│F12│ │P/S│S L│P/B│ ┌┐ ┌┐ ┌┐ * └───┘ └───┴───┴───┴───┘ └───┴───┴───┴───┘ └───┴───┴───┴───┘ └───┴───┴───┘ └┘ └┘ └┘ * ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───────┐ ┌───┬───┬───┐ ┌───┬───┬───┬───┐ * │~ `│! 1│@ 2│# 3│$ 4│% 5│^ 6│&amp; 7│* 8│( 9│) 0│_ -│+ =│ BacSp │ │Ins│Hom│PUp│ │N L│ / │ * │ - │ * ├───┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─────┤ ├───┼───┼───┤ ├───┼───┼───┼───┤ * │ Tab │ Q │ W │ E │ R │ T │ Y │ U │ I │ O │ P │&#123; [│&#125; ]│ | \ │ │Del│End│PDn│ │ 7 │ 8 │ 9 │ │ * ├─────┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴┬──┴─────┤ └───┴───┴───┘ ├───┼───┼───┤ + │ * │ Caps │ A │ S │ D │ F │ G │ H │ J │ K │ L │: ;│" '│ Enter │ │ 4 │ 5 │ 6 │ │ * ├──────┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴─┬─┴────────┤ ┌───┐ ├───┼───┼───┼───┤ * │ Shift │ Z │ X │ C │ V │ B │ N │ M │&lt; ,│&gt; .│? /│ Shift │ │ ↑ │ │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ │ * ├─────┬──┴─┬─┴──┬┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴──┬┴───┼───┴┬────┬────┤ ┌───┼───┼───┐ ├───┴───┼───┤ E││ * │ Ctrl│ │Alt │ Space │ Alt│ │ │Ctrl│ │ ← │ ↓ │ → │ │ 0 │ . │←─┘│ * └─────┴────┴────┴───────────────────────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘ └───┴───┴───┘ └───────┴───┴───┘ * 123456789101112/*** * * █████▒█ ██ ▄████▄ ██ ▄█▀ ██████╗ ██╗ ██╗ ██████╗ * ▓██ ▒ ██ ▓██▒▒██▀ ▀█ ██▄█▒ ██╔══██╗██║ ██║██╔════╝ * ▒████ ░▓██ ▒██░▒▓█ ▄ ▓███▄░ ██████╔╝██║ ██║██║ ███╗ * ░▓█▒ ░▓▓█ ░██░▒▓▓▄ ▄██▒▓██ █▄ ██╔══██╗██║ ██║██║ ██║ * ░▒█░ ▒▒█████▓ ▒ ▓███▀ ░▒██▒ █▄ ██████╔╝╚██████╔╝╚██████╔╝ * ▒ ░ ░▒▓▒ ▒ ▒ ░ ░▒ ▒ ░▒ ▒▒ ▓▒ ╚═════╝ ╚═════╝ ╚═════╝ * ░ ░░▒░ ░ ░ ░ ▒ ░ ░▒ ▒░ * ░ ░ ░░░ ░ ░ ░ ░ ░░ ░ * ░ ░ ░ ░ ░ */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324/*** * ┌─┐ ┌─┐ * ┌──┘ ┴───────┘ ┴──┐ * │ │ * │ ─── │ * │ ─┬┘ └┬─ │ * │ │ * │ ─┴─ │ * │ │ * └───┐ ┌───┘ * │ │ * │ │ * │ │ * │ └──────────────┐ * │ │ * │ ├─┐ * │ ┌─┘ * │ │ * └─┐ ┐ ┌───────┬──┐ ┌──┘ * │ ─┤ ─┤ │ ─┤ ─┤ * └──┴──┘ └──┴──┘ * 神兽保佑 * 代码无BUG! */ 1234567891011121314151617181920/*** * ___====-_ _-====___ * _--^^^#####// \\#####^^^--_ * _-^##########// ( ) \\##########^-_ * -############// |\^^/| \\############- * _/############// (@::@) \\############\_ * /#############(( \\// ))#############\ * -###############\\ (oo) //###############- * -#################\\ / VV \ //#################- * -###################\\/ \//###################- * _#/|##########/\######( /\ )######/\##########|\#_ * |/ |#/\#/\#/\/ \#/\##\ | | /##/\#/ \/\#/\#/\#| \| * ` |/ V V ` V \#\| | | |/#/ V ' V V \| ' * ` ` ` ` / | | | | \ ' ' ' ' * ( | | | | ) * __\ | | | | /__ * (vvv(VVV)(VVV)vvv) * 神兽保佑 * 代码无BUG! */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324/*** * * * __----~~~~~~~~~~~------___ * . . ~~//====...... __--~ ~~ * -. \_|// |||\\ ~~~~~~::::... /~ * ___-==_ _-~o~ \/ ||| \\ _/~~- * __---~~~.==~||\=_ -_--~/_-~|- |\\ \\ _/~ * _-~~ .=~ | \\-_ '-~7 /- / || \ / * .~ .~ | \\ -_ / /- / || \ / * / ____ / | \\ ~-_/ /|- _/ .|| \ / * |~~ ~~|--~~~~--_ \ ~==-/ | \~--===~~ .\ * ' ~-| /| |-~\~~ __--~~ * |-~~-_/ | | ~\_ _-~ /\ * / \ \__ \/~ \__ * _--~ _/ | .-~~____--~-/ ~~==. * ((-&gt;/~ '.|||' -_| ~~-/ , . _|| * -_ ~\ ~~---l__i__i__i--~~_/ * _-~-__ ~) \--______________--~~ * //.-~~~-~_--~- |-------~~~~~~~~ * //.-~~~--\ * 神兽保佑 * 代码无BUG! */ 123456789101112131415/*** _ * _._ _..._ .-', _.._(`)) * '-. ` ' /-._.-' ',/ * ) \ '. * / _ _ | \ * | a a / | * \ .-. ; * '-('' ).-' ,' ; * '-; | .' * \ \ / * | 7 .__ _.-\ \ * | | | ``/ /` / * /,_| | /,_/ / * /,_/ '`-' */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324/*** ************************************************************** * * * .=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-. * * | ______ | * * | .-" "-. | * * | / \ | * * | _ | | _ | * * | ( \ |, .-. .-. ,| / ) | * * | &gt; "=._ | )(__/ \__)( | _.=" &lt; | * * | (_/"=._"=._ |/ /\ \| _.="_.="\_) | * * | "=._"(_ ^^ _)"_.=" | * * | "=\__|IIIIII|__/=" | * * | _.="| \IIIIII/ |"=._ | * * | _ _.="_.="\ /"=._"=._ _ | * * | ( \_.="_.=" `--------` "=._"=._/ ) | * * | &gt; _.=" "=._ &lt; | * * | (_/ \_) | * * | | * * '-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=' * * * * LASCIATE OGNI SPERANZA, VOI CH'ENTRATE * ************************************************************** */ 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233/*** * ,s555SB@@&amp; * :9H####@@@@@Xi * 1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8 * ,8@@@@@@@@@B@@@@@@8 * :B@@@@X3hi8Bs;B@@@@@Ah, * ,8i r@@@B: 1S ,M@@@@@@#8; * 1AB35.i: X@@8 . SGhr ,A@@@@@@@@S * 1@h31MX8 18Hhh3i .i3r ,A@@@@@@@@@5 * ;@&amp;i,58r5 rGSS: :B@@@@@@@@@@A * 1#i . 9i hX. .: .5@@@@@@@@@@@1 * sG1, ,G53s. 9#Xi;hS5 3B@@@@@@@B1 * .h8h.,A@@@MXSs, #@H1: 3ssSSX@1 * s ,@@@@@@@@@@@@Xhi, r#@@X1s9M8 .GA981 * ,. rS8H#@@@@@@@@@@#HG51;. .h31i;9@r .8@@@@BS;i; * .19AXXXAB@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#MHXG893hrX#XGGXM@@@@@@@@@@MS * s@@MM@@@hsX#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&amp;, * :GB@#3G@@Brs ,1GM@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B, * .hM@@@#@@#MX 51 r;iSGAM@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8 * :3B@@@@@@@@@@@&amp;9@h :Gs .;sSXH@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@: * s&amp;HA#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@M89A;.8S. ,r3@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@r * ,13B@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@5 5B3 ;. ;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@i * 5#@@#&amp;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@9 .39: ;@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@; * 9@@@X:MM@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#; ;31. H@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@: * SH#@B9.rM@@@@@@@@@@@@@B :. 3@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@5 * ,:. 9@@@@@@@@@@@#HB5 .M@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B * ,ssirhSM@&amp;1;i19911i,. s@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@S * ,,,rHAri1h1rh&amp;@#353Sh: 8@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#: * .A3hH@#5S553&amp;@@#h i:i9S #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@A. * * * 又看源码，看你妹妹呀！ */ 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425/*** *_______________#########_______________________ *______________############_____________________ *______________#############____________________ *_____________##__###########___________________ *____________###__######_#####__________________ *____________###_#######___####_________________ *___________###__##########_####________________ *__________####__###########_####_______________ *________#####___###########__#####_____________ *_______######___###_########___#####___________ *_______#####___###___########___######_________ *______######___###__###########___######_______ *_____######___####_##############__######______ *____#######__#####################_#######_____ *____#######__##############################____ *___#######__######_#################_#######___ *___#######__######_######_#########___######___ *___#######____##__######___######_____######___ *___#######________######____#####_____#####____ *____######________#####_____#####_____####_____ *_____#####________####______#####_____###______ *______#####______;###________###______#________ *________##_______####________####______________ */ 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829/*** * http://www.freebuf.com/ * _.._ ,------------. * ,' `. ( We want you! ) * / __) __` \ `-,----------' * ( (`-`(-') ) _.-' * /) \ = / ( * /' |--' . \ * ( ,---| `-.)__` * )( `-.,--' _`-. * '/,' ( Uu", * (_ , `/,-' ) * `.__, : `-'/ /`--' * | `--' | * ` `-._ / * \ ( * /\ . \. freebuf * / |` \ ,-\ * / \| .) / \ * ( ,'|\ ,' : * | \,`.`--"/ &#125; * `,' \ |,' / * / "-._ `-/ | * "-. "-.,'| ; * / _/["---'""] * : / |"- ' * ' | / * ` | */ 123456789101112131415/*** * http://www.flvcd.com/ * .--, .--, * ( ( \.---./ ) ) * '.__/o o\__.' * &#123;= ^ =&#125; * &gt; - &lt; * / \ * // \\ * //| . |\\ * "'\ /'"_.-~^`'-. * \ _ /--' ` * ___)( )(___ * (((__) (__))) 高山仰止,景行行止.虽不能至,心向往之。 */ 12345678910111213141516####################################################################### Notice ## ## 1. Please create unique passwords that use a combination of words,## numbers, symbols, and both upper-case and lower-case letters. ## Avoid using simple adjacent keyboard combinations such as ## "Qwert!234","Qaz2wsx",etc. ## ## 2. Unless necessary, please DO NOT open or use high-risk ports, ## such as Telnet-23, FTP-20/21, NTP-123(UDP), RDP-3389, ## SSH/SFTP-22, Mysql-3306, SQL-1433,etc. ## ## ## Any questions please contact 0000-000-000 ####################################################################### 参考链接：http://www.asciiworld.com]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>BashShell</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -828,7 +1024,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Bash的基本特性之管道pipe]]></title>
     <url>%2F2015%2F07%2F15%2F192127-Bash%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%8B%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93pipe%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[管道是 Unix 中最古老的进程之间的通信形式。把数据流从一个进程连接到另一个进程就叫做 “管道”。 管道的操作符是 |，仅能处理经由前面一个命令传出的正确输出信息，即标准输出（standard output） 的信息，而对于错误的输出信息，即标准错误输出（stdandard error） 信息没有直接处理能力。而后将标准输出传递给下一个命令，作为下一个命令的标准输入（standard input）。 如上图所示 command1 的正确输出作为 command2 的输入，然后 comand2 的正确输出作为 comand3 的输入 ，comand3 的输出直接显示在屏幕 下面是一个比较简单的例子 123456789[user1@study ~]$ ls | grep filefilefile2.txtfile3.txtfile.bakfile.txt[user1@study ~]$ ls | grep file | grep [0-9]file2.txtfile3.txt 管道右边的命令，必须能够接收标准输入流命令才行，否则无法正常进行 1234[user1@study ~]$ ls | touchtouch: missing file operandTry 'touch --help' for more information.[user1@study ~]$ 管道只处理前一个命令的标准输出，不处理标准错误输出 123[user1@study ~]$ ls file_abc | grep 'No such file or directory'ls: cannot access file_abc: No such file or directory[user1@study ~]$ 如果既想处理前一个命令的标准输出，又想要处理标准错误输出该怎么办呢？这时可以用 |&amp; 来解决，它实际上是对 2&gt;&amp;1 | 的缩写 1234567[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile | grep -i -o -w 'no' ls: cannot access abcfile: No such file or directory[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile |&amp; grep -i -o -w 'no'No[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep -i -o -w 'no' No[user1@study ~]$ 管道和重定向的区别 管道： 左边的命令应该有标准输出 | 右边的命令应该接受标准输入 管道两边必须是 shell 命令，触发了两个子进程，两边命令都各自触发了一个子进程 重定向： 左边的命令应该有标准输出 &gt; 右边只能是文件 左边的命令需要接受标准输入 &lt; 右边需要能产生标准输出进程或文件 重定向是在一个进程内执行的]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[管道是 Unix 中最古老的进程之间的通信形式。把数据流从一个进程连接到另一个进程就叫做 “管道”。 管道的操作符是 |，仅能处理经由前面一个命令传出的正确输出信息，即标准输出（standard output） 的信息，而对于错误的输出信息，即标准错误输出（stdandard error） 信息没有直接处理能力。而后将标准输出传递给下一个命令，作为下一个命令的标准输入（standard input）。 如上图所示 command1 的标准（正确）输出作为 command2 的标准输入，然后 comand2 的标准（正确）输出作为 comand3 的输入 ，comand3 的输出直接显示在屏幕。下面是一个比较简单的例子： 123456789[user1@study ~]$ ls | grep filefilefile2.txtfile3.txtfile.bakfile.txt[user1@study ~]$ ls | grep file | grep [0-9]file2.txtfile3.txt 管道右边的命令，必须能够接收标准输入流命令才行，否则无法正常进行： 1234[user1@study ~]$ ls | touchtouch: missing file operandTry 'touch --help' for more information.[user1@study ~]$ 管道只处理前一个命令的标准输出，不处理标准错误输出： 123[user1@study ~]$ ls file_abc | grep 'No such file or directory'ls: cannot access file_abc: No such file or directory[user1@study ~]$ 如果既想处理前一个命令的标准输出，又想要处理标准错误输出该怎么办呢？这时可以用 |&amp; 来解决，它实际上是对 2&gt;&amp;1 | 的缩写 1234567[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile | grep -i -o -w 'no' ls: cannot access abcfile: No such file or directory[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile |&amp; grep -i -o -w 'no'No[user1@study ~]$ ls abcfile 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep -i -o -w 'no' No[user1@study ~]$ 管道和重定向的区别 管道： 左边的命令应该有标准输出 | 右边的命令应该接受标准输入 管道两边必须是 shell 命令，触发了两个子进程，两边命令都各自触发了一个子进程 重定向： 左边的命令应该有标准输出 &gt; 右边只能是文件 左边的命令需要接受标准输入 &lt; 右边需要能产生标准输出进程或文件 重定向是在一个进程内执行的]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>BashShell</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -860,7 +1056,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Bash的基本特性之命令别名alias]]></title>
     <url>%2F2015%2F07%2F06%2F210143-Bash%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%AB%E5%90%8Dalias%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[对于 Linux 的运维人员来说，免不了经常敲一大堆命令，有些命令很长或者选项要经常被用到，重复性的输入很长的命令或选项显得效率十分低下，这时候我们使用命令别名来代替复杂的命令就非常有用了。 如何设置一个别名我们可以在命令行使用如下格式定义一个别名 1alias CMDALIAS='COMMAND [options] [arguments]' alias 是一个 shell 内置命令 CMDALIAS 是用户为命令设置的自定义别名，可以当做命令来执行 COMMAND [options] [arguments] 被别名的命令，即实际要执行的命令及其要用到的选项 每次当输入 CMDALIAS 时，Bash 将会把这个别名替换成实际的命令和相应的选项。 并且这里要注意的是，在 = 等号两边不应该有空格，如果被别名的命令由多个选项或者子命令组成，需要使用引号将其括起来。 在命令行中定义的别名仅在当前 shell 生命周期中有效，作用域仅为当前 shell 进程。也就是说在退出当前 shell 之前别名都是生效的，一旦退出就不会再生效了。因此我们可以在 ~/.bash_profile、~/.bashrc 这两个文件中使用同样的格式来定义命令别名，一旦定义之后，在下次登录以及以后登录都会永久生效。 如何查看所有的命令别名直接执行 alias 命令，不加任何参数即可 12345678910[user1@study ~]$ alias alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'alias grep='grep --color=auto'alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'alias ls='ls --color=auto'alias vi='vim'alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'[user1@study ~]$ 临时禁用命令别名，使用原命令本身我们对 cat 命令做一个别名，让它自动加上 -n 选项以显示行号 123456 [user1@study ~]$ alias cat='cat -n'[user1@study ~]$ cat file 1 Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. 2 Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh). 3 Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.[user1@study ~]$ 如果只是临时不想使用这个功能，可以试试下面几种方法 使用 \ 1234[user1@study ~]$ \cat fileBash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. 使用单引号 &#39;&#39; 1[user1@study ~]$ 'cat' file 使用双引号 &quot;&quot; 1[user1@study ~]$ "cat" file 使用绝对路径 /path/to/command 1[user1@study ~]$ /bin/cat file 使用 shell 的内置命令 command 1[user1@study ~]$ command cat file 如何移除别名unalias 是一个 shell 内置的用来去除别名的命令，下面是命令的使用格式： 1unalias CMDALIAS 移除一个别名 1234[user1@study ~]$ unalias cls[user1@study ~]$ cls-bash: cls: command not found[user1@study ~]$ 移除所有别名 1234[user1@study ~]$ unalias -a[user1@study ~]$ cls-bash: cls: command not found[user1@study ~]$ 如果在 ~/.bash_profile、~/.bashrc 这两个文件中定义了命令别名，想要删除的话使用上述命令行的方式只能在当前 shell 生命周期内有效，下次登录后命令别名依然还在。想要永久移除就需要修改文件并删除。 常用的命令别名范例使用 vim 打开最近被修改的文件 12# Open last modified file in vimalias Vim="vim $(ls -t | head -1)" 在当前路径下查找文件大小排列前五名的文件 12# Find top 5 big filesalias findbig="find . -type f -exec ls -s &#123;&#125; \; | sort -n -r | head -5" 过滤出 bash 相关的进程 12# Grep for a bash processalias psg="ps -aux ¦ grep [b]ash" 清空当前 shell 的命令历史，并清屏 12# To clear all the history and screenalias hcl='history -c; clear' 清屏并列出文件 12# Clear the screen and list filealias cls='clear;ls' 解压缩文件老是忘记参数？ 1alias untar='tar -zxvf ' 在历史命令过滤关键字 1alias histgrep="history | grep" 下载命令 wget 断点续传 1alias wget='wget -c ' 快速切换到上层目录 12alias ..='cd ..'alias ....='cd ../../' 为新用户生成 15 位的随机密码 1alias getpass="openssl rand -base64 15" 使用 python3 的模块在当前路径下启动一个 web 服务器 12345# start web server with python2alias www2='python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000'# start web server with python3alias www3='python3 -m http.server 8000' 对下载的文件测试校验和 1alias sha='shasum -a 256 ' 常用的别名函数在 shell 中命令别名会在函数后被查找到，因此解析速度较慢。虽然命令别名更容易理解，但对于几乎所有的用途， shell 的函数都比别名更受欢迎。 定义的函数也可以像别名一样来使用，为了使用更方便，直接在 ~/.bash_profile 或 ~/.bashrc 文件中添加自定义的函数就可以从下次登录开始永久生效 创建一个目录并进入该目录里 1mkcd()&#123; mkdir -p "$1"; cd "$1";&#125; 备份文件 1bak()&#123; cp "$1"&#123;,.bak&#125;;&#125; 计算并进行比较文件的 md5 值，用法 md5chk 文件名 校验值1md5chk()&#123; md5sum "$1" | grep "$2";&#125;]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[对于 Linux 的运维人员来说，免不了经常敲一大堆命令，有些命令很长或者选项要经常被用到，重复性的输入很长的命令或选项显得效率十分低下，这时候我们使用命令别名来代替复杂的命令就非常有用了。 如何设置一个别名我们可以在命令行使用如下格式定义一个别名 1alias CMDALIAS='COMMAND [options] [arguments]' alias 是一个 shell 内置命令 CMDALIAS 是用户为命令设置的自定义别名，可以当做命令来执行 COMMAND [options] [arguments] 被别名的命令，即实际要执行的命令及其要用到的选项 每次当输入 CMDALIAS 时，Bash 将会把这个别名替换成实际的命令和相应的选项。 并且这里要注意的是，在 = 等号两边不应该有空格，如果被别名的命令由多个选项或者子命令组成，需要使用引号将其括起来。 在命令行中定义的别名仅在当前 shell 生命周期中有效，作用域仅为当前 shell 进程。也就是说在退出当前 shell 之前别名都是生效的，一旦退出就不会再生效了。因此我们可以在 ~/.bash_profile、~/.bashrc 这两个文件中使用同样的格式来定义命令别名，一旦定义之后，在下次登录以及以后登录都会永久生效。 