PseudoParameterBinder.cs


/********************************************************************++
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
--********************************************************************/

using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Management.Automation.Host;
using System.Text;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Management.Automation.Runspaces;

namespace System.Management.Automation.Language
{
    #region "AstArgumentPair"

    /// <summary>
    /// The types for AstParameterArgumentPair
    /// </summary>
    internal enum AstParameterArgumentType
    {
        AstPair = 0,
        Switch = 1,
        Fake = 2,
        AstArray = 3,
        PipeObject = 4
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The base class for parameter argument pair
    /// </summary>
    internal abstract class AstParameterArgumentPair
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The parameter Ast
        /// </summary>
        public CommandParameterAst Parameter { get; protected set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The argument type
        /// </summary>
        public AstParameterArgumentType ParameterArgumentType { get; protected set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Indicate if the parameter is specified
        /// </summary>
        public bool ParameterSpecified { get; protected set; } = false;

        /// <summary>
        /// Indicate if the parameter is specified
        /// </summary>
        public bool ArgumentSpecified { get; protected set; } = false;

        /// <summary>
        /// The parameter name
        /// </summary>
        public string ParameterName { get; protected set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The parameter text
        /// </summary>
        public string ParameterText { get; protected set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The argument type
        /// </summary>
        public Type ArgumentType { get; protected set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represent a parameter argument pair. The argument is a pipeline input object
    /// </summary>
    internal sealed class PipeObjectPair : AstParameterArgumentPair
    {
        internal PipeObjectPair(string parameterName, Type pipeObjType)
        {
            if (parameterName == null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("parameterName");

            Parameter = null;
            ParameterArgumentType = AstParameterArgumentType.PipeObject;
            ParameterSpecified = true;
            ArgumentSpecified = true;
            ParameterName = parameterName;
            ParameterText = parameterName;
            ArgumentType = pipeObjType;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represent a parameter argument pair. The argument is an array of ExpressionAst (remaining
    /// arguments)
    /// </summary>
    internal sealed class AstArrayPair : AstParameterArgumentPair
    {
        internal AstArrayPair(string parameterName, ICollection<ExpressionAst> arguments)
        {
            if (parameterName == null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("parameterName");
            if (arguments == null || arguments.Count == 0)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("arguments");

            Parameter = null;
            ParameterArgumentType = AstParameterArgumentType.AstArray;
            ParameterSpecified = true;
            ArgumentSpecified = true;
            ParameterName = parameterName;
            ParameterText = parameterName;
            ArgumentType = typeof(Array);

            Argument = arguments.ToArray();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the argument
        /// </summary>
        public ExpressionAst[] Argument { get; } = null;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represent a parameter argument pair. The argument is a fake object.
    /// </summary>
    internal sealed class FakePair : AstParameterArgumentPair
    {
        internal FakePair(CommandParameterAst parameterAst)
        {
            if (parameterAst == null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("parameterAst");

            Parameter = parameterAst;
            ParameterArgumentType = AstParameterArgumentType.Fake;
            ParameterSpecified = true;
            ArgumentSpecified = true;
            ParameterName = parameterAst.ParameterName;
            ParameterText = parameterAst.ParameterName;
            ArgumentType = typeof(object);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represent a parameter argument pair. The parameter is a switch parameter.
    /// </summary>
    internal sealed class SwitchPair : AstParameterArgumentPair
    {
        internal SwitchPair(CommandParameterAst parameterAst)
        {
            if (parameterAst == null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("parameterAst");

            Parameter = parameterAst;
            ParameterArgumentType = AstParameterArgumentType.Switch;
            ParameterSpecified = true;
            ArgumentSpecified = true;
            ParameterName = parameterAst.ParameterName;
            ParameterText = parameterAst.ParameterName;
            ArgumentType = typeof(bool);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the argument
        /// </summary>
        public bool Argument
        {
            get { return true; }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represent a parameter argument pair. It could be a pure argument (no parameter, only argument available);
    /// it could be a CommandParameterAst that contains its argument; it also could be a CommandParameterAst with
    /// another CommandParameterAst as the argument.
    /// </summary>
    internal sealed class AstPair : AstParameterArgumentPair
    {
        internal AstPair(CommandParameterAst parameterAst)
        {
            if (parameterAst == null || parameterAst.Argument == null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentException("parameterAst");

