test_bytes.py

"""Unit tests for the bytes and bytearray types.

XXX This is a mess.  Common tests should be unified with string_tests.py (and
the latter should be modernized).
"""

import array
import os
import re
import sys
import copy
import functools
import operator
import pickle
import tempfile
import textwrap
import unittest

import test.support
from test.support import import_helper
from test.support import warnings_helper
import test.string_tests
import test.list_tests
from test.support import bigaddrspacetest, MAX_Py_ssize_t
from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_failure


if sys.flags.bytes_warning:
    def check_bytes_warnings(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kw):
            with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', BytesWarning)):
                return func(*args, **kw)
        return wrapper
else:
    # no-op
    def check_bytes_warnings(func):
        return func


class Indexable:
    def __init__(self, value=0):
        self.value = value
    def __index__(self):
        return self.value


class BaseBytesTest:

    def assertTypedEqual(self, actual, expected):
        self.assertIs(type(actual), type(expected))
        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)

    def test_basics(self):
        b = self.type2test()
        self.assertEqual(type(b), self.type2test)
        self.assertEqual(b.__class__, self.type2test)

    def test_copy(self):
        a = self.type2test(b"abcd")
        for copy_method in (copy.copy, copy.deepcopy):
            b = copy_method(a)
            self.assertEqual(a, b)
            self.assertEqual(type(a), type(b))

    def test_empty_sequence(self):
        b = self.type2test()
        self.assertEqual(len(b), 0)
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[0])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[1])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[sys.maxsize])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[sys.maxsize+1])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[10**100])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[-1])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[-2])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[-sys.maxsize])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[-sys.maxsize-1])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[-sys.maxsize-2])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: b[-10**100])

    def test_from_iterable(self):
        b = self.type2test(range(256))
        self.assertEqual(len(b), 256)
        self.assertEqual(list(b), list(range(256)))

        # Non-sequence iterable.
        b = self.type2test({42})
        self.assertEqual(b, b"*")
        b = self.type2test({43, 45})
        self.assertIn(tuple(b), {(43, 45), (45, 43)})

        # Iterator that has a __length_hint__.
        b = self.type2test(iter(range(256)))
        self.assertEqual(len(b), 256)
        self.assertEqual(list(b), list(range(256)))

        # Iterator that doesn't have a __length_hint__.
        b = self.type2test(i for i in range(256) if i % 2)
        self.assertEqual(len(b), 128)
        self.assertEqual(list(b), list(range(256))[1::2])

        # Sequence without __iter__.
        class S:
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                return (1, 2, 3)[i]
        b = self.type2test(S())
        self.assertEqual(b, b"\x01\x02\x03")

    def test_from_tuple(self):
        # There is a special case for tuples.
        b = self.type2test(tuple(range(256)))
        self.assertEqual(len(b), 256)
        self.assertEqual(list(b), list(range(256)))
        b = self.type2test((1, 2, 3))
        self.assertEqual(b, b"\x01\x02\x03")

    def test_from_list(self):
        # There is a special case for lists.
        b = self.type2test(list(range(256)))
        self.assertEqual(len(b), 256)
        self.assertEqual(list(b), list(range(256)))
        b = self.type2test([1, 2, 3])
        self.assertEqual(b, b"\x01\x02\x03")

    def test_from_mutating_list(self):
        # Issue #34973: Crash in bytes constructor with mutating list.
        class X:
            def __index__(self):
                a.clear()
                return 42
        a = [X(), X()]
        self.assertEqual(bytes(a), b'*')

        class Y:
            def __index__(self):
                if len(a) < 1000:
                    a.append(self)
                return 42
        a = [Y()]
        self.assertEqual(bytes(a), b'*' * 1000)  # should not crash

    def test_from_index(self):
        b = self.type2test([Indexable(), Indexable(1), Indexable(254),
                            Indexable(255)])
        self.assertEqual(list(b), [0, 1, 254, 255])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [Indexable(-1)])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [Indexable(256)])

    def test_from_buffer(self):
        a = self.type2test(array.array('B', [1, 2, 3]))
        self.assertEqual(a, b"\x01\x02\x03")
        a = self.type2test(b"\x01\x02\x03")
        self.assertEqual(a, b"\x01\x02\x03")

        # Issues #29159 and #34974.
        # Fallback when __index__ raises a TypeError
        class B(bytes):
            def __index__(self):
                raise TypeError

