_cursesmodule.c

/*
 *   This is a curses module for Python.
 *
 *   Based on prior work by Lance Ellinghaus and Oliver Andrich
 *   Version 1.2 of this module: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse,
 *    Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America.
 *
 *   Version 1.5b1, heavily extended for ncurses by Oliver Andrich:
 *   Copyright 1996,1997 by Oliver Andrich, Koblenz, Germany.
 *
 *   Tidied for Python 1.6, and currently maintained by <amk@amk.ca>.
 *
 *   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 *   a copy of this source file to use, copy, modify, merge, or publish it
 *   subject to the following conditions:
 *
 *   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 *   in all copies or in any new file that contains a substantial portion of
 *   this file.
 *
 *   THE  AUTHOR  MAKES  NO  REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT  THE  SUITABILITY  OF
 *   THE  SOFTWARE FOR  ANY  PURPOSE.  IT IS  PROVIDED  "AS IS"  WITHOUT
 *   EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED WARRANTY.  THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS  ALL WARRANTIES
 *   WITH  REGARD TO  THIS  SOFTWARE, INCLUDING  ALL IMPLIED  WARRANTIES
 *   OF   MERCHANTABILITY,  FITNESS   FOR  A   PARTICULAR  PURPOSE   AND
 *   NON-INFRINGEMENT  OF THIRD  PARTY  RIGHTS. IN  NO  EVENT SHALL  THE
 *   AUTHOR  BE LIABLE  TO  YOU  OR ANY  OTHER  PARTY  FOR ANY  SPECIAL,
 *   INDIRECT,  OR  CONSEQUENTIAL  DAMAGES  OR  ANY  DAMAGES  WHATSOEVER
 *   WHETHER IN AN  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE,  STRICT LIABILITY OR
 *   ANY OTHER  ACTION ARISING OUT OF  OR IN CONNECTION WITH  THE USE OR
 *   PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 */

/*

  A number of SysV or ncurses functions don't have wrappers yet; if you
  need a given function, add it and send a patch.  See
  https://www.python.org/dev/patches/ for instructions on how to submit
  patches to Python.

  Here's a list of currently unsupported functions:

  addchnstr addchstr color_set define_key
  del_curterm delscreen dupwin inchnstr inchstr innstr keyok
  mcprint mvaddchnstr mvaddchstr mvcur mvinchnstr
  mvinchstr mvinnstr mmvwaddchnstr mvwaddchstr
  mvwinchnstr mvwinchstr mvwinnstr newterm
  restartterm ripoffline scr_dump
  scr_init scr_restore scr_set scrl set_curterm set_term setterm
  tgetent tgetflag tgetnum tgetstr tgoto timeout tputs
  vidattr vidputs waddchnstr waddchstr
  wcolor_set winchnstr winchstr winnstr wmouse_trafo wscrl

  Low-priority:
  slk_attr slk_attr_off slk_attr_on slk_attr_set slk_attroff
  slk_attron slk_attrset slk_clear slk_color slk_init slk_label
  slk_noutrefresh slk_refresh slk_restore slk_set slk_touch

  Menu extension (ncurses and probably SYSV):
  current_item free_item free_menu item_count item_description
  item_index item_init item_name item_opts item_opts_off
  item_opts_on item_term item_userptr item_value item_visible
  menu_back menu_driver menu_fore menu_format menu_grey
  menu_init menu_items menu_mark menu_opts menu_opts_off
  menu_opts_on menu_pad menu_pattern menu_request_by_name
  menu_request_name menu_spacing menu_sub menu_term menu_userptr
  menu_win new_item new_menu pos_menu_cursor post_menu
  scale_menu set_current_item set_item_init set_item_opts
  set_item_term set_item_userptr set_item_value set_menu_back
  set_menu_fore set_menu_format set_menu_grey set_menu_init
  set_menu_items set_menu_mark set_menu_opts set_menu_pad
  set_menu_pattern set_menu_spacing set_menu_sub set_menu_term
  set_menu_userptr set_menu_win set_top_row top_row unpost_menu