            Parameter = parameterAst;
            ParameterArgumentType = AstParameterArgumentType.AstPair;
            ParameterSpecified = true;
            ArgumentSpecified = true;
            ParameterName = parameterAst.ParameterName;
            ParameterText = "-" + ParameterName + ":";
            ArgumentType = parameterAst.Argument.StaticType;

            ParameterContainsArgument = true;
            Argument = parameterAst.Argument;
        }

        internal AstPair(CommandParameterAst parameterAst, ExpressionAst argumentAst)
        {
            if (parameterAst != null && parameterAst.Argument != null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentException("parameterAst");

            if (parameterAst == null && argumentAst == null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("argumentAst");

            Parameter = parameterAst;
            ParameterArgumentType = AstParameterArgumentType.AstPair;
            ParameterSpecified = parameterAst != null;
            ArgumentSpecified = argumentAst != null;
            ParameterName = parameterAst != null ? parameterAst.ParameterName : null;
            ParameterText = parameterAst != null ? parameterAst.ParameterName : null;
            ArgumentType = argumentAst != null ? argumentAst.StaticType : null;

            ParameterContainsArgument = false;
            Argument = argumentAst;
        }

        internal AstPair(CommandParameterAst parameterAst, CommandElementAst argumentAst)
        {
            if (parameterAst != null && parameterAst.Argument != null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentException("parameterAst");

            if (parameterAst == null || argumentAst == null)
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("argumentAst");

            Parameter = parameterAst;
            ParameterArgumentType = AstParameterArgumentType.AstPair;
            ParameterSpecified = true;
            ArgumentSpecified = true;
            ParameterName = parameterAst.ParameterName;
            ParameterText = parameterAst.ParameterName;
            ArgumentType = typeof(string);

            ParameterContainsArgument = false;
            Argument = argumentAst;
            ArgumentIsCommandParameterAst = true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Indicate if the argument is contained in the CommandParameterAst
        /// </summary>
        public bool ParameterContainsArgument { get; } = false;

        /// <summary>
        /// Indicate if the argument is of type CommandParameterAst
        /// </summary>
        public bool ArgumentIsCommandParameterAst { get; } = false;

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the argument
        /// </summary>
        public CommandElementAst Argument { get; } = null;
    }

    #endregion "AstArgumentPair"

    /// <summary>
    /// Runs the PowerShell parameter binding algorithm against a CommandAst,
    /// returning information about which parameters were bound.
    /// 
    /// </summary>
    public static class StaticParameterBinder
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Bind a CommandAst to one of PowerShell's built-in commands
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commandAst">The CommandAst that represents the command invocation.</param>
        /// <returns>The StaticBindingResult that represents the binding.</returns>
        public static StaticBindingResult BindCommand(CommandAst commandAst)
        {
            bool resolve = true;
            return BindCommand(commandAst, resolve);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Bind a CommandAst to the specified command
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commandAst">The CommandAst that represents the command invocation.</param>
        /// <param name="resolve">Boolean to determine whether binding should be syntactic, or should attempt
        /// to resolve against an existing command.
        /// </param>
        /// <returns>The StaticBindingResult that represents the binding.</returns>
        public static StaticBindingResult BindCommand(CommandAst commandAst, bool resolve)
        {
            return BindCommand(commandAst, resolve, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Bind a CommandAst to the specified command
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commandAst">The CommandAst that represents the command invocation.</param>
        /// <param name="resolve">Boolean to determine whether binding should be syntactic, or should attempt
        /// to resolve against an existing command.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="desiredParameters">
        ///     A string array that represents parameter names of interest. If any of these are specified,
        ///     then full binding is done.
        /// </param>
        /// <returns>The StaticBindingResult that represents the binding.</returns>
        public static StaticBindingResult BindCommand(CommandAst commandAst, bool resolve, string[] desiredParameters)
        {
            // If they specified any desired parameters, first quickly check if they are found
            if ((desiredParameters != null) && (desiredParameters.Length > 0))
            {
                bool possiblyHadDesiredParameter = false;
                foreach (CommandParameterAst commandParameter in commandAst.CommandElements.OfType<CommandParameterAst>())
                {
                    string actualParameterName = commandParameter.ParameterName;

                    foreach (string actualParameter in desiredParameters)
                    {
                        if (actualParameter.StartsWith(actualParameterName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                        {
                            possiblyHadDesiredParameter = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    if (possiblyHadDesiredParameter)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // Quick exit if the desired parameter was not present
                if (!possiblyHadDesiredParameter)
                {
                    return null;
                }
            }

            if (!resolve)
            {
                return new StaticBindingResult(commandAst, null);
            }