        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(B(b"foobar")), b"foobar")

    def test_from_ssize(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(0), b'')
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(1), b'\x00')
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(5), b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, -1)

        self.assertEqual(self.type2test('0', 'ascii'), b'0')
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b'0'), b'0')
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, self.type2test, sys.maxsize + 1)

    def test_constructor_type_errors(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, 0.0)
        class C:
            pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, ["0"])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, [0.0])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, [None])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, [C()])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, encoding='ascii')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, errors='ignore')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, 0, 'ascii')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, b'', 'ascii')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, 0, errors='ignore')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, b'', errors='ignore')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, '')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, '', errors='ignore')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, '', b'ascii')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test, '', 'ascii', b'ignore')

    def test_constructor_value_errors(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [-1])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [-sys.maxsize])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [-sys.maxsize-1])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [-sys.maxsize-2])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [-10**100])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [256])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [257])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [sys.maxsize])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [sys.maxsize+1])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test, [10**100])

    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
    @unittest.expectedFailure
    @bigaddrspacetest
    def test_constructor_overflow(self):
        size = MAX_Py_ssize_t
        self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError), self.type2test, size)
        try:
            # Should either pass or raise an error (e.g. on debug builds with
            # additional malloc() overhead), but shouldn't crash.
            bytearray(size - 4)
        except (OverflowError, MemoryError):
            pass

    def test_constructor_exceptions(self):
        # Issue #34974: bytes and bytearray constructors replace unexpected
        # exceptions.
        class BadInt:
            def __index__(self):
                1/0
        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.type2test, BadInt())
        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.type2test, [BadInt()])

        class BadIterable:
            def __iter__(self):
                1/0
        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.type2test, BadIterable())

    def test_compare(self):
        b1 = self.type2test([1, 2, 3])
        b2 = self.type2test([1, 2, 3])
        b3 = self.type2test([1, 3])

        self.assertEqual(b1, b2)
        self.assertTrue(b2 != b3)
        self.assertTrue(b1 <= b2)
        self.assertTrue(b1 <= b3)
        self.assertTrue(b1 <  b3)
        self.assertTrue(b1 >= b2)
        self.assertTrue(b3 >= b2)
        self.assertTrue(b3 >  b2)

        self.assertFalse(b1 != b2)
        self.assertFalse(b2 == b3)
        self.assertFalse(b1 >  b2)
        self.assertFalse(b1 >  b3)
        self.assertFalse(b1 >= b3)
        self.assertFalse(b1 <  b2)
        self.assertFalse(b3 <  b2)
        self.assertFalse(b3 <= b2)

    @check_bytes_warnings
    def test_compare_to_str(self):
        # Byte comparisons with unicode should always fail!
        # Test this for all expected byte orders and Unicode character
        # sizes.
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"\0a\0b\0c") == "abc", False)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"\0\0\0a\0\0\0b\0\0\0c") == "abc",
                            False)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"a\0b\0c\0") == "abc", False)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"a\0\0\0b\0\0\0c\0\0\0") == "abc",
                            False)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test() == str(), False)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test() != str(), True)

    def test_reversed(self):
        input = list(map(ord, "Hello"))
        b = self.type2test(input)
        output = list(reversed(b))
        input.reverse()
        self.assertEqual(output, input)

    def test_getslice(self):
        def by(s):
            return self.type2test(map(ord, s))
        b = by("Hello, world")

        self.assertEqual(b[:5], by("Hello"))
        self.assertEqual(b[1:5], by("ello"))
        self.assertEqual(b[5:7], by(", "))
        self.assertEqual(b[7:], by("world"))
        self.assertEqual(b[7:12], by("world"))
        self.assertEqual(b[7:100], by("world"))

        self.assertEqual(b[:-7], by("Hello"))
        self.assertEqual(b[-11:-7], by("ello"))
        self.assertEqual(b[-7:-5], by(", "))
        self.assertEqual(b[-5:], by("world"))
        self.assertEqual(b[-5:12], by("world"))
        self.assertEqual(b[-5:100], by("world"))
        self.assertEqual(b[-100:5], by("Hello"))

    def test_extended_getslice(self):
        # Test extended slicing by comparing with list slicing.
        L = list(range(255))
        b = self.type2test(L)
        indices = (0, None, 1, 3, 19, 100, sys.maxsize, -1, -2, -31, -100)
        for start in indices:
            for stop in indices:
                # Skip step 0 (invalid)
                for step in indices[1:]:
                    self.assertEqual(b[start:stop:step], self.type2test(L[start:stop:step]))