如何查看所有的命令别名直接执行 alias 命令，不加任何参数即可 12345678910[user1@study ~]$ alias alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'alias grep='grep --color=auto'alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'alias ls='ls --color=auto'alias vi='vim'alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'[user1@study ~]$ 临时禁用命令别名，使用原命令本身我们对 cat 命令做一个别名，让它自动加上 -n 选项以显示行号 123456 [user1@study ~]$ alias cat='cat -n'[user1@study ~]$ cat file 1 Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. 2 Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh). 3 Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.[user1@study ~]$ 如果只是临时不想使用这个功能，可以试试下面几种方法 使用 \ 1234[user1@study ~]$ \cat fileBash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. 使用单引号 &#39;&#39; 1[user1@study ~]$ 'cat' file 使用双引号 &quot;&quot; 1[user1@study ~]$ "cat" file 使用绝对路径 /path/to/command 1[user1@study ~]$ /bin/cat file 使用 shell 的内置命令 command 1[user1@study ~]$ command cat file 如何移除别名unalias 是一个 shell 内置的用来去除别名的命令，下面是命令的使用格式： 1unalias CMDALIAS 移除一个别名 1234[user1@study ~]$ unalias cls[user1@study ~]$ cls-bash: cls: command not found[user1@study ~]$ 移除所有别名 1234[user1@study ~]$ unalias -a[user1@study ~]$ cls-bash: cls: command not found[user1@study ~]$ 如果在 ~/.bash_profile、~/.bashrc 这两个文件中定义了命令别名，想要删除的话使用上述命令行的方式只能在当前 shell 生命周期内有效，下次登录后命令别名依然还在。想要永久移除就需要修改文件并删除。 常用的命令别名范例使用 vim 打开最近被修改的文件 12# Open last modified file in vimalias Vim="vim $(ls -t | head -1)" 在当前路径下查找文件大小排列前五名的文件 12# Find top 5 big filesalias findbig="find . -type f -exec ls -s &#123;&#125; \; | sort -n -r | head -5" 过滤出 bash 相关的进程 12# Grep for a bash processalias psg="ps -aux ¦ grep [b]ash" 清空当前 shell 的命令历史，并清屏 12# To clear all the history and screenalias hcl='history -c; clear' 清屏并列出文件 12# Clear the screen and list filealias cls='clear;ls' 解压缩文件老是忘记参数？ 1alias untar='tar -zxvf ' 在历史命令过滤关键字 1alias histgrep="history | grep" 下载命令 wget 断点续传 1alias wget='wget -c ' 快速切换到上层目录 12alias ..='cd ..'alias ....='cd ../../' 为新用户生成 15 位的随机密码 1alias getpass="openssl rand -base64 15" 使用 python3 的模块在当前路径下启动一个 web 服务器 12345# start web server with python2alias www2='python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000'# start web server with python3alias www3='python3 -m http.server 8000' 对下载的文件测试校验和 1alias sha='shasum -a 256 ' 常用的别名函数在 shell 中命令别名会在函数后被查找到，因此解析速度较慢。虽然命令别名更容易理解，但对于几乎所有的用途， shell 的函数都比别名更受欢迎。 定义的函数也可以像别名一样来使用，为了使用更方便，直接在 ~/.bash_profile 或 ~/.bashrc 文件中添加自定义的函数就可以从下次登录开始永久生效 创建一个目录并进入该目录里 1mkcd()&#123; mkdir -p "$1"; cd "$1";&#125; 备份文件 1bak()&#123; cp "$1"&#123;,.bak&#125;;&#125; 计算并进行比较文件的 md5 值，用法 md5chk 文件名 校验值1md5chk()&#123; md5sum "$1" | grep "$2";&#125; 针对各种压缩文件的解压函数 1234567891011121314151617181920212223## # ex - archive extractor# # usage: ex &lt;file&gt;ex ()&#123; if [ -f $1 ] ; then case $1 in *.tar.bz2) tar xjf $1 ;; *.tar.gz) tar xzf $1 ;; *.bz2) bunzip2 $1 ;; *.rar) unrar x $1 ;; *.gz) gunzip $1 ;; *.tar) tar xf $1 ;; *.tbz2) tar xjf $1 ;; *.tgz) tar xzf $1 ;; *.zip) unzip $1 ;; *.Z) uncompress $1;; *.7z) 7z x $1 ;; *) echo "'$1' cannot be extracted via ex()" ;; esac else echo "'$1' is not a valid file" fi&#125;]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>BashShell</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -868,7 +1064,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全]]></title>
     <url>%2F2015%2F07%2F03%2F112147-Bash%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%845%E4%B8%AA%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%A8%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在 Linux 系统中，默认情况下 Bash 就提供了下面这几个可以供用户在命令行使用的标准补全： 变量名补全 用户名补全 可执行命令补全 文件名和目录补全 主机名补全 变量名补全在终端输入 $ 后，敲两次 Tab 键就会列出所有可用的 shell 变量 123456789101112131415161718[root@study ~]# echo $[Tab][Tab]$_ $COLUMNS $LESSOPEN $PS4$BASH $COMP_WORDBREAKS $LINENO $PWD$BASH_ALIASES $DIRSTACK $LINES $RANDOM$BASH_ARGC $EUID $LOGNAME $SECONDS$BASH_ARGV $GROUPS $LS_COLORS $SHELL$BASH_CMDS $HISTCMD $MACHTYPE $SHELLOPTS$BASH_COMMAND $HISTCONTROL $MAIL $SHLVL$BASH_LINENO $HISTFILE $MAILCHECK $SSH_CLIENT$BASHOPTS $HISTFILESIZE $OPTERR $SSH_CONNECTION$BASHPID $HISTSIZE $OPTIND $SSH_TTY$BASH_SOURCE $HOME $OSTYPE $TERM$BASH_SUBSHELL $HOSTNAME $PATH $UID$BASH_VERSINFO $HOSTTYPE $PIPESTATUS $USER$BASH_VERSION $ID $PPID $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR$COBBLER_SERVER $IFS $PS1 $XDG_SESSION_ID$colors $LANG $PS2 [root@study ~]# 用户名补全当在波浪符 ~ 后按下两次 Tab 键，Bash 就会自动开始用户名的补全 12345678[root@study ~]# cd ~~adm/ ~games/ ~polkitd/ ~systemd-network/~bin/ ~halt/ ~postfix/ ~tcpdump/~chrony/ ~lp/ ~root/ ~tss~daemon/ ~mail/ ~shutdown/ ~user1/~dbus/ ~nobody/ ~sshd/ ~ftp ~operator/ ~sync/ [root@study ~]# 需要注意的是，这里的用户名补全并不是在用户的家目录 (home) 下获得用户名，与此相反它是从 /etc/passwd 中列出所有可用的用户名。 所以对于一些非登陆用户(没有家目录)，使用 cd 命令切换会是失败的 12345[root@study sbin]# cd ~ftp -bash: cd: /var/ftp: No such file or directory[root@study sbin]# grep ftp /etc/passwdftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin[root@study sbin]# 可执行命令的路径补全当你想要执行一个命令的时候，如果这个命令具有可执行权限，那么如果只能找到一个匹配项，按两次 Tab 就会直接自动完成补全 1234[root@study ~]# ll /usr/bin/systemctl -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 717688 Apr 11 2018 /usr/bin/systemctl[root@study ~]# /usr/bin/systemc[Tab][Tab][root@study ~]# /usr/bin/systemctl 如果找到多个匹配项，按两次 Tab 就会列出匹配的所有可用命令 1234567891011121314[root@study ~]# /usr/bin/system[Tab][Tab]systemctl systemd-inhibitsystemd-analyze systemd-loginctlsystemd-ask-password systemd-machine-id-setupsystemd-cat systemd-notifysystemd-cgls systemd-nspawnsystemd-cgtop systemd-pathsystemd-coredumpctl systemd-runsystemd-delta systemd-stdio-bridgesystemd-detect-virt systemd-sysv-convertsystemd-escape systemd-tmpfilessystemd-firstboot systemd-tty-ask-password-agentsystemd-hwdb [root@study ~]# 一般情况下我们不会使用绝对路径来执行命令，而是上来就直接执行命令。为什么能直接执行这个命了呢？在 Bash 中，提供了 PATH 环境变量，在他指定的每个路径下会搜索并尝试补全以我们给出的字符串开头的可执行文件（命令） 1[root@study ~]# cat ~/.bash_profile 和当前用户相关的配置文件就是 ~/.bash_profile 123456789101112# .bash_profile# Get the aliases and functionsif [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrcfi# User specific environment and startup programsPATH=$PATH:$HOME/binexport PATH 如果我们想要在命令行补全中添加自己指定的路径下的命令，就可以在原有的基础上以 : 作为分隔符添加自己的路径 12345# User specific environment and startup programsPATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/opt/bin/export PATH 文件名和目录补全这是对在命令行的第二个位置和后续位置出现的文件名和目录名的补全。与上面的示例不同，它不检查任何权限，在给出的起始路径下只显示所有可用的文件和目录，并试图补全 123456[root@study ~]# lsdir1 dir2 dir3 file1 file2 file3 hello.sh[root@study ~]# cat file[Tab][Tab]file1 file2 file3 [root@study ~]# cat h[Tab][Tab][root@study ~]# cat hello.sh 除此之外，如果要显示的文件太多，这可能会让人感到非常懵逼，它将给出警告消息而不是在屏幕上显示所有可用的文件 12[root@study ~]# ls /etc/[Tab][Tab]Display all 185 possibilities? (y or n) 主机名补全如果在 ssh 连接一个远程主机时，想要获得要连接的主机名，请在 @ 后按两次 Tab 键，如下所示： 12345[root@study ~]# ssh root@[Tab][Tab]@::1 @localhost6@localhost @localhost6.localdomain6@localhost4 @localhost.localdomain@localhost4.localdomain4 在任何可以为主机名提供 @ 的命令中，都可以使用这个主机名补全功能。例如，可以将其与 scp 命令一起使用 12345[root@study ~]# scp file1 root@[Tab][Tab]@::1 @localhost6@localhost @localhost6.localdomain6@localhost4 @localhost.localdomain@localhost4.localdomain4 用 echo 也是可以的 12345[root@study ~]# echo @[Tab][Tab]@::1 @localhost6@localhost @localhost6.localdomain6@localhost4 @localhost.localdomain@localhost4.localdomain4 参考：https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2013/11/bash-standard-completion/]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[在 Linux 系统中，默认情况下 Bash 就提供了下面这几个可以供用户在命令行使用的标准补全： 变量名补全 用户名补全 可执行命令补全 文件名和目录补全 主机名补全 变量名补全在终端输入 $ 后，敲两次 Tab 键就会列出所有可用的 shell 变量。 123456789101112131415161718[root@study ~]# echo $[Tab][Tab]$_ $COLUMNS $LESSOPEN $PS4$BASH $COMP_WORDBREAKS $LINENO $PWD$BASH_ALIASES $DIRSTACK $LINES $RANDOM$BASH_ARGC $EUID $LOGNAME $SECONDS$BASH_ARGV $GROUPS $LS_COLORS $SHELL$BASH_CMDS $HISTCMD $MACHTYPE $SHELLOPTS$BASH_COMMAND $HISTCONTROL $MAIL $SHLVL$BASH_LINENO $HISTFILE $MAILCHECK $SSH_CLIENT$BASHOPTS $HISTFILESIZE $OPTERR $SSH_CONNECTION$BASHPID $HISTSIZE $OPTIND $SSH_TTY$BASH_SOURCE $HOME $OSTYPE $TERM$BASH_SUBSHELL $HOSTNAME $PATH $UID$BASH_VERSINFO $HOSTTYPE $PIPESTATUS $USER$BASH_VERSION $ID $PPID $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR$COBBLER_SERVER $IFS $PS1 $XDG_SESSION_ID$colors $LANG $PS2 [root@study ~]# 用户名补全当在波浪符 ~ 后按下两次 Tab 键，Bash 就会自动开始用户名的补全。 12345678[root@study ~]# cd ~~adm/ ~games/ ~polkitd/ ~systemd-network/~bin/ ~halt/ ~postfix/ ~tcpdump/~chrony/ ~lp/ ~root/ ~tss~daemon/ ~mail/ ~shutdown/ ~user1/~dbus/ ~nobody/ ~sshd/ ~ftp ~operator/ ~sync/ [root@study ~]# 需要注意的是，这里的用户名补全并不是在用户的家目录 (home) 下获得用户名，与此相反它是从 /etc/passwd 中列出所有可用的用户名。 所以对于一些非登陆用户(没有家目录)，使用 cd 命令切换会是失败的。 12345[root@study sbin]# cd ~ftp -bash: cd: /var/ftp: No such file or directory[root@study sbin]# grep ftp /etc/passwdftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin[root@study sbin]# 可执行命令的路径补全当你想要执行一个命令的时候，如果这个命令具有可执行权限，那么如果只能找到一个匹配项，按两次 Tab 就会直接自动完成补全。 1234[root@study ~]# ll /usr/bin/systemctl -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 717688 Apr 11 2018 /usr/bin/systemctl[root@study ~]# /usr/bin/systemc[Tab][Tab][root@study ~]# /usr/bin/systemctl 如果找到多个匹配项，按两次 Tab 就会列出匹配的所有可用命令。 1234567891011121314[root@study ~]# /usr/bin/system[Tab][Tab]systemctl systemd-inhibitsystemd-analyze systemd-loginctlsystemd-ask-password systemd-machine-id-setupsystemd-cat systemd-notifysystemd-cgls systemd-nspawnsystemd-cgtop systemd-pathsystemd-coredumpctl systemd-runsystemd-delta systemd-stdio-bridgesystemd-detect-virt systemd-sysv-convertsystemd-escape systemd-tmpfilessystemd-firstboot systemd-tty-ask-password-agentsystemd-hwdb [root@study ~]# 一般情况下我们不会使用绝对路径来执行命令，而是上来就直接执行命令。为什么能直接执行这个命了呢？在 Bash 中，提供了 PATH 环境变量，在他指定的每个路径下会搜索并尝试补全以我们给出的字符串开头的可执行文件（命令）。 1[root@study ~]# cat ~/.bash_profile 和当前用户相关的配置文件就是 ~/.bash_profile： 123456789101112# .bash_profile# Get the aliases and functionsif [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrcfi# User specific environment and startup programsPATH=$PATH:$HOME/binexport PATH 如果我们想要在命令行补全中添加自己指定的路径下的命令，就可以在原有的基础上以 : 作为分隔符添加自己的路径。 12345# User specific environment and startup programsPATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/opt/bin/export PATH 文件名和目录补全这是对在命令行的第二个位置和后续位置出现的文件名和目录名的补全。与上面的示例不同，它不检查任何权限，在给出的起始路径下只显示所有可用的文件和目录，并试图补全。 123456[root@study ~]# lsdir1 dir2 dir3 file1 file2 file3 hello.sh[root@study ~]# cat file[Tab][Tab]file1 file2 file3 [root@study ~]# cat h[Tab][Tab][root@study ~]# cat hello.sh 除此之外，如果要显示的文件太多，这可能会让人感到非常懵逼，它将给出警告消息而不是在屏幕上显示所有可用的文件。 12[root@study ~]# ls /etc/[Tab][Tab]Display all 185 possibilities? (y or n) 主机名补全如果在 ssh 连接一个远程主机时，想要获得要连接的主机名，请在 @ 后按两次 Tab 键，如下所示： 12345[root@study ~]# ssh root@[Tab][Tab]@::1 @localhost6@localhost @localhost6.localdomain6@localhost4 @localhost.localdomain@localhost4.localdomain4 在任何可以为主机名提供 @ 的命令中，都可以使用这个主机名补全功能。例如，可以将其与 scp 命令一起使用。 12345[root@study ~]# scp file1 root@[Tab][Tab]@::1 @localhost6@localhost @localhost6.localdomain6@localhost4 @localhost.localdomain@localhost4.localdomain4 用 echo 也是可以的： 12345[root@study ~]# echo @[Tab][Tab]@::1 @localhost6@localhost @localhost6.localdomain6@localhost4 @localhost.localdomain@localhost4.localdomain4 参考：https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2013/11/bash-standard-completion/]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>BashShell</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -876,7 +1072,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号]]></title>
     <url>%2F2015%2F07%2F01%2F102110-Bash%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2history%E4%B8%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%87%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B9%E5%8F%B7%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[history 命令用于显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史被保存在内存中的，当退出 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history ，当登录 shell 时则从中读取以前的命令 常用选项 history n 列出最近执行过的n条命令 history -c 清除所有历史命令、 histoty -w 将缓冲区命令写入历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history history -d 5 删除历史记录中序号为 5 的命令 配置定义在内存中仅能够存储 1000 条历史命令，该数量是由环境变量 HISTSIZE 进行控制。这个值可以在 /etc/profile 进行修改，修改成功后在下次登录时即可生效 12HISTSIZE=1000# 注意等号两边不要有空格 默认情况下 history 不显示命令的执行时间，但是系统已经记录。同样，可以在 /etc/profile 进行修改，修改成功后在下次登录时即可生效 123export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL # 在这一行下面添加如下两行HISTTIMEFORMAT="%F %T | "export HISTTIMEFORMAT 这里需要说明一下，%F %T 等同于 %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S，和 date 命令的用法一致，表示的是年月日、时分秒，而 | 竖线加个空格没有其他特殊意义，只是为了作为分隔符，能够更清晰地区分不同的多条命令 注意事项： 当同一用户同时登录多个 bash 时，只有最后一个退出的会写入 bash_history，其他的会被覆盖 神奇的叹号 “!”执行上一条命令使用键盘 ↑ 可以很快再执行一次上一条命令，与之效果相同的是两个叹号， !! 代表了上一条命令，例如： 123456[user1@study ~]$ which head/bin/head[user1@study ~]$ !! # 再次执行上一条命令which head/bin/head[user1@study ~]$ 再比如，想操作一个文件但是漏掉了操作命令，可以这样来补救： 12345678[user1@study ~]$ /etc/issue-bash: /etc/issue: Permission denied[user1@study ~]$ cat !!cat /etc/issue\SKernel \r on an \m[user1@study ~]$ 按我们平常的操作习惯还是喜欢再次从头敲一次命令，但是当文件路径比较长的时候用上面的方法会显得更高效 调用上条命令的参数在什么场景下可能会用到这个功能呢？有一条很长很长的命令，包含了很多参数，类似于源码包编译安装的命令，敲错了一个字母或者多了一个选项，使用退格键删除觉得又慢又很麻烦，用下面的方法会显得十分高效 调用上条命令最后一个参数在命令行使用 !$ 可以很方便地引用上一条命令的最后一个参数，如下 123456789101112[Test@CentOS6~]$ sudo ifconfig 192.168.127.127 eth1eth1: Unknown hostifconfig: `--help gives usage information.[user1@study ~]$ sudo ifconfig !$ 192.168.127.127sudo ifconfig eth1 192.168.127.127[user1@study ~]$ [user1@study ~]$ ls /etc/redhat-release/etc/redhat-release[user1@study ~]$ ls -al !$ls -al /etc/redhat-releaselrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Jul 2 2015 /etc/redhat-release -&gt; centos-release[user1@study ~]$ 另外，和 !$ 有着相同功能的还有一个快捷键：Esc + . 执行一次 Esc + .，跟 !$ 功能一样 重复执行 Esc + . 则会倒序切换历史命令的最后一个参数 调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数有时候命令行会从别处粘贴一个字符串来操作，但是由于失误多复制了一部分并且执行时出错，此时 !:- 就派上用场了： 1234567[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.127.127 devCommand line is not complete. Try option "help"[user1@study ~]$ !:-ip route show match 192.168.127.127default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 192.168.127.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.127.159 [user1@study ~]$ 调用上条命令第一个参数如果想引用上一条命令的第一个参数，使用 !^ 或 !:1 即可： 12345678910111213141516171819[user1@study ~]$ cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /tmp/[user1@study ~]$ cat !:^cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0# Generated by parse-kickstartDEVICE="eth0"IPV6INIT="yes"BOOTPROTO="none"UUID="fec3a443-a913-4a91-afbe-8c3e8b859230"ONBOOT="yes"IPADDR=192.168.127.159NETMASK=255.255.255.0PREFIX=24BROADCAST=192.168.127.255NETWORK=192.168.127.0GATEWAY=192.168.127.2[user1@study ~]$ wc -l !:1wc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth012 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0[user1@study ~]$ 调用上条命令所有参数如果一条操作命令后面有很多选项和参数，但是我们把命令敲错了，这时候该怎么办呢？此时我们再重新敲对操作命令，将上一条命令的所有参数引用下来即可： 123456[user1@study ~]$ ips route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1 -bash: ips: command not found[user1@study ~]$ ip !*ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted[user1@study ~]$ 第一条命令执行失败是因为命令敲错，第二条命令执行失败是因为当前用户是普通用户，权限不允许 调用上条命令中指定的参数如果只想用上条命令中某个参数呢，则按照 ![命令名]:[参数号] 的规则即可，并且命令名可以省略。例如 123456[user1@study ~]$ sudo ip route add 114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ ip route show match !:4ip route show match 114.114.114.114default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ 对于 sudo 命令来说 114.114.114.114 是他是它的第4个参数 调用上条以关键字开头的命令 !string 执行命令历史中最近一个以指定字符串(string)开头的命令 1234[user1@study ~]$ !wcwc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth012 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0[user1@study ~]$ 替换上条命令的参数如果上一条命令很长，而且有个参数不小心敲错了该怎么办？使用 ^no^yes 就可以将上条命令中错误的参数 no 改成 yes 并再次执行一次。比如： 12345[user1@study ~]$ grp -i 163 /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo-bash: grp: command not found[user1@study ~]$ ^grp^grepgrep -i 163 /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo[user1@study ~]$ 但是这种方法只能替换上条命令中第一次被匹配到的参数： 123456[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.10.10default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ ^10^123ip route show match 192.168.123.10default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ 如果想把上条命令中所有匹配到的参数全部替换可以这样做： 123456[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.10.10 default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ !!:gs/10/123ip route show match 192.168.123.123default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ 对上条以关键字开头的命令也是可以做替换的，例如将上一条 scp 命令中的所有 10 替换为 123 1!scp:gs/10/123 逻辑非删除除了 cfg 结尾以外的所有文件： 1rm !