            PseudoBindingInfo pseudoBinding = null;
            if (Runspace.DefaultRunspace == null)
            {
                lock (s_bindCommandlLock)
                {
                    if (s_bindCommandPowerShell == null)
                    {
                        // Create a mini runspace by remove the types and formats
                        InitialSessionState minimalState = InitialSessionState.CreateDefault2();
                        minimalState.Types.Clear();
                        minimalState.Formats.Clear();

                        s_bindCommandPowerShell = PowerShell.Create(minimalState);
                    }

                    // Handle static binding from a non-PowerShell / C# application
                    Runspace.DefaultRunspace = s_bindCommandPowerShell.Runspace;
                    // Static binding always does argument binding (not argument or parameter completion).
                    pseudoBinding = new PseudoParameterBinder().DoPseudoParameterBinding(commandAst, null, null, PseudoParameterBinder.BindingType.ArgumentBinding);
                    Runspace.DefaultRunspace = null;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // Static binding always does argument binding (not argument or parameter completion).
                pseudoBinding = new PseudoParameterBinder().DoPseudoParameterBinding(commandAst, null, null, PseudoParameterBinder.BindingType.ArgumentBinding);
            }

            return new StaticBindingResult(commandAst, pseudoBinding);
        }
        private static Object s_bindCommandlLock = new Object();
        private static PowerShell s_bindCommandPowerShell = null;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represents the results of the PowerShell parameter binding process.
    /// </summary>
    public class StaticBindingResult
    {
        internal StaticBindingResult(CommandAst commandAst, PseudoBindingInfo bindingInfo)
        {
            BoundParameters = new Dictionary<string, ParameterBindingResult>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
            BindingExceptions = new Dictionary<string, StaticBindingError>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

            if (bindingInfo == null)
            {
                CreateBindingResultForSyntacticBind(commandAst);
            }
            else
            {
                CreateBindingResultForSuccessfulBind(commandAst, bindingInfo);
            }
        }

        private void CreateBindingResultForSuccessfulBind(CommandAst commandAst, PseudoBindingInfo bindingInfo)
        {
            _bindingInfo = bindingInfo;

            // Check if there is exactly one parameter set valid. In that case,
            // ValidParameterSetFlags is exactly a power of two. Otherwise,
            // add to the binding exceptions.
            bool parameterSetSpecified = bindingInfo.ValidParameterSetsFlags != UInt32.MaxValue;
            bool remainingParameterSetIncludesDefault =
                (bindingInfo.DefaultParameterSetFlag != 0) &&
                ((bindingInfo.ValidParameterSetsFlags & bindingInfo.DefaultParameterSetFlag) ==
                bindingInfo.DefaultParameterSetFlag);

            // (x & (x -1 ) == 0) is a bit hack to determine if something is
            // exactly a power of two.
            bool onlyOneRemainingParameterSet =
                (bindingInfo.ValidParameterSetsFlags != 0) &&
                (bindingInfo.ValidParameterSetsFlags &
                        (bindingInfo.ValidParameterSetsFlags - 1)) == 0;

            if (parameterSetSpecified &&
                (!remainingParameterSetIncludesDefault) &&
                (!onlyOneRemainingParameterSet))
            {
                ParameterBindingException bindingException =
                    new ParameterBindingException(
                        ErrorCategory.InvalidArgument,
                        null,
                        null,
                        null,
                        null,
                        null,
                        ParameterBinderStrings.AmbiguousParameterSet,
                        "AmbiguousParameterSet");
                BindingExceptions.Add(commandAst.CommandElements[0].Extent.Text,
                    new StaticBindingError(commandAst.CommandElements[0], bindingException));
            }

            // Add error for duplicate parameters
            if (bindingInfo.DuplicateParameters != null)
            {
                foreach (AstParameterArgumentPair duplicateParameter in bindingInfo.DuplicateParameters)
                {
                    AddDuplicateParameterBindingException(duplicateParameter.Parameter);
                }
            }