  Form extension (ncurses and probably SYSV):
  current_field data_ahead data_behind dup_field
  dynamic_fieldinfo field_arg field_back field_buffer
  field_count field_fore field_index field_info field_init
  field_just field_opts field_opts_off field_opts_on field_pad
  field_status field_term field_type field_userptr form_driver
  form_fields form_init form_opts form_opts_off form_opts_on
  form_page form_request_by_name form_request_name form_sub
  form_term form_userptr form_win free_field free_form
  link_field link_fieldtype move_field new_field new_form
  new_page pos_form_cursor post_form scale_form
  set_current_field set_field_back set_field_buffer
  set_field_fore set_field_init set_field_just set_field_opts
  set_field_pad set_field_status set_field_term set_field_type
  set_field_userptr set_fieldtype_arg set_fieldtype_choice
  set_form_fields set_form_init set_form_opts set_form_page
  set_form_sub set_form_term set_form_userptr set_form_win
  set_max_field set_new_page unpost_form


*/

/* Release Number */

static const char PyCursesVersion[] = "2.2";

/* Includes */

#ifndef Py_BUILD_CORE_BUILTIN
#  define Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE 1
#endif

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_capsule.h"     // _PyCapsule_SetTraverse()
#include "pycore_long.h"        // _PyLong_GetZero()
#include "pycore_structseq.h"   // _PyStructSequence_NewType()
#include "pycore_fileutils.h"   // _Py_set_inheritable

#ifdef __hpux
#define STRICT_SYSV_CURSES
#endif

#define CURSES_MODULE
#include "py_curses.h"

#if defined(HAVE_TERM_H) || defined(__sgi)
/* For termname, longname, putp, tigetflag, tigetnum, tigetstr, tparm
   which are not declared in SysV curses and for setupterm. */
#include <term.h>
/* Including <term.h> #defines many common symbols. */
#undef lines
#undef columns
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO_H
#include <langinfo.h>
#endif

#if !defined(NCURSES_VERSION) && (defined(sgi) || defined(__sun) || defined(SCO5))
#define STRICT_SYSV_CURSES       /* Don't use ncurses extensions */
typedef chtype attr_t;           /* No attr_t type is available */
#endif

#if defined(_AIX)
#define STRICT_SYSV_CURSES
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_NCURSESW) && NCURSES_EXT_FUNCS+0 >= 20170401 && NCURSES_EXT_COLORS+0 >= 20170401
#define _NCURSES_EXTENDED_COLOR_FUNCS   1
#else
#define _NCURSES_EXTENDED_COLOR_FUNCS   0
#endif

#if _NCURSES_EXTENDED_COLOR_FUNCS
#define _CURSES_COLOR_VAL_TYPE          int
#define _CURSES_COLOR_NUM_TYPE          int
#define _CURSES_INIT_COLOR_FUNC         init_extended_color
#define _CURSES_INIT_PAIR_FUNC          init_extended_pair
#define _COLOR_CONTENT_FUNC             extended_color_content
#define _CURSES_PAIR_CONTENT_FUNC       extended_pair_content
#else
#define _CURSES_COLOR_VAL_TYPE          short
#define _CURSES_COLOR_NUM_TYPE          short
#define _CURSES_INIT_COLOR_FUNC         init_color
#define _CURSES_INIT_PAIR_FUNC          init_pair
#define _COLOR_CONTENT_FUNC             color_content
#define _CURSES_PAIR_CONTENT_FUNC       pair_content
#endif  /* _NCURSES_EXTENDED_COLOR_FUNCS */

typedef struct {
    PyObject *error;                // curses exception type
    PyTypeObject *window_type;      // exposed by PyCursesWindow_Type
} cursesmodule_state;

static inline cursesmodule_state *
get_cursesmodule_state(PyObject *module)
{
    void *state = PyModule_GetState(module);
    assert(state != NULL);
    return (cursesmodule_state *)state;
}

static inline cursesmodule_state *
get_cursesmodule_state_by_cls(PyTypeObject *cls)
{
    void *state = PyType_GetModuleState(cls);
    assert(state != NULL);
    return (cursesmodule_state *)state;
}

static inline cursesmodule_state *
get_cursesmodule_state_by_win(PyCursesWindowObject *win)
{
    return get_cursesmodule_state_by_cls(Py_TYPE(win));
}

#define _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op)  ((PyCursesWindowObject *)(op))

/*[clinic input]
module _curses
class _curses.window "PyCursesWindowObject *" "clinic_state()->window_type"
[clinic start generated code]*/
/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=ae6cb623018f2cbc]*/

/* Indicate whether the module has already been loaded or not. */
static int curses_module_loaded = 0;

