# ---
# jupyter:
#   kernelspec:
#     display_name: Python 3
#     name: python3
# ---

# %% [markdown]
# # Limitation of selecting feature using a model
#
# In this notebook, we want to show a limitation when using a machine-learning
# model to make a selection.
#
# Indeed, one can inspect a model and find relative feature importances. For
# instance, the parameters `coef_` for the linear models or
# `feature_importances_` for the tree-based models carries such information.
# Therefore, this method works as far as the relative feature importances given
# by the model is sufficient to select the meaningful feature.
#
# Here, we will generate a dataset that contains a large number of random
# features.

# %%
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification

data, target = make_classification(
    n_samples=5000,
    n_features=100,
    n_informative=2,
    n_redundant=5,
    n_repeated=5,
    class_sep=0.3,
    random_state=0,
)

# %% [markdown]
# First, let's build a model which will not make any features selection.

# %%
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier

model_without_selection = RandomForestClassifier()

# %% [markdown]
# We will evaluate this model by a k-fold cross validation and store the
# results in a pandas dataframe.

# %%
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_validate

cv_results_without_selection = cross_validate(
    model_without_selection, data, target, cv=5)
cv_results_without_selection = pd.DataFrame(cv_results_without_selection)

# %% [markdown]
# Then, we will build another model which will include a feature selection
# step based on a random forest and evaluate it as well with cross-validation.

# %%
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectFromModel

feature_selector = SelectFromModel(RandomForestClassifier())
model_with_selection = make_pipeline(
    feature_selector, RandomForestClassifier())

# %%
cv_results_with_selection = cross_validate(model_with_selection, data, target,
                                           cv=5)
cv_results_with_selection = pd.DataFrame(cv_results_with_selection)

# %% [markdown]
# We can compare the testing score of the two models. For this matter,
# we are combining results in a single dataframe.

# %%
cv_results = pd.concat(
    [cv_results_without_selection, cv_results_with_selection],
    axis=1,
    keys=["Without feature selection", "With feature selection"],
).swaplevel(axis="columns")

# %% [markdown]
# Finally, we can check the testing score of each the model.

# %%
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

color = {"whiskers": "black", "medians": "black", "caps": "black"}
cv_results["test_score"].plot.box(color=color, vert=False)
plt.xlabel("Accuracy")
_ = plt.title("Limitation of using a random forest for feature selection")

# %% [markdown]
# The model that selected a subset of feature is less performant than a
# random forest fitted on the full dataset.
#
# We can rely on some aspects tackled in the notebook presenting the model
# inspection to explain this behaviour. The decision tree's relative feature
# importance will overestimate the importance of random feature when the
# decision tree overfits the training set.
#
# Therefore, it is good to keep in mind that feature selection relies on
# procedures making some assumptions, which can be perfectible.