    def test_encoding(self):
        sample = "Hello world\n\u1234\u5678\u9abc"
        for enc in ("utf-8", "utf-16"):
            b = self.type2test(sample, enc)
            self.assertEqual(b, self.type2test(sample.encode(enc)))
        self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError, self.type2test, sample, "latin-1")
        b = self.type2test(sample, "latin-1", "ignore")
        self.assertEqual(b, self.type2test(sample[:-3], "utf-8"))

    def test_decode(self):
        sample = "Hello world\n\u1234\u5678\u9abc"
        for enc in ("utf-8", "utf-16"):
            b = self.type2test(sample, enc)
            self.assertEqual(b.decode(enc), sample)
        sample = "Hello world\n\x80\x81\xfe\xff"
        b = self.type2test(sample, "latin-1")
        self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, b.decode, "utf-8")
        self.assertEqual(b.decode("utf-8", "ignore"), "Hello world\n")
        self.assertEqual(b.decode(errors="ignore", encoding="utf-8"),
                         "Hello world\n")
        # Default encoding is utf-8
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b'\xe2\x98\x83').decode(), '\u2603')

    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
    @unittest.expectedFailure
    def test_check_encoding_errors(self):
        # bpo-37388: bytes(str) and bytes.encode() must check encoding
        # and errors arguments in dev mode
        invalid = 'Boom, Shaka Laka, Boom!'
        encodings = ('ascii', 'utf8', 'latin1')
        code = textwrap.dedent(f'''
            import sys
            type2test = {self.type2test.__name__}
            encodings = {encodings!r}

            for data in ('', 'short string'):
                try:
                    type2test(data, encoding={invalid!r})
                except LookupError:
                    pass
                else:
                    sys.exit(21)

                for encoding in encodings:
                    try:
                        type2test(data, encoding=encoding, errors={invalid!r})
                    except LookupError:
                        pass
                    else:
                        sys.exit(22)

            for data in (b'', b'short string'):
                data = type2test(data)
                print(repr(data))
                try:
                    data.decode(encoding={invalid!r})
                except LookupError:
                    sys.exit(10)
                else:
                    sys.exit(23)

                try:
                    data.decode(errors={invalid!r})
                except LookupError:
                    pass
                else:
                    sys.exit(24)

                for encoding in encodings:
                    try:
                        data.decode(encoding=encoding, errors={invalid!r})
                    except LookupError:
                        pass
                    else:
                        sys.exit(25)

            sys.exit(10)
        ''')
        proc = assert_python_failure('-X', 'dev', '-c', code)
        self.assertEqual(proc.rc, 10, proc)

    def test_from_int(self):
        b = self.type2test(0)
        self.assertEqual(b, self.type2test())
        b = self.type2test(10)
        self.assertEqual(b, self.type2test([0]*10))
        b = self.type2test(10000)
        self.assertEqual(b, self.type2test([0]*10000))

    def test_concat(self):
        b1 = self.type2test(b"abc")
        b2 = self.type2test(b"def")
        self.assertEqual(b1 + b2, b"abcdef")
        self.assertEqual(b1 + bytes(b"def"), b"abcdef")
        self.assertEqual(bytes(b"def") + b1, b"defabc")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: b1 + "def")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: "abc" + b2)

    def test_repeat(self):
        for b in b"abc", self.type2test(b"abc"):
            self.assertEqual(b * 3, b"abcabcabc")
            self.assertEqual(b * 0, b"")
            self.assertEqual(b * -1, b"")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: b * 3.14)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: 3.14 * b)
            # XXX Shouldn't bytes and bytearray agree on what to raise?
            with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError)):
                c = b * sys.maxsize
            with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError)):
                b *= sys.maxsize

    def test_repeat_1char(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b'x')*100, self.type2test([ord('x')]*100))

    def test_contains(self):
        b = self.type2test(b"abc")
        self.assertIn(ord('a'), b)
        self.assertIn(int(ord('a')), b)
        self.assertNotIn(200, b)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: 300 in b)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: -1 in b)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: sys.maxsize+1 in b)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: None in b)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: float(ord('a')) in b)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: "a" in b)
        for f in bytes, bytearray:
            self.assertIn(f(b""), b)
            self.assertIn(f(b"a"), b)
            self.assertIn(f(b"b"), b)
            self.assertIn(f(b"c"), b)
            self.assertIn(f(b"ab"), b)
            self.assertIn(f(b"bc"), b)
            self.assertIn(f(b"abc"), b)
            self.assertNotIn(f(b"ac"), b)
            self.assertNotIn(f(b"d"), b)
            self.assertNotIn(f(b"dab"), b)
            self.assertNotIn(f(b"abd"), b)

    def test_fromhex(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.fromhex)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.fromhex, 1)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test.fromhex(''), self.type2test())
        b = bytearray([0x1a, 0x2b, 0x30])
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test.fromhex('1a2B30'), b)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test.fromhex('  1A 2B  30   '), b)