/* Tells whether setupterm() has been called to initialise terminfo.  */
static int curses_setupterm_called = FALSE;

/* Tells whether initscr() has been called to initialise curses.  */
static int curses_initscr_called = FALSE;

/* Tells whether start_color() has been called to initialise color usage. */
static int curses_start_color_called = FALSE;

static const char *curses_screen_encoding = NULL;

/* Utility Error Procedures */

static void
_curses_format_error(cursesmodule_state *state,
                     const char *curses_funcname,
                     const char *python_funcname,
                     const char *return_value,
                     const char *default_message)
{
    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
    if (python_funcname == NULL && curses_funcname == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(state->error, default_message);
    }
    else if (python_funcname == NULL) {
        (void)PyErr_Format(state->error, CURSES_ERROR_FORMAT,
                           curses_funcname, return_value);
    }
    else {
        assert(python_funcname != NULL);
        (void)PyErr_Format(state->error, CURSES_ERROR_VERBOSE_FORMAT,
                           curses_funcname, python_funcname, return_value);
    }
}

/*
 * Format a curses error for a function that returned ERR.
 *
 * Specify a non-NULL 'python_funcname' when the latter differs from
 * 'curses_funcname'. If both names are NULL, uses the 'catchall_ERR'
 * message instead.
 */
static void
_curses_set_error(cursesmodule_state *state,
                  const char *curses_funcname,
                  const char *python_funcname)
{
    _curses_format_error(state, curses_funcname, python_funcname,
                         "ERR", catchall_ERR);
}

/*
 * Format a curses error for a function that returned NULL.
 *
 * Specify a non-NULL 'python_funcname' when the latter differs from
 * 'curses_funcname'. If both names are NULL, uses the 'catchall_NULL'
 * message instead.
 */
static inline void
_curses_set_null_error(cursesmodule_state *state,
                       const char *curses_funcname,
                       const char *python_funcname)
{
    _curses_format_error(state, curses_funcname, python_funcname,
                         "NULL", catchall_NULL);
}

/* Same as _curses_set_error() for a module object. */
static void
curses_set_error(PyObject *module,
                 const char *curses_funcname,
                 const char *python_funcname)
{
    cursesmodule_state *state = get_cursesmodule_state(module);
    _curses_set_error(state, curses_funcname, python_funcname);
}

/* Same as _curses_set_null_error() for a module object. */
static void
curses_set_null_error(PyObject *module,
                      const char *curses_funcname,
                      const char *python_funcname)
{
    cursesmodule_state *state = get_cursesmodule_state(module);
    _curses_set_null_error(state, curses_funcname, python_funcname);
}

/* Same as _curses_set_error() for a Window object. */
static void
curses_window_set_error(PyCursesWindowObject *win,
                        const char *curses_funcname,
                        const char *python_funcname)
{
    cursesmodule_state *state = get_cursesmodule_state_by_win(win);
    _curses_set_error(state, curses_funcname, python_funcname);
}

/* Same as _curses_set_null_error() for a Window object. */
static void
curses_window_set_null_error(PyCursesWindowObject *win,
                             const char *curses_funcname,
                             const char *python_funcname)
{
    cursesmodule_state *state = get_cursesmodule_state_by_win(win);
    _curses_set_null_error(state, curses_funcname, python_funcname);
}

/* Utility Checking Procedures */

/*
 * Function to check that 'funcname' has been called by testing
 * the 'called' boolean. If an error occurs, an exception is
 * set and this returns 0. Otherwise, this returns 1.
 *
 * Since this function can be called in functions that do not
 * have a direct access to the module's state, '_curses.error'
 * is imported on demand.
 *
 * Use _PyCursesStatefulCheckFunction() if the module is given.
 */
static int
_PyCursesCheckFunction(int called, const char *funcname)
{
    if (called == TRUE) {
        return 1;
    }
    PyObject *exc = PyImport_ImportModuleAttrString("_curses", "error");
    if (exc != NULL) {
        PyErr_Format(exc, CURSES_ERROR_MUST_CALL_FORMAT, funcname);
        Py_DECREF(exc);
    }
    assert(PyErr_Occurred());
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Function to check that 'funcname' has been called by testing
 * the 'called'' boolean. If an error occurs, a PyCursesError is
 * set and this returns 0. Otherwise this returns 1.
 *
 * The exception type is obtained from the 'module' state.
 */
static int
_PyCursesStatefulCheckFunction(PyObject *module,
                               int called, const char *funcname)
{
    if (called == TRUE) {
        return 1;
    }
    cursesmodule_state *state = get_cursesmodule_state(module);
    PyErr_Format(state->error, CURSES_ERROR_MUST_CALL_FORMAT, funcname);
    return 0;
}