            // Add error for parameters not found
            if (bindingInfo.ParametersNotFound != null)
            {
                foreach (CommandParameterAst parameterNotFound in bindingInfo.ParametersNotFound)
                {
                    ParameterBindingException bindingException =
                        new ParameterBindingException(
                            ErrorCategory.InvalidArgument,
                            null,
                            parameterNotFound.ErrorPosition,
                            parameterNotFound.ParameterName,
                            null,
                            null,
                            ParameterBinderStrings.NamedParameterNotFound,
                            "NamedParameterNotFound");
                    BindingExceptions.Add(parameterNotFound.ParameterName, new StaticBindingError(parameterNotFound, bindingException));
                }
            }

            // Add error for ambiguous parameters
            if (bindingInfo.AmbiguousParameters != null)
            {
                foreach (CommandParameterAst ambiguousParameter in bindingInfo.AmbiguousParameters)
                {
                    ParameterBindingException bindingException = bindingInfo.BindingExceptions[ambiguousParameter];
                    BindingExceptions.Add(ambiguousParameter.ParameterName, new StaticBindingError(ambiguousParameter, bindingException));
                }
            }

            // Add error for unbound positional parameters
            if (bindingInfo.UnboundArguments != null)
            {
                foreach (AstParameterArgumentPair unboundArgument in bindingInfo.UnboundArguments)
                {
                    AstPair argument = unboundArgument as AstPair;

                    ParameterBindingException bindingException =
                        new ParameterBindingException(
                            ErrorCategory.InvalidArgument,
                            null,
                            argument.Argument.Extent,
                            argument.Argument.Extent.Text,
                            null,
                            null,
                            ParameterBinderStrings.PositionalParameterNotFound,
                            "PositionalParameterNotFound");
                    BindingExceptions.Add(argument.Argument.Extent.Text, new StaticBindingError(argument.Argument, bindingException));
                }
            }

            // Process the bound parameters
            if (bindingInfo.BoundParameters != null)
            {
                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, MergedCompiledCommandParameter> item in bindingInfo.BoundParameters)
                {
                    CompiledCommandParameter parameter = item.Value.Parameter;
                    CommandElementAst value = null;
                    Object constantValue = null;

                    // This is a single argument
                    AstPair argumentAstPair = bindingInfo.BoundArguments[item.Key] as AstPair;
                    if (argumentAstPair != null)
                    {
                        value = argumentAstPair.Argument;
                    }

                    // This is a parameter that took an argument, as well as ValueFromRemainingArguments.
                    // Merge the arguments into a single fake argument.
                    AstArrayPair argumentAstArrayPair = bindingInfo.BoundArguments[item.Key] as AstArrayPair;
                    if (argumentAstArrayPair != null)
                    {
                        List<ExpressionAst> arguments = new List<ExpressionAst>();
                        foreach (ExpressionAst expression in argumentAstArrayPair.Argument)
                        {
                            ArrayLiteralAst expressionArray = expression as ArrayLiteralAst;
                            if (expressionArray != null)
                            {
                                foreach (ExpressionAst newExpression in expressionArray.Elements)
                                {
                                    arguments.Add((ExpressionAst)newExpression.Copy());
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                arguments.Add((ExpressionAst)expression.Copy());
                            }
                        }

                        // Define the virtual extent and virtual ArrayLiteral.
                        IScriptExtent fakeExtent = arguments[0].Extent;
                        ArrayLiteralAst fakeArguments = new ArrayLiteralAst(fakeExtent, arguments);
                        value = fakeArguments;
                    }

                    // Special handling of switch parameters
                    if (parameter.Type == typeof(SwitchParameter))
                    {
                        if ((value != null) &&
                            (String.Equals("$false", value.Extent.Text, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
                        {
                            continue;
                        }

                        constantValue = true;
                    }

                    // We got a parameter and a value
                    if ((value != null) || (constantValue != null))
                    {
                        BoundParameters.Add(item.Key, new ParameterBindingResult(parameter, value, constantValue));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        bool takesValueFromPipeline = false;
                        foreach (ParameterSetSpecificMetadata parameterSet in parameter.GetMatchingParameterSetData(bindingInfo.ValidParameterSetsFlags))
                        {
                            if (parameterSet.ValueFromPipeline)
                            {
                                takesValueFromPipeline = true;
                                break;
                            }
                        }