        # check that ASCII whitespace is ignored
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test.fromhex(' 1A\n2B\t30\v'), b)
        for c in "\x09\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D\x20":
            self.assertEqual(self.type2test.fromhex(c), self.type2test())
        for c in "\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F\x85\xa0\u2000\u2002\u2028":
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.fromhex, c)

        self.assertEqual(self.type2test.fromhex('0000'), b'\0\0')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.fromhex, b'1B')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.fromhex, 'a')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.fromhex, 'rt')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.fromhex, '1a b cd')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.fromhex, '\x00')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.fromhex, '12   \x00   34')

        for data, pos in (
            # invalid first hexadecimal character
            ('12 x4 56', 3),
            # invalid second hexadecimal character
            ('12 3x 56', 4),
            # two invalid hexadecimal characters
            ('12 xy 56', 3),
            # test non-ASCII string
            ('12 3\xff 56', 4),
        ):
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
                self.type2test.fromhex(data)
            self.assertIn('at position %s' % pos, str(cm.exception))

    def test_hex(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.hex)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.hex, 1)
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"").hex(), "")
        self.assertEqual(bytearray([0x1a, 0x2b, 0x30]).hex(), '1a2b30')
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"\x1a\x2b\x30").hex(), '1a2b30')
        self.assertEqual(memoryview(b"\x1a\x2b\x30").hex(), '1a2b30')

    def test_hex_separator_basics(self):
        three_bytes = self.type2test(b'\xb9\x01\xef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(), 'b901ef')
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            three_bytes.hex('')
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            three_bytes.hex('xx')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', 0), 'b901ef')
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            three_bytes.hex(None, 0)
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            three_bytes.hex('\xff')
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            three_bytes.hex(b'\xff')
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            three_bytes.hex(b'\x80')
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            three_bytes.hex(chr(0x100))
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', 0), 'b901ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(b'\x00'), 'b9\x0001\x00ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex('\x00'), 'b9\x0001\x00ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(b'\x7f'), 'b9\x7f01\x7fef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex('\x7f'), 'b9\x7f01\x7fef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', 3), 'b901ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', 4), 'b901ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', -4), 'b901ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':'), 'b9:01:ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(b'$'), 'b9$01$ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', 1), 'b9:01:ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', -1), 'b9:01:ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', 2), 'b9:01ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex(':', 1), 'b9:01:ef')
        self.assertEqual(three_bytes.hex('*', -2), 'b901*ef')

        value = b'{s\005\000\000\000worldi\002\000\000\000s\005\000\000\000helloi\001\000\000\0000'
        self.assertEqual(value.hex('.', 8), '7b7305000000776f.726c646902000000.730500000068656c.6c6f690100000030')

    def test_hex_separator_five_bytes(self):
        five_bytes = self.type2test(range(90,95))
        self.assertEqual(five_bytes.hex(), '5a5b5c5d5e')

    def test_hex_separator_six_bytes(self):
        six_bytes = self.type2test(x*3 for x in range(1, 7))
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(), '0306090c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex('.', 1), '03.06.09.0c.0f.12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(' ', 2), '0306 090c 0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex('-', 3), '030609-0c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(':', 4), '0306:090c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(':', 5), '03:06090c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(':', 6), '0306090c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(':', 95), '0306090c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex('_', -3), '030609_0c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(':', -4), '0306090c:0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(b'@', -5), '0306090c0f@12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(':', -6), '0306090c0f12')
        self.assertEqual(six_bytes.hex(' ', -95), '0306090c0f12')