#define PyCursesStatefulSetupTermCalled(MODULE)                         \
    do {                                                                \
        if (!_PyCursesStatefulCheckFunction(MODULE,                     \
                                            curses_setupterm_called,    \
                                            "setupterm"))               \
        {                                                               \
            return 0;                                                   \
        }                                                               \
    } while (0)

#define PyCursesStatefulInitialised(MODULE)                         \
    do {                                                            \
        if (!_PyCursesStatefulCheckFunction(MODULE,                 \
                                            curses_initscr_called,  \
                                            "initscr"))             \
        {                                                           \
            return 0;                                               \
        }                                                           \
    } while (0)

#define PyCursesStatefulInitialisedColor(MODULE)                        \
    do {                                                                \
        if (!_PyCursesStatefulCheckFunction(MODULE,                     \
                                            curses_start_color_called,  \
                                            "start_color"))             \
        {                                                               \
            return 0;                                                   \
        }                                                               \
    } while (0)

/* Utility Functions */

/*
 * Check the return code from a curses function, returning None
 * on success and setting an exception on error.
 */

/*
 * Return None if 'code' is different from ERR (implementation-defined).
 * Otherwise, set an exception using curses_set_error() and the remaining
 * arguments, and return NULL.
 */
static PyObject *
curses_check_err(PyObject *module, int code,
                 const char *curses_funcname,
                 const char *python_funcname)
{
    if (code != ERR) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    curses_set_error(module, curses_funcname, python_funcname);
    return NULL;
}

/* Same as curses_check_err() for a Window object. */
static PyObject *
curses_window_check_err(PyCursesWindowObject *win, int code,
                        const char *curses_funcname,
                        const char *python_funcname)
{
    if (code != ERR) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    curses_window_set_error(win, curses_funcname, python_funcname);
    return NULL;
}

/* Convert an object to a byte (an integer of type chtype):

   - int
   - bytes of length 1
   - str of length 1

   Return 1 on success, 0 on error (invalid type or integer overflow). */
static int
PyCurses_ConvertToChtype(PyCursesWindowObject *win, PyObject *obj, chtype *ch)
{
    long value;
    if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
        if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj) != 1) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "expect int or bytes or str of length 1, "
                         "got a bytes of length %zd",
                         PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj));
            return 0;
        }
        value = (unsigned char)PyBytes_AsString(obj)[0];
    }
    else if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
        if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj) != 1) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "expect int or bytes or str of length 1, "
                         "got a str of length %zi",
                         PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj));
            return 0;
        }
        value = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(obj, 0);
        if (128 < value) {
            PyObject *bytes;
            const char *encoding;
            if (win)
                encoding = win->encoding;
            else
                encoding = curses_screen_encoding;
            bytes = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(obj, encoding, NULL);
            if (bytes == NULL)
                return 0;
            if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes) == 1)
                value = (unsigned char)PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes)[0];
            else
                value = -1;
            Py_DECREF(bytes);
            if (value < 0)
                goto overflow;
        }
    }
    else if (PyLong_CheckExact(obj)) {
        int long_overflow;
        value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(obj, &long_overflow);
        if (long_overflow)
            goto overflow;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "expect int or bytes or str of length 1, got %s",
                     Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
        return 0;
    }
    *ch = (chtype)value;
    if ((long)*ch != value)
        goto overflow;
    return 1;

overflow:
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                    "byte doesn't fit in chtype");
    return 0;
}

/* Convert an object to a byte (chtype) or a character (cchar_t):

    - int
    - bytes of length 1
    - str of length 1

   Return:

    - 2 if obj is a character (written into *wch)
    - 1 if obj is a byte (written into *ch)
    - 0 on error: raise an exception */
static int
PyCurses_ConvertToCchar_t(PyCursesWindowObject *win, PyObject *obj,
                          chtype *ch
#ifdef HAVE_NCURSESW
                          , wchar_t *wch
#endif
                          )
{
    long value;
#ifdef HAVE_NCURSESW
    wchar_t buffer[2];
#endif