                        if (!takesValueFromPipeline)
                        {
                            // We have a parameter with no value that isn't a switch parameter, or input parameter
                            ParameterBindingException bindingException =
                                new ParameterBindingException(
                                    ErrorCategory.InvalidArgument,
                                    null,
                                    commandAst.CommandElements[0].Extent,
                                    parameter.Name,
                                    parameter.Type,
                                    null,
                                    ParameterBinderStrings.MissingArgument,
                                    "MissingArgument");

                            BindingExceptions.Add(commandAst.CommandElements[0].Extent.Text,
                                new StaticBindingError(commandAst.CommandElements[0], bindingException));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        private void AddDuplicateParameterBindingException(CommandParameterAst duplicateParameter)
        {
            if (duplicateParameter == null)
            {
                return;
            }

            ParameterBindingException bindingException =
                new ParameterBindingException(
                    ErrorCategory.InvalidArgument,
                    null,
                    duplicateParameter.ErrorPosition,
                    duplicateParameter.ParameterName,
                    null,
                    null,
                    ParameterBinderStrings.ParameterAlreadyBound,
                    "ParameterAlreadyBound");
            // if the duplicated Parameter Name appears more than twice, we will ignore as we already have similar bindingException.
            if (!BindingExceptions.ContainsKey(duplicateParameter.ParameterName))
            {
                BindingExceptions.Add(duplicateParameter.ParameterName, new StaticBindingError(duplicateParameter, bindingException));
            }
        }
        private PseudoBindingInfo _bindingInfo = null;

        private void CreateBindingResultForSyntacticBind(CommandAst commandAst)
        {
            bool foundCommand = false;

            CommandParameterAst currentParameter = null;
            int position = 0;
            ParameterBindingResult bindingResult = new ParameterBindingResult();

            foreach (CommandElementAst commandElement in commandAst.CommandElements)
            {
                // Skip the command name
                if (!foundCommand)
                {
                    foundCommand = true;
                    continue;
                }

                CommandParameterAst parameter = commandElement as CommandParameterAst;
                if (parameter != null)
                {
                    if (currentParameter != null)
                    {
                        // Assume it was a switch
                        AddSwitch(currentParameter.ParameterName, bindingResult);
                        ResetCurrentParameter(ref currentParameter, ref bindingResult);
                    }

                    // If this is an actual parameter, get its name.
                    string parameterName = parameter.ParameterName;
                    bindingResult.Value = parameter;

                    // If it's a parameter with argument, add them both to the dictionary
                    if (parameter.Argument != null)
                    {
                        bindingResult.Value = parameter.Argument;

                        AddBoundParameter(parameter, parameterName, bindingResult);
                        ResetCurrentParameter(ref currentParameter, ref bindingResult);
                    }
                    // Otherwise, it's just a parameter and the argument is to follow.
                    else
                    {
                        // Store our current parameter
                        currentParameter = parameter;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // This isn't a parameter, it's a value for the previous parameter
                    if (currentParameter != null)
                    {
                        bindingResult.Value = commandElement;
                        AddBoundParameter(currentParameter, currentParameter.ParameterName, bindingResult);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // Assume positional
                        bindingResult.Value = commandElement;
                        AddBoundParameter(null, position.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture), bindingResult);
                        position++;
                    }

                    ResetCurrentParameter(ref currentParameter, ref bindingResult);
                }
            }

            // Catch any hanging parameters at the end of the command
            if (currentParameter != null)
            {
                // Assume it was a switch
                AddSwitch(currentParameter.ParameterName, bindingResult);
            }
        }

        private void AddBoundParameter(CommandParameterAst parameter, string parameterName, ParameterBindingResult bindingResult)
        {
            if (BoundParameters.ContainsKey(parameterName))
            {
                AddDuplicateParameterBindingException(parameter);
            }
            else
            {
                BoundParameters.Add(parameterName, bindingResult);
            }
        }

        private static void ResetCurrentParameter(ref CommandParameterAst currentParameter, ref ParameterBindingResult bindingResult)
        {
            currentParameter = null;
            bindingResult = new ParameterBindingResult();
        }