(*.cfg) 其他 !n 执行历史命令中第n条命令 !-n 执行历史命令中倒数第n条命令 !?str? 最近一条包含str的命令 ↑ 或 Ctrl + p 引用上一条命令 ↓ 或 Ctrl + n 引用下一条命令 Ctrl + r 按下 Ctrl + r ，然后输入关键字搜索历史命令，按 Enter 执行命令]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[history 命令使用 history 可以显示历史记录和执行过的命令。命令历史是被保存在内存中的，当退出当前的 shell 时会自动保存到历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history 当中 ，当登录 shell 时则从这个文件中读取以前的命令到命令历史。 常用的选项： history n 列出最近执行过的n条命令 history -c 清除所有历史命令 histoty -w 将缓冲区命令写入历史命令文件 ~/.bash_history history -d 5 删除历史记录中序号为 5 的命令 配置的定义 在内存中仅能够存储 1000 条历史命令，该数量是由环境变量 HISTSIZE 进行控制的。这个值可以在 /etc/profile 中进行修改，修改成功后在下次登录时即可生效。 123# vim +/HISTSIZE /etc/profile HISTSIZE=1000# 注意等号两边不要有空格 默认情况下 history 不显示命令的执行时间，但是系统已经记录。同样，可以在 /etc/profile 进行修改，修改成功后在下次登录时即可生效 123export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL # 在这一行下面添加如下两行HISTTIMEFORMAT="%F %T | "export HISTTIMEFORMAT 这里需要说明一下，%F %T 等同于 %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S，和 date 命令的用法一致，表示的是年月日和时分秒，而 | 竖线加个空格没有其他特殊意义，只是为了作为分隔符，能够更清晰地区分不同的多条命令。 注意事项 当同一用户同时登录多个 bash 时，只有最后一个退出的会写入 bash_history，其他的会被覆盖掉。 神奇的叹号 “!”执行上一条命令使用键盘 ↑ 键可以很快再执行一次上一条命令，与之效果相同的是使用两个叹号， !! 代表了上一条命令，例如： 1234567[user1@study ~]$ which head/bin/head[user1@study ~]$ !! # 再次执行上一条命令which head/bin/head[user1@study ~]$ 当要想操作一个文件，但是漏掉了操作命令，可以这样来补救： 123456789[user1@study ~]$ /etc/issue-bash: /etc/issue: Permission denied[user1@study ~]$ cat !!cat /etc/issue\SKernel \r on an \m[user1@study ~]$ 多数情况下，还是习惯再次从头敲一次命令，但是当命令行的参数比较长（例如很长的文件路径）的时候用上面的方法会显得更高效。 调用上条命令的参数如果要执行一条很长很长的命令，包含了很多参数，比如在进行源码包编译安装的命令，敲错了一个字母或者多了一个选项，使用退格键删除觉得又慢又很麻烦，这时候可以试试下面的方法。 调用上条命令最后一个参数在命令行使用 !$ 或 !:$ 可以很方便地引用上一条命令的最后一个参数： 123456789101112131415[user1@study ~]$ sudo ifconfig 192.168.127.127 eth1eth1: Unknown hostifconfig: `--help gives usage information.[user1@study ~]$ sudo ifconfig !$ 192.168.127.127sudo ifconfig eth1 192.168.127.127[user1@study ~]$ [user1@study ~]$ ls /etc/redhat-release/etc/redhat-release[user1@study ~]$ ls -al !$ls -al /etc/redhat-releaselrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Jul 2 2015 /etc/redhat-release -&gt; centos-release[user1@study ~]$ 和 !$ 有着相同功能的还有一个快捷键：Esc + .，当执行一次 Esc + . 的时候，跟 !$ 功能一样，但是在多次重复执行 Esc + . 的时候，则会倒序切换历史命令的最后一个参数。 1234567[user1@study ~]$ echo 192.168.1.1192.168.1.1[user1@study ~]$ echo 192.168.1.2192.168.1.2[user1@study ~]$ echo 192.168.1.3192.168.1.3[user1@study ~]$ echo # 在这里重复使用 Esc + . 看看效果吧 使用 !$:p 或者 !:$:p 则只会打印输出上一条命令的最后参数，但不执行。 12[user1@study ~]$ !$:p192.168.1.3 调用上条命令但剔除最后一个参数有时候命令行会从别处粘贴一个字符串来操作，但是由于失误多复制了一部分并且执行时出错，此时 !:- 就派上用场了： 12345678[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.127.127 devCommand line is not complete. Try option "help"[user1@study ~]$ !:-ip route show match 192.168.127.127default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 192.168.127.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.127.159 [user1@study ~]$ 使用 !:-:p 则只会打印输出，但不执行。 123456[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.127.127 devCommand line is not complete. Try option "help"[user1@study ~]$ !:-:pip route show match 192.168.127.127[user1@study ~]$ 调用上条命令第一个参数如果想引用上一条命令的第一个参数，使用 !^ 或 !:^ 或 !:1 即可： 1234567891011121314151617181920[user1@study ~]$ cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /tmp/[user1@study ~]$ cat !:^cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0# Generated by parse-kickstartDEVICE="eth0"IPV6INIT="yes"BOOTPROTO="none"UUID="fec3a443-a913-4a91-afbe-8c3e8b859230"ONBOOT="yes"IPADDR=192.168.127.159NETMASK=255.255.255.0PREFIX=24BROADCAST=192.168.127.255NETWORK=192.168.127.0GATEWAY=192.168.127.2[user1@study ~]$ wc -l !:1wc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth012 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0[user1@study ~]$ 使用 !^:p 或 !:^:p 或 !:1:p 则只会打印输出，但不执行。 12345[user1@study ~]$ echo 192.168.1.3192.168.1.3[user1@study ~]$ wc !:^:pwc 192.168.1.3[user1@study ~]$ 调用上条命令中指定的参数如果只想用上条命令中某个参数呢，则按照 ![命令名]:[参数号] 的规则即可，并且命令名可以省略。例如： 1234567[user1@study ~]$ sudo ip route add 114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match !:4ip route show match 114.114.114.114default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 114.114.114.114 via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ 对于 sudo 命令来说 114.114.114.114 是他是它的第 4 个参数。 使用 ![命令名]:[参数号]:p 则只会打印输出，但不执行。 12[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match !:4:pip route show match 114.114.114.114 调用上条命令所有参数如果一条操作命令后面有很多选项和参数，但是我们把命令敲错了，这时候该怎么办呢？此时我们再重新敲对操作命令，使用 !* 或者 !:* 将上一条命令的所有参数引用下来即可： 1234567891011[user1@study ~]$ ips route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1-bash: ips: command not found[user1@study ~]$ ip !*ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted[user1@study ~]$ echo ip !:*echo ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1ip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1[user1@study ~]$ 第一条命令执行失败是因为命令敲错，第二条命令执行失败是因为当前用户是普通用户，权限不允许，但是命令以及参数是没错的。 使用 !*:p 或者 !:*:p 则只会显示出上一条命令的所有参数，但不执行。 12345[user1@study ~]$ ips route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1-bash: ips: command not found[user1@study ~]$ ip !:*:pip route add 192.168.127.128/32 dev 192.168.127.127 dev eth1 调用上条以关键字开头的命令使用 !string 则会执行命令历史中最近一个以指定字符串(string)开头的命令，例如： 1234[user1@study ~]$ !wcwc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth012 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0[user1@study ~]$ 使用 !string:p 则只打印输出符合条件的命令，但不执行。 12[user1@study ~]$ !wc:pwc -l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 替换上条命令的参数如果上一条命令很长，而且有个参数不小心敲错了该怎么办？使用 ^no^yes 就可以将上条命令中错误的参数 no 改成 yes 并再次执行一次。比如： 12345[user1@study ~]$ grp -i 163 /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo-bash: grp: command not found[user1@study ~]$ ^grp^grepgrep -i 163 /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo[user1@study ~]$ 但是这种方法只能替换上条命令中第一次被匹配到的参数： 123456[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.10.10default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ ^10^123ip route show match 192.168.123.10default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ 如果想把上条命令中所有匹配到的参数全部替换可以这样做： 1234567[user1@study ~]$ ip route show match 192.168.10.10 default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ !!:gs/10/123ip route show match 192.168.123.123default via 192.168.127.2 dev eth0 [user1@study ~]$ 对上条以关键字开头的命令也是可以做替换的，例如将上一条 scp 命令中的所有 10 替换为 123 1!scp:gs/10/123 逻辑非列出除了 cfg 结尾以外的所有文件： 12345678910[user1@study ~]$ lstest10.cfg test2.cfg test4.cfg test6.cfg test8.cfgtest10.ini test2.ini test4.ini test6.ini test8.initest1.cfg test3.cfg test5.cfg test7.cfg test9.cfgtest1.ini test3.ini test5.ini test7.ini test9.ini[user1@study ~]$ ls !(*.cfg)test10.ini test2.ini test4.ini test6.ini test8.initest1.ini test3.ini test5.ini test7.ini test9.ini[user1@study ~]$ 其他 !n：执行历史命令中第 n 条命令。 !-n：执行历史命令中倒数第 n 条命令。 !?str?：最近一条包含 str 的命令。 ↑ 或 Ctrl + p：引用上一条命令。 ↓ 或 Ctrl + n：引用下一条命令。 Ctrl + r：按下这个快捷键 ，然后输入关键字搜索历史命令，按 Enter 执行命令。]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>BashShell</tag>
       </tags>
@@ -884,7 +1080,7 @@
   <entry>
     <title><![CDATA[shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本]]></title>
     <url>%2F2015%2F06%2F28%2F154139-shell%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8echo%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%8A%E5%B8%A6%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%2F</url>
-    <content type="text"><![CDATA[echoshell 中有个内置的命令 echo 用来输出信息，在默认情况下输出位置是屏幕。 123[user1@study ~]$ echo "Hello World"Hello World[user1@study ~]$ 此外 echo 命令还可以改变样式，以输出不同颜色的文本，但是必须有 -e 选项(开启 echo 中的转义)。 格式如下 12echo -e "\033[字背景颜色；文字颜色m 字符串\033[0m" echo -e "\033[1;36;41m Something here \033[0m" \代表转义 033 代表键盘的Control键 1代表字体行为(高亮，闪烁，下划线等)； 36代表字体的颜色 41的位置代表背景色 注： 字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号’;’ 文字颜色后面有个m 字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格 文字和背景颜色搭配字体颜色范围是 30~37 12345678echo -e "\033[30m 黑色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[31m 红色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[32m 绿色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[33m 黄色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[34m 蓝色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[35m 紫色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[36m 天蓝字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[37m 白色字 \033[0m" 字体背景颜色范围是 40~47 12345678echo -e "\033[40;37m 黑底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[41;37m 红底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[42;37m 绿底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[43;37m 黄底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[44;37m 蓝底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[45;37m 紫底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[46;37m 天蓝底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[47;30m 白底黑字 \033[0m" 不同的控制选项决定了字体输出的属性 1234567891011121314151617181920\033[0m # 关闭所有属性 \033[1m # 设置高亮度 \033[4m # 下划线 \033[5m # 闪烁 \033[7m # 反显 \033[8m # 消隐 \033[30m — \33[37m # 设置前景色 \033[40m — \33[47m # 设置背景色 \033[60A # 光标上移60行 \033[60B # 光标下移60行 \033[60C # 光标右移60行 \033[60G # 光标右移60行\033[60D # 光标左移60行 \033[y;xH # 设置光标位置 \033[2J # 清屏 \033[K # 清除从光标到行尾的内容 \033[s # 保存光标位置 \033[u # 恢复光标位置 \033[?25l # 隐藏光标 \033[?25h # 显示光标 一些需要注意的地方 前景颜色各数字是对应背景颜色减去10 结束非常规字符序列的 m 要紧跟前面的数字，不能有空格 命令也可以写 成echo -e &quot;^[[44;37;5m ME \033[0m COOL&quot;，其中的 ^[ 需要先按 Ctrl + V 键 ,然后再按 ESC 键生成 参考在 RedHat 系统的 /etc/sysconfig/init 文件中有事先设置好的输出方式 1234567891011121314151617# color =&gt; new RH6.0 bootup# verbose =&gt; old-style bootup# anything else =&gt; new style bootup without ANSI colors or positioningBOOTUP=color# column to start "[ OK ]" label in RES_COL=60# terminal sequence to move to that column. You could change this# to something like "tput hpa $&#123;RES_COL&#125;" if your terminal supports itMOVE_TO_COL="echo -en \\033[$&#123;RES_COL&#125;G"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'success' color (currently: green)SETCOLOR_SUCCESS="echo -en \\033[0;32m"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'failure' color (currently: red)SETCOLOR_FAILURE="echo -en \\033[0;31m"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'warning' color (currently: yellow)SETCOLOR_WARNING="echo -en \\033[0;33m"# terminal sequence to reset to the default color.SETCOLOR_NORMAL="echo -en \\033[0;39m" 一个不错的网站 Colors and formatting (ANSI/VT100 Control sequences)]]></content>
+    <content type="text"><![CDATA[echoshell 中有个内置的命令 echo 用来输出信息，在默认情况下输出位置是屏幕。 123[user1@study ~]$ echo "Hello World"Hello World[user1@study ~]$ 此外 echo 命令还可以改变样式，以输出不同颜色的文本，但是必须有 -e 选项(开启 echo 中的转义)。 格式如下 12echo -e "\033[字背景颜色；文字颜色m 字符串\033[0m" echo -e "\033[1;36;41m Something here \033[0m" \033 代表键盘的 Ctl 键或 Esc 键 1 代表字体行为(高亮，闪烁，下划线等)； 36 代表字体的颜色 41 的位置代表背景色 注意：字背景颜色和文字颜色之间是英文的分号 ;，并且文字颜色后面有个 m ，字符串前后可以没有空格，如果有的话，输出也是同样有空格 在 Bash 中，Esc 字符可以用以下的语法来表示： \e \033 \x1B 文字和背景颜色搭配字体颜色范围是 30~37 12345678echo -e "\033[30m 黑色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[31m 红色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[32m 绿色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[33m 黄色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[34m 蓝色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[35m 紫色字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[36m 天蓝字 \033[0m"echo -e "\033[37m 白色字 \033[0m" 字体背景颜色范围是 40~47 12345678echo -e "\033[40;37m 黑底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[41;37m 红底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[42;37m 绿底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[43;37m 黄底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[44;37m 蓝底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[45;37m 紫底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[46;37m 天蓝底白字 \033[0m" echo -e "\033[47;30m 白底黑字 \033[0m" 不同的控制选项决定了字体输出的属性 1234567891011121314151617181920\033[0m # 关闭所有属性 \033[1m # 设置高亮度 \033[4m # 下划线 \033[5m # 闪烁 \033[7m # 反显 \033[8m # 消隐 \033[30m — \33[37m # 设置前景色 \033[40m — \33[47m # 设置背景色 \033[60A # 光标上移60行 \033[60B # 光标下移60行 \033[60C # 光标右移60行 \033[60G # 光标右移60行\033[60D # 光标左移60行 \033[y;xH # 设置光标位置 \033[2J # 清屏 \033[K # 清除从光标到行尾的内容 \033[s # 保存光标位置 \033[u # 恢复光标位置 \033[?25l # 隐藏光标 \033[?25h # 显示光标 一些需要注意的地方 前景颜色各数字是对应背景颜色减去10 结束非常规字符序列的 m 要紧跟前面的数字，不能有空格 命令也可以写 成echo -e &quot;^[[44;37;5m ME \033[0m COOL&quot;，其中的 ^[ 需要先按 Ctrl + V 键 ,然后再按 ESC 键生成 参考在 RedHat 系统的 /etc/sysconfig/init 文件中有事先设置好的输出方式 1234567891011121314151617# color =&gt; new RH6.0 bootup# verbose =&gt; old-style bootup# anything else =&gt; new style bootup without ANSI colors or positioningBOOTUP=color# column to start "[ OK ]" label in RES_COL=60# terminal sequence to move to that column. You could change this# to something like "tput hpa $&#123;RES_COL&#125;" if your terminal supports itMOVE_TO_COL="echo -en \\033[$&#123;RES_COL&#125;G"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'success' color (currently: green)SETCOLOR_SUCCESS="echo -en \\033[0;32m"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'failure' color (currently: red)SETCOLOR_FAILURE="echo -en \\033[0;31m"# terminal sequence to set color to a 'warning' color (currently: yellow)SETCOLOR_WARNING="echo -en \\033[0;33m"# terminal sequence to reset to the default color.SETCOLOR_NORMAL="echo -en \\033[0;39m" 拓展文字颜色对于在文本颜色上使用 256 种颜色之一，控制序列是 &lt;Esc&gt;[38;5;ColorNumberm，其中 ColorNumber 是下列颜色值之一： 示例： 1echo -e "\e[38;5;82mHello \e[38;5;198mWorld" 1for i in &#123;16..21&#125; &#123;21..16&#125; ; do echo -en "\e[38;5;$&#123;i&#125;m#\e[0m" ; done ; echo 背景颜色对于在背景上使用 256 种颜色之一，控制序列是 &lt;Esc&gt;[48;5;ColorNumberm，其中 ColorNumber 是下列颜色值之一： 示例： 1echo -e "\e[40;38;5;82m Hello \e[30;48;5;82m World \e[0m" 1for i in &#123;16..21&#125; &#123;21..16&#125; ; do echo -en "\e[48;5;$&#123;i&#125;m \e[0m" ; done ; echo 示范16中颜色值的颜色与格式下面的 colors_and_formatting.sh 脚本显示了许多可能的属性组合（但不是全部，因为它一次只使用一个格式化属性）。 12345678910111213141516171819202122#!/bin/bash # This program is free software. It comes without any warranty, to# the extent permitted by applicable law. You can redistribute it# and/or modify it under the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want# To Public License, Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See# http://sam.zoy.org/wtfpl/COPYING for more details. #Backgroundfor clbg in &#123;40..47&#125; &#123;100..107&#125; 49 ; do #Foreground for clfg in &#123;30..37&#125; &#123;90..97&#125; 39 ; do #Formatting for attr in 0 1 2 4 5 7 ; do #Print the result echo -en "\e[$&#123;attr&#125;;$&#123;clbg&#125;;$&#123;clfg&#125;m ^[$&#123;attr&#125;;$&#123;clbg&#125;;$&#123;clfg&#125;m \e[0m" done echo #Newline donedone exit 0 256 种颜色值以下 256-colors.sh 脚本显示某些终端和终端模拟器（如 xterm 和 gnome 终端）上可用的 256 中颜色。 123456789101112131415161718192021#!/bin/bash # This program is free software. It comes without any warranty, to# the extent permitted by applicable law. You can redistribute it# and/or modify it under the terms of the Do What The Fuck You Want# To Public License, Version 2, as published by Sam Hocevar. See# http://sam.zoy.org/wtfpl/COPYING for more details. for fgbg in 38 48 ; do # Foreground / Background for color in &#123;0..255&#125; ; do # Colors # Display the color printf "\e[$&#123;fgbg&#125;;5;%sm %3s \e[0m" $color $color # Display 6 colors per lines if [ $((($color + 1) % 6)) == 4 ] ; then echo # New line fi done echo # New linedone exit 0 一个不错的网站 Colors and formatting (ANSI/VT100 Control sequences)]]></content>
       <tags>
         <tag>BashShell</tag>
       </tags>
diff --git a/tags/BBR/index.html b/tags/BBR/index.html
index f9ad04c1..58620b23 100644
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BBR/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
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     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
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-      author: '博主'
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+  
+
+
+
 