    def test_join(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"").join([]), b"")
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"").join([b""]), b"")
        for lst in [[b"abc"], [b"a", b"bc"], [b"ab", b"c"], [b"a", b"b", b"c"]]:
            lst = list(map(self.type2test, lst))
            self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"").join(lst), b"abc")
            self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"").join(tuple(lst)), b"abc")
            self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"").join(iter(lst)), b"abc")
        dot_join = self.type2test(b".:").join
        self.assertEqual(dot_join([b"ab", b"cd"]), b"ab.:cd")
        self.assertEqual(dot_join([memoryview(b"ab"), b"cd"]), b"ab.:cd")
        self.assertEqual(dot_join([b"ab", memoryview(b"cd")]), b"ab.:cd")
        self.assertEqual(dot_join([bytearray(b"ab"), b"cd"]), b"ab.:cd")
        self.assertEqual(dot_join([b"ab", bytearray(b"cd")]), b"ab.:cd")
        # Stress it with many items
        seq = [b"abc"] * 100000
        expected = b"abc" + b".:abc" * 99999
        self.assertEqual(dot_join(seq), expected)
        # Stress test with empty separator
        seq = [b"abc"] * 100000
        expected = b"abc" * 100000
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b"").join(seq), expected)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b" ").join, None)
        # Error handling and cleanup when some item in the middle of the
        # sequence has the wrong type.
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            dot_join([bytearray(b"ab"), "cd", b"ef"])
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            dot_join([memoryview(b"ab"), "cd", b"ef"])

    def test_count(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        i = 105
        p = 112
        w = 119

        self.assertEqual(b.count(b'i'), 4)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(b'ss'), 2)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(b'w'), 0)

        self.assertEqual(b.count(i), 4)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(w), 0)

        self.assertEqual(b.count(b'i', 6), 2)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(b'p', 6), 2)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(b'i', 1, 3), 1)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(b'p', 7, 9), 1)

        self.assertEqual(b.count(i, 6), 2)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(p, 6), 2)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(i, 1, 3), 1)
        self.assertEqual(b.count(p, 7, 9), 1)

    def test_startswith(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'hello')
        self.assertFalse(self.type2test().startswith(b"anything"))
        self.assertTrue(b.startswith(b"hello"))
        self.assertTrue(b.startswith(b"hel"))
        self.assertTrue(b.startswith(b"h"))
        self.assertFalse(b.startswith(b"hellow"))
        self.assertFalse(b.startswith(b"ha"))
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
            b.startswith([b'h'])
        exc = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertIn('bytes', exc)
        self.assertIn('tuple', exc)

    def test_endswith(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'hello')
        self.assertFalse(bytearray().endswith(b"anything"))
        self.assertTrue(b.endswith(b"hello"))
        self.assertTrue(b.endswith(b"llo"))
        self.assertTrue(b.endswith(b"o"))
        self.assertFalse(b.endswith(b"whello"))
        self.assertFalse(b.endswith(b"no"))
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
            b.endswith([b'o'])
        exc = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertIn('bytes', exc)
        self.assertIn('tuple', exc)

    def test_find(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        i = 105
        w = 119

        self.assertEqual(b.find(b'ss'), 2)
        self.assertEqual(b.find(b'w'), -1)
        self.assertEqual(b.find(b'mississippian'), -1)

        self.assertEqual(b.find(i), 1)
        self.assertEqual(b.find(w), -1)

        self.assertEqual(b.find(b'ss', 3), 5)
        self.assertEqual(b.find(b'ss', 1, 7), 2)
        self.assertEqual(b.find(b'ss', 1, 3), -1)

        self.assertEqual(b.find(i, 6), 7)
        self.assertEqual(b.find(i, 1, 3), 1)
        self.assertEqual(b.find(w, 1, 3), -1)

        for index in (-1, 256, sys.maxsize + 1):
            self.assertRaisesRegex(
                ValueError, r'byte must be in range\(0, 256\)',
                b.find, index)

    def test_rfind(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        i = 105
        w = 119

        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(b'ss'), 5)
        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(b'w'), -1)
        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(b'mississippian'), -1)

        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(i), 10)
        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(w), -1)

        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(b'ss', 3), 5)
        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(b'ss', 0, 6), 2)

        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(i, 1, 3), 1)
        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(i, 3, 9), 7)
        self.assertEqual(b.rfind(w, 1, 3), -1)

    def test_index(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        i = 105
        w = 119

        self.assertEqual(b.index(b'ss'), 2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.index, b'w')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.index, b'mississippian')

        self.assertEqual(b.index(i), 1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.index, w)

        self.assertEqual(b.index(b'ss', 3), 5)
        self.assertEqual(b.index(b'ss', 1, 7), 2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.index, b'ss', 1, 3)

        self.assertEqual(b.index(i, 6), 7)
        self.assertEqual(b.index(i, 1, 3), 1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.index, w, 1, 3)