    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
#ifdef HAVE_NCURSESW
        if (PyUnicode_AsWideChar(obj, buffer, 2) != 1) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "expect int or bytes or str of length 1, "
                         "got a str of length %zi",
                         PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj));
            return 0;
        }
        *wch = buffer[0];
        return 2;
#else
        return PyCurses_ConvertToChtype(win, obj, ch);
#endif
    }
    else if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
        if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj) != 1) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "expect int or bytes or str of length 1, "
                         "got a bytes of length %zd",
                         PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj));
            return 0;
        }
        value = (unsigned char)PyBytes_AsString(obj)[0];
    }
    else if (PyLong_CheckExact(obj)) {
        int overflow;
        value = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(obj, &overflow);
        if (overflow) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                            "int doesn't fit in long");
            return 0;
        }
    }
    else {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "expect int or bytes or str of length 1, got %s",
                     Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
        return 0;
    }

    *ch = (chtype)value;
    if ((long)*ch != value) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_OverflowError,
                     "byte doesn't fit in chtype");
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

/* Convert an object to a byte string (char*) or a wide character string
   (wchar_t*). Return:

    - 2 if obj is a character string (written into *wch)
    - 1 if obj is a byte string (written into *bytes)
    - 0 on error: raise an exception */
static int
PyCurses_ConvertToString(PyCursesWindowObject *win, PyObject *obj,
                         PyObject **bytes, wchar_t **wstr)
{
    char *str;
    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
#ifdef HAVE_NCURSESW
        assert (wstr != NULL);

        *wstr = PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(obj, NULL);
        if (*wstr == NULL)
            return 0;
        return 2;
#else
        assert (wstr == NULL);
        *bytes = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(obj, win->encoding, NULL);
        if (*bytes == NULL)
            return 0;
        /* check for embedded null bytes */
        if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(*bytes, &str, NULL) < 0) {
            Py_CLEAR(*bytes);
            return 0;
        }
        return 1;
#endif
    }
    else if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
        *bytes = Py_NewRef(obj);
        /* check for embedded null bytes */
        if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(*bytes, &str, NULL) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(obj);
            return 0;
        }
        return 1;
    }

    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "expect bytes or str, got %s",
                 Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
    return 0;
}

static int
color_allow_default_converter(PyObject *arg, void *ptr)
{
    long color_number;
    int overflow;

    color_number = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(arg, &overflow);
    if (color_number == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return 0;

    if (overflow > 0 || color_number >= COLORS) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "Color number is greater than COLORS-1 (%d).",
                     COLORS - 1);
        return 0;
    }
    else if (overflow < 0 || color_number < 0) {
        color_number = -1;
    }

    *(int *)ptr = (int)color_number;
    return 1;
}

static int
color_converter(PyObject *arg, void *ptr)
{
    if (!color_allow_default_converter(arg, ptr)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if (*(int *)ptr < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "Color number is less than 0.");
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

/*[python input]
class color_converter(CConverter):
    type = 'int'
    converter = 'color_converter'
[python start generated code]*/
/*[python end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=4260d2b6e66b3709]*/

/*[python input]
class color_allow_default_converter(CConverter):
    type = 'int'
    converter = 'color_allow_default_converter'
[python start generated code]*/
/*[python end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=975602bc058a872d]*/

static int
pair_converter(PyObject *arg, void *ptr)
{
    long pair_number;
    int overflow;

    pair_number = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(arg, &overflow);
    if (pair_number == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return 0;

#if _NCURSES_EXTENDED_COLOR_FUNCS
    if (overflow > 0 || pair_number > INT_MAX) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "Color pair is greater than maximum (%d).",
                     INT_MAX);
        return 0;
    }
#else
    if (overflow > 0 || pair_number >= COLOR_PAIRS) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "Color pair is greater than COLOR_PAIRS-1 (%d).",
                     COLOR_PAIRS - 1);
        return 0;
    }
#endif
    else if (overflow < 0 || pair_number < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "Color pair is less than 0.");
        return 0;
    }

    *(int *)ptr = (int)pair_number;
    return 1;
}

/*[python input]
class pair_converter(CConverter):
    type = 'int'
    converter = 'pair_converter'
[python start generated code]*/
/*[python end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=1a918ae6a1b32af7]*/

static int
component_converter(PyObject *arg, void *ptr)
{
    long component;
    int overflow;

    component = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(arg, &overflow);
    if (component == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return 0;

    if (overflow > 0 || component > 1000) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "Color component is greater than 1000");
        return 0;
    }
    else if (overflow < 0 || component < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "Color component is less than 0");
        return 0;
    }