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BBR/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BBR/">
+
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+<script id="page.configurations">
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+  };
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+
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@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+
+
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+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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     <div class="headband"></div>
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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-      
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-      
+    
+    
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   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
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-            标签
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+    
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+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
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@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>BBR<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00" content="2017-12-24">
           12-24
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -315,10 +393,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -334,63 +410,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -401,122 +539,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
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+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -524,9 +673,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -534,6 +686,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -542,24 +695,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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@@ -1033,5 +1192,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
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diff --git a/tags/BashShell/index.html b/tags/BashShell/index.html
index 7ac5d620..1fb99dd0 100644
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -279,24 +359,22 @@ <h1>BashShell<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/17/174103-shell相关的面试题/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell相关的面试题</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/06/114107-shell的学习建议/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的学习建议</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
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@@ -307,24 +385,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的学习建议</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/03/184310-使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
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         </time>
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-                <span itemprop="name">使用dialog创建交互式shell对话框</span>
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       </h2>
 
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/16/114147-通过受限bash创建只读用户/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-                <span itemprop="name">通过受限bash创建只读用户</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/08/214103-shell中脚本路径的获取/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中脚本路径的获取</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/30/134135-shell的进程替换/" itemprop="url">
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-              
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-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
+            
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       <div class="post-meta">
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-              datetime="2015-08-27T13:41:19+08:00"
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+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/page/2/">2</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/page/4/">4</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/BashShell/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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diff --git a/tags/BashShell/page/2/index.html b/tags/BashShell/page/2/index.html
index c70d9df3..2111055f 100644
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/2/index.html">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
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@@ -279,24 +359,22 @@ <h1>BashShell<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/24/174111-shell中信号捕捉/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中信号捕捉</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/21/172135-shell的数组/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-08-24T17:41:11+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-08-21T17:21:35+08:00" content="2015-08-21">
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         </time>
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@@ -307,24 +385,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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-                <span itemprop="name">shell的数组</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/08/18/092143-shell的函数/" itemprop="url">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的函数</span>
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的状态返回值</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/30/214135-shell登录提示符与登录提示信息/" itemprop="url">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/27/210135-shell的模式与环境变量的配置文件/" itemprop="url">
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/BashShell/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/page/3/">3</a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/page/4/">4</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/BashShell/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1193,9 +1347,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1265,25 +1419,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/BashShell/page/3/index.html b/tags/BashShell/page/3/index.html
index 1ca9b790..e44a20cb 100644
--- a/tags/BashShell/page/3/index.html
+++ b/tags/BashShell/page/3/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/3/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
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-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/3/"/>
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/3/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: BashShell | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+    top: initial;
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+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
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-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,24 +359,22 @@ <h1>BashShell<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/24/094139-shell中对变量的操作/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中对变量的操作</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell的变量和分类</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-24T09:41:39+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-24" >
-          07-24
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00" content="2015-07-21">
+          07-21
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -307,24 +385,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/21/152123-shell的变量和分类/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell的变量和分类</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-21T15:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-21" >
-          07-21
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00" content="2015-07-20">
+          07-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -335,24 +411,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/20/194143-Bash的基本特性之HereDocuments与HereStrings/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之 Here Documents 与 Here Strings</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/19/172147-Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-20T19:41:43+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-20" >
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+          07-19
         </time>
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@@ -363,24 +437,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行编辑</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/18/214147-Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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@@ -391,24 +463,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之输入输出重定向</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/15/192127-Bash的基本特性之管道pipe/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之管道pipe</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/09/214135-Bash的基本特性之命令替换和命令行展开/" itemprop="url">
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/BashShell/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/page/4/">4</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/BashShell/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1023,8 +1176,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1193,9 +1347,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1265,25 +1419,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/BashShell/page/4/index.html b/tags/BashShell/page/4/index.html
index e7e5d27c..623d967f 100644
--- a/tags/BashShell/page/4/index.html
+++ b/tags/BashShell/page/4/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
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-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/4/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/4/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/4/"/>
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/BashShell/page/4/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: BashShell | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,51 +359,21 @@ <h1>BashShell<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/03/112147-Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令行的5个标准补全</span>
-              
-            </a>
-        
-      </h2>
-
-      <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-03T11:21:47+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-03" >
-          07-03
-        </time>
-      </div>
-
-    </header>
-  </article>
-
-
-      
-        
-
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
-    <header class="post-header">
-
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/07/01/102110-Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Bash的基本特性之命令历史history与神奇的叹号</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-07-01T10:21:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-07-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-07-01T10:21:10+08:00" content="2015-07-01">
           07-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -335,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/28/154139-shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用echo命令输出信息及带颜色的文本</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00"
-              content="2015-06-28" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-28T15:41:39+08:00" content="2015-06-28">
           06-28
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -363,23 +411,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/27/214131-shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell中使用read命令接收键盘输入</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-06-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-27T21:41:31+08:00" content="2015-06-27">
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@@ -391,23 +437,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">认识Shell</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/06/26/111410-认识Shell/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识Shell</span>
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+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00"
-              content="2015-06-26" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-06-26T11:14:10+08:00" content="2015-06-26">
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/BashShell/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/BashShell/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span>
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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@@ -658,24 +777,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tags/Cobbler/index.html b/tags/Cobbler/index.html
index 8e369271..82af5ca2 100644
--- a/tags/Cobbler/index.html
+++ b/tags/Cobbler/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Cobbler/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Cobbler/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Cobbler/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Cobbler/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>标签: Cobbler | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Cobbler<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-23" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00" content="2018-01-23">
           01-23
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-22" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00" content="2018-01-22">
           01-22
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -343,10 +419,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -362,63 +436,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -429,122 +565,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -552,9 +699,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
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         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -562,6 +712,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -570,24 +721,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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-
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@@ -762,6 +929,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -795,8 +964,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -965,9 +1135,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1037,21 +1207,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1061,5 +1218,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/tags/Command/index.html b/tags/Command/index.html
index 89b32381..c87c6967 100644
--- a/tags/Command/index.html
+++ b/tags/Command/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Command/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Command/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Command/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Command/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: Command | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Command<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/06/210103-网段扫描fping命令/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">网段扫描fping命令</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-06" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-06T21:01:03+08:00" content="2015-11-06">
           11-06
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/05/090123-使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用hostnamectl命令修改CentOS7的主机名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-05" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-05T09:01:23+08:00" content="2015-11-05">
           11-05
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -335,23 +411,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的whereis命令</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/05/150131-Linux的whereis命令/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的whereis命令</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-05-05" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-05-05T15:01:31+08:00" content="2015-05-05">
           05-05
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -371,10 +445,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -390,63 +462,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
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-            
               
