example-code-2e/11-pythonic-obj/vector2d_v3_slots.py at master · Turall/example-code-2e · GitHub

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
"""
A 2-dimensional vector class

    >>> v1 = Vector2d(3, 4)
    >>> print(v1.x, v1.y)
    3.0 4.0
    >>> x, y = v1
    >>> x, y
    (3.0, 4.0)
    >>> v1
    Vector2d(3.0, 4.0)
    >>> v1_clone = eval(repr(v1))
    >>> v1 == v1_clone
    True
    >>> print(v1)
    (3.0, 4.0)
    >>> octets = bytes(v1)
    >>> octets
    b'd\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x08@\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x10@'
    >>> abs(v1)
    5.0
    >>> bool(v1), bool(Vector2d(0, 0))
    (True, False)


Test of ``.frombytes()`` class method:

    >>> v1_clone = Vector2d.frombytes(bytes(v1))
    >>> v1_clone
    Vector2d(3.0, 4.0)
    >>> v1 == v1_clone
    True


Tests of ``format()`` with Cartesian coordinates:

    >>> format(v1)
    '(3.0, 4.0)'
    >>> format(v1, '.2f')
    '(3.00, 4.00)'
    >>> format(v1, '.3e')
    '(3.000e+00, 4.000e+00)'


Tests of the ``angle`` method::

    >>> Vector2d(0, 0).angle()
    0.0
    >>> Vector2d(1, 0).angle()
    0.0
    >>> epsilon = 10**-8
    >>> abs(Vector2d(0, 1).angle() - math.pi/2) < epsilon
    True
    >>> abs(Vector2d(1, 1).angle() - math.pi/4) < epsilon
    True


Tests of ``format()`` with polar coordinates:

    >>> format(Vector2d(1, 1), 'p')  # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
    '<1.414213..., 0.785398...>'
    >>> format(Vector2d(1, 1), '.3ep')
    '<1.414e+00, 7.854e-01>'
    >>> format(Vector2d(1, 1), '0.5fp')
    '<1.41421, 0.78540>'


Tests of `x` and `y` read-only properties:

    >>> v1.x, v1.y
    (3.0, 4.0)
    >>> v1.x = 123
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    AttributeError: can't set attribute

Tests of hashing:

    >>> v1 = Vector2d(3, 4)
    >>> v2 = Vector2d(3.1, 4.2)
    >>> hash(v1), hash(v2)
    (7, 384307168202284039)
    >>> len({v1, v2})
    2

"""

from array import array
import math

# tag::VECTOR2D_V3_SLOTS[]
class Vector2d:
    __slots__ = ('__x', '__y')

    typecode = 'd'

    # methods follow (omitted in book listing)
# end::VECTOR2D_V3_SLOTS[]

    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.__x = float(x)
        self.__y = float(y)

    @property
    def x(self):
        return self.__x

    @property
    def y(self):
        return self.__y

    def __iter__(self):
        return (i for i in (self.x, self.y))

    def __repr__(self):
        class_name = type(self).__name__
        return '{}({!r}, {!r})'.format(class_name, *self)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(tuple(self))

    def __bytes__(self):
        return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) +
                bytes(array(self.typecode, self)))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return tuple(self) == tuple(other)

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.x) ^ hash(self.y)

    def __abs__(self):
        return math.hypot(self.x, self.y)

    def __bool__(self):
        return bool(abs(self))

    def angle(self):
        return math.atan2(self.y, self.x)

    def __format__(self, fmt_spec=''):
        if fmt_spec.endswith('p'):
            fmt_spec = fmt_spec[:-1]
            coords = (abs(self), self.angle())
            outer_fmt = '<{}, {}>'
        else:
            coords = self
            outer_fmt = '({}, {})'
        components = (format(c, fmt_spec) for c in coords)
        return outer_fmt.format(*components)

    @classmethod
    def frombytes(cls, octets):
        typecode = chr(octets[0])
        memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
        return cls(*memv)