    def test_rindex(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        i = 105
        w = 119

        self.assertEqual(b.rindex(b'ss'), 5)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.rindex, b'w')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.rindex, b'mississippian')

        self.assertEqual(b.rindex(i), 10)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.rindex, w)

        self.assertEqual(b.rindex(b'ss', 3), 5)
        self.assertEqual(b.rindex(b'ss', 0, 6), 2)

        self.assertEqual(b.rindex(i, 1, 3), 1)
        self.assertEqual(b.rindex(i, 3, 9), 7)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.rindex, w, 1, 3)

    def test_mod(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'hello, %b!')
        orig = b
        b = b % b'world'
        self.assertEqual(b, b'hello, world!')
        self.assertEqual(orig, b'hello, %b!')
        self.assertFalse(b is orig)
        b = self.type2test(b'%s / 100 = %d%%')
        a = b % (b'seventy-nine', 79)
        self.assertEqual(a, b'seventy-nine / 100 = 79%')
        self.assertIs(type(a), self.type2test)
        # issue 29714
        b = self.type2test(b'hello,\x00%b!')
        b = b % b'world'
        self.assertEqual(b, b'hello,\x00world!')
        self.assertIs(type(b), self.type2test)

        def check(fmt, vals, result):
            b = self.type2test(fmt)
            b = b % vals
            self.assertEqual(b, result)
            self.assertIs(type(b), self.type2test)

        # A set of tests adapted from test_unicode:UnicodeTest.test_formatting
        check(b'...%(foo)b...', {b'foo':b"abc"}, b'...abc...')
        check(b'...%(f(o)o)b...', {b'f(o)o':b"abc", b'foo':b'bar'}, b'...abc...')
        check(b'...%(foo)b...', {b'foo':b"abc",b'def':123}, b'...abc...')
        check(b'%*b', (5, b'abc',), b'  abc')
        check(b'%*b', (-5, b'abc',), b'abc  ')
        check(b'%*.*b', (5, 2, b'abc',), b'   ab')
        check(b'%*.*b', (5, 3, b'abc',), b'  abc')
        check(b'%i %*.*b', (10, 5, 3, b'abc',), b'10   abc')
        check(b'%i%b %*.*b', (10, b'3', 5, 3, b'abc',), b'103   abc')
        check(b'%c', b'a', b'a')

        class PseudoFloat:
            def __init__(self, value):
                self.value = float(value)
            def __int__(self):
                return int(self.value)

        pi = PseudoFloat(3.1415)

        exceptions_params = [
            ('%x format: an integer is required, not float', b'%x', 3.14),
            ('%X format: an integer is required, not float', b'%X', 2.11),
            ('%o format: an integer is required, not float', b'%o', 1.79),
            ('%x format: an integer is required, not PseudoFloat', b'%x', pi),
            ('%x format: an integer is required, not complex', b'%x', 3j),
            ('%X format: an integer is required, not complex', b'%X', 2j),
            ('%o format: an integer is required, not complex', b'%o', 1j),
            ('%u format: a real number is required, not complex', b'%u', 3j),
            # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/130928 as for why
            # the exception message contains '%d' instead of '%i'.
            ('%d format: a real number is required, not complex', b'%i', 2j),
            ('%d format: a real number is required, not complex', b'%d', 2j),
            (
                r'%c requires an integer in range\(256\) or a single byte',
                b'%c', pi
            ),
        ]

        for msg, format_bytes, value in exceptions_params:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
                operator.mod(format_bytes, value)

    def test_imod(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'hello, %b!')
        orig = b
        b %= b'world'
        self.assertEqual(b, b'hello, world!')
        self.assertEqual(orig, b'hello, %b!')
        self.assertFalse(b is orig)
        b = self.type2test(b'%s / 100 = %d%%')
        b %= (b'seventy-nine', 79)
        self.assertEqual(b, b'seventy-nine / 100 = 79%')
        self.assertIs(type(b), self.type2test)
        # issue 29714
        b = self.type2test(b'hello,\x00%b!')
        b %= b'world'
        self.assertEqual(b, b'hello,\x00world!')
        self.assertIs(type(b), self.type2test)

    def test_rmod(self):
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            object() % self.type2test(b'abc')
        self.assertIs(self.type2test(b'abc').__rmod__('%r'), NotImplemented)

    def test_replace(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        self.assertEqual(b.replace(b'i', b'a'), b'massassappa')
        self.assertEqual(b.replace(b'ss', b'x'), b'mixixippi')