-              
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -457,122 +591,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
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+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -580,9 +725,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
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+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -590,6 +738,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -598,24 +747,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -631,14 +815,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
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+<script>
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@@ -652,10 +843,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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-
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
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-
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-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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@@ -790,6 +955,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+
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@@ -823,8 +990,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+                
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@@ -993,9 +1161,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
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diff --git a/tags/DNS/index.html b/tags/DNS/index.html
index f0c65199..0eb0b010 100644
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
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+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/DNS/"/>
 
 
+  
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/DNS/">
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+<script id="page.configurations">
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@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+        
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+          
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+    
+
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+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
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     </header>
 
+    
+  
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+
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+
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@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>DNS<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/11/110119-CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS中resolv.conf的配置实验</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-11" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-11T11:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-11">
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@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00"
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00" content="2016-04-03">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-29" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00" content="2016-03-29">
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
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+      <div class="post-meta">
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
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+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
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+    // Popup Window;
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+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
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+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
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+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
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+    // search function;
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+      'use strict';
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+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
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+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
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+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
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+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
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+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
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+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+                if(title != '') {
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+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
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+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
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+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
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+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
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+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
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+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
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+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
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+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
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+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
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+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
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+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
+
+      
+
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+  </aside>
+  
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+
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diff --git a/tags/HTTPS/index.html b/tags/HTTPS/index.html
new file mode 100644
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+  
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+
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/HTTPS/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
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+          
+            <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+  
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+</div>
+    </header>
+
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
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+  
+  
+  <div class="post-block tag">
+
+    <div id="posts" class="posts-collapse">
+      <div class="collection-title">
+        <h1>HTTPS<small>标签</small>
+        </h1>
+      </div>
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-09T21:21:19+08:00" content="2016-03-09">
+          03-09
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
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+
+  </div>
+  
+  
+  
+
+  
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+
+
+          </div>
+          
+
+        </div>
+        
+          
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+      <span class="sidebar-toggle-line sidebar-toggle-line-last"></span>
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
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+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
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+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
+        
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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+  </div>
+
+  
+
+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+
+
+
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+
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+
+  
+
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
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+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
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+  
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+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
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+    function proceedsearch() {
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+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
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+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
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+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
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+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
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+                // show search results
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+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
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+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
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+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
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+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
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+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
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+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
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+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
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+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
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+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
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+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
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+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
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+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
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+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tags/Haproxy/index.html b/tags/Haproxy/index.html
index 05ddb94e..890351a5 100644
--- a/tags/Haproxy/index.html
+++ b/tags/Haproxy/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Haproxy/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -580,9 +725,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -590,6 +738,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -598,24 +747,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -631,14 +815,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -652,10 +843,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -667,81 +856,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -790,6 +955,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -823,8 +990,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -993,9 +1161,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1065,25 +1233,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/Kernel/index.html b/tags/Kernel/index.html
index 4c9c3475..ac443597 100644
--- a/tags/Kernel/index.html
+++ b/tags/Kernel/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kernel/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kernel/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kernel/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kernel/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: Kernel | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
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@@ -279,23 +359,47 @@ <h1>Kernel<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
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-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基于UDP协议搭建隧道</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-26T21:01:27+08:00" content="2017-12-26">
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+
+      
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+
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
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+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00" content="2017-12-24">
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@@ -307,23 +411,47 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-20" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-21T17:41:03+08:00" content="2017-03-21">
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+
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+          </a>
+        
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+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00" content="2017-03-20">
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@@ -333,6 +461,58 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
       
+        
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">内核与内核模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-25T19:41:07+08:00" content="2015-10-25">
+          10-25
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+
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+
+      
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+
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
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+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-23T17:01:27+08:00" content="2015-10-23">
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+
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+
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@@ -343,10 +523,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
 
-  
-
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -762,6 +1033,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -795,8 +1068,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -965,9 +1239,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1037,25 +1311,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/Kickstart/index.html b/tags/Kickstart/index.html
index 92809b93..3ae8b3b8 100644
--- a/tags/Kickstart/index.html
+++ b/tags/Kickstart/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kickstart/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kickstart/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kickstart/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Kickstart/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>标签: Kickstart | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Kickstart<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/23/205210-Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Cobbler无人值守安装CentOS</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-23" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-23T20:52:10+08:00" content="2018-01-23">
           01-23
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/22/162310-Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Kickstart无人值守安装CentOS6.8</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-22" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-22T16:23:10+08:00" content="2018-01-22">
           01-22
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -343,10 +419,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -362,63 +436,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -429,122 +565,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
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+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
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+                  
+                  
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+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -552,9 +699,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -562,6 +712,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -570,24 +721,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
 
 
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -603,14 +789,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -624,10 +817,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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@@ -639,81 +830,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -762,6 +929,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
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@@ -795,8 +964,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -965,9 +1135,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1037,21 +1207,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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+  
 
   
 
@@ -1061,5 +1218,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
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+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
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+
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+
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diff --git a/tags/Linux/index.html b/tags/Linux/index.html
index 9167689a..f246cdc3 100644
--- a/tags/Linux/index.html
+++ b/tags/Linux/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
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+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Linux/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+
 
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   <title>标签: Linux | Just Do It</title>
   
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Linux<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
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+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-27">
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@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下软件包的管理</span>
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux中date命令的使用</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/05/26/150103-Linux中date命令的使用/" itemprop="url">
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-              datetime="2015-05-26T15:01:03+08:00"
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
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                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
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+                  
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+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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+  
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diff --git a/tags/Load-Balance/index.html b/tags/Load-Balance/index.html
index 01baeece..f0d37da5 100644
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
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+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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   </div>
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-<nav class="site-nav">
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+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
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+  
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   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
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+    
+  
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+
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+
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+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
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@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Load Balance<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/03/112119-Haproxy的应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy的应用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-03T11:21:19+08:00" content="2018-03-03">
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@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/02/152115-Haproxy配置文件参数说明/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy配置文件参数说明</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-02" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-02T15:21:15+08:00" content="2018-03-02">
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/03/01/130103-Haproxy及安装配置/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Haproxy及安装配置</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00"
-              content="2018-03-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-03-01T13:01:03+08:00" content="2018-03-01">
           03-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -371,10 +445,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
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-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
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+                  
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -590,6 +738,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+
+
+
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
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+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+  
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+
 
 
 
@@ -631,14 +815,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
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+<script>
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@@ -652,10 +843,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
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-
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-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
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-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
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+  <script>
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       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
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                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -993,9 +1161,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
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@@ -1065,25 +1233,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
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+      ta.value = code;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/Maintenance/index.html b/tags/Maintenance/index.html
index b5b539a2..a00205f2 100644
--- a/tags/Maintenance/index.html
+++ b/tags/Maintenance/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Maintenance/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
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       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Maintenance/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Maintenance/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Maintenance/">
 
 
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: Maintenance | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Maintenance<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/172607-chmod权限被改为000后的恢复/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">chmod权限被改为000后的恢复</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-20" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-20T17:26:08+08:00" content="2018-01-20">
           01-20
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/20/164155-CentOS的lib库误操作和修复/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS的lib库误操作和修复</span>
-              
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+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办</span>
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-27T15:01:23+08:00" content="2015-10-27">
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Miscellaneous/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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   <title>标签: Miscellaneous | Just Do It</title>
   
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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+    
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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+      
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
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+
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+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Miscellaneous<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/27/110119-Linux生成随机数的多种方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux生成随机数的多种方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-27T11:01:19+08:00" content="2015-11-27">
           11-27
         </time>
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@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux查看操作系统位数的几种方法</span>
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+            
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+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-26T21:01:11+08:00"
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           11-26
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@@ -335,23 +411,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/25/172103-使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用safe-rm避免rm命令误删文件</span>
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       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-25T17:21:03+08:00"
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           11-25
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/24/210143-Linux下socks5搭建和应用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux下socks5搭建和应用</span>
+            
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-24T21:01:43+08:00"
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-              
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+            
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+            
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               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
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+                
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+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
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+                
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                  
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+                    
+                  
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+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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               </ul>
@@ -692,9 +829,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -702,6 +842,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -710,24 +851,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -743,14 +919,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
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+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
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@@ -764,10 +947,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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-
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+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -902,6 +1059,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+      
+
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@@ -935,8 +1094,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+                
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-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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@@ -1105,9 +1265,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
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+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
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@@ -1177,25 +1337,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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+  
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+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+
+  
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+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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diff --git a/tags/Network/index.html b/tags/Network/index.html
index 694ff15b..67b3786c 100644
--- a/tags/Network/index.html
+++ b/tags/Network/index.html
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-
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-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Network/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Network/">
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+
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+<script id="page.configurations">
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+
   <title>标签: Network | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+
+
+
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+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+</noscript>
+
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
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+    
+
+    
+    
+      
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+    
+      
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+      
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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   </div>
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
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+  
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@@ -279,23 +359,47 @@ <h1>Network<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/20/212135-Linux内核参数rp_filter/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/21/174103-Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数arp_ignore和arp_announce</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-21T17:41:03+08:00" content="2017-03-21">
+          03-21
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
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+
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+
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux内核参数rp_filter</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-20T21:21:35+08:00" content="2017-03-20">
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@@ -307,23 +411,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的策略路由</span>
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-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的策略路由</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
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-              datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00" content="2017-03-17">
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@@ -335,23 +437,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
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-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS网卡配置文件说明</span>
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-              datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00"
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           09-20
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@@ -511,10 +601,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
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@@ -530,63 +618,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
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-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -720,9 +881,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -730,6 +894,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -738,24 +903,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
 
 
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+
+
 
 
 
@@ -771,14 +971,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
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+<script>
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@@ -792,10 +999,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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-  
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-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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-
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+  
 