    *(short *)ptr = (short)component;
    return 1;
}

/*[python input]
class component_converter(CConverter):
    type = 'short'
    converter = 'component_converter'
[python start generated code]*/
/*[python end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=38e9be01d33927fb]*/

/*****************************************************************************
 The Window Object
******************************************************************************/

/*
 * Macros for creating a PyCursesWindowObject object's method.
 *
 * Parameters
 *
 *  X           The name of the curses C function or macro to invoke.
 *  TYPE        The function parameter(s) type.
 *  ERGSTR      The format string for construction of the return value.
 *  PARSESTR    The format string for argument parsing.
 */

#define Window_NoArgNoReturnFunction(X)                                 \
    static PyObject *PyCursesWindow_ ## X                               \
    (PyObject *op, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))                        \
    {                                                                   \
        PyCursesWindowObject *self = _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op);    \
        int code = X(self->win);                                        \
        return curses_window_check_err(self, code, # X, NULL);          \
    }

#define Window_NoArgTrueFalseFunction(X)                                \
    static PyObject * PyCursesWindow_ ## X                              \
    (PyObject *op, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))                        \
    {                                                                   \
        PyCursesWindowObject *self = _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op);    \
        return PyBool_FromLong(X(self->win));                           \
    }

#define Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(X)                             \
    static PyObject * PyCursesWindow_ ## X                              \
    (PyObject *op, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))                        \
    {                                                                   \
        PyCursesWindowObject *self = _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op);    \
        X(self->win);                                                   \
        Py_RETURN_NONE;                                                 \
    }

#define Window_NoArg2TupleReturnFunction(X, TYPE, ERGSTR)               \
    static PyObject * PyCursesWindow_ ## X                              \
    (PyObject *op, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))                        \
    {                                                                   \
        TYPE arg1, arg2;                                                \
        PyCursesWindowObject *self = _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op);    \
        X(self->win, arg1, arg2);                                       \
        return Py_BuildValue(ERGSTR, arg1, arg2);                       \
    }

#define Window_OneArgNoReturnVoidFunction(X, TYPE, PARSESTR)            \
    static PyObject * PyCursesWindow_ ## X                              \
    (PyObject *op, PyObject *args)                                      \
    {                                                                   \
        TYPE arg1;                                                      \
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, PARSESTR, &arg1)) {                 \
            return NULL;                                                \
        }                                                               \
        PyCursesWindowObject *self = _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op);    \
        X(self->win, arg1);                                             \
        Py_RETURN_NONE;                                                 \
    }

#define Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(X, TYPE, PARSESTR)                \
    static PyObject * PyCursesWindow_ ## X                              \
    (PyObject *op, PyObject *args)                                      \
    {                                                                   \
        TYPE arg1;                                                      \
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, PARSESTR, &arg1)) {                 \
            return NULL;                                                \
        }                                                               \
        PyCursesWindowObject *self = _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op);    \
        int code = X(self->win, arg1);                                  \
        return curses_window_check_err(self, code, # X, NULL);          \
    }

#define Window_TwoArgNoReturnFunction(X, TYPE, PARSESTR)                \
    static PyObject * PyCursesWindow_ ## X                              \
    (PyObject *op, PyObject *args)                                      \
    {                                                                   \
        TYPE arg1, arg2;                                                \
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,PARSESTR, &arg1, &arg2)) {           \
            return NULL;                                                \
        }                                                               \
        PyCursesWindowObject *self = _PyCursesWindowObject_CAST(op);    \
        int code = X(self->win, arg1, arg2);                            \
        return curses_window_check_err(self, code, # X, NULL);          \
    }

/* ------------- WINDOW routines --------------- */

Window_NoArgNoReturnFunction(untouchwin)
Window_NoArgNoReturnFunction(touchwin)
Window_NoArgNoReturnFunction(redrawwin)
Window_NoArgNoReturnFunction(winsertln)
Window_NoArgNoReturnFunction(werase)
Window_NoArgNoReturnFunction(wdeleteln)

Window_NoArgTrueFalseFunction(is_wintouched)

Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wsyncup)
Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wsyncdown)
Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wstandend)
Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wstandout)
Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wcursyncup)
Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wclrtoeol)
Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wclrtobot)
Window_NoArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wclear)

Window_OneArgNoReturnVoidFunction(idcok, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
#ifdef HAVE_CURSES_IMMEDOK
Window_OneArgNoReturnVoidFunction(immedok, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
#endif
Window_OneArgNoReturnVoidFunction(wtimeout, int, "i;delay")

Window_NoArg2TupleReturnFunction(getyx, int, "ii")
Window_NoArg2TupleReturnFunction(getbegyx, int, "ii")
Window_NoArg2TupleReturnFunction(getmaxyx, int, "ii")
Window_NoArg2TupleReturnFunction(getparyx, int, "ii")

Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(clearok, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(idlok, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(keypad, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(leaveok, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(nodelay, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(notimeout, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(scrollok, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(winsdelln, int, "i;nlines")
#ifdef HAVE_CURSES_SYNCOK
Window_OneArgNoReturnFunction(syncok, int, "i;True(1) or False(0)")
#endif

Window_TwoArgNoReturnFunction(mvwin, int, "ii;y,x")
Window_TwoArgNoReturnFunction(mvderwin, int, "ii;y,x")
Window_TwoArgNoReturnFunction(wmove, int, "ii;y,x")
#ifndef STRICT_SYSV_CURSES
Window_TwoArgNoReturnFunction(wresize, int, "ii;lines,columns")
#endif

/* Allocation and deallocation of Window Objects */

static PyObject *
PyCursesWindow_New(cursesmodule_state *state,
                   WINDOW *win, const char *encoding,
                   PyCursesWindowObject *orig)
{
    if (encoding == NULL) {
#if defined(MS_WINDOWS)
        char *buffer[100];
        UINT cp;
        cp = GetConsoleOutputCP();
        if (cp != 0) {
            PyOS_snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "cp%u", cp);
            encoding = buffer;
        }
#elif defined(CODESET)
        const char *codeset = nl_langinfo(CODESET);
        if (codeset != NULL && codeset[0] != 0) {
            encoding = codeset;
        }
#endif
        if (encoding == NULL) {
            encoding = "utf-8";
        }
    }

    PyCursesWindowObject *wo = PyObject_GC_New(PyCursesWindowObject,
                                               state->window_type);
    if (wo == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    wo->win = win;
    wo->encoding = _PyMem_Strdup(encoding);
    if (wo->encoding == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(wo);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    wo->orig = orig;
    Py_XINCREF(orig);
    PyObject_GC_Track((PyObject *)wo);
    return (PyObject *)wo;
}

static void
PyCursesWindow_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    PyTypeObject *window_type = Py_TYPE(self);
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    PyCursesWindowObject *wo = (PyCursesWindowObject *)self;
    if (wo->win != stdscr && wo->win != NULL) {
        if (delwin(wo->win) == ERR) {
            curses_window_set_error(wo, "delwin", "__del__");
            PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in delwin()");
        }
    }
    if (wo->encoding != NULL) {
        PyMem_Free(wo->encoding);
    }
    Py_XDECREF(wo->orig);
    window_type->tp_free(self);
    Py_DECREF(window_type);
}

static int
PyCursesWindow_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(Py_TYPE(self));
    PyCursesWindowObject *wo = (PyCursesWindowObject *)self;
    Py_VISIT(wo->orig);
    return 0;
}

/* Addch, Addstr, Addnstr */

/*[clinic input]
_curses.window.addch

    [
    y: int
        Y-coordinate.
    x: int
        X-coordinate.
    ]

    ch: object
        Character to add.

    [
    attr: long(c_default="A_NORMAL") = _curses.A_NORMAL
        Attributes for the character.
    ]
    /

Paint the character.

Paint character ch at (y, x) with attributes attr,
overwriting any character previously painted at that location.
By default, the character position and attributes are the
current settings for the window object.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
_curses_window_addch_impl(PyCursesWindowObject *self, int group_left_1,
                          int y, int x, PyObject *ch, int group_right_1,
                          long attr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=00f4c37af3378f45 input=95ce131578458196]*/
{
    int coordinates_group = group_left_1;
    int rtn;
    int type;
    chtype cch = 0;
#ifdef HAVE_NCURSESW
    wchar_t wstr[2];
    cchar_t wcval;
#endif
    const char *funcname;