    def test_replace_int_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').replace, 32, b'')

    def test_split_string_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').split, ' ')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').rsplit, ' ')

    def test_split_int_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').split, 32)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').rsplit, 32)

    def test_split_unicodewhitespace(self):
        for b in (b'a\x1Cb', b'a\x1Db', b'a\x1Eb', b'a\x1Fb'):
            b = self.type2test(b)
            self.assertEqual(b.split(), [b])
        b = self.type2test(b"\x09\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F")
        self.assertEqual(b.split(), [b'\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f'])

    def test_rsplit_unicodewhitespace(self):
        b = self.type2test(b"\x09\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F")
        self.assertEqual(b.rsplit(), [b'\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f'])

    def test_partition(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        self.assertEqual(b.partition(b'ss'), (b'mi', b'ss', b'issippi'))
        self.assertEqual(b.partition(b'w'), (b'mississippi', b'', b''))

    def test_rpartition(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'mississippi')
        self.assertEqual(b.rpartition(b'ss'), (b'missi', b'ss', b'ippi'))
        self.assertEqual(b.rpartition(b'i'), (b'mississipp', b'i', b''))
        self.assertEqual(b.rpartition(b'w'), (b'', b'', b'mississippi'))

    def test_partition_string_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').partition, ' ')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').rpartition, ' ')

    def test_partition_int_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').partition, 32)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'a b').rpartition, 32)

    def test_pickling(self):
        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
            for b in b"", b"a", b"abc", b"\xffab\x80", b"\0\0\377\0\0":
                b = self.type2test(b)
                ps = pickle.dumps(b, proto)
                q = pickle.loads(ps)
                self.assertEqual(b, q)

    def test_iterator_pickling(self):
        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
            for b in b"", b"a", b"abc", b"\xffab\x80", b"\0\0\377\0\0":
                it = itorg = iter(self.type2test(b))
                data = list(self.type2test(b))
                d = pickle.dumps(it, proto)
                it = pickle.loads(d)
                self.assertEqual(type(itorg), type(it))
                self.assertEqual(list(it), data)

                it = pickle.loads(d)
                if not b:
                    continue
                next(it)
                d = pickle.dumps(it, proto)
                it = pickle.loads(d)
                self.assertEqual(list(it), data[1:])

    def test_strip_bytearray(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b'abc').strip(memoryview(b'ac')), b'b')
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b'abc').lstrip(memoryview(b'ac')), b'bc')
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test(b'abc').rstrip(memoryview(b'ac')), b'ab')

    def test_strip_string_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'abc').strip, 'ac')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'abc').lstrip, 'ac')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'abc').rstrip, 'ac')

    def test_strip_int_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b' abc ').strip, 32)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b' abc ').lstrip, 32)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b' abc ').rstrip, 32)

    def test_center(self):
        # Fill character can be either bytes or bytearray (issue 12380)
        b = self.type2test(b'abc')
        for fill_type in (bytes, bytearray):
            self.assertEqual(b.center(7, fill_type(b'-')),
                             self.type2test(b'--abc--'))

    def test_ljust(self):
        # Fill character can be either bytes or bytearray (issue 12380)
        b = self.type2test(b'abc')
        for fill_type in (bytes, bytearray):
            self.assertEqual(b.ljust(7, fill_type(b'-')),
                             self.type2test(b'abc----'))

    def test_rjust(self):
        # Fill character can be either bytes or bytearray (issue 12380)
        b = self.type2test(b'abc')
        for fill_type in (bytes, bytearray):
            self.assertEqual(b.rjust(7, fill_type(b'-')),
                             self.type2test(b'----abc'))

    def test_xjust_int_error(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'abc').center, 7, 32)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'abc').ljust, 7, 32)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test(b'abc').rjust, 7, 32)

    def test_ord(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'\0A\x7f\x80\xff')
        self.assertEqual([ord(b[i:i+1]) for i in range(len(b))],
                         [0, 65, 127, 128, 255])