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+  
+
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+
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diff --git a/tags/OpenSSL/index.html b/tags/OpenSSL/index.html
index f7f94617..869e7315 100644
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
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+
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>OpenSSL<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-19" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00" content="2018-01-19">
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+                  
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+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
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+                
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
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diff --git a/tags/Python-Modules/index.html b/tags/Python-Modules/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7200c509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tags/Python-Modules/index.html
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+                  // sort index by position of keyword
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+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tags/Python3/index.html b/tags/Python3/index.html
index ff9af5af..1081219c 100644
--- a/tags/Python3/index.html
+++ b/tags/Python3/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>标签: Python3 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,24 +359,22 @@ <h1>Python3<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/18/190143-做练习题理解Python中的对象/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">做练习题理解Python中的对象</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/20/134123-Python中的必考问题3/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题3</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-06-18T19:01:43+08:00"
-              content="2019-06-18" >
-          06-18
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-20T13:41:23+08:00" content="2019-06-20">
+          06-20
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -307,24 +385,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的内置函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/19/174135-Python中的必考问题2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题2</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-17T14:53:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-17" >
-          03-17
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-06-19T17:41:35+08:00" content="2019-06-19">
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的生成器和迭代器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/06/18/190143-Python中的必考问题1/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的必考问题1</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-16T08:15:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-16" >
-          03-16
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+          06-18
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@@ -363,24 +437,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/30/090119-Python的类和对象/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的类和对象的初识</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T20:47:14+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-15" >
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@@ -391,24 +463,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的闭包和装饰器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/24/172115-Python的序列化模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的序列化模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-15T17:55:27+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-15" >
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@@ -419,24 +489,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的高阶函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/23/090143-Python的os和sys模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的os和sys模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-14T16:38:16+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-14" >
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的函数</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/22/112119-Python的random模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的random模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-13T11:08:51+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-13" >
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@@ -475,24 +541,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python对文件的操作</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/21/150115-Python的时间模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的时间模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-11T12:41:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-11" >
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@@ -503,24 +567,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/20/154147-Python的collections模块/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的collections模块</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-10" >
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@@ -531,24 +593,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-集合</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/150131-Python的re模块与正则表达式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的re模块与正则表达式</span>
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+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-09T08:21:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-09" >
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+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/2/">2</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/Python3/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
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     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -780,9 +911,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -790,6 +924,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -798,24 +933,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -831,14 +1001,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -852,10 +1029,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -867,81 +1042,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -990,6 +1141,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1023,8 +1176,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1193,9 +1347,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1265,25 +1419,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/Python3/page/2/index.html b/tags/Python3/page/2/index.html
index db8decab..defa0959 100644
--- a/tags/Python3/page/2/index.html
+++ b/tags/Python3/page/2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/2/"/>
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/2/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>标签: Python3 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,24 +359,22 @@ <h1>Python3<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/19/130127-Python的异常处理/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的异常处理</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-08T16:46:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-08" >
-          03-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-19T13:01:27+08:00" content="2019-03-19">
+          03-19
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -307,24 +385,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字典</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/18/154107-Python的包及其导入/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的包及其导入</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-08" >
-          03-08
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-18T15:41:07+08:00" content="2019-03-18">
+          03-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -335,24 +411,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-元组</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/18/094127-Python的模块和使用/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的模块和使用</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-07" >
-          03-07
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-18T09:41:27+08:00" content="2019-03-18">
+          03-18
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -363,24 +437,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/17/145314-Python的内置函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的内置函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T19:19:25+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-06" >
-          03-06
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+          03-17
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -391,24 +463,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的列表练习-购物车</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/16/081510-Python的生成器和迭代器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的生成器和迭代器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T16:23:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-06" >
-          03-06
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+          03-16
         </time>
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@@ -419,24 +489,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-列表</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/204714-Python的匿名函数和递归函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的匿名函数和递归函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-06T08:45:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-06" >
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+          03-15
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@@ -447,24 +515,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/15/175527-Python中的闭包和装饰器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的闭包和装饰器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T21:38:39+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
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-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中字符串的format方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/14/2019-03-14-163816-Python的高阶函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的高阶函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T20:49:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-14T16:38:16+08:00" content="2019-03-14">
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@@ -503,24 +567,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/13/110851-Python的函数/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的函数</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T20:19:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
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@@ -531,24 +593,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/11/124110-Python对文件的操作/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python对文件的操作</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
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         </time>
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@@ -566,15 +626,13 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
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+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/Python3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/">1</a><span class="page-number current">2</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/3/">3</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/Python3/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
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@@ -590,63 +648,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
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-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
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+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -780,9 +911,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -790,6 +924,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -798,24 +933,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -831,14 +1001,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -852,10 +1029,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -867,81 +1042,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -990,6 +1141,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1023,8 +1176,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1193,9 +1347,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1265,25 +1419,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/Python3/page/3/index.html b/tags/Python3/page/3/index.html
index 7b4ff55e..8864d0b9 100644
--- a/tags/Python3/page/3/index.html
+++ b/tags/Python3/page/3/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/3/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/3/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/3/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/3/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: Python3 | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,24 +359,22 @@ <h1>Python3<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的流程控制</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/10/084210-画图理解Python的深浅拷贝/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">画图理解Python的深浅拷贝</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-10T08:42:10+08:00" content="2019-03-10">
+          03-10
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -307,24 +385,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python中的input和print方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/09/082110-Python的组合数据类型-集合/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-集合</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-05" >
-          03-05
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-09T08:21:10+08:00" content="2019-03-09">
+          03-09
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -335,24 +411,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/164610-Python的字典练习-三级菜单/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字典练习-三级菜单</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-04" >
-          03-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-08T16:46:10+08:00" content="2019-03-08">
+          03-08
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -363,24 +437,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/08/123810-Python的组合数据类型-字典/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字典</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-04" >
-          03-04
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-08T12:38:10+08:00" content="2019-03-08">
+          03-08
         </time>
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@@ -391,24 +463,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/07/085510-Python的组合数据类型-元组/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-元组</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T21:55:21+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
-          03-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-07T08:55:10+08:00" content="2019-03-07">
+          03-07
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -419,24 +489,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/191925-Python的列表生成式/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的列表生成式</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
-          03-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-06T19:19:25+08:00" content="2019-03-06">
+          03-06
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@@ -447,24 +515,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的注释方法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/162310-Python的列表练习-购物车/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的列表练习-购物车</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
-          03-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-06T16:23:10+08:00" content="2019-03-06">
+          03-06
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -475,24 +541,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">第一个Python程序</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/06/084510-Python的组合数据类型-列表/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-列表</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-03" >
-          03-03
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-06T08:45:10+08:00" content="2019-03-06">
+          03-06
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -503,24 +567,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python的字符编码</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/213839-Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字符串练习-获取tag间的内容</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-02" >
-          03-02
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T21:38:39+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -531,24 +593,22 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Python初识</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/204910-Python中字符串的format方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中字符串的format方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-01T10:51:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T20:49:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -566,15 +626,13 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/Python3/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/4/">4</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/Python3/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/Python3/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/">1</a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/2/">2</a><span class="page-number current">3</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/4/">4</a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/Python3/page/4/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -590,63 +648,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-              </div>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -657,122 +777,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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+                  
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
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-            
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-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
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                 友情链接
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               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
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-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -780,9 +911,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
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-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -790,6 +924,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -798,24 +933,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -831,14 +1001,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
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@@ -852,10 +1029,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -867,81 +1042,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
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-  
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
-  
-  
 
   
-
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -990,6 +1141,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -1023,8 +1176,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -1193,9 +1347,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1265,25 +1419,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
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+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/Python3/page/4/index.html b/tags/Python3/page/4/index.html
index a0c95650..702b74b4 100644
--- a/tags/Python3/page/4/index.html
+++ b/tags/Python3/page/4/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/4/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
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       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/4/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Python3/page/4/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
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+<script id="page.configurations">
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+
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@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+
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+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
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+</noscript>
+
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    
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 </div>
 
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+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
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-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,24 +359,256 @@ <h1>Python3<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/083210-编程语言简介/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">编程语言简介</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/201910-Python的组合数据类型-字符串/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的组合数据类型-字符串</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T20:19:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/164610-Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的基本数据类型-整型和浮点型</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T16:46:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/120910-Python的流程控制/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的流程控制</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T12:09:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/05/083910-Python中的input和print方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python中的input和print方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-05T08:39:10+08:00" content="2019-03-05">
+          03-05
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/161610-Python的运算符/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的运算符</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-04T16:16:10+08:00" content="2019-03-04">
+          03-04
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/04/081210-Python的标识符与关键字/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的标识符与关键字</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-04T08:12:10+08:00" content="2019-03-04">
+          03-04
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215521-Pycharm中警告信息汇总/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Pycharm中警告信息汇总.</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T21:55:21+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/215059-Python代码规范总结/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python代码规范总结</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T21:50:59+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/203210-Python的注释方法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的注释方法</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T20:32:10+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/03/080810-第一个Python程序/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">第一个Python程序</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2019-03-01T08:32:10+08:00"
-              content="2019-03-01" >
-          03-01
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-03T08:08:10+08:00" content="2019-03-03">
+          03-03
         </time>
       </div>
 
@@ -314,15 +626,13 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
   <nav class="pagination">
-    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/Python3/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span>
+    <a class="extend prev" rel="prev" href="/tags/Python3/page/3/"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-label="上一页"></i></a><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/">1</a><span class="space">&hellip;</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/3/">3</a><span class="page-number current">4</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Python3/page/5/">5</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/Python3/page/5/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
   </nav>
 
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -338,63 +648,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
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-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
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+                
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+                  </a>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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-                </a>
-              </div>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -405,122 +777,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+
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+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
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-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/200410-Python的字符编码/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python的字符编码</span>
+            
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+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-02T20:04:10+08:00" content="2019-03-02">
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/02/132127-在Linux上编译安装Python3/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">在Linux上编译安装Python3</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-02T13:21:27+08:00" content="2019-03-02">
+          03-02
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/03/01/105110-Python初识/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Python初识</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-03-01T10:51:10+08:00" content="2019-03-01">
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+    // Search DB path;
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+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
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+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
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+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
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+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
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+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
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+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
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+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
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diff --git a/tags/Security/index.html b/tags/Security/index.html
index 7361c209..2cd89ac2 100644
--- a/tags/Security/index.html
+++ b/tags/Security/index.html
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Security/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Security/"/>
 
 
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+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Security/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
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+
   <title>标签: Security | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
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+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
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 </div>
 
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+    
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+    
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+
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+
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         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
+
+
+
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+  
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           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Security<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00" content="2017-03-15">
           03-15
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">学习使用iptables</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">学习使用iptables</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00" content="2017-03-10">
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         </time>
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@@ -335,23 +411,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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-              datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00" content="2016-05-01">
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@@ -363,23 +437,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/17/110123-什么是数字签名/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">什么是数字签名</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-17" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-17T11:01:23+08:00" content="2016-03-17">
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@@ -391,23 +463,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/13/194143-私有CA及https/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">私有CA及https</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
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-              datetime="2016-03-13T19:41:43+08:00"
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@@ -419,23 +489,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/09/212119-是时候理解下HTTPS及背后的加密原理了/" itemprop="url">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/05/170135-OpenSSL/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSL</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-05" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-05T17:01:35+08:00" content="2016-03-05">
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@@ -475,23 +541,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/01/112123-加密技术和算法/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">加密技术和算法</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
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-              datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-01T11:21:23+08:00" content="2016-03-01">
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@@ -511,10 +575,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
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-
 
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@@ -530,63 +592,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -720,9 +855,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
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-      </section>
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@@ -730,6 +868,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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@@ -738,24 +877,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
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+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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@@ -771,14 +945,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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+
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+
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@@ -792,10 +973,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
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-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
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-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
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-
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+  
 
-
-
-
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+  <script>
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@@ -930,6 +1085,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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diff --git a/tags/Service/index.html b/tags/Service/index.html
index de0a9d5e..9fb492b6 100644
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
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+  
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Service/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
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+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Service/"/>
 
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/Service/">
 
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
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   <title>标签: Service | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
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+
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+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
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+
+  .use-motion .logo,
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+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
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+
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     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
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-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
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-            标签
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
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+        
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+    
       
+    
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+    
+
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+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+  
+
+
+  
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+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
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-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
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+
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       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>Service<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/05/01/092111-初识SElinux/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">初识SElinux</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-05-01" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-05-01T09:21:11+08:00" content="2016-05-01">
           05-01
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -307,23 +385,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/27/194119-基础邮件服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基础邮件服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-27" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-27T19:41:19+08:00" content="2016-04-27">
           04-27
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -335,23 +411,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/23/214135-Samba服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Samba服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-23" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-23T21:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-23">
           04-23
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -363,23 +437,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/19/094135-FTP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">FTP服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-19" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-19T09:41:35+08:00" content="2016-04-19">
           04-19
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -391,23 +463,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/15/090119-DHCP服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DHCP 服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-15T09:01:19+08:00" content="2016-04-15">
           04-15
         </time>
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@@ -419,23 +489,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/07/214147-利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">利用Dnsmasq搭建本地自有DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-07" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-07T21:41:47+08:00" content="2016-04-07">
           04-07
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -447,23 +515,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/04/03/130135-NegativeCaching的简单理解/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">NegativeCaching的简单理解</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00"
-              content="2016-04-03" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-04-03T13:01:35+08:00" content="2016-04-03">
           04-03
         </time>
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@@ -475,23 +541,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/29/192111-使用普通用户管理DNS服务器/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用普通用户管理DNS服务器</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-29" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-29T19:21:11+08:00" content="2016-03-29">
           03-29
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -503,23 +567,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/25/212131-DNS服务/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">DNS服务</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00"
-              content="2016-03-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-25T21:21:31+08:00" content="2016-03-25">
           03-25
         </time>
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@@ -531,23 +593,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/03/21/190139-OpenSSH/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">OpenSSH</span>
+            
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-              datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00"
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2016-03-21T19:01:39+08:00" content="2016-03-21">
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       </div>
@@ -565,12 +625,14 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
+  <nav class="pagination">
+    <span class="page-number current">1</span><a class="page-number" href="/tags/Service/page/2/">2</a><a class="extend next" rel="next" href="/tags/Service/page/2/"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-label="下一页"></i></a>
+  </nav>
 
 
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-          
 
 
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@@ -586,63 +648,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-    
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-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
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-            
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-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -776,9 +911,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
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@@ -786,6 +924,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
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@@ -794,24 +933,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
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   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
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-
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+  
 
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-
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diff --git a/tags/Service/page/2/index.html b/tags/Service/page/2/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8856b52
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tags/ShellScripts/index.html b/tags/ShellScripts/index.html
index f08ef05c..ed914b3a 100644
--- a/tags/ShellScripts/index.html
+++ b/tags/ShellScripts/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/ShellScripts/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/ShellScripts/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/ShellScripts/"/>
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/ShellScripts/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: ShellScripts | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
 
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
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+  
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+
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+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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+  
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/25/121210-使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用dig命令写一个定时解析脚本</span>
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+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-25" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-25T12:12:10+08:00" content="2017-12-25">
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
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+          </a>
         
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       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00" content="2017-12-24">
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-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/09/20/114131-shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">shell实现netmask掩码和cidr掩码位转换</span>
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-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00"
-              content="2015-09-20" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-09-20T11:41:31+08:00" content="2015-09-20">
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@@ -371,10 +445,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
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-
 
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+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/24/132143-认识并管理systemd服务和单元/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">认识并管理systemd服务和单元</span>
+            
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+        
+      </h2>
+
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd</span>
+            
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+        
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+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-23T17:01:27+08:00" content="2015-10-23">
+          10-23
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+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的1号PID和systemd</span>
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+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-22T19:21:15+08:00" content="2015-10-22">
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+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
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+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
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diff --git a/tags/TCP-IP/index.html b/tags/TCP-IP/index.html
index 2873177d..e5179d7f 100644
--- a/tags/TCP-IP/index.html
+++ b/tags/TCP-IP/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
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+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
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-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-                <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" itemprop="url">
+            
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-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -524,9 +699,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -534,6 +712,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -542,24 +721,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -575,14 +789,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -596,10 +817,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -611,81 +830,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -734,6 +929,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -767,8 +964,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -937,9 +1135,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1009,21 +1207,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1033,5 +1218,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/tags/curl/index.html b/tags/curl/index.html
index b6b973de..a0f0fcf3 100644
--- a/tags/curl/index.html
+++ b/tags/curl/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/curl/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/curl/"/>
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/curl/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/curl/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
+
   <title>标签: curl | Just Do It</title>
   
 
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
 
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
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+          
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@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>curl<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</span>
-              
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+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/01/19/214844-curl-7-57-0源码包编译安装和移植/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">curl-7.57.0源码包编译安装和移植</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00"
-              content="2018-01-19" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-01-19T21:48:58+08:00" content="2018-01-19">
           01-19
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -315,10 +393,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
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@@ -334,63 +410,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
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-    
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-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
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-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
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+          
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-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
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+                
+                
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+                  
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+                    
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+                      
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+                    
+                      
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    
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-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
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-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
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@@ -524,9 +673,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
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@@ -534,6 +686,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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@@ -542,24 +695,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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diff --git a/tags/fou/index.html b/tags/fou/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b12749f6
--- /dev/null
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+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tags/grub2/index.html b/tags/grub2/index.html
index cb4697c7..4a40f7f8 100644
--- a/tags/grub2/index.html
+++ b/tags/grub2/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/grub2/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
     algolia: {
       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/grub2/"/>
 
 
 
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/grub2/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/grub2/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>标签: grub2 | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
+
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -147,28 +180,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left ">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
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@@ -279,23 +359,73 @@ <h1>grub2<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/12/02/152139-Docker入坑指南/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Docker入坑指南</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2019-12-02T15:21:39+08:00" content="2019-12-02">
+          12-02
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基于UDP协议搭建隧道</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00"
-              content="2017-12-24" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-26T21:01:27+08:00" content="2017-12-26">
+          12-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/24/110110-使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">使用谷歌的BBR拥塞算法为TCP加速</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-24T11:01:10+08:00" content="2017-12-24">
           12-24
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -307,23 +437,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/11/04/094127-CentOS7网卡名称的修改/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7网卡名称的修改</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00"
-              content="2015-11-04" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-11-04T09:41:27+08:00" content="2015-11-04">
           11-04
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -333,6 +461,84 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
       