        private void AddSwitch(string currentParameter, ParameterBindingResult bindingResult)
        {
            bindingResult.ConstantValue = true;
            AddBoundParameter(null, currentParameter, bindingResult);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public Dictionary<string, ParameterBindingResult> BoundParameters { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public Dictionary<string, StaticBindingError> BindingExceptions { get; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represents the binding of a parameter to its argument
    /// </summary>
    public class ParameterBindingResult
    {
        internal ParameterBindingResult(CompiledCommandParameter parameter, CommandElementAst value, Object constantValue)
        {
            this.Parameter = new ParameterMetadata(parameter);
            this.Value = value;
            this.ConstantValue = constantValue;
        }

        internal ParameterBindingResult()
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public ParameterMetadata Parameter { get; internal set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public Object ConstantValue
        {
            get { return _constantValue; }
            internal set
            {
                if (value != null)
                {
                    _constantValue = value;
                }
            }
        }
        private object _constantValue;

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        public CommandElementAst Value
        {
            get { return _value; }
            internal set
            {
                _value = value;

                ConstantExpressionAst constantValueAst = value as ConstantExpressionAst;
                if (constantValueAst != null)
                {
                    this.ConstantValue = constantValueAst.Value;
                }
            }
        }
        private CommandElementAst _value;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Represents the exception generated by the static parameter binding process
    /// </summary>
    public class StaticBindingError
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a StaticBindingException
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commandElement">The element associated with the exception</param>
        /// <param name="exception">The parameter binding exception that got raised</param>
        internal StaticBindingError(CommandElementAst commandElement, ParameterBindingException exception)
        {
            this.CommandElement = commandElement;
            this.BindingException = exception;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The command element associated with the exception.
        /// </summary>
        public CommandElementAst CommandElement { get; private set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The ParameterBindingException that this command element caused.
        /// </summary>
        public ParameterBindingException BindingException { get; private set; }
    }

    #region "PseudoBindingInfo"

    internal enum PseudoBindingInfoType
    {
        PseudoBindingFail = 0,
        PseudoBindingSucceed = 1,
    }

    internal sealed class PseudoBindingInfo
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The pseudo binding succeeded
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commandInfo"></param>
        /// <param name="validParameterSetsFlags"></param>
        /// <param name="defaultParameterSetFalg"></param>
        /// <param name="boundParameters"></param>
        /// <param name="unboundParameters"></param>
        /// <param name="boundArguments"></param>
        /// <param name="boundPositionalParameter"></param>
        /// <param name="allParsedArguments"></param>
        /// <param name="parametersNotFound"></param>
        /// <param name="ambiguousParameters"></param>
        /// <param name="bindingExceptions"></param>
        /// <param name="duplicateParameters"></param>
        /// <param name="unboundArguments"></param>
        internal PseudoBindingInfo(
            CommandInfo commandInfo,
            uint validParameterSetsFlags,
            uint defaultParameterSetFalg,
            Dictionary<string, MergedCompiledCommandParameter> boundParameters,
            List<MergedCompiledCommandParameter> unboundParameters,
            Dictionary<string, AstParameterArgumentPair> boundArguments,
            Collection<string> boundPositionalParameter,
            Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> allParsedArguments,
            Collection<CommandParameterAst> parametersNotFound,
            Collection<CommandParameterAst> ambiguousParameters,
            Dictionary<CommandParameterAst, ParameterBindingException> bindingExceptions,
            Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> duplicateParameters,
            Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> unboundArguments)
        {
            CommandInfo = commandInfo;
            InfoType = PseudoBindingInfoType.PseudoBindingSucceed;
            ValidParameterSetsFlags = validParameterSetsFlags;
            DefaultParameterSetFlag = defaultParameterSetFalg;
            BoundParameters = boundParameters;
            UnboundParameters = unboundParameters;
            BoundArguments = boundArguments;
            BoundPositionalParameter = boundPositionalParameter;
            AllParsedArguments = allParsedArguments;
            ParametersNotFound = parametersNotFound;
            AmbiguousParameters = ambiguousParameters;
            BindingExceptions = bindingExceptions;
            DuplicateParameters = duplicateParameters;
            UnboundArguments = unboundArguments;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The pseudo binding failed with parameter set confliction
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="commandInfo"></param>
        /// <param name="defaultParameterSetFlag"></param>
        /// <param name="allParsedArguments"></param>
        /// <param name="unboundParameters"></param>
        internal PseudoBindingInfo(
            CommandInfo commandInfo,
            uint defaultParameterSetFlag,
            Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> allParsedArguments,
            List<MergedCompiledCommandParameter> unboundParameters)
        {
            CommandInfo = commandInfo;
            InfoType = PseudoBindingInfoType.PseudoBindingFail;
            DefaultParameterSetFlag = defaultParameterSetFlag;
            AllParsedArguments = allParsedArguments;
            UnboundParameters = unboundParameters;
        }