    def test_maketrans(self):
        transtable = b'\000\001\002\003\004\005\006\007\010\011\012\013\014\015\016\017\020\021\022\023\024\025\026\027\030\031\032\033\034\035\036\037 !"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`xyzdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\177\200\201\202\203\204\205\206\207\210\211\212\213\214\215\216\217\220\221\222\223\224\225\226\227\230\231\232\233\234\235\236\237\240\241\242\243\244\245\246\247\250\251\252\253\254\255\256\257\260\261\262\263\264\265\266\267\270\271\272\273\274\275\276\277\300\301\302\303\304\305\306\307\310\311\312\313\314\315\316\317\320\321\322\323\324\325\326\327\330\331\332\333\334\335\336\337\340\341\342\343\344\345\346\347\350\351\352\353\354\355\356\357\360\361\362\363\364\365\366\367\370\371\372\373\374\375\376\377'
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test.maketrans(b'abc', b'xyz'), transtable)
        transtable = b'\000\001\002\003\004\005\006\007\010\011\012\013\014\015\016\017\020\021\022\023\024\025\026\027\030\031\032\033\034\035\036\037 !"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\177\200\201\202\203\204\205\206\207\210\211\212\213\214\215\216\217\220\221\222\223\224\225\226\227\230\231\232\233\234\235\236\237\240\241\242\243\244\245\246\247\250\251\252\253\254\255\256\257\260\261\262\263\264\265\266\267\270\271\272\273\274\275\276\277\300\301\302\303\304\305\306\307\310\311\312\313\314\315\316\317\320\321\322\323\324\325\326\327\330\331\332\333\334\335\336\337\340\341\342\343\344\345\346\347\350\351\352\353\354\355\356\357\360\361\362\363\364\365\366\367\370\371\372\373\374xyz'
        self.assertEqual(self.type2test.maketrans(b'\375\376\377', b'xyz'), transtable)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.maketrans, b'abc', b'xyzq')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.maketrans, 'abc', 'def')

    def test_none_arguments(self):
        # issue 11828
        b = self.type2test(b'hello')
        l = self.type2test(b'l')
        h = self.type2test(b'h')
        x = self.type2test(b'x')
        o = self.type2test(b'o')

        self.assertEqual(2, b.find(l, None))
        self.assertEqual(3, b.find(l, -2, None))
        self.assertEqual(2, b.find(l, None, -2))
        self.assertEqual(0, b.find(h, None, None))

        self.assertEqual(3, b.rfind(l, None))
        self.assertEqual(3, b.rfind(l, -2, None))
        self.assertEqual(2, b.rfind(l, None, -2))
        self.assertEqual(0, b.rfind(h, None, None))

        self.assertEqual(2, b.index(l, None))
        self.assertEqual(3, b.index(l, -2, None))
        self.assertEqual(2, b.index(l, None, -2))
        self.assertEqual(0, b.index(h, None, None))

        self.assertEqual(3, b.rindex(l, None))
        self.assertEqual(3, b.rindex(l, -2, None))
        self.assertEqual(2, b.rindex(l, None, -2))
        self.assertEqual(0, b.rindex(h, None, None))

        self.assertEqual(2, b.count(l, None))
        self.assertEqual(1, b.count(l, -2, None))
        self.assertEqual(1, b.count(l, None, -2))
        self.assertEqual(0, b.count(x, None, None))

        self.assertEqual(True, b.endswith(o, None))
        self.assertEqual(True, b.endswith(o, -2, None))
        self.assertEqual(True, b.endswith(l, None, -2))
        self.assertEqual(False, b.endswith(x, None, None))

        self.assertEqual(True, b.startswith(h, None))
        self.assertEqual(True, b.startswith(l, -2, None))
        self.assertEqual(True, b.startswith(h, None, -2))
        self.assertEqual(False, b.startswith(x, None, None))

    def test_integer_arguments_out_of_byte_range(self):
        b = self.type2test(b'hello')

        for method in (b.count, b.find, b.index, b.rfind, b.rindex):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, method, -1)
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, method, 256)
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, method, 9999)

    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
    @unittest.expectedFailure
    def test_find_etc_raise_correct_error_messages(self):
        # issue 11828
        b = self.type2test(b'hello')
        x = self.type2test(b'x')
        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'\bfind\b', b.find,
                                x, None, None, None)
        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'\brfind\b', b.rfind,
                                x, None, None, None)
        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'\bindex\b', b.index,
                                x, None, None, None)
        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'\brindex\b', b.rindex,
                                x, None, None, None)
        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'\bcount\b', b.count,
                                x, None, None, None)
        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'\bstartswith\b', b.startswith,
                                x, None, None, None)
        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'\bendswith\b', b.endswith,
                                x, None, None, None)

    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
    @unittest.expectedFailure
    def test_free_after_iterating(self):
        test.support.check_free_after_iterating(self, iter, self.type2test)
        test.support.check_free_after_iterating(self, reversed, self.type2test)