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/27/150123-CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7忘记root密码怎么办</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-27T15:01:23+08:00" content="2015-10-27">
+          10-27
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/26/190147-BootLoader之Grub2/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">BootLoader之Grub2</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-26T19:01:47+08:00" content="2015-10-26">
+          10-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2015/10/23/170127-CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">CentOS7系统启动流程分析与systemd</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2015-10-23T17:01:27+08:00" content="2015-10-23">
+          10-23
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
     </div>
 
   </div>
@@ -343,10 +549,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -362,63 +566,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
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-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
-              
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
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+                    
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -429,122 +695,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -552,9 +829,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -562,6 +842,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
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   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -570,24 +851,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
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-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -603,14 +919,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -624,10 +947,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -639,81 +960,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -762,6 +1059,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -795,8 +1094,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -965,9 +1265,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1037,25 +1337,67 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
-(function(){
-    var bp = document.createElement('script');
-    var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
-    }
-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/index.html b/tags/index.html
index c46691db..267725f9 100644
--- a/tags/index.html
+++ b/tags/index.html
@@ -2,15 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
@@ -20,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
+  
+  
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-  
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
 
@@ -48,46 +46,68 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16.png?v=5.1.3">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
 
 
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
+  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
+  var CONFIG = {
+    root: '/',
+    scheme: 'Muse',
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
+    tabs: true,
+    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
+    algolia: {
+      applicationID: '',
+      apiKey: '',
+      indexName: '',
+      hits: {"per_page":10},
+      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
+    }
+  };
+</script>
 
 
+  
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 <meta property="og:type" content="website">
 <meta property="og:title" content="tags">
 <meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/index.html">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
 <meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
 <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2017-11-24T12:33:52.123Z">
 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
 <meta name="twitter:title" content="tags">
@@ -95,51 +115,64 @@
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
-  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
-  var CONFIG = {
-    root: '/',
-    scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
-    tabs: true,
-    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
-    algolia: {
-      applicationID: '',
-      apiKey: '',
-      indexName: '',
-      hits: {"per_page":10},
-      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
-    }
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
+
+
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/">
+
+
+
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
   };
 </script>
 
+  <title>tags | Just Do It</title>
+  
 
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/"/>
 
 
 
 
 
-  <title>tags | Just Do It</title>
-  
 
 
 
 
 
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
 
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
+    opacity: initial;
+    top: initial;
+  }
 
+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
 
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
@@ -148,28 +181,25 @@
 
   <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
     <div class="headband"></div>
-	
-	<a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/38ef81f8aca64bb9a64448d0d70f1308ef5341ab/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f72696768745f6461726b626c75655f3132313632312e706e67" alt="Fork me on GitHub" data-canonical-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png"></a>
 
-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -177,59 +207,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
 
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
+
+      
       
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -241,9 +308,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
     </span>
     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -257,12 +322,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -273,9 +353,17 @@
     <div class="post-block page">
       <header class="post-header">
 
-	<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
+<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags
+
+</h1>
+
+<div class="post-meta">
+  
+  
+
 
 
+</div>
 
 </header>
 
@@ -287,10 +375,154 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
         
           <div class="tag-cloud">
             <div class="tag-cloud-title">
-                目前共计 35 个标签
+              
+              
+                
+                  
+                
+              
+                
+                  
+                
+              
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+                
+              
+                
+                  
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+                
+              
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+                  
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+              
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+                  
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+              
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+                  
+                
+              
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+                
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+              
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+              
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+                
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+                
+              
+                
+                  
+                
+              
+                
+                  
+                
+              
+                
+                  
+                
+              
+              目前共计 35 个标签
             </div>
             <div class="tag-cloud-tags">
-              <a href="/tags/BBR/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">BBR</a> <a href="/tags/BashShell/" style="font-size: 30px; color: #111">BashShell</a> <a href="/tags/Cobbler/" style="font-size: 14.25px; color: #b5b5b5">Cobbler</a> <a href="/tags/Command/" style="font-size: 16.5px; color: #9d9d9d">Command</a> <a href="/tags/DNS/" style="font-size: 18.75px; color: #868686">DNS</a> <a href="/tags/Haproxy/" style="font-size: 16.5px; color: #9d9d9d">Haproxy</a> <a href="/tags/Kernel/" style="font-size: 14.25px; color: #b5b5b5">Kernel</a> <a href="/tags/Kickstart/" style="font-size: 14.25px; color: #b5b5b5">Kickstart</a> <a href="/tags/Linux/" style="font-size: 21px; color: #6f6f6f">Linux</a> <a href="/tags/Load-Balance/" style="font-size: 16.5px; color: #9d9d9d">Load Balance</a> <a href="/tags/Maintenance/" style="font-size: 14.25px; color: #b5b5b5">Maintenance</a> <a href="/tags/Miscellaneous/" style="font-size: 21px; color: #6f6f6f">Miscellaneous</a> <a href="/tags/Network/" style="font-size: 23.25px; color: #575757">Network</a> <a href="/tags/OpenSSL/" style="font-size: 14.25px; color: #b5b5b5">OpenSSL</a> <a href="/tags/Python3/" style="font-size: 27.75px; color: #282828">Python3</a> <a href="/tags/Security/" style="font-size: 23.25px; color: #575757">Security</a> <a href="/tags/Service/" style="font-size: 25.5px; color: #404040">Service</a> <a href="/tags/ShellScripts/" style="font-size: 16.5px; color: #9d9d9d">ShellScripts</a> <a href="/tags/TCP-IP/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">TCP/IP</a> <a href="/tags/curl/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">curl</a> <a href="/tags/grub2/" style="font-size: 14.25px; color: #b5b5b5">grub2</a> <a href="/tags/iproute/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">iproute</a> <a href="/tags/iptables/" style="font-size: 14.25px; color: #b5b5b5">iptables</a> <a href="/tags/monitor/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">monitor</a>
+              
+                <a href="/tags/BBR/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">BBR</a> <a href="/tags/BashShell/" style="font-size: 28.2px; color: #242424">BashShell</a> <a href="/tags/CI-CD/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">CI/CD</a> <a href="/tags/Cobbler/" style="font-size: 13.8px; color: #b9b9b9">Cobbler</a> <a href="/tags/Command/" style="font-size: 15.6px; color: #a7a7a7">Command</a> <a href="/tags/DNS/" style="font-size: 17.4px; color: #949494">DNS</a> <a href="/tags/DevOps/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">DevOps</a> <a href="/tags/Docker/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">Docker</a> <a href="/tags/Foo-over-UDP/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">Foo over UDP</a> <a href="/tags/HTTPS/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">HTTPS</a> <a href="/tags/Haproxy/" style="font-size: 15.6px; color: #a7a7a7">Haproxy</a> <a href="/tags/Kernel/" style="font-size: 19.2px; color: #818181">Kernel</a> <a href="/tags/Kickstart/" style="font-size: 13.8px; color: #b9b9b9">Kickstart</a> <a href="/tags/Linux/" style="font-size: 21px; color: #6f6f6f">Linux</a> <a href="/tags/Load-Balance/" style="font-size: 15.6px; color: #a7a7a7">Load Balance</a> <a href="/tags/Maintenance/" style="font-size: 15.6px; color: #a7a7a7">Maintenance</a> <a href="/tags/Miscellaneous/" style="font-size: 21px; color: #6f6f6f">Miscellaneous</a> <a href="/tags/Network/" style="font-size: 24.6px; color: #494949">Network</a> <a href="/tags/OpenSSL/" style="font-size: 13.8px; color: #b9b9b9">OpenSSL</a> <a href="/tags/PID/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">PID</a> <a href="/tags/Python-Modules/" style="font-size: 22.8px; color: #5c5c5c">Python Modules</a> <a href="/tags/Python3/" style="font-size: 30px; color: #111">Python3</a> <a href="/tags/Python3-Questions/" style="font-size: 15.6px; color: #a7a7a7">Python3 Questions</a> <a href="/tags/Security/" style="font-size: 22.8px; color: #5c5c5c">Security</a> <a href="/tags/Service/" style="font-size: 26.4px; color: #363636">Service</a> <a href="/tags/ShellScripts/" style="font-size: 15.6px; color: #a7a7a7">ShellScripts</a> <a href="/tags/Systemd/" style="font-size: 15.6px; color: #a7a7a7">Systemd</a> <a href="/tags/TCP-IP/" style="font-size: 13.8px; color: #b9b9b9">TCP/IP</a> <a href="/tags/curl/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">curl</a> <a href="/tags/fou/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">fou</a> <a href="/tags/grub2/" style="font-size: 21px; color: #6f6f6f">grub2</a> <a href="/tags/iproute/" style="font-size: 13.8px; color: #b9b9b9">iproute</a> <a href="/tags/iptables/" style="font-size: 13.8px; color: #b9b9b9">iptables</a> <a href="/tags/make-install/" style="font-size: 13.8px; color: #b9b9b9">make install</a> <a href="/tags/monitor/" style="font-size: 12px; color: #ccc">monitor</a>
+              
             </div>
           </div>
         
@@ -300,6 +532,10 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
       
     </div>
     
+
+
+
+    
     
     
   </div>
@@ -308,9 +544,6 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
           </div>
           
 
-
-          
-
         </div>
         
           
@@ -324,63 +557,125 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
-              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image"
-                src="/images/avatar.jpg"
-                alt="Silence" />
+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
-          <nav class="site-state motion-element">
-
-            
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+          
+            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
               
-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
+                
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">118</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
-              
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
-                <a href="/categories/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
 
-            
               
+                
+                
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
+                    
+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
+                      
+                    
+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
               
-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
-                <a href="/tags/index.html">
-                  <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
-                </a>
-              </div>
-            
-
-          </nav>
+            </nav>
+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -391,122 +686,133 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
             </div>
           
 
-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
-            
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                 </span>
               
                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
               </div>
               <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -514,9 +820,12 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -524,6 +833,7 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -532,24 +842,59 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
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+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
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@@ -565,14 +910,21 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
       <div class="back-to-top">
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
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@@ -586,10 +938,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
 
 
 
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+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
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+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
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+  <script src="/js/scrollspy.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+<script src="/js/post-details.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
 
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
 
+  
 
+  
 
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
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@@ -728,6 +1054,8 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -761,8 +1089,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -931,9 +1260,9 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1003,25 +1332,67 @@ <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">tags</h1>
   
 
   
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-    else {
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-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
 
   
 
   
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
 
   
 
diff --git a/tags/iproute/index.html b/tags/iproute/index.html
index 372256e6..606bc47c 100644
--- a/tags/iproute/index.html
+++ b/tags/iproute/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
-<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
-<link href="/css/main.css?v=5.1.3" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 
 
-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
-<meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:type" content="website">
-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/iproute/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
   var NexT = window.NexT || {};
   var CONFIG = {
     root: '/',
     scheme: 'Muse',
-    version: '5.1.3',
-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
-    duoshuo: {
-      userId: '0',
-      author: '博主'
-    },
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       applicationID: '',
       apiKey: '',
@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
 </script>
 
 
+  
+
+
+
+
+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/iproute/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
-  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/iproute/"/>
 
 
+  
+  
+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/iproute/">
+
 
 
+<script id="page.configurations">
+  CONFIG.page = {
+    sidebar: "",
+  };
+</script>
 
   <title>标签: iproute | Just Do It</title>
   
@@ -136,9 +140,38 @@
 
 
 
+
+
+
+
+  <noscript>
+  <style>
+  .use-motion .motion-element,
+  .use-motion .brand,
+  .use-motion .menu-item,
+  .sidebar-inner,
+  .use-motion .post-block,
+  .use-motion .pagination,
+  .use-motion .comments,
+  .use-motion .post-header,
+  .use-motion .post-body,
+  .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }
+
+  .use-motion .logo,
+  .use-motion .site-title,
+  .use-motion .site-subtitle {
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+  .use-motion .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
+  .use-motion .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
+  </style>
+</noscript>
+
 </head>
 
-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
       <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
         <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
         <span class="site-title">Just Do It</span>
         <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
       </a>
     </div>
-      
-        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
-      
+    
+    
   </div>
 
   <div class="site-nav-toggle">
-    <button>
+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
       <span class="btn-bar"></span>
@@ -176,59 +206,96 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<nav class="site-nav">
-  
 
+
+<nav class="site-nav">
   
     <ul id="menu" class="menu">
       
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
-          <a href="/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
-            
-            首页
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
+
+  </li>
         
-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
-          <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br />
-            
-            标签
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags menu-item-active">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/tags/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
-          <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
-            
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br />
-            
-            归档
-          </a>
-        </li>
+        
+        
+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
+
+    
+    
       
+    
+
+    
+
+    <a href="/archives/" rel="section"><i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
+
+  </li>
 
       
+      
         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
             <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
           
             
-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
-            
-            搜索
-          </a>
+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
         </li>
       
     </ul>
   
 
   
+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+    
+
+  
+
+
+  
+
+  
     <div class="site-search">
       
   <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
@@ -240,9 +307,7 @@
       <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
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     <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
-      <input autocomplete="off"
-             placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false"
-             type="text" id="local-search-input">
+      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="local-search-result"></div>
@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
+</div>
     </header>
 
+    
+  
+  
+
+  
+
+  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" class="github-corner" title="Follow me on GitHub" aria-label="Follow me on GitHub" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a>
+
+
+
     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,47 @@ <h1>iproute<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Linux的策略路由</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/12/26/210127-基于UDP协议搭建隧道/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">基于UDP协议搭建隧道</span>
+            
+          </a>
+        
+      </h2>
+
+      <div class="post-meta">
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-12-26T21:01:27+08:00" content="2017-12-26">
+          12-26
+        </time>
+      </div>
+
+    </header>
+  </article>
+
+
+      
+        
+
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+    <header class="post-header">
+
+      <h2 class="post-title">
+        
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/17/170119-Linux的策略路由/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Linux的策略路由</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-17" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-17T17:01:19+08:00" content="2017-03-17">
           03-17
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -315,10 +419,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -334,63 +436,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   </div>
 
   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
-    
-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
+      <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
         <div class="site-overview">
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+          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
             
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+              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.jpg" alt="Silence">
             
               <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Silence</p>
-              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</p>
+              <div class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟</div>
           </div>
 
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+          
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
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-                  <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
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+                
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+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
+                  
+                    
+                      <a href="/tags/">
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+                  
+                    
+                    
+                      
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+                      
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+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                      
+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
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+                    
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+                    
+                      
+                    
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">35</span>
+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
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-              <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
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+          
 
           
             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
@@ -401,122 +565,133 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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-          <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
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+          
+
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+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
               
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-                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
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-                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
+                  
+                  
                     
-                      <i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                 </span>
               
-            
-          </div>
-
+            </div>
           
+
           
 
           
           
             <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
               <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                 友情链接
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="IBM developerWorks" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
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-                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="Pro Git" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="freeOA" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="运维生存时间" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="运维之路" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="网络之路" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="易百教程" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="CentOS中文站" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="阮一峰的网络日志" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
                   </li>
                 
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-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -524,9 +699,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -534,6 +712,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -542,24 +721,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
+
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
 
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -575,14 +789,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -596,10 +817,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -611,81 +830,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
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-  
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-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
-
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
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@@ -734,6 +929,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -767,8 +964,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -937,9 +1135,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1009,21 +1207,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
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-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1033,5 +1218,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
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+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
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+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
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+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
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+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
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 </html>
diff --git a/tags/iptables/index.html b/tags/iptables/index.html
index 3166333e..25631cc0 100644
--- a/tags/iptables/index.html
+++ b/tags/iptables/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
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-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
-  <link href="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.css?v=2.1.5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+    
+    
+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
@@ -48,66 +37,54 @@
 
 
 
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-  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png?v=5.1.3">
 
 
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-  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=5.1.3" color="#222">
 
 
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css?v=7.2.0">
 
-  <meta name="keywords" content="Hexo, NexT" />
 
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
-  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml" />
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
+  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=7.2.0" color="#222">
 
 
 