        internal string CommandName
        {
            get { return CommandInfo.Name; }
        }

        internal CommandInfo CommandInfo { get; }

        internal PseudoBindingInfoType InfoType { get; }

        internal uint ValidParameterSetsFlags { get; }

        internal uint DefaultParameterSetFlag { get; }

        internal Dictionary<string, MergedCompiledCommandParameter> BoundParameters { get; }

        internal List<MergedCompiledCommandParameter> UnboundParameters { get; }

        internal Dictionary<string, AstParameterArgumentPair> BoundArguments { get; }

        internal Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> UnboundArguments { get; }

        internal Collection<string> BoundPositionalParameter { get; }

        internal Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> AllParsedArguments { get; }

        internal Collection<CommandParameterAst> ParametersNotFound { get; }

        internal Collection<CommandParameterAst> AmbiguousParameters { get; }

        internal Dictionary<CommandParameterAst, ParameterBindingException> BindingExceptions { get; }

        internal Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> DuplicateParameters { get; }
    }

    #endregion "PseudoBindingInfo"

    internal class PseudoParameterBinder
    {
        /*
        /// <summary>
        /// Get the parameter binding metadata
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="possibleParameterSets"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public Dictionary<ParameterMetadata, ExpressionAst> GetPseudoParameterBinding(out Collection<ParameterSetMetadata> possibleParameterSets)
        {
            ExecutionContext contextFromTls =
                System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.GetExecutionContextFromTLS();
            return GetPseudoParameterBinding(out possibleParameterSets, contextFromTls, null);
        }
        */

        internal enum BindingType
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Caller is binding a parameter argument
            /// </summary>
            ArgumentBinding = 0,

            /// <summary>
            /// Caller is performing completion on a parameter argument
            /// </summary>
            ArgumentCompletion,

            /// <summary>
            /// Caller is performing completion on a parameter name
            /// </summary>
            ParameterCompletion
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the parameter binding metadata
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="command"></param>
        /// <param name="pipeArgumentType">Indicate the type of the piped-in argument</param>
        /// <param name="paramAstAtCursor">The CommandParameterAst the cursor is pointing at</param>
        /// <param name="bindingType">Indicates whether pseudo binding is for argument binding, argument completion, or parameter completion.</param>
        /// <returns>PseudoBindingInfo</returns>
        internal PseudoBindingInfo DoPseudoParameterBinding(CommandAst command, Type pipeArgumentType, CommandParameterAst paramAstAtCursor, BindingType bindingType)
        {
            if (command == null)
            {
                throw PSTraceSource.NewArgumentNullException("command");
            }

            // initialize/reset the private members
            InitializeMembers();
            _commandAst = command;
            _commandElements = command.CommandElements;
            Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair> unboundArguments = new Collection<AstParameterArgumentPair>();

            // analyze the command and reparse the arguments
            {
                ExecutionContext executionContext = LocalPipeline.GetExecutionContextFromTLS();
                if (executionContext != null)
                {
                    // WinBlue: 324316. This limits the interaction of pseudoparameterbinder with the actual host.
                    SetTemporaryDefaultHost(executionContext);

                    PSLanguageMode? previousLanguageMode = null;
                    try
                    {
                        // Tab expansion is called from a trusted function - we should apply ConstrainedLanguage if necessary.
                        if (ExecutionContext.HasEverUsedConstrainedLanguage)
                        {
                            previousLanguageMode = executionContext.LanguageMode;
                            executionContext.LanguageMode = PSLanguageMode.ConstrainedLanguage;
                        }
                        _bindingEffective = PrepareCommandElements(executionContext);
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        if (previousLanguageMode.HasValue)
                        {
                            executionContext.LanguageMode = previousLanguageMode.Value;
                        }

                        RestoreHost(executionContext);
                    }
                }
            }

            if (_bindingEffective && (_isPipelineInputExpected || pipeArgumentType != null))
            {
                _pipelineInputType = pipeArgumentType;
            }
            _bindingEffective = ParseParameterArguments(paramAstAtCursor);