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<div class="section" id="tut-interacting">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>13. 交互式输入行编辑历史回溯<a class="headerlink" href="#tut-interacting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>有些版本的 Python 解释器支持输入行编辑和历史回溯，类似 Korn shell 和 GNU bash shell 的功能。这是通过 <a class="reference external" href="http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html">GNU Readline</a> 库实现的。它支持 Emacs 风格和 vi 风格的编辑。这个库有它自己的文档，在此不重复了。不过，基本的东西很容易演示。交互式编辑和历史查阅在 Unix 和 Cygwin 版中是可选项。</p>
<p>本章 <em>不是</em> 马克哈密尔顿的 PythonWin 包和随 Python 发布的基于 TK 的 IDLE 环境的文档。NT 系统和其它 DOS、Windows 系统上的 DOS 窗中的命令行历史回调，属于另一个话题。</p>
<div class="section" id="tut-lineediting">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>13.1. 行编辑<a class="headerlink" href="#tut-lineediting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>如果支持，无论解释器打印主提示符或从属提示符，行编辑都会激活。当前行可以用 Emacs 风格的快捷键编辑。其中最重要的是：<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-A</span></code> (Control-A)将光标移动到行首，<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-E</span></code> 移动到行尾，<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-B</span></code> 向左移一个字符，<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-F</span></code> 向右移一位。退格向左删除一个符串，<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-D</span></code> 向右删除一个字符。<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-K</span></code> 删掉光标右边直到行尾的所有字符，<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-Y</span></code> 将最后一次删除的字符串粘贴到光标位置。<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-underscore</span></code> (underscores 即下划线，译注)撤销最后一次修改，它可以因积累作用重复。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tut-history">
<span id="id3"></span><h2>13.2. 历史回溯<a class="headerlink" href="#tut-history" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>历史代替可以工作。所有非空的输入行都被保存在历史缓存中，获得一个新的提示符的时候，你处于这个缓存的最底的空行。<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-P</span></code> 在历史缓存中上溯一行，<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-N</span></code> 向下移一行。历史缓存中的任一行都可以编辑；按下 <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Return</span></code> 键时将当前行传入解释器。<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-R</span></code> 开始一个增量向前搜索；<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-S</span></code> 开始一个向后搜索。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tut-keybindings">
<span id="id4"></span><h2>13.3. 快捷键绑定<a class="headerlink" href="#tut-keybindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Readline 库的快捷键绑定和其它一些参数可以通过名为 <code class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.inputrc</span></code> 的初始化文件的替换命名来定制。快捷键绑定如下形式:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>key-name: function-name
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>或者:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>"string": function-name
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>选项可以如下设置:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>set option-name value
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>例如:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># I prefer vi-style editing:
set editing-mode vi
# Edit using a single line:
set horizontal-scroll-mode On
# Rebind some keys:
Meta-h: backward-kill-word
"\C-u": universal-argument
"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>需要注意的是 Python 中默认 <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> 绑定为插入一个 <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> 字符而不是 Readline 库的默认文件名完成函数，如果你想用这个，可以将以下内容插入:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Tab: complete
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>到你的 <code class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.inputrc</span></code> 中来覆盖它(当然，如果你真的把 <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> 设置成这样，就很难在后继行中插入缩进。)。</p>
<p id="index-0">自动完成变量和模块名也可以激活生效。要使之在解释器交互模式中可用，在你的启动文件中加入下面内容: <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id7" id="id5">[1]</a></p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">rlcompleter</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">readline</span>
<span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_and_bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'tab: complete'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这个操作将 <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> 绑定到完成函数，故按 Tab 键两次会给出建议的完成内容；它查找 Python 命名、当前的局部变量、有效的模块名。对于类似 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">string.a</span></code> 这样的文件名，它会解析 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'.'</span></code> 相关的表达式，从返回的结果对象中获取属性，以提供完成建议。需要注意的是，如果对象的 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattr__">__getattr__()</a> 方法是此表达式的一部分，这可能会执行应用程序定义代码。</p>
<p>更有用的初始化文件可能是下面这个例子这样的。要注意一旦创建的名字没用了，它会删掉它们；因为初始化文件作为解释命令与之在同一个命名空间执行，在交互环境中删除命名带来了边际效应。可能你发现了它体贴的保留了一些导入模块，类似 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/os.html#module-os">os</a> ，在解释器的大多数使用场合中都会用到它们:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Add auto-completion and a stored history file of commands to your Python</span>
<span class="c"># interactive interpreter. Requires Python 2.0+, readline. Autocomplete is</span>
<span class="c"># bound to the Esc key by default (you can change it - see readline docs).</span>
<span class="c">#</span>
<span class="c"># Store the file in ~/.pystartup, and set an environment variable to point</span>
<span class="c"># to it: "export PYTHONSTARTUP=~/.pystartup" in bash.</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">readline</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">rlcompleter</span>
<span class="n">historyPath</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"~/.pyhistory"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">save_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">historyPath</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">historyPath</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">readline</span>
<span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">historyPath</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">historyPath</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">historyPath</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">save_history</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">atexit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rlcompleter</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">save_history</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">historyPath</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tut-commentary">
<span id="id6"></span><h2>13.4. 其它交互式解释器<a class="headerlink" href="#tut-commentary" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>跟早先版本的解释器比，现在已经有了很大的进步。不过，还是有些期待没有完成：它应该在后继行中优美的提供缩进(解释器知道下一行是否需要缩进)建议。完成机制可以使用解释器的符号表。命名检查(或进一步建议)匹配括号、引号等等。</p>
<p>另有一个强化交互式解释器已经存在一段时间了，它就是 <a class="reference external" href="http://ipython.scipy.org/">IPython</a>，它支持 tab 完成，对象浏览和高级历史管理。它也可以完全定制或嵌入到其它应用程序中。另一个类似的强化交互环境是 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.bpython-interpreter.org/">bpython</a> 。</p>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id7" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">[1]</a></td><td>启动交互解释器时，Python 可以执行 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/2.7/using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP">PYTHONSTARTUP</a> 环境变量所指定的文件内容。若还要定制化非交互式的 Python，请参阅 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/2.7/tutorial/appendix.html#tut-customize">定制化模块</a>。</td></tr>
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