 
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-<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/iptables/index.html">
-<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
-<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
-<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-Hans">
-<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
-<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
+<script id="hexo.configurations">
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-    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":true},
-    fancybox: true,
+    version: '7.2.0',
+    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"onmobile":false,"dimmer":false},
+    back2top: true,
+    back2top_sidebar: false,
+    fancybox: false,
+    fastclick: false,
+    lazyload: false,
     tabs: true,
     motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
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-      author: '博主'
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@@ -119,12 +96,39 @@
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+  
+
+
+
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+  <meta name="description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/iptables/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+
+
+
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
+
 
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+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+          
+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
+
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+    
       
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+
+    
+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
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@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>iptables<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/15/130127-iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">iptables实现不连续地址的SNAT</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-15" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2017-03-15T13:01:27+08:00" content="2017-03-15">
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+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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-              
-                <span itemprop="name">学习使用iptables</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/03/10/094107-学习使用iptables/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">学习使用iptables</span>
+            
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       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
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-              datetime="2017-03-10T09:41:07+08:00"
-              content="2017-03-10" >
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-
 
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+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
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new file mode 100644
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
+                  </a>
+                </div>
+              
+            </nav>
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="feed-link motion-element">
+              <a href="/atom.xml" rel="alternate">
+                <i class="fa fa-rss"></i>
+                RSS
+              </a>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+
+          
+            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
+              
+                <span class="links-of-author-item">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="https://github.com/linuxgeeks" title="GitHub &rarr; https://github.com/linuxgeeks" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
+                </span>
+              
+                <span class="links-of-author-item">
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  
+                    
+                  
+                  <a href="mailto:yourname@gmail.com" title="E-Mail &rarr; mailto:yourname@gmail.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
+                </span>
+              
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
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+          
+          
+            <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
+              <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
+                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
+                友情链接
+              </div>
+              <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" title="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">IBM developerWorks</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://iissnan.com/progit/" title="http://iissnan.com/progit/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pro Git</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" title="http://www.freeoa.net/index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freeOA</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ttlsa.com/" title="http://www.ttlsa.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维生存时间</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.361way.com/" title="http://www.361way.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">运维之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ipcpu.com" title="http://www.ipcpu.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络之路</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.yiibai.com/" title="http://www.yiibai.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">易百教程</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.centoscn.com/" title="http://www.centoscn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CentOS中文站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                  </li>
+                
+              </ul>
+            </div>
+          
+
+          
+            
+          
+          
+
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      
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+  </aside>
+  
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+      </div>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
+      <div class="footer-inner">
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
+  </span>
+  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
+
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+  
+</div>
+
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+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
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+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
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+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
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+        
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
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+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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+      </div>
+    </footer>
+
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+      <div class="back-to-top">
+        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
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+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
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+  </div>
+
+  
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+<script>
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
+    window.Promise = null;
+  }
+</script>
+
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+
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+
+
+
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+  
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
+  
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+
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+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+
+  
+  <script>
+    // Popup Window;
+    var isfetched = false;
+    var isXml = true;
+    // Search DB path;
+    var search_path = "search.xml";
+    if (search_path.length === 0) {
+      search_path = "search.xml";
+    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
+      isXml = false;
+    }
+    var path = "/" + search_path;
+    // monitor main search box;
+
+    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
+      $('.popup').hide();
+      $('#local-search-input').val('');
+      $('.search-result-list').remove();
+      $('#no-result').remove();
+      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+      $('body').css('overflow', '');
+    }
+
+    function proceedsearch() {
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
+      $('.popup').toggle();
+      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
+      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
+      $localSearchInput.focus();
+    }
+
+    // search function;
+    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
+      'use strict';
+
+      // start loading animation
+      $("body")
+        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
+          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
+          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>')
+        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
+      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
+
+      
+
+      $.ajax({
+        url: path,
+        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
+        async: true,
+        success: function(res) {
+          // get the contents from search data
+          isfetched = true;
+          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
+          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
+            return {
+              title: $("title", this).text(),
+              content: $("content",this).text(),
+              url: $("url" , this).text()
+            };
+          }).get() : res;
+          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
+          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
+          var inputEventFunction = function() {
+            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
+            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
+            if (keywords.length > 1) {
+              keywords.push(searchText);
+            }
+            var resultItems = [];
+            if (searchText.length > 0) {
+              // perform local searching
+              datas.forEach(function(data) {
+                var isMatch = false;
+                var hitCount = 0;
+                var searchTextCount = 0;
+                var title = data.title.trim();
+                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
+                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
+                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
+                var indexOfTitle = [];
+                var indexOfContent = [];
+                // only match articles with not empty titles
+                if(title != '') {
+                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
+                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
+                      var wordLen = word.length;
+                      if (wordLen === 0) {
+                        return [];
+                      }
+                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
+                      if (!caseSensitive) {
+                        text = text.toLowerCase();
+                        word = word.toLowerCase();
+                      }
+                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
+                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
+                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
+                      }
+                      return index;
+                    }
+
+                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
+                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
+                  });
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
+                  }
+                }
+
+                // show search results
+
+                if (isMatch) {
+                  // sort index by position of keyword
+
+                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
+                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
+                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
+                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
+                      } else {
+                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
+                      }
+                    });
+                  });
+
+                  // merge hits into slices
+
+                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
+                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    var hits = [];
+                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
+                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
+                      if (word === searchText) {
+                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
+                      }
+                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
+                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;
+
+                      // move to next position of hit
+
+                      index.pop();
+                      while (index.length != 0) {
+                        item = index[index.length - 1];
+                        position = item.position;
+                        word = item.word;
+                        if (wordEnd > position) {
+                          index.pop();
+                        } else {
+                          break;
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
+                    return {
+                      hits: hits,
+                      start: start,
+                      end: end,
+                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
+                    };
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
+                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
+                  }
+
+                  var slicesOfContent = [];
+                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
+                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
+                    var position = item.position;
+                    var word = item.word;
+                    // cut out 100 characters
+                    var start = position - 20;
+                    var end = position + 80;
+                    if(start < 0){
+                      start = 0;
+                    }
+                    if (end < position + word.length) {
+                      end = position + word.length;
+                    }
+                    if(end > content.length){
+                      end = content.length;
+                    }
+                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
+                  }
+
+                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
+
+                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
+                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
+                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
+                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
+                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
+                    } else {
+                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
+                    }
+                  });
+
+                  // select top N slices in content
+
+                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
+                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
+                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
+                  }
+
+                  // highlight title and content
+
+                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
+                    var result = '';
+                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
+                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
+                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
+                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
+                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
+                      prevEnd = end;
+                    });
+                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
+                    return result;
+                  }
+
+                  var resultItem = '';
+
+                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
+                  } else {
+                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
+                  }
+
+                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
+                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
+                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
+                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
+                  });
+
+                  resultItem += "</li>";
+                  resultItems.push({
+                    item: resultItem,
+                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
+                    hitCount: hitCount,
+                    id: resultItems.length
+                  });
+                }
+              })
+            };
+            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
+            } else {
+              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
+                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
+                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
+                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
+                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
+                } else {
+                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
+                }
+              });
+              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
+              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
+                searchResultList += result.item;
+              })
+              searchResultList += "</ul>";
+              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
+            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
+          } else {
+            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
+            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
+              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
+                inputEventFunction();
+              }
+            });
+          }
+
+          // remove loading animation
+          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
+          $('body').css('overflow', '');
+
+          proceedsearch();
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    // handle and trigger popup window;
+    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if (isfetched === false) {
+        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
+      } else {
+        proceedsearch();
+      };
+    });
+
+    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
+    $('.popup').click(function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+    });
+    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
+      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
+        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
+      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
+        onPopupClose();
+      }
+    });
+  </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
+      }
+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tags/monitor/index.html b/tags/monitor/index.html
index df8094cf..0f91691a 100644
--- a/tags/monitor/index.html
+++ b/tags/monitor/index.html
@@ -2,27 +2,6 @@
 
 
 
-  
-
-
-<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
-<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
-<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" />
-<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
-
 
 
 
@@ -32,15 +11,25 @@
 
 
 
+  
 
 
+<html class="theme-next muse use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
+<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
+<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
 
 
 
 
   
   
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+  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-big-counter.min.css?v=1.0.2">
 
 
 
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.7.0">
 
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+  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=7.2.0">
 
 
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-<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
-<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
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+    version: '7.2.0',
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@@ -119,13 +96,40 @@
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+<meta property="og:type" content="website">
+<meta property="og:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:url" content="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/monitor/index.html">
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Do It">
+<meta property="og:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
+<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
+<meta name="twitter:title" content="Just Do It">
+<meta name="twitter:description" content="书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟">
 
 
 
+  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Just Do It" type="application/atom+xml">
 
 
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+  <link rel="canonical" href="http://linuxgeeks.github.io/tags/monitor/">
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+
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+  .use-motion .comments,
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-<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-Hans">
+<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">
 
   
   
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-    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
+    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
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-  <div class="site-meta ">
+  <div class="site-meta">
     
 
     <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
-      <a href="/"  class="brand" rel="start">
+      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
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+    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br />
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+        
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+          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
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+
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-        <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
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+        
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+
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         <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
           
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-              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br />
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-            搜索
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+              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
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+    
+
+    
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
+      
+    
+      
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+
+
+  
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@@ -256,12 +321,27 @@
 
 
 
- </div>
+  
+
+
+
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+  
+  
+
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     <main id="main" class="main">
       <div class="main-inner">
         <div class="content-wrap">
+          
           <div id="content" class="content">
             
 
@@ -279,23 +359,21 @@ <h1>monitor<small>标签</small>
       
         
 
-  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
+  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
     <header class="post-header">
 
       <h2 class="post-title">
         
-            <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
-              
-                <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
-              
-            </a>
+          <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/05/16/082210-Zabbix3.4入门教程/" itemprop="url">
+            
+              <span itemprop="name">Zabbix3.4入门教程</span>
+            
+          </a>
         
       </h2>
 
       <div class="post-meta">
-        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated"
-              datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00"
-              content="2018-05-16" >
+        <time class="post-time" itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2018-05-16T08:22:10+08:00" content="2018-05-16">
           05-16
         </time>
       </div>
@@ -315,10 +393,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
 
-          </div>
-          
-
 
+          </div>
           
 
         </div>
@@ -334,63 +410,125 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
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   <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
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-      <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
-    
     <div class="sidebar-inner">
 
       
 
       
 
-      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
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-          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
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           </div>
 
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-                <a href="/archives/">
+                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
+                
+                  <a href="/archives/">
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+                    <span class="site-state-item-count">139</span>
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             <div class="feed-link motion-element">
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+                  
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                 <span class="links-of-author-item">
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-                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-globe"></i>
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                 友情链接
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-                    <a href="http://www.linuxprobe.com/" title="Linux就该这么学" target="_blank">Linux就该这么学</a>
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-                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="网络进行时" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.netingcn.com/" title="http://www.netingcn.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">网络进行时</a>
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+                    <a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" title="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">阮一峰的网络日志</a>
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                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="廖雪峰的官方网站" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" title="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">廖雪峰的官方网站</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="谢益辉的博客" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://yihui.name/cn/" title="https://yihui.name/cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">谢益辉的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="酷壳" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
+                    <a href="https://coolshell.cn" title="https://coolshell.cn" rel="noopener" target="_blank">酷壳</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="张馆长的博客" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
+                    <a href="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" title="https://zhangguanzhang.github.io" rel="noopener" target="_blank">张馆长的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="kuops" target="_blank">kuops</a>
+                    <a href="https://kuops.com" title="https://kuops.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">kuops</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="金步国作品集" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" title="http://www.jinbuguo.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">金步国作品集</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="王帅的博客" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
+                    <a href="http://www.sa-log.com" title="http://www.sa-log.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">王帅的博客</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="nMask" target="_blank">nMask</a>
+                    <a href="https://thief.one" title="https://thief.one" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nMask</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="Arvon" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
+                    <a href="https://arvon.top" title="https://arvon.top" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Arvon</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="Kionf" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
+                    <a href="https://kionf.com" title="https://kionf.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kionf</a>
                   </li>
                 
                   <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
-                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="the5fire" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
+                    <a href="https://www.the5fire.com" title="https://www.the5fire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the5fire</a>
                   </li>
                 
               </ul>
@@ -524,9 +673,12 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
           
 
           
+            
+          
+          
 
         </div>
-      </section>
+      </div>
 
       
 
@@ -534,6 +686,7 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     </div>
   </aside>
+  
 
 
         
@@ -542,24 +695,59 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
     <footer id="footer" class="footer">
       <div class="footer-inner">
-        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 &mdash; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
-  <span class="with-love">
-    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+        <div class="copyright">&copy; 2015 – <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2020</span>
+  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
+    <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
   </span>
   <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">文章总结于网络，转载请注明出处</span>
 
   
+
+  
 </div>
 
 
+  <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.9.0</div>
+
+
 
+  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
 
 
 
+  <div class="theme-info">主题 – <a href="https://theme-next.org" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Muse</a> v7.2.0</div>
+
 
 
 
         
+<div class="busuanzi-count">
+  <script async src="https://busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
+  
+
+  
+    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
+      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
+    </span>
+    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
+      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
+    </span>
+  
+</div>
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -575,14 +763,21 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
       <div class="back-to-top">
         <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
         
+          <span id="scrollpercent"><span>0</span>%</span>
+        
       </div>
     
 
+    
+
+    
+
+    
   </div>
 
   
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+<script>
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
     window.Promise = null;
   }
@@ -596,10 +791,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
 
 
-  
 
 
 
@@ -611,81 +804,57 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
 
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
 
-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
 
-  
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-  
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=3.4.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
   
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="true"></script>
+  <script src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
 
 
   
 
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/utils.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/motion.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
   
 
-  
-
-  
 
-
-  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.3"></script>
+  <script src="/js/schemes/muse.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
 
   
 
-
   
 
 
-
-
-	
-
-
-
+  <script src="/js/next-boot.js?v=7.2.0"></script>
 
 
   
-
-
-
-
 
   
 
+  
 
-
-
-
+  
 
 
 
   
-
-  <script type="text/javascript">
+  <script>
     // Popup Window;
     var isfetched = false;
     var isXml = true;
@@ -734,6 +903,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
         .css('overflow', 'hidden');
       $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
 
+      
+
       $.ajax({
         url: path,
         dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
@@ -767,8 +938,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
                 var title = data.title.trim();
                 var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                 var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
+                
                 var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
-                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
+                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url).replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
                 var indexOfTitle = [];
                 var indexOfContent = [];
                 // only match articles with not empty titles
@@ -937,9 +1109,9 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
               })
             };
             if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
-              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
+              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x"></i></div>'
             } else {
               resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                 if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
@@ -1009,21 +1181,8 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
   
 
   
-<script>
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-    if (curProtocol === 'https') {
-        bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';        
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-    else {
-        bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
-    }
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
-})();
-</script>
 
+  
 
   
 
@@ -1033,5 +1192,60 @@ <h2 class="post-title">
 
   
 
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+
+  
+<script>
+  $('.highlight').not('.gist .highlight').each(function(i, e) {
+    var $wrap = $('<div>').addClass('highlight-wrap');
+    $(e).after($wrap);
+    $wrap.append($('<button>').addClass('copy-btn').append('复制').on('click', function(e) {
+      var code = $(this).parent().find('.code').find('.line').map(function(i, e) {
+        return $(e).text();
+      }).toArray().join('\n');
+      var ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+      ta.style.top = yPosition + 'px'; // Prevent page scroll
+      ta.style.position = 'absolute';
+      ta.style.opacity = '0';
+      ta.readOnly = true;
+      ta.value = code;
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+      const selection = document.getSelection();
+      const selected = selection.rangeCount > 0 ? selection.getRangeAt(0) : false;
+      ta.select();
+      ta.setSelectionRange(0, code.length);
+      ta.readOnly = false;
+      var result = document.execCommand('copy');
+      
+        if (result) $(this).text('复制成功');
+        else $(this).text('复制失败');
+      
+      ta.blur(); // For iOS
+      $(this).blur();
+      if (selected) {
+        selection.removeAllRanges();
+        selection.addRange(selected);
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+    })).on('mouseleave', function(e) {
+      var $b = $(this).find('.copy-btn');
+      setTimeout(function() {
+        $b.text('复制');
+      }, 300);
+    }).append(e);
+  })
+</script>
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
 </body>
 </html>
